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MANUAL 


OP 


North  American  Birds.  ., 


BY 


(of\ 


EGBERT   RIDGWAY. 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  m  OUTLINE  DRAWINGS  OF  THE 
GENERIC  CHARACTERS. 


icHf  m^  01  Ob 


PHILADELPHIA: 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT    COMPANY. 

1887. 


Copyright,  1887,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  Compaxi 


PREFACE. 


The  object  of  the  present  volume  is  to  furnish  a  convenient 
manual  of  North  American  Ornithology,  reduced  to  the  smallest  com- 
pass, by  the  omission  of  everything  that  is  not  absolutely  necessary 
for  determining  the  character  of  any  given  specimen,  and  including, 
besides  the  correct  nomenclature  of  each  species,  a  statement  of  its 
natural  habitat,  and  other  concomitant  data. 

Originally  projected  by  Professor  Spencer  F.  Baird,  and  based 
essentially  upon  the  grand  National  cabinet  of  American  birds  which 
his  energy,  ability,  and  enthusiasm  have  developed  from  an  unpre- 
tentious nucleus  into  a  collection  unrivalled  in  extent  and  wholly 
unique  in  scientific  value,  this  work  may  be  considered  as,  in  a 
measure,  the  consummation  of  a  plan  conceived  by  that  illustrious 
naturalist,  whose  works  represent  the  highest  type  of  systematic  orni- 
thology, and  have  furnished  the  model  from  which  the  younger  gen- 
eration of  ornithologists  have  drawn  their  inspiration.  Professor 
Baird's  great  responsibilities  and  engrossing  duties  as  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  and  Director  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum  precluded  the  possibility  of  his  completing  the  work  which 
he  had  so  long  cherished,  and  had  even  begun,  when  called  to  the 
high  positions  which  he  has  filled  with  so  much  advantage  to  science 
and  honor  to  himself. 

Honored  with  the  privilege  of  continuing  the  work  commenced 
by  abler  hands,  the  author  has  endeavored  to  fulfil  his  trust  with 
careful  attention  to  the  hope  of  its  originator   that  the  Manual   of 

iii 


w 


PREFACE. 


North  American  Birds  may  serve  as  a  handy  book  for  the  sportsman 
and  traveller,  as  well  as  for  the  resident  naturalist,  and  that  all  may 
find  it  a  convenient  and  satisfactory  means  of  identifying  any  North 
American  bird  in  all  its  variations  of  plumage. 


ROBERT  RIDGWAY. 


Department  op  Birds, 
United  States  National  Museum, 
April  11,  1887. 


^pntfcr  jr.  33atrti. 


Just  as  this  book  is  about  to  be  issued,  information  has  been  re- 
ceived of  the  death  of  Professor  Baird,  at  Wood's  Holl,  Massachusetts. 

It  is  unnecessary  here  to  make  more  than  passing  reference  to 
Professor  Baird's  eminence  as  an  ornithologist, — an  eminence  attained 
through  the  inherent  excellence  of  liis  published  works  rather  than 
their  extent.  His  influence  in  the  development  of  American  ornithol- 
ogy has  been  greater  than  that  of  any  other  person,  and  no  one  else 
has  commanded  so  fully  the  respect,  admiration,  and  confidence  due 
to  his  high  attainments,  the  sterling  qualities  of  his  mind  and  heart, 
and  the  integrity  of  his  character.  Indeed,  it  may  vith  truth  be  said 
that  every  naturalist  of  eminence  in  the  United  States  owes  much  of 
his  success  to  a  personal  acquaintance  with  Professor  Baird,  whose 
sound  advice,  ready  sympathy,  and  uniform  kindness  are  reverently 
and  afiectionately  remembered  by  all  who  are  so  fortunate  as  to  have 
enjoyed  the  privilege  of  his  acquaintance. 


Special  reference  has  been  made  in  the  Preface  and  Introduction 
to  Professor  Baird's  intimate  connection  with  the  "  Manual  of  North 
American  Birds,"  a  work  planned  by  him  many  years  ago,  but  which 
he  was  prevented,  by  engrossing  public  duties,  from  personally  exe- 
cuting. In  spite  of  physical  sufiering  and  harassing  cares,  he  retained, 
almost  to  the  last  moment,  a  lively  interest  in  the  work,  which  was 
completed  but  a  short  time  previous  to  his  death. 

R.  R. 

Washington,  August  20, 1887. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION "of 

KEY  TO  THE  HIGHER  GROUPS  ..........**.' ^''' 

Order  Pygopodks— The  Diving  Birds *.!'.. ^ 

Family  Podicipidae— The  Grebes .'.*.''.'.'.'.' t 

"       UrinatoridaB— The  Loons [   [ 

"       Alcidae— The  Auks,  Mim-es,  etc. ^ 

Order  LoNGiPENNEs— The  Long-winged  Swimmers  .'   .'   .*   ."   .*.".'.'.'.*.'.' gO 

Family  Stercorariidse— The  Skuas  and  Jaegers    .   .    .    .* ^ 

"       LaridiB— The  Gulls  and  Terns 03 

"       Rynchopidse— The  Skimmei-s ^ 

Order  Tubinares— The  Tube-nosed  Swimmers !f 

Family  Diomedeidaj— The  Albatrosses   ....'.'.'.'..".'..'.. ^ 

"       Procellariidaj— The  Fulmars  and  Shearwaters    .    .   ". eo 

Order  Steganopodes— The  Totipalmate  Swimmers „^ 

Family  Phiethontidaj— The  Tropic  Birds  ....."' !l 

"       Sulidte— The  Gannets 74 

"       Anhingidaj— The  Darters [   [ 

"       Phalaerocoracidaj— The  Cormorants '. -- 

"       Pclccanidaj— The  Pelicans l] 

"       FregatidsB-The  Man-o'-War  Birds J> 

Order  Anseres— The  Lamellirostml  Swimmers .    . 04 

Family  Anatidie— The  Ducks,  Geese,  and  Swans 04 

Order  Odontogloss.e— The  Lamellirostral  Waders j^l 

Family  Phcenicopteridte— The  Flamingoes    ...       ,1! 

Order  Herodiones— The  Herons,  Storks,  Ibises,  etc. .Zl 

Family  Plataleidae— The  Spoonbills    .    .  J^, 

"       Ibididae— The  Ibises Jgr 

"       CiconiidiB— The  Storks  and  Wood  Ibises 194 

"       ArdeidsB— The  Herons  and  Bitterns     .    . ,„* 

Order  Palitdicol^— The  Cranes,  Rails,  etc 

Family  Gruidae— The  Cranes ^^^ 

"       AramidiB— The  Courlans jf- 

"       Rallidie— The  Rails,  Gallinules,  Coots,  etc' .on* 

Order  LiMicoL^— The  Shore  Birds 

Family  Phalaropodidre— The  Phalaropes  ....    .    .    . jjo 

"       Kecurvirostrid83— The  Avocets  and  Stilts ^q 

"       ScolopacidoB— The  Snipes,  Sandpipers,  etc.     . ,47 

"       Charadriidte— The  Plovers .*.".".. j-o 

"       Aphrizidffi-The  Surf  Birds  and  Turnstones 179 

"       Hsematopodida}— The  Oyster-catchers .   ] jg, 

"       Jacanidae— The  Jacanaa ," 

'  • loo 

V 


CONTENTS. 


PAOE 

Order  Galling — The  Gullinaceous  Birds 184 

Family  Tetruonidiu — The  Gi-ouse,  Piirtridges,  etc 184 

"       I'husiunidie — The  rheasnnts,  Turkeys,  etc 205 

"       Crueidic — The  Curassows  and  Guans 207 

Order  CoLUMBiB — The  Pigeons 210 

Family  Columbidu) — The  Tigeons 210 

Order  Rai'Tokks— The  Birds  of  Prey 218 

Family  Cnthartidic — The  American  Vultures 218 

"       Faleoiiidaj— The  Falcons,  Hawks,  etc 222 

"       Strigidie— The  Barn  Owls 255 

"       Bubonidic— The  Horned  Owls,  etc 255 

Order  Psittaci — The  Parrots,  Macaws,  Paroquets,  etc 2tt8 

Family  Psittacid*— The  Parrots,  etc 2G8 

Order  Coccyoes — The  Cuckoos,  etc 271 

Family  Cuculidie— The  Cuckoos 271 

"       Trogonidic — The  Trogons 275 

"       Momotidte — The  Motmots 277 

"       Alcedinidie— The  Kingfishers .278 

Order  Pici— The  Woodpeckei-s,  Wrynecks,  etc 280 

Family  PicidiB— The  Woodpeckers 280 

Order  Macrochibks — The  Goatsuckers,  Swifts,  etc 297 

Family  Caprinuilgidte — The  Goatsuckers 297 

"       Micropodiduj— The  Swifts 302 

"       Trochilidie— The  Hummingbirds 303 

Order  Passeres — The  Perching  Birds 321 

Family  CotingidM— The  Cotingas 323 

"       Tyrannid.3— The  Tyrant  Flycatchei-s 326 

"       Alaudidic— The  Larks 340 

"       Corvida?— The  Crows,  Jays,  Magpies,  etc 350 

"       Sturnida;— The  Starlings 364 

"       Icterida-— The  Blackbirds,  Orioles,  etc 305 

"       Fringillidic— The  Finches,  Sparrows,  etc 382 

"       Tanagrida? — The  Tanagei-s 453 

"       Hirundinidne — The  Swallows 457 

"       Ampolida;— The  Waxwings,  etc 463 

"       Lanlidw— The  Shrikes 465 

"       Vireonidii? — The  Vireos 468 

"       CcBrebidiB — The  Honey  Creepers 479 

"       MniotiltidiB— The  Wood  AVarblen        480 

"       Motacillid*— The  Wagtails 532 

'«       Cinclidio— The  Dippers 538 

"       Troglodytida> — The  Wrens,  Thrashers,  etc 538 

"       CerthiidfB— The  Creepers 557 

"       Paridm— rhe  Nuthatches  and  Tits 558 

"       Sylviidre — The  Warblers,  Kinglets,  and  Gnatcatchers 566 

"       Turdidas— The  Thrushes,  Solitaires,  Stonechats,  Bluebirds,  etc 571 

Appendix 583 

Index 595 


INTEODUOTION. 


In  Classification,  Nomenclature,  and  Numeration  the  present  work  corre- 
sponds strictly  with  the  "  Check  List  of  North  American  Birds"  published  by  the 
American  Ornithologists'  Union,'  which  represents  the  joint  labors  of  a  "  Commit- 
tee on  Classification  and  Nomenclaturo'  'yipointed  by  the  Union  during  its  first 
Congress,  held  in  New  York  City,  Septemi.  i-  2G-29,  1883. 

During  the  year  which  has  elapsed  gince  the  publication  of  the  A.  0.  U.  Check 
List  several  species  have  been  add'  ''■  to  tLo  Nor'-lj  American  fauna,  while  others 
have  been  for  the  first  cime  described.  Th«  se  mo  of  course  included  in  the  present 
.7ork,  being  interpolated  in  their  proper  pii'/'es.'  At  the  same  time,  it  has  been 
considered  desirable,  in  th'^  interest  oi  tbf  student  of  North  American  Ornithol- 
ogy, to  include,  for  reasons  stated  farther  on,'  certain  extralimital  species  from 
contiguous  countries.  All  such  additional  species  have,  however,  been  carefully 
distinguished  typographically,  in  oi'der  that  no  confusion  may  arise,  the  method 
of  discrimination  being  as  follows  : 

(1)  All  species  which  are  undoubtedly  North  American,  even  though  of  doubt- 
ful validity,  are  in  larger  tj'pe,  those  given  in  the  A.  O.  U.  Check  List  proper  being 
numbered  as  in  that  list,  while  eighteen  of  the  twenty-six  species  composing  the 
so-called  "Hypothetical  List,"*  and  also  those  subsequently  added  to  the  fauna,  ure 
preceded  by  a  dash  ( — )  instead  of  a  number.  (2)  All  species  which  have  not  been 
established  as  North  American  (the  majority  never  having  been  claimed  as  such) 
are  printed  in  smaller  type,  and  have  neither  a  number  nor  a  dash. 

The  Geographical  Limits  ai-e  also,  so  far  as  numbered  species  are  concerned, 
those  of  the  A.  O.  U.  Check  List ;  but  practically  these  limits  have  been  enlarged  so 


>  The  Code  of  Nomenclature  |  and  |  Check  List  |  of   North  American  Birds  |  Adopted   by  the  American 
Ornithologists'  Union  |  Being  the  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the  Union  on  Classification  and  Nomenclature  | 
(Motto)  I I  New  York  |  American  GrnithologistB'  Union  |  1886  |  [8vo.,  pp.  i-viii,  1-392.] 

*  For  lists  of  these  additional  species,  see  Appendix,  pages  591-594. 
'  See  under  "  Qeographical  Limits." 

*  "  Consisting  of  species  which  have  been  recorded  as  North  American,  but  whoso  status  as  North  Ameri- 
can birds  is  doubtful,  either  from  lack  of  positive  evidence  of  their  occurrence  within  the  prescribed  limits  .  .  . 
or  from  absence  of  satisfactory  proof  oi  their  validity  as  species."  Of  the  twenty-six  species  constituti-.g  this 
list,  eighteen  are  unquestionably  North  American  (one  of  them  having  been  recently  established  as  such),  while 
the  remaining  eight  have  very  scant  claims  to  a  place  in  our  fauna. 

vii 


(■?" 


vin 


INTRODUCTION. 


as  to  include  all  the  species  known  to  inhabit  Socorro  Island,  off  the  coast  of  north- 
western Mexico,  which  is  decidedly  Nearctic,  or  North  American,  in  its  zoological 
aflSnities,  while  in  many  crses  other  extralimital  species  have  been  included,  for  the 
sake  of  comparison  and  also  on  account  of  the  greater  or  less  probability  of  their 
occurrence  within  the  southern  boundary  of  the  United  States.  In  most  cases  this 
ignoring  of  geographical  limits  has  been  confined  to  the  inclusion  of  only  the  Mexi- 
can,* Cuban,  and  Bahaman  species  of  characteristically  North  American  genera,  or 
of  genera  from  the  same  regions  belonging  to  North  American  Families,  the  Euro- 
pean analogues  of  certain  North  American  species,  and  species  of  northeastern  Asia 
which  have  been  ascribed  to  Alaska,  or  which  may  from  the  close  proximity  of 
their  habitat  be  expected  to  occur  thei*e.  A  notable  departure  from  this  general 
rule  has,  however,  been  made  in  the  Order  Tubinares,  consisting  whoUj'  of  species 
inhabiting  the  "high  seas,"  whose  more  or  less  erratic  or  fortiiitous  wanderings 
render  them  specially  liable  to  a  place  in  the  list  of  "  accidental  visitors"  to  any 
sea-girt  country,  for  which  reason  it  has  been  considered  desirable,  as  an  aid  to 
ftiture  research,  to  include  all  known  species  belonging  to  genera  of  which  repre- 
sentatives have  been  taken  in  North  American  waters. 

Material. — Although  the  unrivalled  collection  of  American  birds  and  their 
eggs  forming  part  of  the  National  Museum*  has  furnished  by  far  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  material  upon  which  this  work  is  based,  several  other  public  museums, 
as  well  as  rich  private  collections,  have  been  carefully  studied.  Thus,  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  Historj',  in  New  York  City ;  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia ;  the  Boston  Society  of  Nature)  History  ;  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology,  in  Cambridge,  Mass. ;  and  the  splendid  private  collections  of  Messrs. 
George  N.  Lawrence,  of  New  York  City,  William  Brewster,  of  Cambridge,  Mass., 
and  H.  W.  Henshaw,'  of  Washington,  D.C.,  have  furnished  indispensable  material 
in  the  way  of  extralimital  species  or  more  extensive  series  of  certain  North  Amer- 
ican species,  for  comparison,  than  had  yet  been  secured  by  the  National  Museum. 
It  is  not,  however,  the  large  number  of  specimens  alone  that  has  furnished  the  sub- 
stantial basis  of  the  following  synoptical  tables ;  for,  however  much  the  proper  dis- 


1  Under  the  head  of  "  Mexican"  are  included  not  only  Mexico  itself,  but  also  Quatemala  and  Honduraa. 
(See  page  vii,  regarding  typographical  distinction  between  extralimital  and  North  American  species.) 

'  The  total  number  of  specimens  of  American  birds  in  the  National  Museum  collection  at  the  end  of  June, 
1886,  was  about  .36,000,  exclusive  of  dupliootes  and  mounted  specimens ;  the  North  American  "  study  series"  of 
Paiteren  and  "  Pienn'ir"  (i.e.,  Macrnchiren,  Pici,  and  Coccyges)  alone  aggregating  nearly  13,000,  counting  only 
those  obtained  from  North  America  proper,  as  defined  in  the  A.  0.  U.  Check  List.  At  the  same  time,  the  collec- 
tion of  North  American  birds'  eggs  numbered  38,400  specimens,  constituting  by  far  the  most  extensive  and  valu- 
able  one  in  existence.  Even  before  the  addition  of  the  magnificent  private  collection  so  generously  donated  by 
Captain  Charles  E.  Bendire,  U.S.A.,  no  other  was  comparable  to  it,  either  in  the  number  of  species  represented 
or  in  their  careful  identification,  it  having  from  the  commencement  been  made  a  rule  to  destroy  all  specimens 
regarding  which  there  appeared  the  least  doubt  or  suspicion.  Captain  Bendire's  celebrated  collection,  while 
representing  fewer  species,  included  far  more  extensive  series  of  a  largo  number  of  species,  showing  extreme 
variations  of  size,  contour,  and  coloration,  all  perfectly  identified,  while  it  wa«  wholly  unique  in  the  exquisite 
preparation  of  the  specimens. 

*  Speoial  mention  should  be  made  of  Mr.  Henshaw's  valuable  ooUection  (ombraoing  more  than  7000  speoi- 
meuB  and  unusually  complete  series  of  many  species),  which  through  the  owner's  courtesy  has  been  constantly 
accessible  to  the  author. 


INTRODUCTION. 


is 


crimination  of  species  and  subspecies  may  be  a  question  of  material,  a  groat  deal 
depends  upon  our  knowledge  of  the  birds  in  life,  their  natural  surroundings,  and 
other  things  which  can  be  learne,^  only  out  of  doors.  Fortunately,  a  very  large 
number  of  accomplished  field-naturalists  have  carefully  observed  the  habits  of  our 
birds,  and  through  their  published  records  have  together  contributed  a  vast  store 
of  information  which  no  single  person  could  himself  have  gained.  To  the  much 
that  has  been  gleaned  from  this  source  have  been  added  the  author's  field-notes,  col- 
lected during  the  period  extending  from  a  recent  date  back  to  the  year  1863,  and 
embracing  many  measurements  of  fresh  specimens,  notes  on  location  of  nests,  fresh 
colors  of  bill,  eyes,  feet,  etc.,  and  various  other  useful  memoranda. 

Measurements  are  in  English  inches  and  hundredths,  except  when  otherwise 
stated.*  Whenever  practicable,  they  have  been  taken  from  large  series  of  speci- 
mens, and  the  extremes  given,  as  well  as  the  average,  which  follows  in  parenthesis. 
Thus,  5.75-6.50  (6.12)  would  indicate  the  minimum,  maximum,  and  average,  re- 
spectively, of  the  measurements  taken.  In  the  case  of  closely-allied  forms,  or  where 
distinctive  characters  are  largely  a  matter  of  dimensions  or  the  proportionate  meas- 
urements of  different  parts,  care  has  been  taken  to  measure,  whenever  possible,  an 
equal  number  of  specimens  of  the  several  forms  to  bo  compared ;  and  specimens  in 
abraded  or  otherwise  imperfect  plumage,  as  well  as  young  birds,  have  been  excluded. 
When  there  is  any  marked  sexual  difference  in  size,  the  number  of  males  and  females 
measured  of  allied  forms  has  also  been  made  as  nearly  equal  as  possible.  Length 
is  to  be  understood  as  moaning  the  total  length  (from  end  of  bill  to  tip  of  tail)  of 
the  fresh  specimen,  before  skinning,  unless  otherwise  stated.  This  measurement  is 
the  least  important  of  any  for  the  purpose  of  determination  of  the  species,  being  of 
any  value  at  all  only  when  taken  from  the  fresh  specimen,  before  skinning,  and  even 
then  subject  to  much  vai'iation,  according  to  the  amount  of  stretching  to  which  the 
bird  is  subjected.  In  a  very  largo  number  of  species  the  author's  measurements 
from  freshly-killed  specimens  are  given,  but  in  perhajis  a  majority  of  cases  it  has 
been  necessary  to  take  measurements  made  by  others.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  all 
our  leading  authorities  have  been  consulted  on  this  point  and  only  the  extremes 
given,  it  has  boon  found  impracticable  (even  if  desirable)  to  distinguish  the  latter 
fronj  the  former,  but  it  may  be  remarked  that  nearly  all  of  those  in  which 
the  range  of  variation  between  the  extremes  is  very  great  belong  to  the  latter 
category.  Length  of  wing  is  from  the  "bend,"  or  carpal  joint,  to  tip  of  longest 
primary,  the  rule  being  laid  along  the  outer  or  convex  side  and  the  wing  brought 
up  close  to  it  for  its  entire  length.  Length  of  tail  is  from  tip  of  longest  feathers  to 
their  apparent  base,  a  point  often  vory  difficult  to  determine,  and  subject  to  niore 
or  less  vai'iation  according  to  the  method  of  preparing  the  skin,  the  amount  of 
shrinkage  to  which  the  flesh  at  the  base  of  the  tail  has  been  subjected,  etc.  Length 
of  culmen  is  the  chord  of  the  curve,  measured  with  dividers,  from  the  tip  of  the 
upper  mandible  to  the  extreme  base  of  the  culmen  (this  often  more  or  less  concealed 
by  feathers  of  the  forehead) — unless  the  qualifying  word  "  exposed"  is  prefixed,  in 
which  case  the  measurement  is  similarly  made  to  where  the  frontal  feathers  close 


'  Soo  foot-note  on  page  x.,  as  to  oonrorston  of  inches  and  decimals  into  milllmotrefl. 


if 


'I* 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

over  the  base  of  the  culmen.  Depth  of  bill  is  also  measured  with  dividers,  and  is  a 
measurement  requiring  extreme  care.  Length  of  tarsus  is  measured  with  dividers, 
one  point  resting  in  the  tibio-tarsal  joint,  on  the  outer  side,  the  other  on  the  lower 
edge  of  lowermost  tarsal  scutella,  In  front  (in  Passerine  and  certain  Picarian  and 
Raptorial  birds),  or  to  the  more  or  less  obvious  transverse  depression  markin*  the 
line  of  separation  between  tarsus  and  base  of  middle  toe  (in  most  water  birds  and 
some  others).  Length  of  middle  toe  is  always  measured  with  dividers  from  the 
last-mentioned  point  to  the  base  of  the  claw,  on  top,  and  not  including  the  claw, 
unless  so  stated. 

Measurements  of  eggs  represent  the  average  of  six  specimens  (more  or  less,  ac- 
cording to  the  extent  of  the  series  available  for  the  purpose)  which  represent  or 
approximate  the  average  size  and  form  as  neai'ly  as  could  be  determined  by  the  eye 
alone. 

The  names  op  colors  used  in  the  diagnoses  are  adopted  from  the  author's  "  No- 
menclature of  Colors," '  in  which  may  be  found  an  elaborate  though  concise  treatise 
on  the  subject,  designed  especially  for  the  uses  of  the  naturalist,  and  in  which  186 
colors,  embracing  all  that  are  named  in  descriptive  ornithology,  are  depicted,  by 
hand-colored  plates. 

Illustrations. — With  the  exception  of  those  which  have  already  appeared  in 
the  Beview  of  American  Birds*  History  of  North  American  Birds,"  and  Water  Birds 
of  North  America*  the  illustrations  have  been  made  specially  for  the  present  work 
by  Mr.  John  L.  Ridgway,  under  the  author's  supervision,  and  engraved  by  the  cele- 
brated "  Jewett"  process  of  Messrs.  Matthews,  Northrupp  &  Co.,  of  Buffalo,  N.Y. 

Acknowledgments  are  specially  due  to  Professor  Baird,  not  only  for  the 


1  A  I  Nomenclature  of  Colors  |  for  Naturalists,  |  and  |  Compendium  of  Useful  Knowledge  |  for  Ornitholo- 
gists. I  By  I  Robert  Ridgway,  |  Curator,  Department  of  Birds,  United  States  National  Museum.  |  With  ten 
colored  plates  and  seven  plates  |  of  outline  illustrations.  |  Boston  :  |  Little,  Brown,  and  Company.  |  1887.  | 

[In  this  work  is  also  ombodiod  a  "  Glossary  of  terms  used  in  descriptive  ornithology,"  in  which  references 
are  given  to  all  the  plates.  The  latter  include,  besides  those  representing  the  colors,  throe  showing  the  exter- 
nal anatomy  or  "  topography"  of  a  bird,  with  special  reference  to  the  names  used  in  descriptions,  one  illus- 
trating various  cgg-oontours,  one  showing  a  comparative  scale  of  standard  measurements,  and  two  upon  which 
are  depicted  the  various  forms  or  patterns  of  feather-markings.  There  is  also,  among  other  things  useful  to 
the  naturalist,  a  series  of  tables  for  the  easy  conversion  of  inches  and  decimals  into  millimetres,  and  vi'ce  versu.'\ 

*  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections.  |  — 181 —  |  Review  |  of  American  Birds,  in  the  Museum  of  the  | 
Smithsonian  Institution.  |  By  |  S.  F.  Baird.  |  — Part  I.  North  and  Middle  America.  |  — [Medallion.]     Wash- 
ington :  I  Smithsonian  Institution.  | 

One  volume,  8vo;  date  of  publication  (by  signatures),  June,  1864,  to  June,  18B6. 

*  A  I  History  |  of  |  North  American  Birds  |  by  |  S.  P.  Baird,  T.  M.  Brewer,  and  R.  Ridgway  |  Land  Birds 
I  Illustrated  by  64  colored  plates  and  593  woodcuts  |  Volume  I  [—III].    [Vignette]  |  Boston  |  Little,  Brown, 

and  Company  |  1874.  | 

[This  is  the  most  recent  work  on  North  American  ornithology,  giving,  besides  technical  descriptions, 
synonymy,  etc.,  a  general  account  of  the  history  ond  habits  of  each  species,  as  known  up  to  date  of  publica- 
tion.   The  size  is  small  4to,  ond  the  total  number  of  pages  nearly  1800.] 

*  Memoirs  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  College,  Vols.  XII.  and  XIII.  The  Woter 
Birds  of  North  America,  By  S.  F.  Baird,  T.  M.  Brewer,  and  R.  Ridgway.  Issued  in  continuation  of  the  pub- 
lications of  the  California  Geological  Survey.  J.  D.  Whitney,  State  Geologist.  Boston,  Little,  Brown,  and 
Company,  1884. 

[Two  volumes,  uniform  in  general  style,  typography,  etc.,  with  the  "  History  of  North  American  Birds," 
and  in  reality  the  conclusion  of  that  work.    Total  number  of  pages  1104,  embellished  by  numerous  wood-cuti.] 


INTRODUCTION. 


xi 


privilege  of  consulting  specimens  and  books  so  essential  to  the  preparation  of  this 
work,  but  also  for  the  friendly  advice  and  valuable  suggestions  which  have  ren- 
dered comparatively  easy  the  performance  of  a  task  which  under  less  favorable 
auspices  would  have  been  far  morn  difficult  of  accomplishment.  For  valuable 
aid,  always  most  cordially  rendered,  the  author  is  much  indebted  to  Dr.  Leonhard 
Stejneger,  whoso  well-known  thorough  bibliographical  knowledge  and  excellent 
judgment  have  greatly  facilitated  the  settlement  of  many  vexatious  questions  of 
synonymy  and  difficult  problems  of  relationship.  To  the  authorities  of  the  several 
public  museums  and  the  owners  of  the  private  collections  already  mentioned,  the 
author  is  glad  to  have  this  opportunity  of  publicly  expressing  his  sense  of  obliga- 
tion for  many  courtesies,  including,  besides  unrestricted  access  to  the  collections  in 
question,  the  loan  of  valuable  and  unique  type  specimens. 

H.  H. 


i'i  I 


\       1 


North  American  Birds. 


KEY  TO  THE  HIGHER  GROUPS. 

Hind  toe  connected  by  web  or  membrane  with  the  inner  toe. 

Order  Steganopodes.     (Page  73.) 
Hind  toe  not  connected  with  inner  toe. 

b\  Nostrils  tubular • Order  Tubinares.     (Page  50.) 

6*.  Nostrils  not  tubular. 

c^  Cutting-edges  of  bill  more  or  less  distinctly  fringed  or  serrated. 

d}.  Legs  short,  or  but  slightly  lengthened ;  bill  not  abruptly  bent 

downward  from  the  middle... Order  Anseres.     (Page  84.) 

d*.  Legs  excessively  lengthened ;  bill  bent  abruptly  downward  from 

the  middle Order  Odontoglossae.     (Page  121.) 

c'.  Cutting-edges  of  bill  not  fringed  nor  serrated. 

d'.  Legs  inserted  far  behind  the  middle  of  the  body,  which  in  standing 
position  is  more  or  less  erect,  the  toes  webbed  or  conspicuously 

lobed Order  Pygopodes.     (Page  4.) 

d'.  Legs  inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  body,  which  in  standing  posi- 
tion is  nearly  horizontal,  or  else  toes  not  webbed, 
e'.  Anterior  toes  distinctly  webbed,  and  tarsus  shorter  than  tail. 

Order  Longipennes.     (Page  20.) 
e'.  Anterior  toes  not  distinctly  webbed,  or  else  tarsus  decidedly 
longer  than  tail,  or  else  bill  extremely  small,  with  gape 
very  broad  and  deeply  cleft. 
/'.  Lower  portion  of  thighs  naked,  or  else  bill  lengthened 
and  grooved  along  each  side,  the  outer  and  middle  toes 
separated  for  their  entire  length. 
g\  Hind  toe  well  developed  and  inserted  at  same  level 
with   anterior  toes,  the  claws  never  excessively 
lengthened ;  loral  or  orbital  regions,  or  both  (some- 
times whole  head),  naked. 

Order  Herodiones.    (Page  122.) 

1 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


g*.  Hind  toe  (if  present)  small  and  inserted  above  the 

level  of  the  rest,  or  else  size  small  or  medium 

(never  as  much  as  8  feet  long) ;  loral  and  orbital 

regions  fully  feathered,  and  middle  claw  with  edge 

not  pectinated. 

h}.  If  more  than  3  feet  long,  the  hind  toe  short  and 

elevated ;  if  under  3  feet  long,  the  hind  toe  on 

same  level  with  anterior  toes. 

Order  Paludicolae.    (Page  134.) 

h*.  Never  over  3  feet  long  (usually  much  less),  the 

hind  toe  (if  present)  short  and  elevated,  or 

else  the  claws  excessively   lengthened  and 

wings  spurred. 

Order  Limicolse.    (Page  143.) 
/'.  Lower  portion  of  thighs  feathered  (or  else  middle  and 
outer  toes  united  for  at  least  half  their  length),  the 
bill  if  lengthened  not  grooved  along  the  side. 
g^.  Bill  strongly  hooked,  with  a  distinct  naked  cere  at 
base  of  upper  mandible ;  or  if  no  naked  cere,  the 
toes  2  in  front  and  2  behind. 
h^.  Toes  3  in  front,  or  else  outer  too  reversible. 

Order  Raptores.    (Page  218.) 
h*.  Toes  2  in  front,  2  behind  (outer  toe  permanently 

reversed) Order  Psittaci.     (Page  268.) 

g*.  Bill  not  strongly  hooked,  and  without  naked  cere 
at  base  of  upper  mandible ;  or  if  with  a  cere,  the 
latter  swollen  and  the  bill  straight, 
/t*.  Hind  toe  small  and  elevated,  or  else  bill  with- 
out soft  swollen  cere. 

Order  Gallinai.    (Page  184.) 

A*.  Hind  toe  (or  toes)  well  developed  and  on  same 

level  with  anterior  toes. 

iK  Bill  with  soft  swollen  cere  at  base  of  upper 

mandible.  Order  Columbse.  (Pago  210.) 

iK  Bill  without  soft  swollen  cere. 

/.  Wings  very  long,  with  10  quills,  tail 
of  10  feathers,  and  gape  very  wide 
and  deeply  cleft,  or  else  bill  long 
and  slender,  tongue  extensile,  and 
secondaries  only  6  in  number. 
Order  Macrochiies.  (Page  297.) 
j*.  Wings  not  very  long  and  gape  not  very 
wide  nor  deeply  cleft,  or  else  wing 
with  only  9  quills  and  tail-feathers 
12  in  number. 


KEF  TO   THE  HIOHER  GROUPS. 


3 


Toes  only  2  in  front,  or  if  3,  the 
middle    and    outer    toes    con- 
nected  for  at  least   half  their 
length. 
J}.  Tail-feathers  stiff  and  more  or 
less  pointed,  and  bill  more 
or  less  chisel-like. 

Order  Pici.     (Page  280.) 
V.  Tail-feathers  neither  stiff   nor 
pointed,  and  bill  not  chisel- 
like. 
Order  Coccyges.    (Page  271.) 
Toes  3  in  front,  1  behind,  the  middle 
and  outer  toes  not  united  for 
half  their  length,  lower  part  of 
thighs  feathered,  and  tarsus  equal 
to  or  longer  than  lateral  toes. 
Order  Passeres.    (Page  321.) 


m^ 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Order  PYGOPODES.— The  Diving  Birds. 

(Page  1) 
Families. 

a}.  Tail-feathers  wanting. 

Anterior  toes  lobed,  the  nails  very  broad,  flat,  and  with  rounded  tips.    (Sub- 
order Podicipedes) Podicipidae.    (Pago  4.) 

a}.  Tail-feathers  present,  but  short.     (Suborder  Cepphi.) 

t*.  Hind  toe  present Urinatoridae.    (Pago  6.) 

v.  Hind  toe  absent Alcidse.    (Page  8.) 

Family  PODICIPID^.— The  Grebes.    (Pago  4.) 

I^est  a  thick  matted  platform  of  rushes,  sedges,  etc.,  usually  floating  upon  the 
surface  of  the  water  in  grassy  or  sedgy  ponds  or  marshes.  Eggs  2-5,  dull  white, 
bluish  white,  or  very  pale  bluish  green,  usually  stained  more  or  less  (often  quite 
deeply)  with  light  brown,  by  contact  with  decomposed  vegetable  matter. 

Genera. 

a'.  Bill  slender,  the  length  of  the  culmen  much  more  than  twice  the  depth  at  the 
base. 
6*.  Length^of  culmen  fivo  or  more  times  as  much  as  greatest  depth  of  the  bill; 

neck  nearly  as  long  as  the  body .^chmophorus.     (Pago  4.) 

6*.  Length  of  culmen  less  than  four  times  as  much  as  greatest  depth  of  the  bill ; 

neck  much  shorter  than  the  body Colymbus.     (Page  5.) 

a*.  Bill  very  stout,  the  length  of  the  culmen  less  than  twice  as  much  as  the  greatest 
depth  of  the  bill Podilymbus.     (Page  6.) 


Genus  .ffiCHMOPHORUS   Coues.    (Page  4,  pi.  I.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Pileum  and  cervix  slaty  black ;  rest  of  upper  parts  slaty, 
inner  webs  of  remiges  chiefly  white;  entire  lower  parts,  including  lower  half  of 
head  and  all  of  neck  except  stripe  down  the  cervix,  pure  satiny  white.  Downy 
young :  Above  uniform  brownish  gray,  lighter  anteriorly ;  lower  parts  uniform  white. 

a\  Length  24.00-29.00  inches ;  wing  7.45-8.60  (average  8.07) ;  culmen  2.60- 
3.05  (2.78).  Eggs  2-5,  2.40  X  1-54.  Hab.  Western  North  America 
(chiefly  the  interior)  from  Mexico  and  Lower  California  to  Manitoba. 

1.  ^.  occidentalis  (Lawr.).    Western  Grebe. 

a\  Length  about  22.00  inches;  wing  6.70-7.75  (7.31);  culmen  2.10-2.48  (2.25). 
Eggs  2-5,  2.16X1-41.  ffab.  Western  Noi'th  America,  chiefly  along  Pacific 
coast — .JE.  clarkii  (Lawr.).    Clark's  Orebe. 


COL  r MB  vs. 


Genus  COLYMBUS  Linn^us.    (Page  4,  pi. 


I,  figs.  2,  3.) 


Species. 

Wing  5.00  inches  or  more. 

b\  Bill  about  as  long  as  the  head.  "Wing  more  than  6.00  inches.  (Subgenus 
Colymbus.) 
c*.  Feathers  of  lower  parts  pure  white  to  the  extreme  base.  Nuptial 
plumage :  Throat  and  chin  huffy  white,  passing  posteriorly  into  rich 
ferruginous  on  the  very  prominent  auricular  frill,  which  is  tipped 
with  black ;  top  of  head  and  elongated  tufts  on  each  side  of  occiput 
glossy  black.  Length  22.00-24.00;  wing  6.80-7.75;  culmen  1.75- 
2.30.  Hab.  Nearly  cosmopolitan,  but  no  authentic  record  for  any 
portion  of  America. 

C.  cristatus  Linn.    Crested  Grebe.* 

c\  Feathers  of  lower  parts  white  only  superficially,  the  concealed  portion 
being  distinctly  grayish.     Nuptial  plumage :  Top  of  head  dull  black, 
somewhat  glossy ;  rest  of  head  ash-gray,  bordered  above  and  poste- 
riorly by  whitish  ;  neck  rufous. 
dK  Length  about  17.50 ;  wing  6.45-7.00  (6.63) ;  culmen  1.50-1.55  (1.53). 
Mab.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere. 

C.  grisegena  Bodd.     Red-necked  Grebe.* 

(P.  Length  18.00-20.50 ;  wing  7.30-8.10  (7.65)  ;  culmen  1.65-2.40  (2.02). 
Eggs  2-5,  2.23  X  1-37.  Hub.  North  America,  including  Green- 
land, breeding  far  northward  ;  eastern  Asia. 

2.  C.  holbcellii  (Reinh.).    Holboell's  Orebe. 

b\  Bill  much  shorter  than  head.    Wing  not  more  than  6.00  inches.    (Subgenus 

Dytes  Kaup.) 

cS  Bill  compressed  (deeper  than  wide)  at  base.    Nuptial  plumage :  Lower 

neck  and  chest  rufous ;    sides  of  occiput  with  a  very  full  dense 

tuft  of  soft,  blended,  ochraceous  feathers.    Downy  young:  Whole 

top  of  head  dusky;  sides  of  head  whitish  with  two  stripes  and 

several  irregular  spots  of  dusky ;  a  dusky  streak  on  each  side  of 

throat ;  upper  parts  plain  dusky  grayish.    Length  12.50-15.25  ;  wing 

about  5.75.     Eggs  2-7,  1.78   X   1-20.    Hab.  Northern  portion  of 

northern  hemisphere,  breeding  in  America  chiefly  north  of  the 

United  States 3.  C.  auritus  Linn.    Honied  Orebe. 

c*.  Bill  depressed  (wider  than  deep)  aL  uaao.  Nuptial  plumage :  Head,  neck, 
and  chest  black ;  sides  of  head,  behind  eyes,  with  a  tuft-like  or 
somewhat  fan-shaped  loose  patch  of  slender  ochraceous  feathers. 
Downy  young :  Top  of  head  dusky,  with  several  white  markings,  the 
middle  of  the  crown  with  a  small  naked,  reddish  space ;  no  dusky 


*  Colymbus  criatatua  LiNN.,  S.N.  ed.  10,  1758,  135. 

*  Colymhtti  griaegena  BoDD.,  Tabl.  P.  E.  1783,  65. 


nrnm 


6 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Length 


streak  on  side  of  throat,  or  elsewhere  below  level  of  eyes 
12.00-14.00 ;  wing  5.20-5.50. 
d}.  Three  or  four  inner  quills  mostly  or  entirely  white.    Hab.  Central 
Europe  and  Asia. 

C.  nigricollis  (Brehm).    Eared  Grebe.^ 

d*.  Inner  quills  with  inner  webs  wholly  dusky.  Colors  generally 
duller  and  bill  more  slender.  Eggs  4-8,  1.75  X  1-19.  Hab. 
Western  North  America,  north  to  Groat  Slave  Lake,  south  to 
Guatemala,  east  to  Mississippi  Valley. 

4.  C.  nigricollis  californicus  (IIeerm.).  American  Eared  Grebe, 
a*.  Wing  less  than  5.00  inches.    (Subgenus  Podiceps  Lath.) 

Tarsus  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  toe  without  claw.  Nuptial  plumage: 
Top  of  head  dull  greenish  black;  rest  of  head  dark  gray  or  dull  plum- 
beous, the  chin  and  throat  dull  black.  Downy  young :  Top  of  head  black, 
with  a  rufous  spot  in  middle  of  crown,  and  various  white  markings; 
sides  and  underparts  of  head  and  neck  white  varied  with  black  lines. 
Length  9.00-10.50 ;  wing  4.00.  Eggs  1.35  X  -94.  Hab.  Tropical  America 
in  general,  north  to  southern  Texas  and  Lower  California. 

5.  C.  dominicus  Linn.    St.  Domingo  Grebe. 


Genus  PODILYMBUS  Lesson.    (Page  4,  pi.  I.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Brownish  above,  silvery  white  beneath,  the  feathers  dark  grayish  basally. 
Nuptial  plumage  :  Chin,  throat,  and  anterior  portion  of  malar  region  black ;  rest  of 
head  and  neck  brownish  gray,  darker  above ;  lower  parts  spotted  with  dusky ; 
bill  whitish,  crossed  about  the  middle  by  a  black  band.  Winter  plumage :  Black 
throat,  etc.,  of  nuptial  plumage  replaced  by  dull  whitish,  the  rest  of  the  head 
browner ;  lower  parts  without  dusky  spots ;  bill  brownish  (paler  on  lower  man- 
dible) without  black  band.  Young :  Similar  to  winter  adult,  but  sides  of  head  more 
or  less  distinctly  striped  with  brown.  Doiony  young :  Head  and  neck  distinctly 
striped  with  white  and  black,  the  crown  with  a  rufous  spot ;  a  rufous  spot  on  upper 
part  of  nape  and  on  each  side  of  occiput ;  upper  parts  blackish,  marked  with  four 
strips  of  grayish  white.  Length  12.00-15.00  ;  wing  4.50-5.00.  Eggs  4-5,  1.72  X 
1.99.    Hab.  The  whole  of  America,  except  extreme  northern  and  southern  districts. 

6.  P.  podiceps  (Linn.).    Fied-billed  Grebe. 

Family  URINATORID.^.— The  Loons.    (Page  4.) 

Genus. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  family) Urinator.    (Page  7.) 


'  Podicept  nigrieollii  Brebh,  Vog.  Deutschl.,  1831,  963.     Culymhui  uigricoUU  Stbjn.,  Auk,  ii.,  Got.  1885,  340. 


VRINATOR. 


)ot.  1886, 340. 


Genus  URINATOR  Cuvier.    (Page  6,  pi.  TI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  blackish  or  slaty,  beneath  white.  In  summer, 
upper  parts  spotted  or  speckled  with  white,  the  throat  and  fore-neck  blackish  or 
chestnut.  In  winter,  and  in  young,  upper  parts  without  white  markings,  and  throat 
and  fore-neck  white  like  rest  of  lower  parts.  Downy  young  uniform  sooty  grayish, 
the  belly  white.  Nest  built  on  ground  at  edge  of  marsh  or  lake.  Eggs  2,  elongate- 
ovate,  deep  brown  or  olive,  rather  sparsely  speckled  or  spotted  with  dark  brown 
and  blackish. 

a\  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe  without  claw ;  fore-neck  blackish  in  summer. 
6'.  Distance  from  base  of  culmen  to  anterior  point  of  loral  feathers,  above 
nostrils,  greater  than  the  distance  from  the  latter  point  to  anterior  bor- 
der of  nostrils.     Summer  plumage  with  head  and  neck  black  all  round, 
the  middle  of  the  fore-neck  and  sides  of  lower  neck  each  crossed  by  a 
bar  or  transverse  series  of  white  streaks. 
cK  Tarsus  shorter  than   exposed  culmen ;   bill  in  adult  blackish  (almost 
wholly  deep  black  in  summer)  ;  head  and  neck  glossed  with  velvety 
green;  white  spots  on  scapulars  broad  as  long;  length  28.00-36.00; 
wing  13.00-15.25   (14.06) ;  culmen  2.75-3.50  (3.07) ;   depth  of  bill 
through  base  .90-1.05  (.96).    Eggs  3.52  X  2.27.    Ilab.  Northern 
part  of  noi'thern  hemisphere,  breeding  from  northern  United  States 

northward 7:  U.  imber  (Gunn.).    Loon. 

c'.  Tarsus  longer  than  exposed  culmen ;  bill  in  adult  whitish  (almost 
wholly  yellowish  white  in  summer) ;  head  and  neck  glossed  with 
velvety  violet-blue ;  white  spots  on  scapulars  decidedly  longer  than 
broad;  length  abou:  35.00-38.00  ;  wing  14.85-15.45  (15.11);  culmen 
3.50-3.65  (3.59) ;  depth  of  bill  through  base  1.00-1.20  (1.09).  Hab. 
Western  Arctic  America  and  northeastern  Asia. 

8.  U.  adamsii  (Gray).    Tellow-billed  Loon. 
t'.  Di.stance  from  base  of  culmen  to  anterior  point  of  loral  feathers,  not  greater 
than  distance  from  the  latter  point  to  anterior  extremity  of  nostril. 
Summer  plumage  with  upper  part  of  head  and  hind  part  of  neck  gray- 
ish ;  throat  and  fore-neck  black,  without  white  streaks,  but  several  lon- 
gitudinal series  of  the  latter  down  the  side  of  the  neck,  between  the 
black  and  the  gray. 
cK  Fore-neck  and  under  side  of  neck  glossed  with  velvety  purple ;  occi- 
put and  hind-neck  deep  gray,  almost  plumbeous.    Length  26.00- 
29.00 ;  wing  12.15-13.20  (12.55)  ;  culmen  2.50-2.85  (2.60) ;  depth  of 
bill  at  base,  .75-.80  (.78).     Eggs  3.09  X  1-96.    Hab.  Northern  por- 
tions of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding  in  Arctic  regions ;  in  North 
America,  south,  in  winter,  to  extreme  northern  United  States,  east 
of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

9.  U.  arcticus  (Linn.).    Black-throated  Loon. 


8 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIKDS. 


c*.  Fore-neck  and  under  side  of  head  glossed  with  dull  bronzy  greenish, 
sometimes  inclining  to  purplish';  occiput  and  hind-neck  very  palo 
smoky  grayish,  sometimes  nearly  white.  Wing  11.20-12.25  (11.54) ; 
culmen  2.00-2.35  (2.15);  depth  ot  bill  at  baso.55-.65  (.62).  Eggs 
3.11  X  ^.92.  Hah.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  from  Alaska  to 
Lower  California,  breeding  far  northward. 

10.  U.  pacificus  (Lawr.).  Pacific  Loon, 
a*.  Tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe  with  claw.  Fore-neck  rich  chestnut  in  summer ; 
head  and  neck  plumbeous  gray,  the  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  streaked  with 
white;  upper  parts  speckled  with  white.  Summer  plumage:  Throat  and 
fore-neck  plumbeous,  like  rest  of  head  and  neck,  but  marked  down  the  mid- 
dle with  a  wedge-shaped  patch  or  stripe  of  rich  chestnut.  Winter  plumage 
and  young:  Throat  and  fore-neck  white.  Downy  young:  Above  uniform 
dusky,  or  sooty  slate ;  lower  parts  paler  and  more  grayish.  Length  24.00- 
27.00 ;  wing  10.00-11.50  ;  culmen  2.25 ;  tarsus  2.75.  Eggs  2.82  X  1-76.  Hab. 
Northern  portions  of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding  in  Arctic  regions ;  in 
North  America,  south,  in  winter,  nearly  across  the  United  States. 

11.  U.  lumme  (Gunn.).    Sed>tIiroated  Loon. 


Family  ALCID-ffi.— The  Auks.    (Page  4.) 


N'est  a  cavity  among  rocks,  usually  on  face  of  cliffs.    Egg  single,  variable  as  to 
form  and  color. 

Genera. 

fl'.  Inner  claw  much  larger  and  more  strongly  curved  than  the  others ;  corner  of 
mouth  with  a  thick  naked  skin,  or  "  rosette ;"  bill  excessively  compressed, 
nearly  as  deep  as  long,  the  terminal  portion  transversely  grooved  (except  in 
young),  the  basal  portion  with  several  accessory  deciduous  pieces,  cast  at  end 
of  breeding  season.     (Subfamily  Fratcrculina;.) 
6'.  Basal  outline  of  permanent  (terminal)  portion  of  upper  mandible  convex ; 
lower  mandible  wholly  destitute  of  grooves,  in  all  stages ;  grooves  of 
upper  mandible  with  concave  side  toward  tip  of  bill.    Nuptial  ornaments : 
Deciduous  nasal  shield  or  saddle  widest  toward  culmen,  where  forming 
an  arched  and  much  thickened  ridge ;  eyelids  without  horny  append- 
ages ;  on  each  side  of  head  a  large  pendent  tuft  of  lengthened,  silky, 

straw-colored  feathers .  Lunda.     (Page  10.) 

6*.  Basal  outline  of  permanent  (terminal)  portion  of  bill  concave,  or  nearly 
straight  and  very  oblique ;  permanent  (terminal)  portion  of  lower  man- 
dible grooved  (except  in  young) ;  grooves  of  the  upper  mandible  with 
concave  side  toward  base  of  the  bill.  Nuptial  ornaments:  Deciduous 
nasal  shield  widest  toward  nostril ;  basal  outline  of  upper  mandible  con- 
cave ;  eyelids  furnished  with  horny  appendages ;  head  without  orna- 
mental tufts  of  plumes Fratercula.     (Page  11.) 


ALCJD^. 


9 


reenish, 
Diy  palo 
(11.54); 

)■    -Eggs 

laska  to 

fie  Loon, 
ummer ; 
ced  with 
•oat  and 
the  mid- 
plumage 
uniform 
h  24.00- 
6.     Hab. 


;ed  Loon. 


ible  as  to 


corner  of 
nprcssed, 
except  in 
i,st  at  end 

)  convex ; 
'ooves  of 
'naments : 
B  forming 
■f  append- 
led,  silky, 
Page  10.) 
or  nearly 
wer  man- 
iible  vrith 
Deciduous 
dible  con- 
out  orna- 
Page  11.) 


a*.  Inner  claw  not  obviously  different  in  size  or  shape  from  the  others ;  corner  of 
mouth  without  thickened  naked  skin  or  "  rosette." 
6'.  Anglo  of  chin  much  nearer  to  nostril  than  to  tip  of  bill, 

c*.  Nostrils  exposed,  overhung  by  a  more  or  less  distinc*;  horny  scale,  and 
feathers  of  lores  never  reaching  to  anterior  end  of  nostrils;  second- 
aries without  white  tips.     (Subfamily  Phalerince.) 
d}.  Gonys  occupying  more  than  half  the  total  length  of  the  lower 
mandible,  or  else  tip  of  upper  mandible  not  abruptly  dccurvcd 
from  a  long,  straight  cuimen. 
eS  Distance  from  anterior  border  of  nasal  hollow  to  nearest  loral 
feathers  equal  to  one  half  or  more  than  one  half  the  dis- 
tance from  the  same  point  to  the  tip  of  the  bill.    (Phnlerece.') 
p.  Bill  about  as  long  as  the  head  (cuimen  about  1.00) ;  wing 

more  than  6.50 Cerorhinca.     (Pago  11.) 

/',  Bill  much  shorter  than  head  (cuimen  less  than  .75) ;  wing 
less  than  6.50. 
g^.  Upper  mandible  broader  than  deep  at  base ;  cuimen 
nearly  straight.     (Wing  about  5.00.) 

Ptychoramphus.    (Page  12.) 

^'.  Upper  mandible  higher  than  broad  at  base ;  cuimen 

decidedly  curved. 

h^.  Lower  mandible  very  narrow,  strongly  and  very 

regularly  recurved,  the  tip   acute  ;   edge  of 

upper  mandible  very  regularly  convex.  (Wing 

5.25-6.00.) Cyclorrhynchus.  (Page  12.) 

h?.  Lower  mandible  more  than  half  as  deep  as  the 
upper,  not  recurved,  or  else  tip  not  acute ; 
upper  mandible  with  edge  nearly  straight  or 
else   not   regularly   convex.     (Wing   5.25  or 

less.) Simorhynchus.     (Page  12.) 

c*.  Distance  from  anterior  border  of  nasal  hollow  to  nearest  loral 

feathers   equal  to  not  more  than  one-fourth  the  distance 

from  the  same  point  to  the  tip  of  the  bill.    {Brachyramphece.) 

p.  Tarsi   scutellate   in  front,  much  longer   than  the  horny 

portion  of  the  commissure. 

Synthliboramphus.    (Page  13.) 
/'.  Tarsi  reticulate  in  front,  not  longer  than  horny  portion  of 

commissure Brachyramphus.     (Page  14.) 

d}.  Gonys  occupying  less  than  half  the  total  length  of  the  lower  man- 
dible ;  cuimen  straight  to  near  the  tip,  where  abruptly  decurved. 
(Cepphece.) 
Loral  feathers  forming  an  acute  angle.     (Wing  6.50-7.50 ; 

cuimen  1.00  or  more.) Cepphus.     (Page  16.) 

c*.  Nostrils  completely  concealed  or  enclosed  within  a  dense,  velvety 
feathering,  which  extends  from  the  lores  to  or  beyond  their  an- 

2 


mmmmm 


10  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

terior  end ;  secondaries  sharply  tipped  with  white.    (Subfamily 
Alcince.) 
d}.  Bill  narrow,  the  culmen  slightly  or  gently  curved,  both  mandibles 
destitute  of  grooves;  tail  rounded,  the  feathers  not  pointed. 

{^Uriaece.) Uria.     (Page  17.) 

6}.  Bill  very  deep,  much  compressed,  culmen  strongly  curved,  and  one 

or  both  mandibles  transversely  or  obliquely  grooved  (except  in 

young)  ;  tail  graduated,  the  feathers  pointed.     (^Alceoe.') 

&.  Size  medium  (culmen  less  than  1.50) ;  bill  much  shorter  than 

head,  the  lower  mandible  with  not  more  than  two  grooves, 

or  none ;  wings  well  developed,  admitting  of  sustained  flight. 

Alca.    (Page  18.) 

e*.  Size  very  large  (culmen  more  than  3.00) ;  bill  as  long  as  the 

head,  the  lower  mandible  with  numei-ous  grooves ;  wings 

rudimentary,  not  admitting  of  flight..  Plautus.  (Page  19.) 

6'.  Angle  of  chin  much  nearer  tip  of  bill  than  to  nostril.     (Subfamily  Allina:.) 

Bill  very  short  and  broad,  the  culmen  much  curved;  size  very  small 

(wing  less  than  5.00) ;  secondaries  sharply  tipped  with  white. 

Alle.»    (Page  19.) 


'  ill' 


Genus  LUND  A  Pallas.    (Page  8,  pi.  III.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Above  uniform  sooty  black,  lower  parts  sooty  grayish,  the  feathers  of  breast 
and  belly  grayish  white  beneath  the  surface,  this  color  sometimes  showing  through, 
and  breaking  the  continuity  of  the  dusky.  Nuptial  plumage  :  Anterior  portion  of 
side  of  head  white;  springing  from  each  side  of  the  crown,  immediately  above  the 
eye,  a  thick  pendent  tuft  of  lengthened,  silky,  straw-colored  feathers ;  terminal 
half  of  bill  bright  red,  basal  portion  olive-yellowish ;  feet  bright  scarlet  (in  life). 
Winter  plumage :  Side  of  head  wholly  dusky,  but  lighter  in  region  of  insertion  of 
the  nuptial  tufts,  which  are  wholly  absent ;  basal  deciduous  horny  covering  of  bill 
replaced  by  soft,  dusky  broAvn  skin ;  feet  flesh-color  (in  life).  Young,  first  winter : 
Similar  to  winter  adult,  but  upper  mandible  destitute  of  grooves,  and  nuptial  tufts 
present  in  a  rudimentary  condition  but  of  a  light  brownish  color;  terminal  portion 
of  bill  inclining  to  brownish  orange-red.  Young,  first  summer  or  autumn :  Bill 
smaller,  narrower,  and  browner  in  color  ;  nuptial  tufts  wanting.  Downy  young : 
Uniform  dark  sooty  grayish,  or  blackish.  Length  14.40-15.60 ;  wing  7.75 ;  culmen 
1,30-1.45.  Egg  2.86  X  192,  more  or  less  ovate,  white  (sometimes  tinged  with  pale 
huffy,  pinkish,  or  brownish),  usually  more  or  less  marked  round  larger  end  with 
faint  spots,  splashes  or  streaks  of  pale  brown,  or  lavender-gray,  or  both.  Hab. 
Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  southern  California  to  Alaska,  and 
from  Bering's  Strait  to  Japan ;  accidental  in  Bay  of  Fundy  and  Kennebec  River, 
Maine 12.  L.  cirrhata  Pall.    Tufted  Puffin. 


1  Alls  Link,  Besohr.  Nat.  Samuil.  Univ.  Rustook,  i.  1800,  40  (not  p.  17,  as  given  in  A.  0.  U.  Clieolc  List). 


FRATERCULA. 


11 


ibfamily 

landiblea 
pointed. 
^igcl7.) 
aud  one 
ixcept  in 

i-ter  than 
grooves, 
ed  flight. 
Page  18.) 
ig  as  the 
s;  wings 
Page  19.) 
'  Allinai.) 
iiy  small 

Page  19.) 


of  breast 
through, 
ortion  of 
ibove  the 

crminal 
(in  life), 
ertion  of 
g  of  bill 
s<  ivinter : 
tial  tufts 
il  portion 
vm :  Bill 
ly  young : 

;  culmen 
with  pale 
end  with 
h.  Hub. 
iska,  and 
oc  River, 
9d  Puffin. 

lok  List). 


Genus  FRATERCULA  Brisson.    (Page  8,  pi.  III.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts,  together  with  a  band  across  fore-neck, 
uniform  blackish  ;  sides  of  head  grayish  or  white ;  lower  parts  pure  white.  Downy 
young,  uniform  sooty  blackish,  or  dark  sooty  slate,  the  belly  white.  Egg  shaped  and 
colored  like  that  of  Lunda  cirrhata. 

a}.  Grooves  of  the  bill  very  oblique,  broad,  and  distinct,  the  deciduous  basal  shields 

occupying  less  than  the  basal  half  of  the  bill.    Nuptial  plumage :  Chin  and 

whole  throat  grayish,  the  sides  of  the  head  gray ;  horny  process  on  upper 

eyelid  short,  subconical ;  length  11.50-13.75. 

^'.  Bill  and  general  size  smaller:  Ciihnen  1.60-1.90,  gonys  1.40-1.50,  depth  of 

upper  mandible  at  base  .75-.90,  of  lower,  .40-.50.     Egg  2.46-1.74.     Hab. 

Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  from  southern  Greenland  south,  in  winter, 

in  North  America,  to  New  Jersey,  breeding  as  far  south  as  the  Bay 

of  Fundy 13.  F.  arctica  (Linn.).    Puffin. 

i»*.  Bill  and  general  size  larger:  Culmen  2.00-2.30,  gonys  1.40-1.60,  depth  of 
upper  mandible  at  base  .85-1.00,  of  lower,  .70.-80.  Egg  2.65-1.82.  Hab. 
Coasts  and  islands  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  from  Spitzbergen  to  northern 
and  western  Greenland. 

13a.  F.  arctica  glacialis  (Temm.).  Large-billed  Puffin, 
a'.  Grooves  of  the  bill  nearly  vertical,  narrow,  and  rather  indistinct ;  deciduous 
basal  shields  occupying  much  more  than  the  basal  half  of  the  bill  Nuptial 
plumage  :  AVhole  throat  blackish,  the  chin,  onlj'-,  gray ;  sides  of  head  white ; 
horny  process  on  upper  eyelid  elongated,  horn-like.  Downy  young  :  Uniform 
sooty  blackish,  the  belly,  abruptly,  white.  Length  about  12.50-14.00 ;  culmen 
2.00-2.25,  gonys  1.60-1.70,  depth  of  upper  mandible  1.15-1.25,  of  lower,  .70- 
.80.  Egg  2.74-1.84.  Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from 
British  Columbia  to  the  Kurilo  Islands. 

14.  F.  corniculata  (Naum.).    Horned  Puffin. 

Genus  CERORHINCA  Bonaparte.    (Pago  9,  pi.  IV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Bill  much  compressed,  longer  than  deep,  the  culmen  regularly  curved,  but 
gonys  nearly  straight;  upper  parts  ui 'form  dusky;  under  portion  and  sides  of 
head  and  nock,  down  to  the  chest,  together  with  sides,  smoky  plumbeous ;  rest  of 
lower  parts  white,  usually  clouded  with  smoky  gray ;  a  row  of  narrow,  pointed, 
white  feathers  along  each  side  of  occiput,  commencing  just  above  and  behind  tho 
eye ;  another  row  of  similar  but  larger  feathers  across  cheeks,  from  near  corner  of 
mouth.  Nuptial  plumage :  Base  of  upper  mandible  Burmountod  by  a  compressed 
upright  horn,  tho  base  of  which  clasps  the  mandible  as  a  saddle,  down  to,  and  on- 
closing  the  nostrils.     Whiter  plumage :  Similar  to  nuptial  dress,  but  breast  more 


IGBM 


;^lll 


12 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


uniformly  gray,  the  belly  more  uniform  white,  and  the  horn-liko  pi'occss  at  base  of 
upper  mandible  entirely  absent.  Young :  Similar  to  winter  adult,  but  white  fila- 
mentous feathers  of  head  wanting,  and  bill  smaller  and  darker  in  color.  Downy 
young  :  Uniform  sooty  grayii^h  brown,  very  similar  to  corresponding  stage  of  Lunda 
cirrhata,  but  rather  lighter  in  color  and  with  more  slender  bill.  Length  14.00- 
15.50,  wing  7.25,  culmen,  from  cere,  or  anterior  edge  of  horn,  1.00.  Egg  2.70  X  1-82, 
similar  in  form,  color,  etc.,  to  those  of  Lunda  and  species  of  Fratcrcula.  Ilab.  Coasts 
and  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Lower  California  (resident)  to  Japan. 

15.  C.  monocerata  (Pall.).    Bhinoceros  Anklet. 


Genus  PTYCHORAMPHUS  Brandt.    (Pago  9,  pi.  VL,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Above  uniform  slaty  blackish,  changing  gradually  into  plumbeous  on  sides  of 
head  and  neck,  throat,  and  fore-neck ;  a  white  spot  on  lower  eyelid ;  lower  parts 
white,  the  sides  (beneath  wings)  plumbeous;  length  8.00-9.50,  wing  4.75-5.25,  cul- 
men .75.  Egg  1.83  X  1-34,  ovate,  pure  white.  Hah.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America, 
Irom  Aleutian  Islands  to  Lower  California. 

16.  P.  aleuticus  (Pall.).    Cassin's  Anklet. 

Genus  CYCLORRHYNCHUS  Kaup.    (Page  9,  pi  IV.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Above  uniform  blackish  slate,  beneath  white;  bill  orange-red.  Nuptial  plu- 
mage :  Throat,  fore-neck,  and  sides  dusky ;  a  lino  of  narrow  pointed  white  feather.'? 
starting  just  below  the  oj'o,  and  extending  back  across  the  oar-coverts.  Winter 
plumage :  Similar  to  summer  dress,  but  throat,  fore-neck,  and  sides  partly  or  en- 
tirely white ;  white  feathers  behind  eyes  wanting?  Young  ('I)  :  Similar  to  winter 
adult,  but  bill  duller  i*ed  (or  inclining  to  brownish),  and  entire  lower  parts,  including 
throat  and  fore-neck,  continuous  white;'  length  9.00-10.40,  wing  5.40-G.OO,  culmen 
al)out  .00.  Egg  2.12  X  1-46,  dear  bluish  white.  Ifab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific 
from  Sitka  to  the  Kurile  Islands....  17.  C.  psittaculus  (Pall.).    Faroqnet  Anklet 

Genus  SIMORHYNCHUS  Merrem.    (Page  9,  pi.  IV.,  figs.  2  to  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  blackish,  the  scapulars  sometimes  mixed 
with  white.  Adults  with  a  series  of  slender,  pointed  white  feathers  commencing 
beneath  the  eye  and  extending  backward  across  the  oar-coverts.  Eggs  ovate,  pure 
white,  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  bluish. 

a*.  Wing  more  than  4.00;  adult  with  a  recurved  frontal  crest;  lower  parts  uniform 
sooty  gray,  the  belly  sometimes  whitish  ;  no  white  on  scapulars. 


'  The  seasonal  nnd  other  ehangos  of  plumngo  in  this  species  are  not  well  umlorstood,  anrl  we  have  not  tho 
mnterial  with  which  to  detormine  them.    The  above  may,  therefore,  bo  nut  quite  oorreot  in  some  particulars. 


SYNTIILIBORAMPHUS. 


13 


baso  of 
liito  fila- 
Downy 
)f  Lunda 
,h  14.00- 
)  X  1.82, 
1».  Coasts 
1. 
B  Auklet. 


sides  of 
TQv  parts 
5.25,  cul- 
Aracrica, 

B  Auklet. 


iptial  plu- 
feathers 
Winter 
ly  or  on- 
to winter 
including 
),  culmen 
h  Pacific 
)t  Auklet 

4.) 


lOS  mixed 
imencing 
ato,  pure 

i  uniform 


javo  not  tho 
irtloulars. 


b^.  Wing  5.00  or  more ;  adult  in  breeding  season  with  several  conspicuous  de- 
ciduous plates  on  basal  portion  of  bill,  including  a  roundish  or  semicir- 
cular piece  at  corner  of  mouth  ;  no  white  feathers  between  bill  and  eye ; 
belly  never  whitish.  (Subgenus  Simorhynchus.)  Breeding  plumage: 
Bill  bright  orange-red,  the  tip  horn-colored.  Winter  plumage :  Bill  horn- 
colored,  much  smaller,  through  loss  of  the  deciduous  pieces.  Young  : 
Frontal  crest  and  white  feather?  beneath  eye  wanting,  or  but  slightly 
developed;  bill  much  smaller,  dusky  brownish.  Length  8.50-10.80; 
wing  about  5.25.  Egg  2.14-1.49.  Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific 
from  Kauiak,  Unalashka,  and  the  Prybilof  Islands  through  the  Aleutian 
chain  to  Kamtschatka  and  northern  Japan. 

18.  S.  cristatellus  (Pall.).    Crested  Auklet. 
ft'.  Wing  less  than  4.50  ;  adult  in  breeding  season  without  conspicuous  deciduous 
plates  on  basal  portion  ;  belly  whitish  ;  a  moi'e  or  less  distinct  patch  of 
narrow,  pointed,  white  feathers  between  bill  and  eye  (indistinct  or  ob- 
solete in  young).     (Subgenus  Phaleris  Temminck.)    Breeding  plumage : 
Bill  dull  purplish  red,  the  tip  whitish.     Winter  plumage  not  materially 
different.     Young :  Frontal  crest  and  white  feathers  on  sides  of  head 
wanting  or  barely  indicated  ;  bill  dusky.     Doxony  young  :  Uniform  sooty 
slate,  lighter  beneath.     Length  7.10-8.30,  wing  4.10-4.25,  culmen  .35-.40. 
Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Unalashka  through  the  Aleutian 
chain  to  Kamtschatka...  19.  S.  pygmaeus  (Gmel.).    Whiskered  Auklet. 
fl'.  Wing  not  more  than  4.00;  adult  without  frontal  crest;  lower  parts  white,  some- 
times blotched  with  dusky;  scapulars  with  more  or  less  white;  baso  of  bill 
with  a  small  compressed  knob  on  top.    (Subgenus  Ciceronia  Reich.)     Breed- 
ing plumage:   Lower  parts  white,  more  or  less   spotted  or  blotched  with 
dusky,  this  often  forming  a  distinct  band  across  tho  chest.     Winter  plumage : 
Lower  parts,  including  sides  of  neck,  entirely  white ;  white  ornamental 
feathers  of  forehead,  etc.,  usually  less  developed.     Young  :  Similar  to  winter 
plumage,  but  bill  smaller,  scapulars  more  extensively  white,  and  white  orna- 
mental feathers  of  forehead,  etc.,  wanting.     Downy  young :  Uniform  sooty 
slate,  paler  and  grayer  on  lower  parts.     Length  5.50-7.20,  wing  3.50-4.00, 
culmen  .35-.40.    Eggs  1.58  X  110.     Hab.  Coasts]  of  the  North  Pacific,  from 
Japan  and  southern  Alaska  to  the  Aleutian  and  Prybilof  Islands. 

20.  S.  pusillus  (Pall.).    Least  Auklet. 


Genus  SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS  Brandt.    (Page  9,  pi.  VI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plumbeous,  beneath  white.  Breeding  plumage : 
Chin  and  part,  or  whole,  of  throat  dusky ;  top  of  head  with  a  broad  white  stripe 
along  each  side  ;  sides,  from  nock  to  flanks,  uniform  sooty  blackish.  Winter  plumage : 
Whole  throat  white,  the  chin  plumbeous ;  no  white  stripes  on  top  of  head ;  sides 
and  flanks  white,  striped  with  slaty. 


14 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a}.  Nevei'  crested.  Breeding  plumage :  Chin,  throat,  and  fore-neck,  with  top  and 
sides  of  head,  sooty  black  ;  sides  of  neck  and  a  broad  stripe  along  each  side  of 
occiput,  pure  white ;  white  stripes  on  side  of  occiput  not  extending  forward 
of  the  eye ;  upper  back  streaked  laterally  with  white.  Winter  plumage :  Whole 
throat  white ;  stripes  on  sides  of  occiput  and  streaks  on  upper  part  of  back 
wanting.  Length  9.50-10.89,  wing  5.25-5.50,  culmen  .60.  Egg  2.42  X  1-55, 
elongate-ovate,  buffy  (variable  in  shade  from  nearly  white  to  almost  an 
isabella-color),  speckled  or  otherwise  marked  all  over  with  deep  brown  and 
lavender-gray.  Mab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Japan  and  southern 
Alaska  (Sitka)  northward 21.  S.  antiquus  (Gmel.).    Ancient  Mnrrelet. 

a'.  Crested  in  the  breeding  season.  Breeding  plumage :  Fore  part  of  cx'own  with  a 
loose  crest  of  slender,  lengthened  feathers  slightly  curved  or  nearly  straight ; 
upper  half  of  throat  velvety  plumbeous,  with  a  truncated  posterior  outline; 
ear-coverts  deep  plumbeous ;  white  stripes  on  sides  of  toj)  of  head  extending 
forward  far  beyond  the  eye ;  upper  back  not  streaked  with  white.  Winter 
plumage :  Whole  throat  and  malar  region  white,  the  chin,  only,  plumbeous ; 
no  white  on  top  of  head,  and  no  crest.  Downy  young :  Above  brownish  gray, 
the  back  and  rump  indistinctly  streaked  with  grayish  white ;  lower  parts, 
including  chin,  entirely  pure  white.  Length  about  9,50-11.00,  'ving  5.10- 
5.50.  Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  Japan  (and  Washington  Ter- 
ritory ?)  northward.    (Very  doubtfully  American.) 

22.  S.  wumizusume  (Temm.).    Temminok's  Murrelet. 


Genus  BRACHYRAMPHUS  Brandt.    (Page  9,  pi.  VI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Size  small  (wing  less  than  5.50) ;  bill  small  and  slender, 
much  shorter  than  head  (not  longer  than  the  short  tarsus),  compressed,  and 
pointed  ;  culmen  gently  curved,  gonys  nearly  straight ;  plumage  very  plain,  with- 
out ornamental  feathers  about  head  at  any  season. 

a\  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle  too,  without  claw. 

6'.  Exposed  culmen  about  equal  to  inner  toe,  without  claw ;  secondaries  and 
outer  tail-feathers  entirely  dusky, 
c'.  Culmen  .70  or  less.  Summer  adult :  Above  dusky,  barred  more  or  less 
with  deep  rusty ;  beneath  mixed  white  and  sooty  brown,  in  varying 
relative  proportion.  Winter  plumage  :  Above,  interrupted  by  a  white 
collar  across  nape ;  scapulars  mixed  with  white,  and  feathers  of 
back,  etc.,  tipped  with  plumbeous ;  entire  lower  parts  pure  white, 
the  orbital  and  superciliary  regions  dusky,  like  top  of  head,  and 
outermost  feathers  of  flanks  striped  with  dark  grayish.  Young  : 
Above  uniform  dusky,  with  indistinct  white  collar  and  scapular 
patches ;  lower  parts  white,  transve-sely  mottled  with  dark  sooty ; 
bill  much  smaller  and  weaker  than  in  adult.  Length  9.50-10.00, 
wing  about  5.00,  culmen  .60-.70,  tarsus  .70,  middle  toe  .92-1.00.    Egg 


1,1 


BRACHYRAMPHVS. 


15 


top  and 
b  side  of 
forward 
;  Whole 
of  back 
I  X  1.55, 
moat  an 
own  and 
jouthern 
Hurrelet. 
n  with  a 
straight ; 
outline; 
xtending 
Winter 
imbcous ; 
ish  gray, 
er  parts, 
ng  5.10- 
;ton  Ter- 

Uurrelet. 


I  slender, 

ised,  and                 'I 

in,  with-                 1 

u'ies  and                4. 

0  or  loss                1 

1  varying                 | 

y  a  white               '1 

,thers  of               % 

'Q  white,                1 
»ead,  and                | 

Young  :               M 

scapular              m 

fk  sooty ;               1 

50-10.00,           d| 

.00.    Egg          S 

2.14  X  1-42,  ovate,  ground-color  huffy,  speckled  or  otherwise  marked 
with  various  shades  of  brown.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America, 
from  southern  California  to  western  Alaska. 

23.  B.  marmoratus  (Gmel.).    Harbled  Murrelet. 
c*.  Culmen  .75.     Summer  adult :  Similar  to  corresponding  stage  of  B.  mar- 
moratus, but  markings  of  upper  parts  buffy  and  dull  whitish,  instead 
of  deep  rusty.    Wing  5.50,  culmen  .75,  tarsus  .70,  middle  toe  .95. 
Hab.  Coasts  of  northeastern  Asia,  from  Japan  to  Kamtschatka. 

B.  perdix  (Fall.).    Partridge  Murrelet.* 

I*.  Exposed  culmen  not  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  inner  too  without  claw ; 
secondaries  broadly  tipped  with  white,  and  outer  tail-feathers  partly  or 
wholly  white, 
c'.  Tarsus  .60  or  more.  Summer  adult :  Above  plumbeous,  thickly  marked 
with  irregular,  mostly  longitudinal,  spots  of  buff;  lower  parts  chiefly 
white,  the  chest  and  sides  washed  with  buff  and  irregularly  spotted 
and  barred  with  dusky ;  belly  more  faintly  marked  with  more  regular 
crescentic  bars.  Winter  plumage :  Above  glossy  plumbeous,  the  back 
and  rump  very  narrowly  and  indistinctly  barred  with  white ;  scap;^ 
lars  chiefly  white ;  sides  of  head  (including  lores  and  supox'ciliary 
region),  a  narrow  collar  round  hind-neck,  and  entire  lower  parts, 
pure  white,  the  sides  of  the  breast  crossed  by  a  broad  band  of  slate- 
gray,  narrowing  to\vard  the  middle  of  the  chest.  Wing  5.10-5.80, 
culmen  .35-.45,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .20-.22,  tarsus  .60-.65,  middle  toe 
.85-.95.  Sab.  Unalashka,  through  Aleutian  chain  to  Kamtschatka 
and  northern  Japan. 

24.  B.  kittlitzii  (Brandt).    Kittlitz's  Mnrrelet. 
o'   Tarsus  .50.   Wing  5.25,  culmen  .50,  tarsus  .50.    Summer  plumage :  Above 
grayish  brown,  head  and  neck  spotted  with  white ;  beneath  white, 
waved  and  spotted  with  brown.    Ifab.  San  Bias,  western  Mexico. 

B.  brevirostris  (Via.).     Short-billed  Murrelet.* 

a'.  Tarsus  as  long  ps  or  longer  than  middle  toe  without  claw. 

b\  Lining  of  wing  white ;  above  plain  dark  slaty,  beneath  entirely  pure  white ; 
length  9.60-10.50,  wing  4.50-6.25,  culmen  .70-.80,  tarsus  .90-.95,  middle 
toe  .85.    Hab.  Southern  California  to  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

25.  B.  hypoleucus  Xantus.  Xantus's  Mnrrelet. 
6'.  Lining  of  wing  smoky  gray,  or  slaty  ;  in  plumage  otherwise  like  B.  hypo- 
leucus; length  about  10.26,  wing  4.60,  culmen  .78-.80,  tarsus  .88-.90, 
middle  toe  .80-88.  Egg  2.03  X  1-40,  ovate,  ground-color  buffy,  isabella- 
color,  or  fawn-color,  thickly  sprinkled,  speckled,  or  otherwise  marked 
with  dark  brown.    Hab.  Lower  California  (vicinity  of  Cape  St.  Lucas). 

26.  B.  craveri  (Salvad.).    Craveri's  Murrelet. 


•  Ccpphiis  perdix  Pam.ar,  Zoog.  Roaso-Aa.  li.  1826,  361,  pi.  80.     Drachyramphm  perdix  Stejn.  Zeltsohr. 
Ges.  Cm.  m.  1888,  2in,  p.  7. 

»  Vria  breviroitrii  Vio.,  Zool.  Jour.  iv.  1828,  36i'.     Possibly  the  same  as  B.  kittlitxii  BnANDT. 


'7^ 


16 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a 


Genus  CEPPHUS  Pallas.    (Page  9,  pi.  II.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Summer  adults  uniform  black,  with  or  without  white 
on  wings.  Winter  specimens  white,  varied  above  (sometimes  below  also)  with  black, 
the  wings  and  tail  as  in  summer.  Young  similar  to  winter  adults,  but  white  of 
wings  varied  with  dusky,  the  quills  marked  at  tips  with  white.  Bill  black ;  feet 
bright  I'ed  in  summer,  pinkish  in  winter.  Etjg  varying  from  ovate  to  elongate- 
ovate,  greenish  white  or  huffy  white,  heavily  spotted  or  otherwise  conspicuously 
marked  with  dark  brown  and  lavender-gray. 

A  large  white  patch  on  outer  surface  of  wing. 
b^.  Under  wing-coverts  pure  white. 

c*.  Greater  wing-coverts  white  to  the  extreme  base,  sometimes  a  little 
dusky  along  the  basal  portion  of  the  shafts.  Adult  in  summer :  Uni- 
form blackish,  except  a  large  roundish  or  oval  patch  of  pure  white 
on  the  wing,  including  the  greater,  middle,  and  posterior  lesser 
coverts,  these  feathers  all  white  to  the  base;  axillars,  under  M'ing- 
coverts,  and  basal  half,  or  more,  of  inner  webs  of  quills,  pure  white. 
Winter  plumage :  Wings  as  in  summer ;  rest  of  the  plumage  pure 
white,  the  upper  parts  varied  with  black.  Young :  Similar  to  winter 
plumage,  but  white  wing-patch  broken  by  blackish  tips  to  all  the 
leathers ;  secondaries  and  primary  coverts  marked  with  white  at 
ends,  and  lower  parts  indistinctly  barred  with  dusky.  Downy  young : 
Uniform  sooty  blackish,  paler  and  more  grayish  below.  Length 
about  12.50-13.50,  wing  6.25-7.20,  culmen  1.00-1.20,  gonys  .50,  depth 
of  bill  at  nostril  .35-.40.  Egg  2.38  X  1-36.  Hab.  Circumpolar  sea- 
coasts,  south  in  North  America,  in  winter,  to  New  Jersey  and 
Norton  Sound,  Alaska.     (Breeding  south  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  coast 

of  Labrador.) 28.  C.  mandtii  (Light.).    Mandt's  Guillemot. 

<?.  Greater  wing-coverts  with  at  least  their  basal  half  black,  this  often 
showing  as  a  narrow  bar  beyond  tips  of  middle  coverts ;  plumage 
otherwise  as  in  C  mandtii,  and  measurements  nearly  the  same,  but 
bill  larger  and  stouter;  length  12.00-13.80,  culmen  1.20-1.30,  gonys 
.55-.60,  depth  of  bill  at  nostril  .40-.45.  Egg  2.25  X  1-55.  Hab. 
Coasts  of  northern  Europe;  also  fi'om  southern  Greenland  along 
Labrador  coast  and  south,  in  winter,  to  New  Jersey;  breeding  from 
Newfoundland  and   southern   Labrador  to  vicinity  of   EastpDrt, 

Maino(?) 27.  C.  grylle  (Linn.).    Black  Onillemot. 

fc'.  Under  wing-coverts  smoky  gray. 

Greater  wing-coverts  black  basally,  this  increasing  in  extent  toward 
edge  of  the  wing,  where  occupyiufjj  almost  the  whole  extent  of  the 
outermost  feather,  thus  producing  a  broad  black  "  wedge"  between  the 
two  white  areas ;  plumage  otherwise  as  in  C.  grylle,  with  similar 
seasonal   changes,  etc. ;    length   13.00-14.00,  wing  6.90-7.30,  culmen 


1 


URIA. 


17 


1.20-1.40,  gonys  .55-.60,  depth  of  bill  at  nostril  .40-.42.  Egg  2.41  X 
1.64.  Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific,  from  southern  California  to 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  and  across  to  Kamtschatka  and  northern  Japan. 

29.  C.  columba  Fall.    Pigeon  Onillemot. 
No  white  on  wings. 

6'.  A  whitish  area  surrounding  the  eye;  plumage  otherwise  dark  sooty. 
(Winter  plumage  and  young  unknown.)  Length  about  14.50,  wing 
about  7.76,  culmen  1.55-1.70,  gonys  .75-.80,  depth  of  bill  at  nostril  .50. 
Hab.  Coa^s  of  northeastern  Asia,  from  northern  Japan  to  Sea  of 
Okhotsk,  Kurile  Islands,  and  Bering  Island  (accidental  ?) ;  Unalashka  ?  ? 

C.  carbo  Pall.    Sooty  Guillemot. 

P.  No  white  anywhere,  the  plumage  entirely  dark  sooty  ;  about  the  size  of  C. 

carbo.    Hab.  High  north  Atlantic  (Iceland,  Greenland,  and  west  side  of 

Cumberland  Gulf).  — .  C.  motzfeldi  Benick.   Black-winged  Onillemot. 


Genus  URIA  Brisson.    (Page  10,  pi.  II.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Cuimen  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  tarsus ;  bill  much 
("impressed,  the  gonys  more  or  less  concave,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  culmen ;  cutting- 
edge  of  upper  mandible  notched  near  tip,  its  basal  portion  more  or  less  thickened  or 
swollen ;  a  distinct  longitudinal  furrow  in  the  feathering  behind  eyes ;  upper  parts 
uniform  dusky,  the  secondaries  sharply  tipped  with  white;  lower  parts  white. 
Summer  plumage :  Sides  of  head  and  neck,  chin,  throat,  and  fore-neck,  uniform 
velvety  brown.  Winter  phimage :  Chin,  throat,  fore-neck,  and  sides  of  head  and 
neck  white,  with  a  dusky  stripe  behind  eye.  Young :  Similar  to  winter  plumage, 
but  no  white  on  side  of  occiput,  and  that  of  fore-neck  faintly  mottled  with  dusky ; 
bill  smaller.  Downy  young :  Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  smoky  grayish  brown,  the 
head  and  neck  finely  streaked  with  dingy  whitish ;  lower  parts  whitish  centrally. 
Egg  as  large  as  that  of  a  goose,  elongate  or  ovate  pear-shaped,  and  excessively  vari- 
able in  color,  the  ground-color  varying  from  white  to  ci-eam-color,  pinkish,  pale 
blue,  and  yellowish  green  (the  last  two  colors  probably  most  common),  and  varie- 
gated with  variously-formed  marks  of  black  and  brown. 

a^.  Depth  of  bill  at  angle  less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  culmen  ;  top  of  head 

and  hind-neck  smoky  brown ;  basal  portion  of  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible 

always  dusky  or  similar  in  color  to  rest  of  the  mandible.     Summer  plumage  : 

Sides  of  head  and  neck,  chin,  throat,  and  fore-neck,  velvety  smoky  grayish 

brown,  sometimes  marked  with  a  narrow  white  postocular  line,  connected 

with  a  white  ring  around  eye."     (Length  15.00-18.00.) 

b\  Wing  7.75-8.30  (7.99),  culmen  1.70-1.90  (1.81),  gonys  1.05-1.20  (1.14),  depth 

of  bill  through  angle  .50-.60  (.52),  tarsus  1.40-1.60  (1.51),  middle  toe 

1.60-1.75  (1.70).     Egg  3.26  X  1.99.    Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic, 


'  Such  spociincns  constitute  the  U.  ringvia  BhOnn.,  by  some  authors  considered  a  distinct  species,  and  pos- 
sibly entitled  to  such  ranlt.  Its  proper  status  is  a  matter  of  doubt,  and  is  a  fit  subject  for  special  investigation. 
Such  specimens  are  only  Itnown  from  the  North  Atlantic. 

8 


iJTMm 


18  •  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

south,  in  winter,  to  New  England,  on  Amorican  side;   breeding  from 

Nova  Scotia  northward 30.  U.troile  (Linn.).    Mnrre. 

b\  Wing  7.85-8.80  (8.30),  culmen  1.60-2.50  (1.86),  gonys  1.15-1.40  (1.27),  depth 
of  bill  through  angle  .55-.62  (.57),  tarsus  1.35-1.60  (1.50),  middle  toe 
1.65-1.85  (1.74).  Egg  3.24  X  2.01.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America, 
south  to  southern  California. 

30a.  U.  troile  californica  (Bryant).    California  Mnrre. 

a^.  Depth  of  bill  at  angle  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  culmen ;  top  of  head 

and  hind-neck  sooty  black ;  basal  portion  of  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible 

thickened,  and  conspicuously  light-colored  in  adult.     Summer  plumage :  Sides 

of  head  and  neck,  chin,  throat,  and  fore-neck,  velvety  snufF-brown.     (Length 

14.50-18.50.) 

b\  Wing  7.45-8.80  (8.24),  culmen  1.40-1.50  (1.45),  gonys  .75-90  (.83),  depth  of 

bill  through  angle  .52-.58  (.55),  tarsus  1.40-1.55  (1.45),  middle  toe  1.65- 

1.75  (1.70).     Egg  3.16  X  2.03.     Hab.  Arctic  Ocean  and  coasts  of  the 

North  Atlantic,  south,  in  winter,  to  New  Jei'sey ;  breeding  from  Gulf  of 

St.  Lawrence  northward.:....  31.  U.  lomvia  (Linn.).    Brunnich's  Knrre. 

b\  Wing  8.15-9.25  (8.71),  culmen  1.45-1.75  (1.65),  gonys  .85-1.00  (.92),  depth 

of  bill  through  angle  .55-.60  (.58),  tarsus  1.45-1.60  (1.51),  middle  toe  1.70- 

1.90  (1.81).    Egg  3.21  X  2.01.    Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  Bering's  Sea, 

and  Aleutian  chain,  fi'om  Kadiak  to  Kamtschatka. 

31a.  U.  lomvia  arra  (Fall.).    Fallas's  Mnrre. 


Genus  ALCA  Linn^us.    (Page  10,  pi.  V.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Upper  parts  uniform  black,  the  secondaries  sharply  tipped  with  white ;  lower 
parts  pure  white.  Summer  plumage :  Head  and  neck  (except  top  of  head  and  hind- 
neck)  uniform  velvety  snuff-brown ;  a  white  line  fi*om  the  base  of  the  culmen  to  the 
eye ;  bill  black,  both  mandibles  crossed  about  the  middle  by  a  white  bar.  Winter 
adult :  Whole  under  portion  of  head,  fore-neck,  and  space  behind  ear-coverts,  white ; 
no  white  line  between  bill  and  eye ;  bill  as  in  summer,  but  without  basal  lamina. 
Young :  Similar  in  plumage  to  winter  adult ;  but  bill  smaller,  without  grooves,  and 
lacking  the  white  bar.  Downy  young :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  plain  dull 
whitish,  usually  more  or  less  tinged  above  with  brownish  buif ;  back,  rump,  and 
flanks  varying  from  pale  brownish  buff  (the  down  dusky  immediately  beneath  the 
surface),  more  decidedly  brownish  posterior?^ ,  to  dark  sooty  brown  ;  posterior  and 
lateral  lower  parts  more  or  less  tinged  with  sooty  brownish  or  brownish  buff. 
Length  16.00-18.00,  wing  8.00-8.50,  tail  3.50,  culmen  1.26,  greatest  depth  of  bill  .90. 
Egg  3.06  X  1-89,  ovate  or  elongate  pear-shaped,  buffy,  buffy  whitish,  pure  white,  or 
white  faintly  tinted  with  bluish  or  greenish,  very  heavily  spotted  with  dark  brown 
round  larger  end,  and  marked  with  smaller  spots  elsewhere,  of  brown  and  lavender- 
gray.  Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  south,  in  winter,  to  southern  New  Eng- 
land ;  breeding  from  eastern  Maine  northward. 

32.  A.  torda  Linn.    Razor-billed  Ank. 


PLAUTUS. 


19 


Genus  PLAUTUS  BrUnnich.    (Page  10,  pi.  V.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Upper  parts  uniform  black,  the  secondaries  sharply  tipped  with  white ;  lower 
parts  pure  white.  Summer  plumage :  Chin,  throat,  fore-neck,  and  sides  of  head  and 
neck,  velvety  dark  snuff-brown,  or  soft  blackish  brown ;  a  large  oval  patch  of  white 
covering  the  greater  part  of  the  space  between  bill  and  eyes ;  bill  black,  its  grooves 
whitish.  Length  about  28.00-30.00,  wing  5.75,  culmen  3.15-3.50,  greatest  depth  of 
bill  about  1.50.  Egg  (average  size)  4.67  X  2.91,  pyriform-ovate,  pale  olive-buify, 
variously  marked  with  brown  and  black.  Hab.  Believed  to  be  now  extinct ;  for- 
merly (previous  to  1844),  coasts  and  islands  of  the  North  Atlantic,  chiefly  on  the 
American  side ;  south  to  Massachusetts  Bay,  north  to  the  Arctic  circle. 

33.  P.  impennis  (Linn.).    Great  Ank. 

Genus  ALLE  Link.    (Page  10,  pi.  VL,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  black,  the  secondaries  sharply  tipped  with  white, 
and  scapulars  streaked  with  the  same;  lower  parts  white,  the  flanks  striped  with 
dusky.  Summer  plumage :  Sides  of  head  and  neck,  with  chin,  throat,  and  chest, 
uniform  dark  sooty  brown.  Winter  adult :  Chin,  throat,  etc.,  white,  this  color  ex- 
tending upward  toward  occiput ;  feathers  of  chest  dusky  at  base  only.  Young : 
Similar  to  winter  adult,  but  bill  smaller  and  weaker,  and  colors  duller.  Downy 
young :  Uniform,  sooty  slate-color,  paler  or  more  grayish  below.  Length  7.25-9.15, 
wing  4.50-4.75,  culmen  .50.  Egg  1.90  X  1-29,  ovate,  very  pale  bluish  green  or  green- 
ish white.  Hab.  Arctic  Ocean  and  coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic ;  on  the  American 
side  south,  in  wintei",  to  New  Jersey ;  accidental  on  Detroit  Eiver. 

34.  A.  alle  (Linn.).    Dovekie. 


20 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Order    LONGIPENNES  — The    Long-winged 

Swimmers.  (P^ge  i.) 

Families. 

«'.  Bill  with  the  lower  mandible  not  longer  than  the  upper,  and  not  excessively 
compressed. 
6^  Covering  of  the  upper  mandible  composed  of  three  distinct  pieces — a  ter- 
minal unguis,  or  hook,  a  lateral  piece,  and  a  cere-like  piece  saddled  upon 
the  culmen,  its  edge  overhanging  the  nostril. 

Stercorariidae.    (Page  20.) 
b\  Covering  of  upper  mandible  consisting  of  a  single  piece,  through  which  the 

nostrils  are  pierced Laridse.     (Page  23.) 

rt*.  Bill  with  lower  mandible  much  longer  than  the  upper,  both  mandibles  excessively- 
compressed,  like  a  thin  knife-blade,  for  terminal  portion. 

Rynchopidae.    (Page  48.) 


1) 


Family  STERCORARIID^.— The  Skuas  and  Jaegers.    (Page  20.) 

Genera. 

a}.  Size  large  (in  bulk  equal  to  the  largest  gulls),  and  form  robust ;  depth  of  bill  at 
base  equal  to  not  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  upper  mandible,  measured 
along  the  side ;  tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe  with  claw ;  tail  short,  nearly 
even,  the  middle  pair  of  feathers  scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  rest ;  color 
dull  brownish,  sometimes  streaked  (never  barred)  with  paler,  the  base  of  the 
primaries  with  a  whitish  patch Megalestris.    (Page  20.) 

a'.  Size  medium  or  rather  small  (not  exceeding  the  medium-sized  gulls),  and  form 
more  slender  and  graceful ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  less  than  half  the  length  of 
the  upper  mandible,  measured  along  the  side ;  tarsus  decidedly  longer  than 
middle  toe  with  claw ;  middle  rectrices  in  the  adult  projecting  far  beyond 
the  rest ;  color  plain  slaty  or  dusky,  often  varied  with  white  or  yellowish, 
in  the  adult,  dusky  barred  with  paler  in  young ;  no  white  at  base  of  primaries. 

Stercorarius.    (Page  21.) 


Genus  MEGALESTRIS  Bonaparte.    (Page  20,  pi.  VII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — General  color  nearly  uniform  grayish  brown  or  sooty, 
usually  indistinctly  streaked  with  light  rusty,  or  cinnamon,  especially  around  neck 
and  on  back ;  quills  whitish  at  base.    Eggs  olive,  spotted  with  brown. 


STERCORARIUS. 


21 


a}.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  sooty,  with  little  or  no  rufous. 

6'.  Below  graj'ish  brown,  with  more  or  less  distinct  lighter,  more  cinnamon- 
colored,  spots  or  dashes  on  fore-neck  and  chest.  Adult :  Dull  brown,  the 
scapulars,  interscapulars,  and  wing-coverts  striped  medially  with  pale 
cinnamon,  the  neck  streaked  with  the  same;  lower  parts  indistinctly 
striped  with  grayish  brown  and  pale  cinnamon,  the  former  prevailing 
(sometimes  uniform).  Sometimes  (in  melanistic  specimens?)  uniform 
dusky  or  sooty  brown,  except  white  wing-spot.  Young :  Similar  to  adult, 
but  more  distinctly  streaked  with  yellowish,  especially  on  head  and  nock. 
Downy  young  (pi  M.  skua)  :  Uniform  "  brownish  or  cinnamon-gray  .  .  . 
rather  darker  in  color  on  the  upper  parts  than  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
body."  (Dresser.)  Length  about  22.00,  wing  15.75-16.15  (16.91),  cul- 
men  2.05-2.10  (2.06),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .80-.88  (.82),  tarsus  2.40-2.75 
(2.63),  middle  toe  2.15-2.55  (2.40).  Eggs  2-3,  2.74  X  1-96,  ovate  or 
short-ovate,  light  brown  or  olive,  rather  sparsely  blotched  and  spotted 
with  deep  brown.  Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  North  Atlantic,  south  to 
Spain  and  (casually)  Massachusetts ;  California  ? 

35.  M.  skua  (BRt)NN.).  Skna. 
i'.  Darker  colored,  larger,  and  with  stouter  bill;  under  parts  uniform  dark 
sooty,  the  neck  however  sometimes  streaked  with  yellowish ;  wing 
16.05-16.90  (16.29),  culmon  2.20-2.85  (2.38),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .95-1.00 
(.98),  tarsus  2.70-3.20  (2.95),  middle  toe  2.55-2.80  (2.67).  Hab.  Antarctic 
seas,  north  to  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Capo  Horn. 

M.  antarcticus  (Less.).    Antarctic  Skua.' 
rt'.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  chiefly  deep  cinnamon. 
Lower  parts  uniform  dull  rusty  or  cinnamon. 

M.  chilensis  (Bonap.).     Chilian  Skua.^ 

Genus  STERCORARIUS  Brisson.    (Page  20,  pi.  VIL,  fig.  2.) 

Eggs  2-3,  ovate  or  short-ovate,  ground-color  varying  from  pale  greenish  olive 
and  pale  brown  to  very  deep  olive,  relieved  by  a  greater  or  less  amount  of  spotting 
of  deep  brown,  usually  mixed  with  stone-grayish. 

Species. 

a}.  Culmen  1.45  or  more,  tarsus  2.00  or  more,  wing  usually  more  than  13.50 ;  length- 
ened middle  tail-feathers  broad  and  rounded  at  ends.  Light  phase,  adult :  Top 
and  sides  of  head,  with  upper  parts,  sooty  slate  or  dusky ;  rest  of  head  and 
neck,  including  nape,  together  with  lower  jiarts,  white,  tho  ear-covert  region 
tinged  with  straw-yellow,  and  the  lower  tail-coverts  slaty.  Young :  Head, 
neck,  and  lower  parts  dull  buff,  everywhere  barred  with  dusky ;  upper  parts 
brownish  dusky,  tho  feathers  of  back,  etc.,  tipped  with  buif,  the  rump  and 
upper  tail-coverts  spotted  with  same.    Bark  phase,  adult :  Entirely  dark  sooty 


1  Lestrit  antarcticut  Less,,  Trait6  Orn.  1831,  616.     Megalestria  antarcticut  GIocld,  P.  Z,  8.  1869,  98. 
'  LeitrU  antaretieut,  var.  b.  chileniia  Bonap.,  Consp.  iU  1857,  207. 


ii    VI 


22  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

slate,  with  a  plumbeous  cast  in  certain  lights.  Young :  Entirely  sooty  slate, 
the  lower  parts  more  or  less  ban*ed  with  buff.  [Note. — The  above  so-called 
light  and  dark  "  phases"  represent  the  normal  extremes  of  coloration.  These 
extremes,  which  are  represented  in  comparatively  a  small  number  of  speci- 
mens, are  connected  by  every  possible  intermediate  condition  of  plumage, 
specimens  appi'oximating  to  the  lighter  extreme,  but  diflfering  in  having  the 
lower  parts  (especially  chest  and  sides)  and  nape  more  or  loss  barred  with 
dusky,  being  most  numerous.]  Length  about  20.00-23.00,  wing  13.50-14.00, 
middle  tail-feathers  8.00-9.00,  culmen  1.45-1.75,  tarsus  2.00-2.10,  middle  too 
1.60-1.75.  Eggs  2.35  X  1-63.  Hah.  Northern  portions  of  northern  hemi- 
sphere, along  sea-coasts  and  larger  inland  waters,  breeding  far  northward ;  in 
America,  south,  in  winter,  to  New  Jersey  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

36.  S.  pomarinus  (Temm.).  Fomarine  Jaeger. 
a'.  Culmen  less  than  1.45,  tarsus  less  than  2.00,  wing  usually  less  than  J3.50 ; 
lengthened  middle  tail-feathers  narrow  and  pointed  at  ends. 
6'.  Length  of  nasal  shield,  from  base  of  unguis  to  frontal  feathers,  decidedly 
.greater  than  from  the  former  point  to  tip  of  upper  mandible.  In  freshly- 
killed  or  living  specimens,  tarsi  black,  like  the  feet.  Light  phase,  adult  : 
Top  of  head  and  lores  grayish  brown ;  rest  of  head,  neck,  and  lower 
parts  white,  the  lower  tail-coverts  grayish,  the  head  and  neck  tinged 
with  straw-yellow ;  upper  parts  uniform  slaty.  Young :  Head  and  neck 
streaked  with  dusky  and  buffy,  the  latter  usually  predominating  ;  lower 
parts  barred  or  spotted  with  the  same ;  upper  parts  dusky,  the  feathers 
bordered  terminally  with  pale  fulvous  or  buff".  Dark  phase,  adult :  En- 
tire plumage  uniform  sooty  slate-color,  the  quills  darker.  Young :  Pre- 
vailingly dark  brownish  slate,  wings  and  tail  darker,  the  middle  of  neck, 
all  round,  indistinctly  sti-eaked  with  whitish,  and  lower  parts,  except 
chest  and  upper  breast,  barred  with  the  same ;  feathers  of  upper  parts 
narrowly  tipped  with  bufty.  Downy  young  (dark  phase  ?) :  Uniform 
silky  grayish  brown,  lighter  on  lower  parts.  Length  about  15.50-21.00, 
wing  11.80-13.50  (12.67),  longest  tail-feathers  4.90-6.25  (5.40),  culmen 
1.15-1.40  (1.27),  tarsus  1.50-1.85  (1.70),  middle  toe  1.20-1.45  (1.34).  Eggs 
2.30  X  1-64.  Hah.  Northern  portions  of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding 
toward  Arctic  regions ;  south,  in  winter,  to  New  York,  Illinois,  Colorado, 
and  even  coast  of  Brazil..37.  S.  part^isiticus  (Linn.).  Parasitic  Jaeger. 
6'.  Length  of  nasal  shield,  measured  from  bap;>  of  unguis  to  frontal  feathers,  not 
greater  than  the  distance  from  th  •  former  point  to  the  tip  of  the  upper 
mandible.  In  freshly-killed  or  Living  specimens,  tarsi  light  bluish,  in 
marked  contrast  with  black  of  feet.'  Adult : '  Top  and  sides  of  head 
sooty  black ;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  including  ear-coverts  and  nape, 
straw-yellow,  paler  on  throat ;  upper  parts  uniform  smoky  plumbeous  or 


1  In  dried  skins  this  color  usually  changes  to  a  light  olive  or  yellowish,  or  in  very  rare  instances  becomes 
so  darkened  that  the  line  of  demarcation  cannot  be  detected. 

*  So  far  as  known,  this  species  has  no  dark  phase  like  S.  paratiticuB. 


LARIDjE. 


23 


slate-color,  more  ashy  on  back ;  quills  and  tail-feathers  blackish  toward 
tips ;  chest  (sometimes  breast  also),  and  more  rarely  the  belly,  white, 
shading  into  grayish,  the  under  tail-coverts,  sides,  and  flanks  (usually 
belly  also)  uniform  slate-gray.  Length  20.00-23.00,  wing  11.55-12.85 
(12.25),  longest  tail-feathers  10.50-14.50  (12.89),  culmen  1.10-1.30  (1.19), 
tarsus  1.50-1.80  (1.66),  middle  too  1.08-1.30  (1.20).  Eggs  2.16  X  1.54. 
Hab.  Northern  parts  of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding  in  Arctic  regions; 
south,  in  winter,  to  northern  United  States. 

38.  S.  longicaudus  Yieill.    Long-tailed  Jaeger. 

Family  LARID.^. — The  Gulls  and  Terns.    (Page  20.) 

Genera. 

Depth  of  bill  decidedly  greater  at  the  angle  than  at  the  nostril ;  terminal  por- 
tion of  oiilmen  decidedly  curved ;  angle  of  lower  mandible  always  distinct, 
often  very  prominent ;  tail  usually  even,  but  sometimes  slightly  oniarginato 
(Bissa),  deeply  emarginate  or  forked  (JCema),  or  graduated  (Rhodostethia). 
Size  extremely  variable  (wing  8.75-20.00).  (Subfamily  Larince.) 
b^.  Tarsus  roughened  or  serrate  behind. 

Tail  even  ;  tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe,  with  claw  ;  hind  toe  perfectly 
developed,  but  jmall ;  size  medium  (wing  about  13.25)  ;  color  entirely 

white,  the  young  scantily  spotted  with  dusky Gavia.    (Page  24.) 

t'.  Tarsus  not  roughened  or  serrate  behind. 

c^.  Hind  toe  rudimentary  or  altogether  absent. 

Tail  slightly  emarginate;  tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe,  without 
claw ;  size  medium  (wing  about  12.00-13.00) ;  adult  white,  with 
bluish  gray  mantle  ;*  young,  similar  to  adult,  but  hind  neck  with 
a  blackish  patch,  and  lesser  wing-coverts  sometimes  (in  one  spe- 
cies) also  with  a  black  patch Rissa.    (Page  24.) 

c'.  Hind  toe  perfectly  developed,  though  small. 

d^  Culmen  decidedly  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  tarsus. 

e*.  Tail  even ;  size,  color,  and  all  other  characters  extremely  vari- 
able   Larus.     (Pago  25.) 

e*.  Tail  deeply  emarginate  or  forked Xema.     (Page  37.) 

cZ*.  Culmen  decidedly  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  tarsus. 

Tail  graduated,  the  lateral  feathers   75-1.25  shorter  than  the 

middle  pair Rhodostethia.    (Page  37.) 

Depth  of  bill  at  angle  less  than  at  middle  of  nostrils ;  terminal  portion  of  culmen 
straight,  or  but  slightly  curved,  the  bill  being  nari'ow  and  pointed ;  angle  of 
lower  mandible  seldom  prominent ;  tail  mors  or  less  forked  (except  in  Anous). 
Size  extremely  variable  (wing  6.50-17.50).     (Subfamily  Sternince.) 


1  This  is  a  special  term  used,  chiefly  in  descriptions  of  birds  of  this  family,  to  designate  the  back,  scapu- 
lars, and  wings,  when  together  colored  differently  from  th«5  hsad,  neck,  rump,  tail,  and  lower  parts. 


,!'!,' 


24  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

6*.  Tail  more  or  less  forked,  the  outer  feather  longest. 

&.  Tail  much  more  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  usually  (except  in  suh- 
genus  Thalassetis)  forked  for  more  than  one-fifth  its  total  length, 
the  outer  feathers  narrow  and  pointed  at  tips ;  webs  of  feet  occu- 
pying more  than  half  the  interdigital  space, 
d*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  equal  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  exposed 
culmen ;  gonys  shorter  than  outer  toe,  without  claw. 

Gelochelidon.    (Page  38.) 
<P.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  exposed 
culmen ;  gonys  longer  than  inner  toe,  without  claw. 

Sterna.    (Page  39.) 
c'.  Tail  little  more  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  forked  for  less  than  one- 
fifth  its  total  length,  the  outer  feathers  broad  and  rounded  at  tip ; 
webs  of  feet  occupying  less  than  half  the  interdigital  space. 

Hydrochelidon.    (Page  4(5.) 
i".  Tail  graduated Anous.     (Page  47.) 


Genus  GAVIA  Boie.     (Page  23,  pi.  VIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Entirely  pure  white,  the  shafts  of  the  primaries  pale  yellowish  ;  bill  yel- 
lowish ;  feet  Mack.  Yoxing  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  quills,  primary  coverts,  and  ttiil- 
feathers  each  marked  with  a  spot  of  dusky  at  tip,  the  lesser  wing-coverts  spotted 
with  same.  Length  15.00-19.50,  wing  about  13.25,  culmen  1.40.  Hab.  Arctic 
Ocean,  south,  in  winter,  along  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  to  Newfoundland 
and  New  Brunswick 39.  G.  alba  (Gukn.).    Ivory  Gull. 


Genus  RISSA  Leach.     (Page  23,  pi.  VIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults  with  head,  neck,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  tail, 
tips  of  secondaries,  and  entire  lower  parts  pure  white;  mantle  bluish  gray,  the 
quills  varied  with  white  r.nd  black;  bill  yellowish,  feet  blackish  or  bright  red  in 
life.  Young  similar  to  adults,  but  1  ind-ncck  crossed  b}'  a  blackish  collar  or  patch, 
and  sometimes  (in  E.  tridorfi/la)  a  blackish  patch  on  lesser  wing-coverts  and  black 
band  across  tip  of  tail.  Downy  young  white,  tinged  above  with  bulTy  and  yellowish 
gray,  but  without  spots  or  other  distinct  m-vi-kinga.  J^ggs  2-5,  ovate,  or  short-ovate, 
olivaceous-white,  grayish  white,  brownish  white,  or  buffy,  blotched  and  spotted 
with  bi'own  and  lavender-gray. 

o^  Logs  and  feet  black,  or  dusky.  Summer  adult :  Pui'e  white,  the  mantle  deep 
poarl-gray  ;  five  outer  quills  with  terminal  portion  black,  this  decreasing  from 
about  3.25  on  the  outer  quill  to  .75  (more  or  '.ess)  on  the  fifth,  the  outer  web 
of  the  first  almost  wholly  black ;  the  fifth,  and  sometimes  the  fourth,  tipped 
with  white.     Winter  adult :  Similar,  but  hind  part  of  head  and  neck  washed 


I    ' 


LARUS. 


26 


with  gray,  and  a  dark  plumbeous  suffusion  before  and  behind  eyes.  Young  : 
Somewhat  like  winter  adult,  but  lower  part  of  hind-nock  crossed  by  a  black 
patch,  the  anterior  lesser  wing-coverts  black,  and  tail  with  a  broad  black 
band  at  tip.  Doicny  young :  Head,  neck,  wings,  and  lower  parts  immaculate 
white,  the  hind-neck  and  basal  portion  of  wings  more  or  less  tinged  with 
buff;  back,  rump,  and  flanks  yellowish  gray,  the  down  darker  at  base.  Length 
about  16.00-17.70,  wing  about  12.25,  culmen  1.40-1.50,  tarsus  1.30,  middle  toe, 
with  claw,  1.80. 
b^.  Hind  toe  absent,  or  very  rudimentary.  Eggs  2.26  X  1-61-  Ilnb.  North 
Atlantic,  south,  in  winter,  to  middle  Atlantic  States  and  Great  Lakes. 

40.  R.  tridactyla  (Linn.).    Kittiwako 
i'.  Hind  too  well  developed,  though  minute,  and  usually  armed  with  a  distinct 
nail.    Eggs  2.36  X  1-63.    Hab.  Bering's  Sea  and  North  Pacific. 

40a.  R.  tridactyla  pollicaris  Stejn.  Pacific  Kittiwake. 
Legs  and  feet  bright  ved  (becoming  yellowish  in  dried  skins).  Summer  adult : 
Pure  white,  the  mantlo  dark  bluish  gray,  or  plumbeous ;  Ave  innermost  quills 
plumbeous,  the  inner  webs  broadly  edged  with  white,  the  outer  tipped  with 
the  same ;  five  outermost  quills  black  toward  ends,  the  third,  fourth,  and 
fifth  tipped  with  plumbeous.  Winter  adult :  Similar,  but  hind-nock  and 
auriculars  washed  with  plumbeous.  Young .  Similar  to  winter  adult,  but 
hind-neck  crossed  by  a  blackish  band,  ear-coverts  crossed  by  a  smaller  black 
band,  and  a  suffusion  of  same  in  front  of  eye.  {No  black  or  dusky  on  iving- 
coverts  or  tail.)  Doivny  young  :  Not  distinguishable  from  corresponding  stage 
E.  tridactyla  {?).  Length  about  14.00-15.80,  wing  about  13.00,  culmen  1.20, 
tarsus  1.25,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  nearly  2.00.  Eggs  2.28  X  L66.  JTab. 
Coasts  and  islands  of  Bering's  Sea. 

41.  R.  brevirostris  (Bnucii).    Red4egged  Kittiwake. 


Genus  LARUS  Linn^us.    (Pago  23,  pi.  VIII.,  figs.  3,  4 ;  pi.  IX.,  fig.  3.) 

Species} 
Nest  a  rudely  constructed  platform  of  rubbish  (sticlvs,  dried  grass,  etc. — the 
materials  varying  according  to  the  locality  and  tho  species),  slightly  hollowed, 
placed  among  rocks,  in  uuirshes,  or  other  localities  near  the  sea-shore  or  other  largo 
bodies  of  water.  Eijgs  2-4,  ovate,  their  ground-color  some  shade  of  pale  brownish, 
olive,  light  blr'si!.  groonish,  or  buffy,  irregularly  spott'  '  or  blotched  with  brown 
and  lavender-grayish. 

a'.  Head  entirely  white  In  summer. 

b^.  Under  wing-coverts  entirely  pure  white ;  head,  neck,  entire  lower  parts, 
tips  of  secondaries,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  uniform  pure  white; 
mp.ntlo  (i.e.,  back,  scapulars,  and  wings,  except  primaries)  uniform  gray- 
ish, varying  in  shade  from  pale  pearl-gray  to  deep  slate. 
c\  Primaries  uniform  pale  pearl-gray,  fading  gradually  into  while  at  tips. 


'  Tho  young  birds  of  this  genua  seldom  offoring  very  »'• 
on  the  adulU  alune, 

4 


distinctive  charaotora,  tbia  analysis  ia  bnseJ 


26  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

rf'.  Wing  16.25  or  more,  and  not  more  than  2.36  times  as  long  as  the 

tail ;  exposed  culmon  1.83  or  more.     Adult  in  su,nmer :  Mantle 

very  pale  pearl-gray.    Adult  in  winter :  Similar,  but  head  and 

neck   streaked   with   pale   brownish   gray.      Young :    Grayish 

white,  tinged  with  brownish  gray  on  lower  parts,  the  upper 

parts    transversely    mottled    with    same.      Immature    (second 

year  ?) :    Entirely    white,    including    mantle    and    primaries. 

Downy  young :    Grayish  white,  paler  below ;   head  and  neck 

irregularly  marked  with  scattered  large  spots  of  dusky,  the 

back,  wings,  and  rump  irregularly  clouded  with  dark  grajnsh. 

e'.  Length  26.00-32.00,  wing   16.75-18.75  (17.99),  tail  7.40-8.50 

(8.07;,  culmon  2.30-2.70  (2.52),  depth  of  bill  through  angle 

.80-.95  (.88),  through  base  .83-1.00  (.93),  tarsus  2.60-3.05 

(2.85),   middle  toe   (with   claw)    2.68-3.00  (2.84).      Eggs 

3.13  X   2.14.     Hab.    Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic,  and 

Arctic  seas  from  Cumberland  Gulf  to  Spitzbergen ;  south, 

in  winter,  to  Long  Island  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

42.  L.  glaucus  Brunn.    Glaucous  Gull. 

e\  Length  about  25.00-28.00,  Aving  16.25-18.00  (17.12),  tail  7.00- 

7.50  (7.28),  culmon  1.88-2.30  (2.06),  depth  of  bill  through 

angle  .72-.85  (.79),  through   base  .70-.80  (.75),  tarsus  2.40- 

2.78  (2.57),  middle  toe  (with  claw)  2.35-2.75  (2.55).    Eggs 

3.05    X    2.03.     Hah.   Bering's   Sea  and   adjacent   waters, 

northeastward  to  Point  Barrow,  southwest  (in  winter)  to 

Japan....  — .  L.  barrovianus  Ridgw.    Point  Barrow  Gull. 

d^.  Wing  not  more  than   17.00  (usually  less  than  16.00),  and  nearly 

2.50  (avei-aging  2.41)  times  as  long  as  the  toil ;  exposed  c^Jmen 

not  more  than  1.70.     In  plumage  oxactl}'  like  X.  glaucus  and 

L.  barrovianus. 

Length  24.00-26.00,  wing  14.75-16.50  (15.41),  tail  6.00-6.70 
(6.41),  culmen  l.fiO-1.70  (1.67),  depth  of  bill  through  angle 
.62,  through  base  .55-.62  (.50),  tarsus  2.10-2.40  (2.22),  mid- 
dle too  (with  claw)  2.10-2.35  (2.21).  Eggs  2.79  X  1-89. 
Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic;  south,  in  winter,  to 
Massachusetts  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

13.  L.  leucopterus  Faber.    Iceland  GulL 
c'.  Primaries  marked  with   distinct  white  tips  and  darker  subterminal 
spaces. 
d^,  Darker  spaces  of  primaries  gray. 

c\  Second  quill  vory  pale  pearl-gray,  or  bluish  white,  vorj-  broadly 
tipped  with  white,  the  outer  web  with  an  elongated  space 
of  gray,  everywhere  vory  sharply  defined  against  the  paler 
ground-color. 


>  Lanu  bitrrovianu$  RiDGW.,  Auk,  ili.  July,  1880,  330, 


LARVS. 


27 


and 


•If 


p.  "Wing  17.00,  or  less ;  culraen  1.90,  or  less.  Adult :  Exactly 
like  L.  leucopterus,  except  in  the  coloration  oi"  the  pri- 
maries; length  about  23.00-24.00,  wing  16.00-17.00, 
culmen  1.60-1.90,  depth  of  bill  through  angle  .55-66, 
tarsus  2.10-2.40,  middle  toe  (with  claw)  2.15-2.30. 
ffiib.  Western  coasts  of  North  Atlantic,  from  Cum- 
berland Gulf  south,  in  winter,  to  New  York. 

45.    L.  kumlieni  Brewst.    Eumlien's  GnlL 

/'.  Wing  13.25,  culmen  2.35.    Adult :  In  plumage  exactlj'  like 

L.  kumlieni ;  depth  of  bill  through  angle  .80,  tarsus  3.05, 

middle  toe  (without  claw)  2.40.     Hah.  Norton  Sound, 

Alaska 46.  L.  nelsoni  Hensh.    Nelson's  Qall. 

e*.  Second  quill  deep  ash-gray,  either  to  the  extreme  tip,  or  else  with 
very  small  white  tip  and  small  white  spaces  some  distance 
from  the  tip,  on  one  or  both  webs. 
Adult:  Mantle  pearl-gray,  darker  than  in  anj*  of  the  pre- 
ceding. In  winter,  head  and  neck  clouded  (not  streaked) 
with  sooty  gray.  Young :  Prevailing  color  deep  ash- 
gray,  nearly  uniform,  and  inclining  to  plumbeous,  be- 
low, but  above  relieved  by  a  coarse  irregular  spotting 
of  grayish  white  or  pale  dull  buff,  the  head  and  neck 
indistinctly  streaked  with  the  same.  Immature  (second 
year?):  Similar,  but  mantle  mixed  with  pearl-gray, 
and  lower  parts  with  whitish.  Length  23.70-2.  75, 
wing  16.25-17.30,  culmen  2.20-2.60,  depth  of  bill 
through  angle  .80-.90,  tarsus  2.35-2.90,  middle  toe 
(without  claw)  2.05-2.45.  Eggs  2.88-2.03.  Ifab. 
Coasts  of  the  North  Pacific  and  Bering's  Sea,  from 
Japan  northward,  across  through  Aleutian  chain,  and 
south,  in  winter,  to  California. 

44.  L.  glaucescens  Naum.    Olanoons-winged  Onll, 
(/'.     Darker  spaces  on  primaries  black. 

c\  Shafts  of  primaries,  in  black  subtcrminal  spaces,  white. 

Adult :  Mantle  dark  slate,  the  primaries  mostly  black, 
with  white  tips  and  spots  near  end ;  rest  of  plumage 
pure  white.  In  vnnter,  top  of  head  and  hind-nock 
streaked  with  (hisky.  Young  :  Above  dusky,  the  feath- 
ers bordered  with  pale  huffy ;  quills  blackish,  with 
narrow  whitish  tips;  tail  dusky,  crossed  by  a  narrow 
subterminal  band  of  grayish,  or  brownish,  white ; 
head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  white,  the  top  of  head  and 
hind-neck  streaked,  the  lower  parts  clouded  or  irregu- 
larly spotted  with  grayish  brown.  Downy  young: 
Grayish  w'ntc,  the  upper  parts  marbled  or  irregu- 
larly spotted  with  dull  grayish ;  head  with  numerous 


1^ 


28 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

irregular  spots  of  blackish,  the  principal  of  which  are 
two  on  the  crown  (one  behind  the  other),  four  across 
the  occiput,  about  thi'ce  (small  ones)  on  lores,  the  rest 
irregulai'ly  distributed.  Length  28.00-31.00,  wing 
17.60-19.50,  culmen  2.40-2.60,  depth  of  bill  through 
angle  .98-1.05,  tarsus  2.70-3.10,  middle  too  2.10-2.50. 
Eggs  3.05  X  2.12,  the  ground-color  averaging  deeper 
brownish  and  the  spots  larger  than  in  L.  glaucus. 
Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic ;  in  America,  south, 
in  winter,  to  Long  Island. 

47.  L.  marinus  Linn.    Oreat  Black-backed  Gull. 
c'.  Shafts  of  primaries  black,  except  within  the  white  spaces. 
p.  Two  outer  primaries  without  distinct  gray  "  wedges"  on 
inner  webs. 
g^    A.nglo  of  lower  mandible  very  prominent,  the  depth 
•'    the  bill  through  the  angle   being  decidedly 
ater  than  at  base ;  middle  toe,  with  claw,  as 
i',!.g  as  tarsus.    Summer  adult :  Mantle  deep  plum- 
beous.    Winter  adult :  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck 
streaked  with  dusky;   otherwise  as  in  summer. 
Young :  Above  brownish  slate,  irregularly  varied 
with  grayish  white ;  quills  and  tail-feathers  uni- 
form  dull   black,    narrowlj''   tipped   with   white ; 
lower  parts  brownish  gray,  '^louded  or  irregidarly 
spotted  with  grayish  white,  the  breast  and  belly 
nearlj-  uniform  grayish.     Doicny  young :  Grayish 
buffy  white,  the  head  with  distinct  black  blotches 
of  indefinite  arrangement ;  upper  parts  clouded  or 
irregularly  blotched  with  brownish  dusky ;  lower 
parts,  except  throat,  immaculate.    Length  24.00- 
27.00,  wing  15.75-17.00,  culmen  2.00-2.35,  depth 
of  bill  at  angle  .85-.95,  tarsus  2.45-2.65,  middle  toe 
(without  claw)  2.00-2.45.    Uggs  2.S7  X  ^M.    Hab. 
Pacifio  coast  of  United  States,  south  to  Cape  St. 
Lucas...  49.  L.  occidentalis  AuD.    Western  Gull. 
g*.  Angle  of  lower  mandible  not  very  prominent,  the  depth 
of  the  bill  at  angle  being  little  if  any  greater  than 
through  base.    In  plumage  not  e8>   .itially  different 
from  L.  occidentalis,  but  feet  yellow,  instead  of  flosh- 
colored,  in  life ;  wing  16.00-17.00,  culmen  2.00-2.10, 
depth  of  bill  through  angle  .60-.68,  through  base 
.G0-.72,  tarsus  2.18-2.68,  middle  toe  1.65-1.95.  Ifah. 
Northern  Etiropo,  south,  in  winter,  to  Africa. 

L.  fuscuB  Link.    Lesser  Black-backed  Oull.' 


>  Laru»/uicn»  Linn.,  S.  N.  od.  10,  i,  1758,  T36. 


LARVS. 


29 


I 


ica. 

Bd  Qull.> 


/'.  Second  primary  with  a  distinct  gx*ay  wedge  on  inner  web. 
g^.  Depth  of  bill  through  angle  contained  less  than  four 
and  a  half  times  in  the  length  of  the  tarsus ;  lower 
mandible  with  a  red  subterminal  spot. 
li}.  Mantle  deep  plumbeous -gray,  inclining  to  slate- 
color. 
i\  Culmon  2.22  or  more ;  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.75  or  more;  third  quill  with  a  distinct 
white  "mirror"   or  large  spot  on  inner 
web  between  the  black  and  the   gi\ay ; 
mantle  nearly  the  same  color  as  in  L. 
occidentalis,  but  averaging  a  little  darker ; 
rest  of  plumage  (except  primaries)  pure 
white ;   feet  dull   purplish  flesh-color  in 
life ,  length  about  26.50,  wing  16.75-18.00, 
culmon  2.15-2.35,  depth  of  bill  through 
angle  .75-.90,  at  base  .75-.82,  tarsus  2.60- 
2.75,  middle  toe  (without  claw)  2.08-2.40. 
ITab.  Coast   of  northeastern  Asia,  from 
Japan  (?)    to  Ivamtschatka  and   north- 
ward to  Arctic  Ocean  north  of  Bering's 

Strait 48.  L.  schistisagus  Stejn. 

Slaty-backed  Qull. 
i*.  Culmen  2.15  or  less;  depth  of  bill  at  angle 
.65;  third  quill  without  white  spot  on 
inner  web  between  black  and  gray ; 
mantle  same  color  as  in  L,  occidentalis, 
but  apparently  averaging  a  little  paler; 
rest  of  plumage  (except  primaries)  pure 
white ;  feet  yellow  in  life ;  length  about 
20.00,  wing  16.50-17.25,  culmen  2.00-2.15, 
depth  of  bill  at  angle  .02-.65,  at  base  .05- 
.70,  tarsus  2.60-2.72,  middle  toe  1.78-2.10.' 
Hab,  Northern  Asia ;  accidental  in  south- 
ern Greenland. 

50.  L.  affinis  Eginii.    Siberian  Ooll. 
A".  Mantle  light  plumbeous-gray,  or  lighter, 
i*.  Bill  without  black  spots  in  adult. 

/.  Mantle  plumbeous-gray,  or  very  deep 
pearl-gray ;  eyelids  (in  life)  orange- 
red,  and  feet  yellow ;  otherwise  ex- 
actly like  argentatus  and  smithso- 
nianus,  with  the  markings  of   the 

'  T'ao  gpeoimens  moMured  are  all  females.    Males  would  Bomowlmt  exceed  these  dimensions. 


nnnwninTir'TT-'""  "  •  ^  "'"' 


30 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


primaries  averaging  intermediate ; 
length  about  26.00,  wing  15.15-18.30, 
culmen  1.90-2.20,  depth  of  bill 
through  angle  .60-.80,  tarsus  2.15- 
2.20,  middle  too  (without  claw)  1.60- 
2.15.  JIab.  Southern  Europe  and 
central  Asia,  from  the  Mediterranean 
to  Bering's,  China,  and  Japan  Seas, 
and  down  the  North  American  coast 

to  California,  in  winter 52.  L. 

cachinnans  Fall.    Pallas's  OnlL 
j'.  Mantle    delicate    pearl-gray,    decidedly 
paler  than  in  L.  cachinnans ;  eyelids 
(in  life)  yellow,  and  feet  pale  flesh- 
color.   Young :  Brownish  gray,  nearly 
uniform  on  lower  parts,  the  head  and 
neck  streaked,  and  the  upper  parts 
irregularly  varied  with  pale  grayish 
buff    or  dull   whitish ;  quills,   their 
coverts,     and    tail-feathers,    dusky 
blackish ;  bill  blackish,  paler  basally. 
Doxcny  young :   Grayish  white,  the 
lower  parts  (except  throat)  immacu- 
late ;    head  marked   with  irregular 
spots  of  black ;  back,  wings,  and  rump 
clouded  with  dusky  grayish. 
A*.  W^>ite  near  end  of  outer  quill  usu- 
ally extending  to  extreme  tip, 
without  interruption  by  a  sub- 
terminal  black  bar ;  the  latter,  if 
present  at  all,  usually  very  small 
and  rarely  continuous;  length 
about    23.00,  wing    15.75-17.90 
(16.38),  culmen  1.86-2.20  (2.07), 
depth  of  bill  through  angle  .72- 
.80  (.77),  tarsus  2.30-2.72  (2.50), 
middle  toe  1.90-2.25  (2.07).  Eggs 
2.91  X  1-98.    Hah.  Europe,  etc. ; 
casual  in  eastern  North  America  ? 
51.    L.    argentatus  BrOnn. 
Herring  Oull. 
A'.  White  near  end  of  outer  quill  always 
separated  from  the  white  tip  by 
a  distinct  subterminal  bar   or 
spot  of  black,  this  rarely  less 


LARUS. 


81 


than  .50  of  an  inch  wide,  and 
often  extending  to  the  extreme 
tip;  length  22.50-26.00,  wing 
16.25-17.50  (17.24),  culmen  1.95- 
2.50  (2.24),  depth  of  bill  through 
angle  .68-.85  (.79),  tarsus  2.30- 
2.80  (2.57),  middle  toe  (without 
claw)  1.85-2.25  (2.10).  Eggs 
2.85  X  2.01.  Hab.  Whole  of 
North  America,  south,  in  win- 
ter, to  Cuba  and  Lower  Califor- 
nia; breeding  from  Maine,  etc., 

northward 51a.  L.  argen- 

tatus  smithsonianus  Coues. 
American  Herring  Gull. 
i'.  Lower  mandible  with  a  black  spot  near  end, 
the  upper  also  sometimes  with  a  black 
spot. 
Adult:  Mantle  deep  plumbeous-gray, 
as  in  L.  cachinnnns;  bill  yellow,  with 
red  spot  near  end  of  lower  mandible, 
this  enclosing,  or  adjacent  to,  a 
smaller  black  spot ;  iris  deep  brown, 
and  feet  (in  life)  pale  pea-green  or 
sage-green.  Young :  Above  coarsely 
spotted  with  brownish  gray  and  pale 
grayish  buff,  or  dull  whitish,  the 
quills  and  tail-feathers  dull  blackish  ; 
head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  mottled 
or  clouded  with  grayish  white  or 
brownish  graj'' ;  bill  dusky  with  black 
tip.  Downy  young :  Grayish  white, 
the  head  with  irregular  black  spots, 
most  numerous  above ;  upper  parts 
clouded  with  duskj'  grayish.  Length 
20.00-23.00,  wing  15.00-16.75,  culmen 
1.65-2.15,  depth  of  bill  at  angle  .60- 
.75,  tarsus  2.00-2.60,  middle  toe  (with- 
out claw)  1.70-1.95.  Eggs  2.61  X 
1.80.  Hah.  Western  Lorth  America, 
chiefly  in  the  interior,  from  Mexico 

to  Alaska 53.  L.  californicus 

Lawr.    California  Onll. 
g^.  Depth  of  bill  through  angle  contained  at  least  four 
and  a  half  times  in  the  length  of  the  tarsus. 


32 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

h}.  Bill  with  a  black  band  near  tip. 

Adult :  Mantle  pale  pcavl-gray  (much  as 
in  L.  argentatus) ;  bill  greenish  yellow, 
crossed  near  end  by  a  very  distinct  black 
band,  the  tip  sometimes  tinged  with 
ox"ange ;  iris  pale  yellow,  eyelids  vermil- 
ion-red J  feet  (in  life)  pale  yellow,  some- 
times tinged  with  greenish.  Young  : 
Above  brownish  dusky,  the  feathers 
broadly  bordered  and  otherwise  varied 
with  palo  grayish  buff  or  dull  whitish ; 
quills  blackish,  the  shorter  ones  bluish 
gray  basally  and  tipped  with  white ;  tail 
with  basal  half  (or  more)  palo  grayish, 
the  subterminal  third  (or  more)  blackish, 
the  tip  narrowly  white;  lower  parts 
white,  spotted  along  sides  with  grayish 
brown;  bill  blackish,  paler  toward  base. 
Length  18.00-20.00,  wing  13.60-15.75,  cul- 
men  1.55-1.75,  depth  of  bill  at  angle  .50- 
.65,  tarsus  1.90-2.45,  middle  toe  (without 
claw)  1.30-1.60.  £'r7<7s2.39xl-71.  Hab. 
Whole  of  North  America,  breeding  far 
noi'thward ;   south,  in   wintei",   to   Cuba 

and  Mexico 54.  L.  delawarensis 

Ord.    Eing-billed  Gull. 
A*.  Bill  without  black  in  adult. 

/.  Gray  "wedge"  on  inner  web  of  third 
quill  never  tipped  with  white,  and 
not  carried  definitely  farther  than 
tip  of  sixth,  usually  not  much  beyond 
tip  of  seventh,  quill.  Adult :  Mantle 
pearl-gray  (about  intermediate  in 
shade  between  that  of  L.  californicus 
and  L.  argentatus) ;  rest  of  plumage, 
except  quills,  pure  white.  Young : 
Head  and  neck  soiled  whitish,  striped 
with  grayish  brown ;  back,  scapulars, 
and  wing-coverts  dull  grayish  brown, 
margined  with  grayish  white ;  basal 
half  of  tail  white,  terminal  half 
blackish  or  dusky,  narrowly  tipped 
with  white ;  lower  parts  dull  white, 
spotted  and  otherwise  marked  with 
dull  brown.    Downy  young :    "  Gov- 


33 


Young  : 
striped 
ipulars, 
brown, 

;  baeal 
half 

tipped 
I  white, 
ed  with 

"  Cov- 


ered all  over  with  soft  yellowish 
gray  down,  whiter  in  tint  on  the 
face,  throat,  and  abdomen ;  forehead 
blackish  brown ;  entire  upper  parts 
spotted  here  and  there  with  large 
blackish  spotb,  one  or  two  spots  be- 
ing also  on  the  throat,  under  parts 
generally  unspotted,  except  that  on 
the  flanks  there  are  some  irregular 
black  marks.  It  may  be  distin- 
guished from  the  young  of  other 
Gulls  by  a  large  black  spot  which 
touches  the  base  of  the  upper  man- 
dible, and  which  is  never  absent, 
though  often  varying  in  size." 
(Dresser.)  Length  17.00-18.50, 
wing  14.00-14.60  (14.30),  culmen 
1.35-1.60  (1.45),  depth  of  bill  through 
angle  .38-.50  (.44),  tarsus  1.90-2.25 
(2.02),  middle  toe  1.32-1.65  (1.43). 
Eggs  2.29  X  159.  Hab.  Northern 
portions  of  eastern  hemisphere ;  ac- 
cidental in  Labrador? 

56.  L.  canus  Linn.  Mew  OnlL 
Gray  wedge  on  inner  web  of  third  quill 
always  terminated  with  white,  and 
this  carried  beyond  tip  of  the  sixth 
— often  fiven  beyond  the  tip  of  the 
fifth — quill;  even  the  second  quill 
often  with  a  white  spot  at  end  of  the 
gray  "wedge"  on  inner  web;  plu- 
mage of  adult  otherwise  as  in  Ii. 
canus,  but  black  of  primaries  much 
more  restricted.  Nearly  adult :  Sim- 
ilar to  the  adult  in  every  respect 
except  coloration  of  the  primaries, 
which  have  the  dark  spaces  slaty  or 
very  dull  blackish,  instead  of  deep 
black,  and  more  extended,  the  white 
tips  of  some  of  the  quills  wanting ; 
tail  sometimes  (in  younger  individu- 
als) more  or  less  blotched  with  dusky 
at  tip,  and  upper  coverts  sometimes 
(in  still  younger  birds)  faintly  barred 
with  grayish  brown.    Young :  Above 


I' ' 

ii 


34  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

grayish  brown,  the  feathers  bordered 
with  pale  grayish  bujBfj  rump  and 
upper  tail-coverts  pale  grayish  buif 
or  dull  buffy  white,  marked  more  or 
less  distinctly  with  irregular  grayish 
brown  spots ;  basal  half  of  tail  ;  :ray- 
ish  white,  or  pale  grayish,  trans- 
versely mottled  with  darker,  the 
terminal  portion  dusky  grayish 
brown,  forming  a  well-defined  broad 
band,  the  extreme  tip  whitish  ;  head, 
neck,  and  lower  parts  nearly  uniform 
light  brownish  gray.  Older:  Similar, 
but  light  borders  to  feathers  of  back, 
,  etc.,  purer  white ;   basal  half  of  tail 

uniform  grayish  white;  lower  parts 
■white,  the  breast  and  sides  spotted 
with  light  grayish  brown;  upper 
parts  more  or  less  tinged  with  the 
pearl -gray  of  the  adult  plumage. 
Length  16.50-18.00,  wing  13.20-14.60 
(13.93),  culmen  1.25-1.70  (1.45),  depth 
of  bill  through  angle  .40-.50  (.45), 
tarsus  1.70-2.10  (1.94),  middle  toe 
1.30-1.55  (1.44).  Eggs  2.29  X  1-61. 
Jfab.  Northwestern  North  America, 
breeding  far  north ;  south,  in  winter, 
along  Pacific  coast  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia   55.  L.  brachyrhynchus 

Rich.    Short-billed  OnU. 
J'.  Under  wing-coverts  entirely  uniform  brownish  gray,  like  outer  surface  of 
wings;  under  parts,  rump,  etc.,  brownish  gray,  and  tail  black,  at  all 
seasons  and  ages. 

Summer  adult :  Head  and  upper  neck  white ;  tail  black,  tipped  with 
white;  quills  black;  upper  parts,  uniform  plumbeous-slate,  the 
secondaries  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  lower  parts  uniform  deep 
ash-gray ;  bill  bright  red  in  life.  Winter  adult :  Similar,  but  head 
dusky  (darker  than  body).  Young:  Sooty  grayish  brown,  the 
feathers  of  the  upper  parts  bordered  with  grayish  white  or  pale 
buff.  Immature  (second  year  ?) :  Entire  plumage  uniform  sooty 
grayish  brown,  the  tail  and  quills  dusky.  Length  17.50-21.00, 
wing  13.50,  culmen  1.50.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America, 
from  British  Columbia  to  Panama. 

57.  L.  heermanni  Cass.    Heermann's  Onll. 
a*.  Head  uniform  black  or  dusky  in  summer.    (Lower  neck,  entire  under  parts, 


LAJtUS. 


35 


trdered 
ip  and 
shbuflf 
a  ore  or 
Trnyish 
il  ,;ray- 

trans- 
er,  the 
grayish 
i  broad 
1 ;  head, 
uniform 
Similar, 
of  back, 
f  of  tail 
er  parts 

spotted 
;  upper 
vith  the 
)lumage. 
20-14.50 
5),  depth 
50  (.45), 
idle  toe 

X  1-61. 
\.merica, 
I  winter, 

srn  Cali- 

ynchus 

led  OnU. 

rface  of 
at  all 

l»ed  with 
(ate,  the 
cm  deep 
[lit  head 
|wn,  the 

or  pale 
sooty 
kO-21.00, 

America, 

'B  OnU. 

br  parts, 


rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail,  uniform  pure  white,  more  or  less  rose- 
tinted  in  breeding  season ;  mantle  some  shade  of  gray.) 
6*.  Tarsus  much  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw. 

Summer  adult :  Head  sooty  slate-color ;  mantle  plumbeous-slate ;  five 
outer  primaries  entirely  black,  or  sometimes  with  a  small  terminal 
spot  of  white;  rest  of  quills  plumbeous,  tipped  with  white,  the  sixth 
sometimes  with  a  subterminal  black  spot;  bill  and  feet  (in  life) 
dark  brownish  red.  Winter  adult :  Head  and  neck  white,  the  oc- 
ciput and  eai'-coverts  spotted  or  mottled  with  brownish  gray,  the 
eyes  more  or  less  surrounded  by  the  same ;  otherwise  as  in  summer. 
Young :  Head,  neck,  breast,  and  sides  nearly  uniform  brownish  gray, 
dai'ker  on  occiput  and  hind-neck,  tinged  with  buff  beneath  ;  mantle 
grayish  brown,  the  feathers  broadly  bordered  with  pale  grayish  buff; 
centre  of  rump  light  brownish  gray ;  rest  of  rump,  with  upper  tail- 
coverts  and  posterior  lower  parts,  white ;  basal  half  of  tail  light 
gray,  subterminal  portion  black,  the  tip  narrowly  white.  Downy 
young :  Above  grayish  fulvous,  varying  to  umber-brown,  the  head 
Irregularly  striped  or  spotted,  the  back,  wings,  and  rump  marbled, 
with  dusky ;  lower  parts  paler,  the  breast  and  belly  more  ochreous, 
the  fore-neck,  sides,  flanks,  and  ventral  region  faintly  mottled  with 
darker.  Length  15.00-17.00,  wing  13.00,  tail  5.00,  culmen  1.V5,  tarsus 
2.00,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.50.  Eggs  2.18  X  1-55.  Hab.  Atlantic 
coast  of  United  States,  south,  in  wintei',  through  West  Indies  and 
along  both  coasts  of  Middle  America,  and  as  far  as  the  lower  Ama- 
zon   58.  L.  atricilla  Linn.    Laughing  OulL 

6'.  Tarsus  not  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw. 

c'.  Wing  more  than  10.00 ;  culmen  more  than  1.00. 

d^.  Bill  brownish  or  reddish,  its  depth  through  the  angle  more  than 
one-fourth  the  culmen.  Summer  adult :  Bill  bright  red  (in  life), 
with  more  or  less  distinct  darker  subterminal  band ;  head  deep 
plumbeous-black,  with  a  white  spot  on  each  eyelid ;  mantle  deep 
plumbeous;  quills  bluish  gray,  the  shafts  white,  all  broadly 
tipped  with  white,  and  the  five  outer  ones  marked  with  a  sub- 
terminal  space  of  black;  lower  parts  deeply  tinted  (In  fresh 
specimens)  with  rose-pink,  and  middle  tail-feather  tinged  Avith 
pearl-gray.  Winter  adult:  Similar,  but  head  white,  the  occi- 
put, region  round  eyes,  and  ear-coverts,  grayish  dusky ;  bill  and 
feet  duller  red.  Young  :  Top  and  sli'-'S  tf  head  (except  forehead 
and  lores),  with  back  and  scapulars,  grayish  brown,  the  longer 
scapulars  bordered  terminally  with  pale  grayish  buff;  quills 
dusky  (inner  webs  more  plumbeous),  tipped  Avith  white ;  centre 
of  rump  bluish  gray ;  rest  of  rump,  with  upper  tail-coverts, 
entire  lower  parts,  forehead,  lores,  and  eyelids,  white.  Length 
13.50-15.00,  wing  11.25,  culmen  1.30,  depth  of  bill  at  nostrils  .35, 
tarsus  .60,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.60.    Eggs  2.11  X  1-53.    Mab. 


I 


36  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Interior  of  North  America,  breeding  from  Iowa  northward ; 
in  winter,  south  through  Middle  America  and  western  South 
America,  to  Peru. 

59.  L.  franklinii  Sw.  &  Rich.  Franklin's  Gull, 
d*.  Bill  deep  black,  its  depth  through  the  angle  less  than  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  culmen.  Summer  adult :  Head  dark  plumbeous ; 
mantle  delicate  pale  pearl-gray  ;  three  outer  quills  chiefly  white, 
the  outer  web  of  the  first  and  terminal  portion  of  all,  black ; 
rest  of  quills  pale  pearl-gray,  tipped  with  white,  the  fifth  and 
sixth  marked  with  a  subterminal  black  space;  rest  of  '^'"mage 
pure  white ;  feet  rich  orange-red  in  life.     Winter  adu  cad 

white,  the  occiput  tinged  with  grayish,  the  ear-coverts  marked 
with  a  dusky  spot ;  otherwise,  as  in  summer,  but  feet  (in  life) 
pale  flesh-color.  Young :  Sides  of  head  and  neck,  with  entire 
lower  parts,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  basal  two-thirds  of  tail, 
white ;  top  of  head  and  upper  back  brownish  gray ;  a  dusky 
spot  on  ear-coverts;  scapulars  and  feathers  of  back  grayish 
brown,  tipped  with  pale  buff;  central  lesser  wing-coverts  dusky 
brownish  gray;  rest  of  wing-coverts,  greater  part  of  inner 
primaries,  with  upper  part  of  rump,  bluish  gray ;  band  across 
end  of  tail  black  or  dusky,  the  tip  narrowly  white.  Length 
about  12.00-14.00,  wing  10.25,  culmen  1.20,  depth  of  bill  at 
nostrils  .25,  tarsus  1.40,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.40.  Eggs  1.95 
X  134.  Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  breeding  fa  north- 
ward ;  in  winter,  not  yet  recorded  from  south  of  tl  lited 
States,  though  reported  from  Bermudas, 

60.  L.  Philadelphia  Ord.    Bonaparte's  OqII. 
c*.  Wing  much  less  than  10.00;  culmen  less  than  1.00. 

Summer  adult :  Head  deep  black ;  mantle  delicate  pale  pearl-gray, 
the  quills  similar,  tipped  with  white  and  usually  without  black 
markings.  Winter  adult :  Head  white,  the  occiput  tinged  with 
gray,  and  cai'-coverts  with  a  dusky  spot ;  otherwise  as  in  sum- 
mer. Young :  Forehead,  lores,  cheeks,  entire  lower  parts,  upper 
tail-coverts,  and  greater  part  of  tail,  white ;  occiput,  ear-coverts, 
and  most  of  upper  pa^ts  sooty  blackish,  the  feathers  (except 
on  head  and  neck)  bordered  terminally  with  pale  buff.  Length 
10.40-11.50,  wing  8.75-9.00,  culmen  .90,  tarsus  1.00,  middle  toe 
(without  claw)  .90.  Hab.  Europe  and  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa ; 
accidental  in  Bermudas  and  eastern  Arctic  America  ? 

Larus  minutus^  Pall.     Little  Gull. 


'^I 


I  Larut  minutua  Pall.,  Reis.  Russ.  Reichs,  iii.  App.  No.  35, 1771,  702. 


XEMA. 


37 


svard ; 
South 

sOoU. 
fourtli 
bcous ; 
white, 
black ; 
th  and 
"inago 
Lkid 
narked 
in  Uto) 
I  entire 
of  tail, 
t  dusky- 
grayish 
9  dusky 
»f  innev 
d  across 
Length 
f  bill  at 

iJggS  1.95 
noi'th- 
\ited 

te's  GuU. 

arl-gray, 
ut  black 
jed  with 
in  sum- 
ts,  upper 
coverts, 
(except 
Length 
iddle  toe 
Africa ; 

,ittle  Gull. 


Genus  RHODOSTETHIA  Macgillivray.    (Pago  23,  pi.  VII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Summer  adult :  Mantle  and  under  surface  of  wing  uniform  pale  poail-gray,  the 
secondaries  and   innermost  quills  very  broadly  tipped  with   pinkish  white,  and 
outer  web  of  first  quill  chiefly  black  ;  rest  of  plumage  white,  usually  more  or  less 
(sometimes  very  strongly)  tinged  with  delicate  peach-blossom  pink,  the  middle  of 
the  neck  encircled  by  a  narrow  black  collar.     Winter  adult :  Similar,  but  black  col- 
lar absent,  a  blackish  spot  immediately  in  front  of  eye,  and  top  of  head  tinged  with 
pearl-gray.     Young,  second  summer  f  Similar  to  summer  adult  (including  collar),  but 
smaller  wing-coverts,  inner  secondaries,  primary-coverts,  alulse,  and  adjacent  small 
feathers,  together  with  three  outer  quills,  blackish,  the  inner  web  of  the  latter,  how- 
ever, with  marginal  half  pearl-gray ;  remaining  quills  pearl-gray,  becoming  white 
on  innermost  quills,  and  all  of  them  tipped  with  black ;  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  tail- 
feathers  bi'oadly  tipped  with  black.      Young :  Back  and  scapulars  heavily  spotted 
or  clouded  with  dusky  or  sooty  blackish,  this  color  prevailing  on  lower  back,  where 
the  feathers  have  buflfy  tips ;  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  also  clouded  with  dusky  ; 
middle  tail-feathers  with  the  end  sooty  black  for  about  .85,  the  succeeding  feathers 
on  each  side  tipped  with  black  in  decreasing  extent  to  the  third,  which  has  but  a 
slight  mottling  of  dusky  at  extreme  tip ;  wing-coverts  dusky,  or  sooty,  tipped  with 
pale  huffy ;  two  innermost  quills  pure  Avhite,  the  rest  parti-colored ;  head,  neck, 
and  lower  parts  chiefly  white,  mai'ked  anteriorly  (except  on  chin  and  throat)  with 
narrow  bars  of  dusky.     Length  11.50-14.00,  wing  9.50-10.50,  tail  4.00-5.50  (gradu- 
ated for  .75-1.25),  culmen   .65-.75,  tarsus   1.20-1.25,  middle  toe  1.00-1.05.      Egg 
(single  specimen)  1.90  X  1.30,  in  color  like  that  of  .X'ema  sabinii  {fide  Seebohm,  P. 
Z.  S.  1886,  82).    Hab.  Arctic  Ocean,  south,  in  autumn  or  winter,  to  northern  Alaska, 
Kamtschatka,  Disco  Bay,  Faroes,  Heligoland,  and  (accidentally)  England. 

61.  R.  rosea  (Macoil.).    Ross's  Onll. 


Genus  XEMA  Leach.    (Page  23,  pi.  IX.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

Culmen  much  shorter  than  tarsus ;  tail  forked  for  not  more  than  the  length  of 
the  tarsus;  wing  not  more  than  11.25;  legs  and  feet  blact .  (Subgenus 
-rTewirt.)  Summer  adult :  Head  and  upper  neck  uniform  plumbeous,  bordered 
below  by  a  black  collar;  mantle  deep  bluish  gray;  quills  black,  the  five  in- 
nermost ones  varied  with  white  and  plumbeous;  rest  of  plumage  white;  bill 
black,  tipped  with  yellowish.  Winter  adult:  Similar,  but  head  and  neck 
white,  exce)  t  ear-coverts  and  back  of  head  and  neck,  which  are  dull  dusky 
plumbeous.  Young :  Mantle  brownish  gray,  each  feather  darker  eubtermi- 
nally,  and  margined  at  tip  with  pale  fulvous  or  buffy  ;  tail  white,  with  a  broad 
black  band  near  end,  this  again  nan-owly  tipped  with  white ;  upper  tail- 
coverts  and  entire  lower  parts  white.    Downy  young  (fide  Middendobff)  : 


38  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Upper  parts  rusty  yellow,  spotted  with  black;  lower  parts  whitish  gray. 
Length  13.00-14.00,  wing  10.10-11.15,  tail  4.50-5.00  (forked  for  about  .60- 
1.00),  culmen  1.00,  tarsus  1.25,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  about  1.25.  Eggs  2-5, 
1.78  X  1-26,  ovate,  or  short-ovate,  deep  olive  (varying  in  intensity,  however), 
rather  indistinctly  spotted  or  blotched  with  brown.  Hab.  Arctic  regions; 
in  North  America  south,  in  winter,  to  New  York,  the  Great  Lakes,  and 
Great  Salt  Lake  (casually  to  Bermudas  and  Peru). 

62.  X.  sabinii  (Sab.).  Sabine's  GnlL 
a*.  Culmen  nearly  as  long  as  tarsus ;  tail  forked  for  at  least  one  and  a  half  times 
the  length  of  the  tarsus ;  wing  about  16.00 ;  legs  and  feet  rea.  (Subgenus 
Creagrus  Bonap.).  Summer  adult :  Head  and  upper  part  of  neck  sooty  slate, 
with  a  whitish  patch  at  base  of  bill ;  mantle  pearl-gray,  the  wing-coverts 
and  outer  webs  of  scapulars  whitish ;  quills  black,  the  shorter  ones  tipped 
with  white;  rest  of  plumage  white;  bill  black,  with  yellowish  tip;  legs  and 
feet  bright  red.  Young :  Plumage  generally,  including  head  and  neck, 
white ;  hind-neck,  back,  and  scapulars,  ashy  brown,  the  tips  of  the  feathers 
maigined  with  white;  tail-feathers  (except  outermost)  with  a  black  subter- 
minal  spot ;  a  dusky  space  immediately  in  front  of  eye,  and  another  on  ear- 
coverts.  Length  about  23.00,  wing  16.00,  tail  8.00  (forked  for  about  3.30), 
culmen  1.85,  tarsus  1.90,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  2.00.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of 
South  America;  Monterey,  California? 

— ,  X.  fur cata  (Neb.\    Swallow-tailed  Gull. 


Genus  GELOCHELIDON  Brehm.    (Page  24,  pi.  IX.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Summer  adult :  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  deep  black  ;  upper  parts  pale  pearl- 
gray,  rest  of  plumage  pure  white ;  bill  deep  black,  foet  blackish.  Winter  adult : 
Similar,  but  head  and  neck  white,  the  hind-neck  tinged  with  grayish,  the  ear- 
coverts  and  spot  in  front  of  eye  darker  grayish.  Young  :  Similar  to  winter  adult, 
but  upper  parts  washed  with  bufT  or  day-color,  the  top  of  head,  hind-neck,  back, 
and  scapulars  sometimes  streaked  with  dusky.  Doivny  young  :  Above  light  gray- 
ish buff,  with  seroral  largo  and  tolerably  well  defined  dusky  spots  on  hinder  half 
of  head,  a  distinct  dusky  stripe  down  each  side  of  hind-neck  and  upper  back,  the 
wings,  rump  and  flanks  with  rather  dirtinct  largo  spots  of  dusky;  lower  parts 
white,  tinged  with  grayish  on  sides  of  throat ;  bill  brownish,  inclining  to  orange  (in 
life)  on  lower  mandible  ;  feet  dull  brownish  orange  (in  life).  Length  13.00-15.25, 
wing  n.75-12.2^,  tail  5.50  (forked  for  1.50-1.75),  culmen  1.40,  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.45.  Kest  along  sea-beach,  in  sand  or  shingle.  Eggs  1.84  X  1-33,  ovate,  light  huffy, 
varying  to  pale  olivc-buify,  distinctly  spotted  and  blotched  with  deep  brown  and 
lavender-grayish.  Hab.  Nearly  cosmopolitan ;  in  America,  Atlantic  side,  from 
Brazil  iiorth  to  Long  Island,  casually  to  Massachusetts;  very  rare  inland;  both 
coastb  of  southern  Mexico  and  Central  America  in  winter. 

63.  G.  nilotica  (Habsblq.).    Onll-billed  Tern. 


STERNA. 


39 


Genus  STERNA  Linn^cs.    (Page  24,  pi.  X.,  figs.  1-3 ;  pi.  XI.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

^ecies. 
Wing  more  than  9.00. 
b\  Wing  more  than  12.00. 

c^.  Tail  much  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  forked  for  less  than  one-fifth 
its  total  length  ;  feathers  of  occiput  shoi't,  blended ;  depth  of  bill  at 
base  equal  to  nearly  one-third  the  exposed  culmen ;  inner  webs  of 
quills  entirely  gray,  or  slaty.  (Subgenus  Thalasseus  Kaup.) 
Adult  in  spring :  Above  pale  pearl-gray,  becoming  white  on  tail, 
and  more  silvery  gray  on  quills ;  whole  top  of  head,  and  nape, 
uniform  glossy  black  ;  rest  ot  plumage  pure  white ;  bill  coral- 
red  (drying  orange-red)  with  dusky  tinge  near  tip ;  feet  black. 
Adult  immediatehj  after  pairing  season :  Similar  to  spring  plu- 
mage, but  black  on  top  of  head  mixed  with  white.  Winter 
adult:  Similar  to  summer  adult,  but  black  of  crown,  etc., 
streaked,  instead  of  speckled  or  flecked,  with  grayish  white. 
Young :  Above  pale  grayish,  marked  with  a  few  roundish  and 
more  or  less  hastate  spots  of  dusky,  largest  on  tortials ;  top  of 
head  grayish  white,  the  crown  flocked  with  black,  this  color 
increasing  in  extent  posteriori^'-,  until  nearly  uniform  on  occi- 
put ;  tail-feathers  marked  with  a  dusky  subterminal  spot ;  rest 
of  plumage  white ;  bill  dull  orange-reddish.  Doxcny  young : 
Above  grayish  white,  the  down  of  the  head  dusky  gray  beneath 
the  surface;  back  and  rump  finely  and  indistinctly  mottled 
with  grayish ;  throo  and  fore-neck  uniform  pule  grayish,  rest 
of  lower  parts  white.  Length  19.00-22.50,  wing  15.00-17.40, 
tail  5.30-6.75  (forked  for  about  .75-1.60),  culmen  2.48-3.10, 
depth  of  bill  through  base  .73-.95,  tarsus  1.60-1.90,  middle  toe 
1.15-1.40.  Nest  (usually  solitary)  a  depression  in  sand  near 
sea-sliore.  Eggs  2-3,  2  66  X  1-77,  ovate  or  elliptical-ovate,  pale 
grayish  bufl',  varying  to  olive-buflf  or  dull  whitish  buflf,  more  or 
less  spotted  with  brown  and  stone-gray  or  lavender-gray.  Hah. 
North  America  in  general,  but  rare  on  Pacific  coast ;  breeding 
in  isolated  and  widely  separated  localities  throughout  its  range. 
(Also  occurs  in  various  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere,  includ- 
ing Australia.) 64.  S.  tschegrava  Lefech.    Caspian  Tern. 

c*.  Tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  forked  for  at  least  half  its  total 
length ;  feathers  of  occiput  lengthened,  lanceolate,  forming  a  dis- 
tinct crest ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  much  less  than  one-third  the  length 
of  the  exposed  culmen  ;  inner  webs  of  quills  with  inner  margin  ab- 
ruptly and  broadly  white.  (Subgenus  Actockelidon  Kaup.) 
.  d'.  Bill  deep  orange,  or  orange-rod. 

e*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the 
exposed  culmen.    Adult  in  spring :  Above  pale  pearl-gray, 


40 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


I) 

It 

ill! 

l:  a. 


h  f 


paler  (nearly  white)  on  upper  tail-coverts  and  tail ;  whole 
top  of  head,  including  occipital  crest,  glossy  black ;  rest  of 
plumage  pure  white ;  bill  deep  orange,  feet  blackish.  Adult 
just  after  pairing  season :  Similar,  but  forehead  and  forepart 
of  crown  white,  only  the  occipital  crest  and  hinder  part  of 
crown  being  uniform  black.  Winter  plumage :  Similar  to 
summer  plumage,  but  black  of  occiput  also  mixed  more  or 
less  with  white,  and  bill  paler  orange.  Young :  Somewhat 
like  winter  adult,  but  upper  parts  sparsely  spotted  with 
dusky  brown,  these  spots  largest  on  tertials ;  tail-feathers 
brownish  or  dusky  near  tips  ;  top  of  head  speckled  white 
and  dusky,  the  occipital  crest  br'^  slightly  developed ;  bill 
dull  orange.  Length  18.00-21. uO,  wing  14.00-15.00,  tail 
6.00-8.00,  forked  for  about  half  its  tot."'  '  ngth;  culmen 
2.40-2.75,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .65-.75,  arsus  1.35-1.45. 
Nest  (usually  many  together)  a  depression  in  sand,  near 
sea-shore.  Eggs  1-3  or  4,  2.61  X  1-78,  ovate,  elongate- 
ovate,  or  subacute-ovate,  buffy,  cream-color,  or  whitish, 
handsomely  spotted  (sometimes  lined)  with  dark  bi-own  or 
black,  these  markings  usually  suffused  exteriorly  with  light 
brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Coasts  and  larger  inland 
waters  of  United  States,  and  southward,  breeding  north  to 

about  40° 65.  S.  maxima  Bodd.    Royal  Tern. 

c*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  less  than  one-fourth  (about  one-fifth)  the 
length  of  the  exposed  culmen  ;  plumage  same  as  that  of  S. 
maxima,  but  lower  parts  very  deeply  tinged  with  rose-,  or 
peach-blossom,  pink,  and  occipital  crest  more  developed; 
length  about  16.00-17.00,  wing  12.40-12.50,  tail  6.60-7.30, 
forked  for  about  2.60-3.50  ;  culmen  2.26-2.55,  depth  of  bill 
through  base  .45-.50,  tarsus  1.05-1.25.  Eggs  2.15  X  1-45, 
ovate,  creamy  white,  boldly  spotted  (chiefly  round  larger 
end)  with  black  and  various  shades  of  rich  warm  brown. 
Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  Middle  America,  north  to  San  J'ran- 

cisco,  California 66.  S.  elcgans  Gamb.    Elegant  Tern. 

d*.  Bill  deep  black,  usually  with  yellowish  or  whitish  tip ;  plumage 
the  same  as  in  ^Sf.  maxima  and  S.  elegans,  but  usually  less  pinkish 
beneath  than  the  latter ;  length  14.00-16.00,  wing  about  12.50, 
tail  6.00  (forked  for  about  2.35),  culmen  2.25,  depth  of  bill  at 
base  .48,  tarsus  1.00.  Nest  a  depression  in  sand  by  sea-shore. 
Eggs  1.99  X  1-38)  ovate,  white,  huffy,  or  rich  cream -color, 
handsomely  but  variously  marked  (often  with  zigzag  liros) 
with  diff^orent  shades  of  rich  brown,  black,  etc.  Hab.  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  of  United  States,  north  to  southern 
New  England;  south,  in  winter,  to  West  Indies  and  Middle 
America  (both  coasts). 

67.  S.  sandvicensis  acuflavidus  (Cabot).    Cabot'i  Tern. 


STERNA. 


41 


Wing  less  than  12.00 ;  occipital  feathers  short  and  blended, 
c*.  Mantle  bluish  gray,  the  tail  chiefly  white ;  inner  webs  of  quills  largely 
white.    (Subgenus  Sterna.) 
dK  Top  of  head  without  any  black  at  any  season. 

Adult  in  summer:  Head,  axillars,  lining  of  wing,  and  tail- 
coverts,  white,  the  first  with  a  dusky  stripe  along  each 
side,  entirely  surrounding  eye,  and  extending  back  over 
car-coverts ;  rest  of  plumage  pale  pearl-gray,  the  quills 
inclining  to  silvery  white ;  bill  black  in  middle  portion,  the 
base  and  tip  yellowish.  Winter  plumage :  Similar,  but  lower 
parts  white ;  bill  dusky,  tipped  with  yellowish.  Length 
15.00-16.00,  wing  9.70-10.60,  tail  4.60-6.00  (forked  for  about 
1.60-2.60),  culmen  1.50-1.70,  tarsus  .92-.96.  Hab.  Atlantic 
coast  of  South  America ;  casual  on  Atlantic  coast  of  United 
States  (New  Jersey). 

68.  S.  trudeaui  Aud.    Trndeau's  Tern. 
fP.  Top  of  head  chiefly  or  entirely  uniform  black  in  summer, 
e'.  Top  of  head  entirely  black  in  summer. 

/'.  Only  one  web  of  outer  tail-feather  entirely  white. 

g^.  Inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  grayish  or  dusky 
toward  end,  the  outer  web  entirely  white.  Sum- 
mer adult:  Above  pale  pearl-gray,  lower  parts 
pure  white ;  entire  top  of  head  and  nape  uniform 
deep  black  ;  bill  (in  life)  dull  orange,  dusky  at  tip , 
feet  fine  orange-red.  Winter  plumage:  Similar, 
but  Whole  top  of  head  white,  tinged  on  occiput 
and  nape  with  grayish,  the  side  of  the  head  with 
a  dusky  stripe  surrounding  eyes  aud  extending 
across  ear-coverts ;  tail  shorter  and  less  deeply 
forked  than  in  summer,  the  exterior  feathers 
broader  and  less  elongated  ;  bill  duller  orange,  and 
feet  much  less  intense  red ;  bill  dusky  or  dull 
brownish  orange,  darker  at  tip.  Young :  Similar 
to  winter  plumage,  but  top  of  head,  hind-neck, 
back,  scapulars,  tertials,  and  wing-coverts  over- 
laid by  a  wash  of  umber-brown,  nearly  uniform  on 
back  and  crown  ;  sides  of  head  tinged  with  same ; 
tail-feathers  all  distinctly  dusky  terminally,  especi- 
ally on  inner  webs.  Downy  young  :  Light  brown- 
ish buff',  the  breast  and  belly  whitish  ;  upper  parts 
coarsely  and  irregularly  marbled  with  black,  the 
sides  of  the  head  with  a  few  scattorcd  small  mark- 
ings of  the  same.  Length  about  14.00-15.00,  wing 
9.50-10.30,  tail  6.00-7.70  (forked  for  2.30-5.00), 
culmen  1.50-1.66,  tarsus  .90-1.00.     Neat  of  dead 

e 


w 


42 


IP 


190RTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

grasses,  etc.,  in  marshes  (fresh-  or  salt-water),  often 
upon  "  windrows"  of  sea- weed.  Eggs  1.78  X  1-23, 
ovate  or  short-ovate,  varying  from  olive-buff  to 
olive-brown,  coarsely  spotted  or  blotched  with 
dark  brown  or  blackish.  Hab.  Temperate  North 
America,  north  to  Manitoba,  south,  in  winter, 
to  Brazil. 

69.  S.  forsteri  Nutt.  Forster's  Tern. 
g*.  Inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  entirely  white,  the 
outer  web  dusky,  in  abrupt  contrast. 
h}.  Summer  adult :  Lower  parts  pale  lavender-gray, 
or  grayish  white ;  whole  top  of  head  and  nape 
deep  black ;  rest  of  upper  parts  deep  pearl- 
gray,  the  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  greater 
part  of  tail  pure  white ;  bill  bright  vermilion- 
red,  blackish  at  tip ;  feet  (in  life)  rich  orange- 
vermilion.  Winter  adult:  Similar,  but  fore- 
head, crown,  and  anterior  part  of  lores  white, 
mixed  with  black  on  crown ;  entire  lower 
parts  pure  white ;  bill  and  feet  less  intensely 
red.  Young :  Orbital  region,  occiput,  and 
nape,  dull  black;  crown  mixed  blackish  and 
grayish  white ;  foi'ehead,  lores,  entire  lower 
parts,  upper  tail-coverts,  inner  webs  of  rectri- 
ces,  and  tips  of  secondaries,  white;  rest  of 
upper'  parts  pale  pearl-gray,  the  scapulars, 
interscapulars,  and  tertials,  tipped  with  pale 
buff,  and  marked  with  a  subterminal  cres- 
centic  spot,  or  lunule,  of  dusky  brown ;  an- 
terior lesser  wing-coverts  duskj'-,  forming  a 
distinct  bar  across  wing ;  bill  brownish  dusky, 
the  base  of  mandible  paler  and  more  reddish ; 
feet  pale  reddish.  Downy  young  :  Above  pale 
fulvous  or  grayish  buff  (the  precise  shade 
very  variable)  coarsely  and  irregularly  mar- 
bled with  dusky,  except  on  forehead ;  lower 
parts  white,  more  or  less  tingod  with  buff  or 
pale  fulvous  on  sides  and  flanks,  the  throat 
and  cheeks  distinctly  dusky,  or  grayish. 
Length  13.00-16.00,  wing  9.75-11.76,  tail  5.00- 
7.00  (forked  for  3.50,  more  or  less),  culmen 
1.25-1.50,  depth  of  bill  at  base  about  .33,  tar- 
sus .66-.85.  Nest  usually  a  depression  in 
sand  or  gravel  near  sea-shore.  Eggs  2-4,  1.67 
X  117,  averaging  a  little  paler  in  ground- 


STERNA. 


43 


color  and  less  heavily  blotched  than  those  of  S. 
forsteri.  Hab.  Eastern  temperate  North  Amer- 
ica, and  various  parts  of  eastern  hemisphere. 
70.  S.  hirundo  Linn.  Common  Tern. 
h*.  Summer  adult :  Lower  parts  deep  lavendei'-gray, 
changing  to  white  only  on  lower  tail-coverts 
and  on  sides  of  head  adjacent  to  the  black 
cap ;  upper  parts  deep  pearl-gray,  the  tips  of 
secondaries,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail 
pure  white,  in  marked  contrast ;  bill  rich  car- 
mine, usually  without  distinct  blackish  tip; 
feet  intense  carmine.  Winter  adult ;  Similar, 
but  lower  parts  white  (sometimes  tinged  with 
grayish),  and  forehead,  crown,  and  fore  part 
of  lores  white,  the  crown  streaked  or  mixed 
with  black.  Young :  Orbital  region,  occiput, 
and  hind  part  of  crown  dull  black ;  forehead, 
anterior  part  of  lores,  and  crown  white,  the 
latter  stained  with  brown  and  mixed  Avith 
Mackish  ;  feathers  of  dorsal  region  and  wings 
tipped  with  pale  buff  and  marked  with  a  sub- 
terminal  crescent  or  lunule  of  brownish  dusky, 
these  markings  larger  on  tertials  and  longer 
scapulars,  and  smaller  on  back ;  lower  rump, 
upper  tail-coverts,  and  entire  lower  parts, 
white,  the  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  jugulum 
and  breast,  icained  with  pale  dull  brownish; 
basal  half  of  bill  dull  orange-red,  terminal 
portion  blackish  ;  feet  light  reddish.  Downy 
young :  Similar  to  that  of  8.  hirundo,  but 
usually  darker  colored.  Length  14.00-17.00, 
wir.g  10.00-10.75,  tail  6.60-8.50  (forked  for 
4.00-5.00),  culmen  1.08-1.40,  depth  of  bill 
through  base  30,  tarsus  .56-.65,  middle  toe, 
with  claw,  .80-.85.  Eggs  1.62  X  115,  not 
distinguishable  with  certainty  from  those  of 
S.  hirundo,  but  usually  with  darker  ground- 
color and  heavier  spotting,  ffab.  Circum- 
polar  regions,  south,  in  winter,  to  Middle 
States  and  California;  on  Atlantic  coast 
breeding  south  to  Massachusetts. 

71.  S.  paradissea  Biit)NN.    Arctic  Tern. 
g*.  Both  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  entirely  white. 

Summer  adult :  Above  delicate  pale  pearl-gray, 
fading  into  silvery  white  on  upper  tail-coverts 


I 


44 


hi 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

and  tail ;  lower  parts  exquisitely  delicate  pale 
peach-blossom  pink,  fading  into  pure  white  in 
dried  skins ;  entire  top  of  head,  with  nape,  uni- 
form deep  black ;  bill  black,  tinged  at  base  (in 
life)  with  reddish ;  feet  bright  red  in  life. 
Winter  adult :  Similar,  but  forehead  and  anterior 
part  of  crown  white,  the  latter  tinged  with 
grayish  and  indistinctly  streaked  with  blackish. 
Young :  Pileum  and  nape  pale  buffy  grayish, 
finelj'^  mottled  or  sprinkled  with  darker,  and 
streaked,  especially  on  crown,  with  dusky ;  or- 
bital and  auricular  regions  dusky  blackish; 
remainder  of  head,  and  entire  lower  parts,  white, 
the  nape  and  sometimes  side  of  breast  finely 
mottled  with  buffy  gray;  pale  pearl-gray  of 
back  and  scapulars  overlaid  by  pale  buff,  irregu- 
larly mottled  with  dusky,  each  feather  with  a 
Bubmarginal  dusky  U-shaped  mark ;  bill  brown- 
ish duskjj^;  feet  duskj^  (in  dried  skins).  Length 
14.00-17.00,  Aving  9.25-9.75,  tail  7.25-7.75  (forked 
for  3.50-4.50),  culmen  1.50,  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.35,  tarsus  .85,  middle  too  .75.  Eggs  2-4,  1.66  X 
1.21,  similar  to  those  of  S.  paradiscca,  but  ground- 
color averaging  lighter  and  markings  smaller. 
Hab.  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States;  West 
Indies,  and  various  parts  of  Old  World. 

72.  S.  dougalli  Montaq.    Roseate  Tern. 
e*.  Top  of  head  black,  with  a  broad  white  patch  on  forehead,  ex- 
tending backward  on  each  side  of  crown  to  above  eyes ;  a 
black  stripe  across  lores. 

Summer  adult:  Above  deep  plumbeous-gray,  beneath 
paler,  more  lavender-gray ;  tips  of  secondaries,  upper 
and  lower  tail-coverts,  tail,  sides  of  head,  chin,  under 
wing  coverts  and  axillars  pure  white;  bill  and  feet 
entirely  deep  black.  Winter  ad idt,  unknown.  Young: 
Forehead,  lores,  crown,  and  entire  nape,  smoky  gray- 
ish brown,  deepening  on  occiput  into  dark  sootj',  this 
color  extending  laterally  nearly  or  quite  to  eye;  the 
smoke-color  of  nape  extending  laterally  over  side  of 
neck  and  breast,  or  sometimes  oven  tingeing  the  jugu- 
lum  and  fore-neck ;  back,  scapulars,  inner  wing-coverts, 
and  tertials  dull  slate-blackish,  broadly  and  sharply 
bordered  terminally  with  yellowish  ochraceous ;  upper 
rump  dark  brownish  slate,  feathers  narrowly  tipped 
with  pale  fulvous,  this  pi-eceded  by  a  dusky  subter- 


STERNA. 


45 


uni- 


upper 

under 

»d  feet 

Young : 

ty,  this 
•0 ;  the 
side  of 
le  jugu- 
covcrts, 
sharply 
upper 
tipped 
subter- 


minal  bar;  lower  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  plum- 
beous-gray, the  longer  feathers  tipped  with  buff;  reo- 
trices  pale  bluish  gray,  the  feathers  becoming  dusky 
subterminally  ;  lower  parts,  except  as  described,  white ; 
maxilla  dusky,  mandible  light  reddish  (brownish  in 
dried  skins),  the  terminal  third  or  fourth  dusky  ;  legs 
and  feet  light  reddish.  Length  13.25-15.00,  wing 
9.75-10.75,  tail  6.50-7.00  (forked  for  2.40-3.75),  culmen 
1.25-1.40,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .38,  tarsus,  .60-.75, 
middle  toe  .80-.85.  Eggs  1.69  X  112,  similar  to  those 
of  S.  paradiscea,  but  averaging  rather  deeper  in  ground- 
color, with  larger  markings.  Hab.  Eastern  Aleutian 
Islands  and  northward  along  coast  to  or  beyond 
Norton  Sound. 

73.  S.  aleutica  Baird.  Aleutian  Tern. 
Mantle  and  six  to  ten  middle  tail-feathers  slaty  or  blackish ;  inner  webs 
of  quills  entirely  dusky.  (Subgenus  Haliplana  "VVaqler.) 
d}.  Adult:  Upper  parts,  including  hind-neck,  continuously  uniform 
sooty  black,  the  outer  pair  of  tail-featiiers  chiefly  white ;  fore- 
head, sides  of  head,  and  entire  lower  parts  white,  sometimes 
faintly  tinged  with  bluish  gray  posteriorly ;  bill  and  feet  deep 
black.  Young:  Entirely  dark  sooty  brown,  more  grayish  on 
lower  parts,  the  anal  region  and  under  wing-coverts  white ; 
scapulars  and  wing-coverts  narrowly  but  distinctly  tipped  with 
white.  Downy  young :  "  Head,  neck,  throat,  and  entire  upper 
parts,  dark  gray  with  a  silvery  tinge,  closely  dotted  with  gray- 
ish white ;  rest  of  under  parts  white."  (Dresser.)  Length 
15.00-17.00,  wing  12.00,  tail  7.00-7.50  (forked  for  about  3.00- 
3.60),  culmen  1.80,  tarsus  1.00.  Eggs  (deposited  on  rocks  or 
ground,  usually  without  nest)  2.02  X  1-40,  white,  creamy  white, 
or  cream-color  spotted  with  rich  chestnut,  usually  mixed  with 
fainter  spots  of  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Tropical  and  subtropical 
sea-coasts  of  both  hemispheres ;  in  North  America,  north  to 
the  Carolinas  and  western  Mexico,  casually  to  New  England. 

75.  S.  fuliginosa  Gmel.  Sooty  Tern. 
d}.  Adult :  Lower  hind-neck  and  upper  back  grayish  white,  deepening 
into  brownish  slate  on  wings,  etc.,  and  deep  black  on  top  of 
head ;  forehead,  sides  of  head,  and  entire  lower  parts  pure 
white;  two  outer  pairs  of  tail-feathei's  white;  bill  and  feet 
black.  Young :  Entire  lower  pai*ts,  with  cheeks,  forehead,  and 
sides  of  crown,  white,  as  in  adult ;  nape,  occiput,  and  middle 
of  ci'own  brownish  dusky;  the  last  streaked  with  grayish 
white ;  upper  parts  grayish  brown ;  the  scapulars,  interscapu- 
lars, and  tertials  margined  terminally  with  gi*ayish  white. 
Length  about   14.00-15.00,  wing  10.50,  tail  6.00-7.00,  culmen 


46 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


1.40-1.60,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .35-.40,  tarsus  .85.    Hah.  Tropi- 
cal eea-coasts  in  general ;  accidental  on  Florida  coast. 

76.  S.  ansethetus  Scop.  Bridled  Tern, 
a'.  Wing  less  than  7.00.  Tail  about  half  as  long  as  wing,  forked  for  about  half  its 
length.  (Subgenus  Sternula  Boie.) 
Summer  adult :  Above  uniform  pale  pearl-gray ;  lower  parts,  with  forehead 
and  stripe  on  each  side  of  crown,  back  and  above  eyes,  pure  white ; 
stripe  from  bill  to  eye,  with  crown,  occiput,  and  nape,  uniform  deep 
black ;  bill  bright  yellow,  usually  with  blackish  tip ;  feet  bright  orange- 
yellow  (in  life).  Winter  adult :  Similar  to  summer  plumage,  but  lores, 
forehead,  and  ci'own  grayish  white  (pure  white  anteriorly) ;  bill  dull 
yellowish,  or  dusky ;  feet  pale  yellow.  Young  :  Somewhat  like  winter 
adult,  but  lesser  wing-coverts  chiefly  dusky  slate  (forming  distinct 
patch),  scapulars  and  interscapulars  with  submarginal  V-  or  U-ehaped 
marks  of  dusky,  and  quills  darker.  Downy  young:  Above  grayish  white, 
varying  to  delicate  buff-yellow,  sometimes  immaculate,  but  usually  finely 
mottled  with  dusky  grayish,  the  head  distinctly  marked  with  irregular 
dots  of  blackish  ;  lower  parts  wholly  immaculate  white.  Length  8.50- 
9.75,  wing  6.60,  tail  3.50  (forked  for  about  1.75),  culmen  1.20,  tarsus  .60. 
Nest  a  depression  in  shingly  beach.  Eggs  2-4,  1.28  X  0.91,  white,  buffy 
Avhite,  or  buff,  spotted  with  brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  United 
States  (rather  southerly)  south,  in  winter,  through  Middle  America 
(both  coasts)  to  northern  coasts  of  South  America. 

74.  S.  antillarum  Less.    Least  Tern. 


Genus  HYDROCHELIDON  Boie. 

Species 


(Page  24,  pi.  XII.,  fig.  2.) 


fl'.  "Wing  less  than  9.00.    Head  wholly  dusky  or  black  in  summer  adult. 
6^  Tail  and  upper  coverts  deep  gray  or  plumbeous. 

Summer  adult:  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  uniform  black  or  plumbeous, 
the  lower  tail-covei'ts,  however,  white;  upper  parts  uniform  plum- 
beous. Winter  adult :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  white,  the  orbits 
and  ear-coverts  dusky ;  above  as  in  summer.  Young  :  Similar  to 
winter  adult,  but  feathers  of  back,  etc.,  tipped  with  dull  brownish, 
anterior  lesser  wing-coverts  dusky,  and  sides  washed  with  plumbe- 
ous. Downy  young :  Above  umber-brown,  with  a  few  coarse,  irreg- 
ular mottlings  of  black ;  forehead,  crown,  throat,  and  chest  plain 
sooty  brown  ;  side  of  head,  including  lores,  dull  whitish ;  belly 
white  centrally,  sooty  gray  exteriorly. 
c\  Summer  adult  with  lower  parts  (sometimes  head  also)  plumbeous,  little 
if  any  darker  than  upper  surface.  Hab.  Europe,  and  parts  of  Asia 
nnd  Africa.  H.  nigra  (Linn.).    Black  Tern.i 

>  Sterna  nigra  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1768,  137.    Hydrochelidon  nigra  Boie,  IsU,  1822,  663. 


ANOUS. 


47 


c*.  Summer  adult  with  lower  parts  always  black  or  very  dark  plumbeous, 
much  darker  than  upper  surface  ;  length  9.00-10.25,  wing  8.25,  tail 
3.75  (forked  for  .90),  culmen  1.10.  Nest  in  marshes.  Eggs  1.35  X 
0.98,  brownish  buff  or  olive-buff,  heavily  spotted  and  blotched  with 
dark  brown.  Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  south,  in  winter,  to 
South  America,  as  far  as  Brazil  and  Chili. 

77.  H.  nigra  suhnamensis  (Gmel.).    American  Black  Tern. 
b*.  Tail  and  upper  coverts  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  gray. 

Summer  adult:  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  black,  the  under  tail- 
coverts  white  ;  upper  parts  plumbeous,  more  silvery  on  wings,  the 
anterior  lesser  coverts  being  white;  legs  and  feet  bright  red  (drying 
brownish).  Young :  "  Posterior  portion  of  the  crown,  a  patch  on 
the  side  of  the  head,  and  one  on  the  hind-neck  dark  sooty  gray,  the 
feathers  with  lighter  mai'gins,  the  patch  on  the  hind-neck  with 
brownish  markings ;  rest  of  the  head,  neck,  and  entire  under  parts 
pure  white;  back  and  scapulars  blue-gray,  broadly  tipped  with 
blackish  gray ;  wings  as  in  the  adult  in  winter,  but  the  wing- 
coverts  tipped  with  light  reddish  brown ;  rump  and  upper  tail- 
coverts  white;  tail  light  French  gray,  becoming  darker  towards 
the  tip."  (Dresser.)  Doiony  young:  "Upper  parts  warm  reddish 
buff,  boldly  marked  with  black  on  the  crown,  nape,  back,  wings, 
and  rump ;  under  parts  gi'ayish  buff  with  a  sooty  tinge,  marked 
with  sooty  gray  on  the  upper  throat ;  space  round  the  eye  nearly 
white."  (Dresser.)  Length  about  9.50,  wing  7.60-&  20,  tail  2.80- 
3.25,  culmen  .90-.95.  Nest  in  marshes.  Eggs  1.36  X  0.99,  essen- 
tially similar  in  coloration  to  those  of  H.  nigra  surinamensis.  Hab. 
^  Europe,  etc. ;  accidental  (?)  in  North  America  (Lake  Koshkonong, 

Wisconsin). 

78.  H.  leucoptera  (Temm.).  White- winged  Black  Tern. 
Wing  more  than  9.00.  Head  with  a  broad  white  stripe  on  each  side,  in  summer 
adult.  Summer  adult :  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  black ;  broad  stripe  on 
side  of  head  (from  chin  and  corner  of  mouth  to  behind  ear-coverts),  lower 
tail-coverts,  and  under  wing-coverts  white ;  rest  of  plumage  uniform  plum- 
beous.   Hab.  Europe,  etc. ;  accidental  in  West  Indies. 

H.  leucopareia  (Natt.).    Whiskered  Tern.' 


b  plain 
;  belly 

8,  little 
of  Asia 
:k  Tern.» 


Genus  ANOUS  Leach.    (Pago  24,  pi.  XII.,  fig.  1.) 

S2)ec'es. 

Common  Characters. — Plumage  uniform  sooty  brownish,  becoming  hoary  on 
forehead  or  top  of  head.  Nest  on  trees  or  bushes  around  borders  of  oceanic  islands, 
rather  bulky,  composed  of  sticks,  etc.    Egg  single  (usually,  at  least),  huffy  or  buffy 

1  Sterna  leucopareia  Natt.,  in  Temm.  Man.  1S20,  726.    Hydrochelidon  leucopareia  Gould,  Handb.  B.  Austr. 
ii.  1865,  406. 


48 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


speckled  or  spotted,  chiefly  round  larger  end,  with  brown 


and 


whitish,  sparsely 
purplish  gray. 

a*.  Lores  dusky,  in  abrupt  and  marked  contrast  with  the  hoary  of  the  forehead. 
6*.  Only  the  forehead  distinctly  whitish. 

Uniform  sooty  brown,  becoming  gradually  grayer  on  neck,  and  pass- 
ing gradually  through  intermediate  shades  to  white  on  forehead; 
quills  nearly  black.  Youny  (?)  :  Similar,  but  head  uniform  grayish 
brown,  the  frontlet  hoary  grayish.  Length  13.00-16.35,  wing  10.00- 
10,50,  tail  6.00,  culmen  1.75,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .38.  Hgg  averaging 
2.06  X  1-37.  Hob.  Intertropical  seas  generally,  also  coast  of  south- 
ern Atlantic  and  Gulf  States 79.  A.  stolidus  (Linn.).    Noddy. 

b*.  Whole  top  of  head  distinctly  whitish. 

c*.  White  of  crown  changing  gradually  into  ashy  on  hind-neck ;  plumage 
of  body,  etc.,  sooty  brown.  Hab.  Intertropical  seas  and  coasts 
generally,  including  Gulf  coast  of  Mexico. 

A.  tnelanogenys  Gray.    Black-cheeked  Noddy.* 
c*.  White  of  crown  abruptly  defined  against  sooty  brown  of  hind-neck ; 
plumage  of  body,  etc.,  sooty  black.    Hab.  Southwestern  Pacific. 

A.  leucocapillus  Gould.    White-crowned  Noddy.* 

a}.  Lores  hoary  whitish,  like  forehead.     Hoary  ash  of  occiput  and  hind-neck 

changing  gradually  into  sooty  brown  on  chin  and  throat,  the  cheeks  being 

grayish.    Hab.  Indian  Ocean. 

A.  tenuirostris  (Temm.).    Slender-billed  Noddy.* 


Family   RYNCHOPIDiE.--THE  Skimmers.    (Pago  20.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  given  for  the  Family) Rynchops.    (Page  48.) 

Genus  RYNCHOPS  Linnaeus.    (Page  48,  pi.  VI.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

a*.  Secondaries  very  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  tail  white,  only  the  middle  pair 
of  feathers  grayish  or  dusky;  under  wing-coverts  white.  Summer  adult: 
Forehead,  sides  of  head,  and  entire  lower  parts,  white  ;  upper  parts,  including 
hind-neck,  top  of  head,  and  ear-coverts,  black,  the  secondaries  and  inner  pri- 
mai'ies  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  tail  white,  the  middle  feathers  chiefly 
grayish  brown  ;  basal  half  of  bill,  with  legs  and  feet,  bright  vermilion-red 
in  life  (changing  to  dull  whitish  in  dried  skins) ;  terminal  portion  of  bill 

1  Anons  tnelanogenys  Gray,  Gen.  B.  iii.  1840,  fiCl,  pi.  182. 

«  Anout  leucocapillui  Goulp,  P.  Z.  S.  1845,  103  ;  Birds  Austr.  pt.  vli.  1848,  pi.  35. 

>  Sterna  tenuiroBtrii  Tkuh.,  PI.  Col.  202  (1838).    Anous  tenuirottriB  Saunoers,  P.  Z.  S.  1876,  670,  pi.  61, 
fig.  1. 


RYNCHOPS. 


49 


a' 


black.  Winter  adult :  Similar  as  to  plumage,  but  the  black  more  brownish, 
and  interrupted  by  a  white  collar  across  hind-neck.  Young:  Above  light 
buif,  each  feather  with  a  central  spot  of  black,  these  largest  on  scapulars ; 
lores  and  beneath  eye  uniform  pale  buff;  lower  parts  white.  Downy  young  : 
Above  pale  grayish  buff,  irregularly  and  sparsely  mottled  with  blackish ;  lower 
parts  plain  white.  (Lower  mandible  not  longer  than  upper  in  very  young 
birds.)  Length  17.00-20.00,  wing  14.75-15.75,  tail  5.50  (forked  for  about 
1.20),  culmen  2.20-2.80,  lower  mandible  2.90-4.10.  Nest  a  depression  in  sand, 
near  sea-shore.  Eggs  2-5,  1.74  X  1-32,  ovate,  or  short-ovate,  white,  buffy 
white,  or  pale  buff,  marked  with  largo  bold  spots  of  rich  dark  or  deep  brown, 
and  smaller,  fainter  spots  of  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Sea-coast  of  warmer  parts 
of  America ;  on  the  Atlantic  side,  north,  regularly,  to  New  Jersey,  casually 

to  Nova  Scotia 80.  R.  nigra  Linn.    Black  Skimmer. 

Secondaries  without  white  tips ;  tail  dusky,  the  feathers  with  paler  edges ;  under 
wing-coverts  brownish  gray ;  otherwise  similar  to  M.  nigra,  but  averaging 
larger,  with  longer  bill  and  wing  especially.  Hab.  Coasts  of  South  America 
(Peru ;  Demerara,  etc.). 

R.  melanura  Bois.    Black-tailed  Skimmer.' 


lii/nchopa  melannrua  "  BoiB,"  Swains.  Anim.  in  Mcnag.  1838,  340. 


so 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ii' 


Order  TUBINARES. — The  Tube-nosed  Swim- 
mers.   (Page  1.) 

Families. 

a'.  Wings  very  long ;  nostrils  opening  in  anterior  end  of  horizontal  nasal  tubes, 
i'.  Nasal  tubes  widely  separated  by  the  intervening  culmen  ;  size  very  largo 
(equal  to  a  large  goose  or  larger) ;  wing  very  narrow,  with  very  nu- 
merous (39-50)  remiges Diomedeidse.    (Pago  50.) 

h*.  Nasal  tubes  united,  and  resting  upon  the  basal  portion  of  the  culmen ;  size 
and  other  characters  extremely  variable,  but  usually  medium-sized  or 
small,  and  remiges  never  more  than  39  (usually  30,  or  less). 

Procellariidse.    (Pago  53.) 
a*.  Wings  very  short,  and  general  appearance  decidedly  Auk-liko ;  nostrils  opening 
upwards,  as  parallel  longitudinal  slits,  at  very  base  of  culmen. 

Halodromidae.    (Extralimital.) 


Family  DIOMEDEID.ffi.--THE  Albatrosses.     (Page  50.) 

Nest  a  mound-like  heap  of  grasses,  etc.,  with  depressed  top,  built  upon  the 
ground  in  open  situations,  on  oceanic  islands.  Egg  single,  ovate,  or  elliptical  ovate, 
white,  sometimes  speckled  or  spi*inkled  on  larger  end  with  reddish  brown. 

Genera. 

(/'.  Sides  of  lower  mandible  without  longitudinal  groove ;  wing  three  or  more  times 
as  long  as  the  short,  rounded  tail. 
h^.  Upper  division  of  the  bill  much  broadest  at  base,  where  joined  closely  to  the 

lateral  division Diomedea.  (Page  50.) 

h*.  Upper  division  of  the  bill  narrow,  and  of  equal  width  from  the  middle  of 
the  culmen  to  the  base,  where  widely  separated  from  the  lateral  division 
by  the  interposition  of  a  strip  of  naked  skin  extending  from  the  nasal 

tubes  to  the  forehead Thalassogeron.    (Page  52.) 

a'.  Sides  of  lower  mandible  with  a  distinct  longitudinal  groove,  extending  the  entire 
length  of  the  lateral  division ;  wing  only  about  twice  as  long  as  the  gradu- 
ated or  wedge-f.haped  tail Phcebetria.    (Vwgi  "iS) 


a 


Genus  DIOMEDEA  LiNNiEus.    (Page  50,  pi.  XIII. 


2.) 


Species. 

'  Culmen  very  concave;  feathers  at  base  of  upper  mandible  extending  i  an  angle 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  base  of  the  nasal  tube,  those  at  the  base  of  the  lower 
mandible  forming  a  still  more  decided  angle.    (Subgenus  Diomedea!) 


DIOMEDEA. 


51 


Wing  26.60-29.00  inches ;  total  length,  44.00-55.00,  extent,  125.00-130.00. 
Adult :  "White,  the  remiges  blackish.  Young  :  Dusky,  with  fore  part  of 
the  head  whitish  (older  individuals  with  more  white,  according  to  age). 
Egg  4.95  X  3.15,  white,  minutely  sprinkled  over  large  end  with  brownish 
(adventitious  stain  in  pores  of  shell  ?).  Hub.  Southern  seas  in  general, 
north,  casually  or  very  irregularly,  to  Florida  (Tampa  Bay)  and  coast 
of  Washington  Territory. 

— .  D.  exulans  Linn.     Wandering  Albatross.* 
Culmen  slightly  concave,  the  bill  more  compressed  ;  feathers  at  base  of  maxilla 
extending  in  a  nearly  straight  obliquely  transverse  line  far  back  of  the  nasal 
tube,  those  at  the  base  of  the  lower  mandible  also  extending  nearly  straight 
across. 
b^.  Lateral  division  of  the  bill  naiTower  at  base  than  in  the  middle.    (Sub- 
genus Phoebastria  Eeich.') 
c\  Length  28.50-36.00,  wing  18.50-20.50,  culmen  4.00-4.25,  depth  of  bill  at 
base  1.45-1.60,  tarsus  3.50-3.70,  middle  toe  4.05-4.40.    Adult :  Uni- 
form dusky,  more  grayish  below,  the  tail-coverts,  base  of  tail,  and 
anterior  portion  of  the  head  white  ;  bill  dusky  purplish  brown ;  feet 
black.     Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  upper  tail-coverts  dusky,  and 
white  of  head  more  restricted  (sometimes  almost  obsolete).    Hab. 
North  Pacific;   on   the  American   side,  from   coast  of  California 
(very  abundant)  to  Alaska. 

81.  D.  nigripes  Aud.    Blaok-footed  Albatross. 
c*.  Length  33.00-37.00,  wing  k2  OG  23.00,  culmen  5.50-5.60,  depth  of  bill 

at  base  1.95-2.05,  tarsus  3.SO-4.00,  middle  toe  4.65-4.90.  Adult: 
White,  becoming  straw-yellow  on  head  and  neok ;  tail-feathers, 
remiges,  etc,  slaty  brown,  the  primaries  with  yellow  shafts.  Young : 
Uniform  sooty  or  dusky,  the  head  and  neck  nearly  black ;  shafts  of 
primaries  straw-yellow ;  bill  and  feet  pale  brownish.  Hab.  North 
Pacific ;  on  the  American  side  occurring  from  California  to  Alaska, 
but  chiefly  northward. 

82.  D.  albatrus  Pall.    Short-tailed  Albatross. 
b*.  Lateral  division  of  bill  broader  at  base  than  in  middle.    (Subgenus  Thalas- 

sarche  Eeich.') 
c^  Lower  parts  white  ;  upper  parts  plain  dusky. 

d^  Under  wing-coverts  chiefly,  or  in  large  part,  white.  Adult  (and 
young  f) :  Head,  neck,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  entire 
lower  parts  white,  the  sides  of  the  head  with  a  more  or  less 
distinct  grayish  stripe,  darkest  near  the  eye ;  back  and  scapu- 
lars brownish  slate,  more  ashy  anteriorly,  the  wings  plain 
dusky ;  color  of  bill  varying  from  pale  yellowish  in  adult  to 
dark   horn-color  in   young;    wing  19.50-20.50,  tail   8.00-8.50, 

1  Diomedea  exulani  Link.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758, 132. 

'  Phoebastria  Bbicii.,  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  v.  Type,  Diomedea  brachytira  Tehm.,  =  D.  albatru*  Pall. 

•  Thalaisarche  Reich.,  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  v.  Type,  Diomedea  melanophryi  Boie. 


62  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

cnlmfen  4.50-4.60,  tarsus  3.05-3.38,  middle  toe  3.90-4.32.  Hah. 
Southern  seas,  especially  South  Pacific,  casual  off  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia     — .  D.  melanophrys  BoiE.    Spectacled  Albatross.^ 

(P.  Under  wing-coverts  uniform  dark  slaty  or  grayish  brown.  Similar 
in  plumage  to  D.  melanophnjs,  except  under  wing-coverts,  which 
aro  uniform  dusky  instead  of  partly  white;  bill  olive-brownish, 
the  nails  dusky ;  wing  20.00,  tail  9.00,  culmen  5.00,  depth  of 
bill  at  base  1.75,  tarsus  3.00,  middle  too  (with  claw)  4.75.    Hab. 

(Unknown.) 

D.  gilliana  Coues.    Gill's  Albatross.* 

c*.  Lower  parts  partly  grayish  bro\vn  ;  upper  parts  varied  with  duskj^  and 

white. 

Adult  (f):    Head  and   neck  white,  washed  with  yellow;  belly 

grayish  brown,  freckled  with  white  ;   upper  back  and  rump 

transvei'sely  varied  with  dusky  and  white.    Hab.  Pacific  coast 

of  South  America  (Callao  Bay,  Peru). 

D.  irrorata  Salvim,     Speckled  Albatross.' 


Genus  THALASSOGERON  Eidgway.    (Pago  50,  pi.  XIV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult:  Upper  parts  chiefly  uniform  dark  brownish 
slate,  more  plumbeous  on  back,  especially  anteriorly ;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts 
white  ;  tail  grayish,  the  feathers  with  yellowish  white  shafts ;  lower  parts  white ; 
head  and  neck  sometimes  white  shaded  with  plumbeous  on  top  of  former  and 
hinder  part  of  latter,  sometimes  entirely  light  ash-gray,  always  with  a  darker  space 
immediately  in  front  of  and  behind  eye,  with  a  white  spot  on  lower  cj'elid. 

a'-  Culmen  4.50  or  less ;  wing  21.00,  or  less ;  bill  blackish,  with  yellowish  culmen. 

h^.  Culmen  continuing  bi-oad  and  flat  to  the  extreme  base,  which  is  broad  and 
slightly  rounded ;  tarsus  more  than  3.00 ;  lower  mandible  with  a  yellow- 
ish stripe  along  lower  edge,  from  base  nearly  to  the  nail ;  culmen  pale 
yePowish  or  greenish  ;  length  about  35.00-37.00,  wing  17.75-21.00.  tail 
8.00-9.00,  culmen  4.35-4.50,  depth  of  bill  at  base  1.70-1.75,  tarsus  3.25, 
middle  toe  (without  claw)  4.30-4.35.  Egg  4.18  X  2.C3.  Hab.  Southern 
oceans  (except  South  Atlantic?),  north,  casually,  to  coast  of  Oregon. 

83.  T.  culminatus  (Gould).    Tellow-nosed  Albatroaa. 

6'.  Culmen  much  compressed,  narrowing  to  an  acute  angle  at  extreme  base ; 
tarsus  less  than  3.00;  lower  mandible  without  yellow  along  lower  edge, 


^Dinmrdea  ntflnnnphn/o  "  DoiB,"  Temm.  PI.  Col.  No.  4S6  (1838).  GouLD,  B.  Auitr.  pi.  43.  B.  B.  &  R. 
Water  n.  N.  Am.  ».  1884,  857. 

»  Diomeden  gilUnna  CotiER,  Proo.  Ao.  Nut.  Sol.  Phil.  Mtty,  1806,  181.  Typo  in  luuB.  Philadoiplila  Aoadouiy 
Natural  Solonoos.     (Pcwsibly  youiiR  of  /).  melnnnf.hryi.) 

»  Diomedta  irrorata  Salvin,  P.  Z.  8.  1883,  430. 


PHCEBETRIA. 


68 


Hab. 
3f  Cali- 
tatroBS.^ 

Similar 
,  Avhich 
)wni8b, 
spth  of 
.    Hab. 

batross.' 
sky  and 

r;  belly 
d  rump 
ic  coast 

ibatross.* 


L-) 


rownish 
l-coverts 
9  white ; 
ner  and 
er  space 

culmen. 
oad  and 
yoUow- 
ncn  pale 
1.00.  tail 
8UB  3.25, 
Jouthern 
gon. 

Jbatrosa. 
ne  base ; 
iror  odf^e, 

B.  D.  A  R. 

la  Aoudouiy 


but  with  a  transverse  bar  of  yellow  (orange  in  life)  across  the  base ; 
culmen  orange-yellow  in  life ;  wing  about  19.00,  tail  7.00,  culmen  4.50, 
depth  of  bill  at  base  1.50,  tarsus  2.75,  middle  toe  (with  claw)  4.25.  Hab. 
Indian,  Antarctic,  and  South  Pacific  Oceans. 

T.  chlororhynchus  (Gmel.).  Qreen-billed  Albatross.' 
fl'.  Culmen  4.75  or  more ;  wing  22.00 ;  bill  light-cobred  (pale  grayish,  with  palo 
yellowish  culmen  and  nails  in  life),  with  black  lino  across  base  of  upper  man- 
dible and  yellow  bar  at  base  of  lower.  ("  Clouded  with  dark  gray"  in 
young.)  Culmen  4.75-4.90,  depth  of  bill  at  base  1.90-2.00,  tail  10.00,  tarsus 
3.25,  middle  too  (with  claw)  5.00.    Hab.  South  coast  of  Van  Diemon's  Land. 

T.  cautuB  (Gould).    Cautious  Albatross.* 

Genus  PHCEBETRIA  Reichenbacii.    (Pago  50,  pi.  XIV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  (?);  Neck,  back,  and  lower  parts  pale  smoky  gray;  sides  of  head,  chin, 
and  throat  deep  spoty,  nearly  black  around  eyes ;  eyelids  whitish  ;  wings  and  tail 
dark  sooty  slate,  tho  shafts  of  primaries  and  tail-feathers  yellowish  toward  base ; 
bill  doop  black,  tho  grooves  whitish;  feet  palo  reddish  or  yellowish.  Yoxing{?): 
Entire  head  deep  sooty  blackish,  fading  gradually  into  deep  smoky  gray  on  lower 
parts,  back,  rump,  and  upper  taii-covcrts  ;  wings  and  tail  sooty  slate,  tho  shafts  of 
tho  quills  and  tail-feathers  yellowish  white;  eyelids  conspicuously  white,  except 
anteriorly ;  bill  and  feet  as  in  supposed  adult.  Length  34.00-37.00,  extent  78.00- 
84.00,  wing  20.00-21.50,  tail  10.50-13.00,  the  outer  feathers  3.00-5.50  shorter. 
Egg  3.96  X  2.63,  white,  minutely  sprinkled  with  brown  on  larger  end.  Hab.  South 
Pacific,  north  (casually  ?)  to  coast  of  Oregon. 

84.  P.  fuliginosa  (Gmel.).    Sooty  Albatross. 

Family  PROCELLARIIDiE.— The  Petrels.     (Pago  50.) 

Nest  a  hole  among  rocks  (usually  on  face  of  cliffs).     Egg  single,  white  (unless 

adventitiously  stained). 

Genera. 

rf*.  Secondaries  13,  or  more.     (Snbfsuiiil.y  ProccUarh'no!.) 

fe'.  Size  very  largo  (wing  17.00  or  more) ;  tail-feathors  16 ;   bill  longer  than 

tarsus Ossifraga.    (Pago  67.) 

ft*.  Size  medium  or  small  (wing  15.00  or  less) ;  tail-feathers  12-14 ;  bill  shorter 
than  tarsus. 
c'.  Wing  more  than  7.00. 

dK  Culmen  more  than  half  as  long  as  miiMlo  too,  with  claw. 

c'.  Inner  side  of  edge  of  upper  mandible  without  distinct  fringe- 
like  processes. 

>  Dinmnifn  chtnrorhl/nchn  QmRu.,  S.  N.  1.  17SS,  569. 

*  Diomedta  eaula  Qovld,  P.  Z.  S.  vill.  1840,  177;  D.  Austr.  pi.  40. 


■ 


54 


ii 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

p.  Bill  cylindrical  or  compressed  at  base,  where  not  broader 
than  deep. 
g^.  Partition  between  nostrils  very  thin  (very  much  nar- 
rower than  width  of  a  single  nostril),  entirely 
within  the  nasal  tubes. 
h^.  Gonys  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  concave,  the  tip 
not  distinctly  decurved  ;  nasal  tubes  decidedly 
longer  than  gonys...  Fulmarus.     (Page  57.) 
h*.  Gonys  very  strongly  concave,  the  tip  distinctly  de- 
curved  ;  nasal  tubes  not  decidedly  longer  (usu- 
ally shorter)  than  gonys  (except  in  Bulweria). 
i*.  Depth  of  bill  at  shallowest  part  more  than 
one-foui'th  the  length  of  the  lower  man- 
dible, measured  along  the  side. 
/.  Tail  more  or  less  graduated,  and  without 
white  tip. 
A:^  Tail  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing, 
and  graduated  for  less  than  one- 
third  its  length  ;  cutting-edge  of 
lower  mandible  decidedly  con- 
cave ;  nail  of  lower  mandible  oc- 
cupying at  least  one-third  the 
total  length   of  the   mandible, 
measured   along  its  side ;   plu- 
mage and  size  very  variable. 

^strelata.     (Page  63.) 
A'.  Tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing, 
and  graduated  for   more  than 
one-third    its    length  ;    cutting- 
edge  of  lower  mandible  straight, 
or  very  slightly  concave ;   nail 
of  lower  mandible  occupying  de- 
cidedly less  than  one-third  the 
total   length    of   the   mandible, 
measured  along  its  side ;   color 
uniform  dusky  ;  wing  about  8.00. 
Bulweria.     (Pago  69.) 
/.  Tail  slightly  rounded,  and  with  a  distinct 
white  tip. 

Cutting-edge  of  lower  mandible 
straight,  and  nail  of  lower  man- 
dible occupying  less  than  one- 
third  its  total  length,  as  in  Bul- 
weria;  plumage  bluish  above, 
and  on  sides  of  chest,  the  lower 


PROCELARIID^. 


55 


andiblo 

3r  man- 

vn  ono- 

in  Bui- 

above, 

lower 


parts,  forehead,  tips  of  longer 
scapulars  and  of  tail  white;  wing 

about  8.00 Halobcena} 

P.  Depth  of  bill  at  shallowest  part  decidedly- 
less  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the 
lower  mandible,  measured  along  its  side ; 
plumage  bluish  gray  above,  becoming 
white  on  forehead  and  blackish  on  wings; 
beneath    entirely    white;    wing    about 

9.00 Cookllaria} 

g\  Partition  between  nostrils  very  thick  (as  wide  as  or 
wider  than   nostril),   ending    anteriorly   "flush" 
with,  or  but  little  behind,  the  anterior  rim  of  the 
nasal  tubes. 
h}.  Space  between  nasal  tubes  and  base  of  unguis  not 
greater  than  length  of  the  latter;  nostrils  not 
visible  from  above ;  color  uniform  sooty  black 
(browner  below),  with  or  without  white  mark- 
ings on  head  ;  wing  13.50  or  more..  Majaqueus.* 
A'.  Space  between  nasal  tubes  and  base  of  unguis 
decidedly  greater  than  length  of  the  latter ; 
nostrils  partly  (usually  entirely)  visible  from 
above ;  color  and  size  very  variable,  but  wing 
never  more  than  15.00  (usually  much  less). 

Puffinus.    (Page  58.) 
/'.  Bill  flattened,  broader  than  deep  at  base. 

Branches  of  lower  mandible  bowed  widely  apart,  the 
space  between  mostly  unfcathered  ;  plumage  spotted 
white  and  dusky  above,  entirely  white  beneath. 

Daption.    (Page  69.) 
e'.  Inner  side  of  edge  of  upper  mandible  with  distinct  fringe-like 
proccKses ;  color  bluish  above,  the  tail  tipped  with  black- 
ish ;  beneath  white  ;  wing  about  7.00-7.50. 
/'.  Culmen  concave  ;  lateral  outlines  of  bill  straight. 

Pseudoprion.} 
p.  Culmen  straight ;  lateral  outlines  of  bill  decidedly  convex. 

Prion} 

(P.  Culmen   less  than  half  as  long  as  middle  too,  with  claw;  tail 

even ;  hind  claw  very  largo,  equal  in  length  to  the  nasal  tubes, 

measured  along  the  top ;  color  entirely  pure  white...  Pagodroma* 

•  Ilalohfenn  "  Is.  OEOFPit.  183fl,"  Uohav.  Coimp.  ii.  1857,  193.    Type,  ProccUnrin  cmrulea  Umel. 
'  Ihokilnnn  BoNAi'.,  Compt.  Roml.  xllii.  185rt,  904.     Type,  Proeellnria  cookii  OnAr. 

"  Maj'nqueuii  Rricr.,  Av.  Sy»t.  1852,  p.  Iv.     Type,  Proeellnria  Kquinoctinlit  LlNW. 

•  Pifudopn'fin  Coueh,  Pr.  Ao.  Nat.  Scl,  Phil.  18M,  IM.     Type,  Prion  Uirtur  Qould. 

>  Prion  LAcferinr,  M(n\.  de  I'lnnt.  IHOO-lHfll,  514.     Typo,  Prnctllnrin  riUata  QUKL. 

•  Payodroma  BoSAr.,  Consp.  II.  185fl,  192.     Typo,  Proeellnria  nivea  Ombl. 


mmmt 


66  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

c*.  "Wing  less  than  7.00. 

d}.  Tarsus  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw ;  tail  much 
rounded,  or  slightly  graduate  d ;  plumage  wholly  dusky. 

Halocyptena.    (Page  69.) 

cP.  Tarsus  not  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw;  tail  emarginate, 

even,  or  at  most  only  very  slightly  rounded. 

e*.  Tail  even,  or  very  slightly  rounded ;  tarsus  twice  as  long  as 

the  culmen ;  color  uniform  dusky,  with  white  upper  tail- 

^  coverts Procellaria.   (Page  69.) 

e*.  Tail  emarginate  or  slightly  forked;  tarsus  less  than  twice  as 
long  as  the  culmen ;  color  variable. 

Oceanodroma.    (Page  70.) 
a*.  Secondaries  10.    (Subfamily  Oceanitince.) 

6'.  Tarsus  exceeding  middle  too,  with  claw,  by  less  than  the  length  of  the  bill 

(measured  from  forehead) ;  basal  division  of  middle  toe  shorter  than 

rest  of  toe,  including  nail. 

c*.  Culmen  (from  frontal  feathers)  less  than  half  as  long  as  middle  toe,  with 

claw. 

d}.  Front  of  tarsus  distinctly  scutellate ;  distance  from  tip  of  U\i\  to 

end  of  longest  upper  coverts  shorter  than  middle  too  ;  first  quill 

shorter  than  third;  lower  parts  white,  forward  to  the  chest; 

no  white  on  upper  parts Garrodia} 

d*.  Front  of  tarsus  not  scutellate ;  distance  from  tip  of  bill  to  end  of 

longest  upper  coverts  much  greater  than  length  of  middle  toe 

with  claw ;  lower  parts  dusky^  or  striped  with  dusky ;  upper 

tail-coverts  white. 

e'.  Claws  narrow,  pointed ;  first  quill  much  shoi'tor  than  third ; 

belly  and  flanks  uniform  dusky...  Oceanites.     (Page  71.) 

e*.  Claws  broad,  flat,  blunt ;  first  quill  longer  than  third ;  belly 

and  flanks  white  striped  Avith  dusky Pcalea? 

c*.  0;ilmen  (from  frontal  feathers)  more  than  half  as  long  as  middle  toe, 
with  claw ;  tarsus  2J  times  as  long  as  culmen,  appreciably  scutel- 
late in  front ;  nails  broad,  flat,  and  blunt ;  first  quill  much  shorter 

than  third Pelagodroma.     (Page  72.) 

6*.  Tarsus  exceeding  middle  toe  by  more  than  the  length  of  the  culmen;  basal 
division  of  middle  toe  longer  than  rest  of  toe,  including  nail ;  culmen 
(from  frontal  feathers)  more  than  half  as  long  as  middle  toe,  with  claw; 
tarsus  2}  times  as  long  as  culmen,  the  anterior  scutella)  sometimes  ap- 
preciable, sometimes  obsolete ;  nails  excessively  broad  (nearly  us  broad 
as  long),  flat,  triangular ;  first  quill  decidedly  shorter  than  third. 

Cymodroma.    (Page  71.) 


'  Odiroiliit  Fonnr.s,  P.  7.,  S.  1881,  7M,    Type,  Pmccllnria  nrreit  OouLD. 

»  Peateit  Ridow.,  Auk,  ill.,  July,  1888,  .334.    Typo,  Thalauidroma  lineata  Pealb. 


FULMARVS. 


67 


Genus  OSSIFRAGA  Hombron  &  Jacquinot. 

Species. 


(Page  53,  pi.  XV,  fig.  1.) 


Light  phase:  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  white;  upper  parts  dusky,  the 
feathers  (especially  scapulars)  sometimes  tipped  with  paler;  bill  light  yellowish. 
(Sometimes  entirely  white,  relieved  only  by  scattered  brown  feathers.)  JDark 
phase :  Uniform  dark  sooty  brown,  sometimes  with  whitish  feathers  round  base 
of  bill;  bill  olive-yellowish  or  grayish  white;  length,  about  30.00-36.00,  extent 
72.00-84.00,  wing  17.00-21.00,  culmen  3.50^.00.  Ifab.  Southern  seas,  north  on 
Pacific  coast  of  America  (casually)  to  coast  of  Oregon. 

85.  O.  gigantea  (Gmel.).    Oiant  Fulmar. 


Genus  FULMARUS  Leach.    (Pago  54,  pi.  XVI.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

I*.  B.U  short  and  stout,  its  greatest  depth  very  nearly  half  the  total  length  (meas- 
ured from  frontal  feathers) ;  nasal  tubes  separated  from  the  unguis  by  a  very 
narrow  space,  measuring  much  less  than  half  as  much  in  length  as  the  former; 
tail-feathers  14.     (Subgenus  Fulmarits.) 
b^.  Nasal  tubes  distinctly  dusky,  the  whole  bill  sometimes  olive-brownish. 

c\  Light  phase :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  white ;  upper  parts  bluish 
gray,  the  quills  darker.  Dark  phase :  Entirely  smoky  gray.  Length 
18.00-20.00,  wing  12.50-13.75  (13.04),  culmen  1.45-1.58  (1.50),  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .65-.80  (.75).    Egg  2.85  X  2.01.    Hah.  North  Atlantic. 

86.  F.  glacialis  (Linn.).    Fulmar. 

c*.  Similar  in  color  to  F.  glacialis,  but  much   smaller;   wing  11.80-12.00 

(11.90),  culmen  1.30-1.38  (1.33),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .00-.70  (.03). 

ITab.  North  Atlantic,  south  on  American    side  to  coast  of  New 

England 86a.  F.  glacialis  minor  (Kjaerb.).    Leaser  Fulmar. 

fc'.  Nasal  tubes  light-colored  ;  bill  never  dark-colored. 

c'.  Light  phase:  In  plumage  not  with  cei'tainty  distinguishable  from  the 
corresponding  phase  of  F.  glacialis.  Dark  phase :  Much  darker  than 
the  corresponding  phase  of  F.  glacialis,  the  color  being  a  uniform 
deep  sooty  plumbeous  in  living  and  freshly-killed  birds,  changing 
to  deep  sooty  brownish  in  very  old  skins.  Length  17.00-19.00,  wing 
11.90-12.35  (12.06),  culmen  1.35-1.05  (1.48),  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.65-.70  (.68).  Egg  2.82  X  L96.  Hab.  North  Pacific,  south  along 
American  coast  to  western  Mexico. 

B6b.  F.  glacialis  glupischa  Stejn.    Faciflo  Fulmar. 

c*.  Light  phase :  Similar  to  corresponding  phase  of  the  preceding,  but  the 

bluish  gray  of  the  upper  parts  broken  by  a  more  or  less  extensive 

admixture   of  white.    No  dark  phase  known.    Win;;   12.10-12.90 

(12.46),  c  ilmen  1.40-1.60  (1.49),  depth  of  bill  at  baBo".65-.76  (.72). 

8 


w 


58 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


irr< 


Egg  2.83  X  1-91-    Sdb.  Bering's  Sea  and  portions  of  the  North  Pa- 
cific   86c.  F.  glacialis  rodgersii  (Cass.).    Kodgers's  Fulmar. 

rt*.  Bill  long  and  slender,  its  greatest  depth  much  less  than  half  the  total  length 
(measured  from  frontal  feathers) ;  nasal  tubes  separated  from  the  unguis  by 
a  space  measuring  much  more  than  half  as  much  in  length  as  the  former. 
6*.  Bill  cylindrical  at  base,  or  measuring  as  much  in  width  as  in  depth  ;  space 
between  nasal  tube  and  base  of  unguis  about  equal  to  the  length  of  the 
former;   upper  parts  plain;  head  white;  tail-feathers  14.     (Subgenus 
Priocella  IIombr.  &  Jacq.); 
Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  white ;  upper  parts  pale  pearl-gray,  the 
quills  darker,  with  inner  webs  chiefly  white;   length  18.00-18.50, 
wing  13.00,  culmen  1.75-2.10,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .65.    Hab.  South- 
ern seas,  north  along  Pacific  coast  of  America  to  coast  of  Washing- 
ton Territory...  87.  F.  glacialoides  (Smith).  Slender-billed  Fnlmar. 
b*.  Bill  compressed,  or  higher  than  broad,  at  base ;  space  between  nasal  tube 
and  base  of  unguis  less  than  the  length  of  the  former ;  upper  parts  parti- 
colored ;  head  dusky ;  tail-feathers  12.    (Subgenus  Thalassoica  Eeich.*) 
Head  and  neck  sooty  grayish,  darker  on  top ;  back,  scapulars,  rump, 
tip  of  tail,  primary-coverts,  lesser  wing-coverts,  and  greater  part  of 
primaries,  sooty  slate ;  lower  parts,  secondaries,  greater  wing-coverts, 
inner  webs  of  primaries,  tail  (except  terminal  band),  and  upper  tail- 
coverts,  white;  wing  12.50,  culmen  1.40.    Hah.  Antarctic  seas. 

F.  antarcticus  (Gmkl.).    Antarctic  Fulmar.* 


Genus  PUFFINUS  Brisson.    (Page  65,  pi.  XVI.,  figs.  3, 4.) 

Species. 
'.  Nostrils  only  partially  visible  from  above,  the  nasal  tubes  elevated  and  inflated 
anteriorly,  where  broader  than  at  base;   under  wing-coverts  dusky,  and 
lower  parts  white.    (Subgenus  Priofinus  Hombr.  &  Jacq.) 
6'.  Above  ash-gray,  more  or  less  tinged  with  brown,  darker  on  top  of  head, 
quills,  and  tail-feather ;  lower  parts  white,  except  under  wing-coverts 
and  under  tail-coverte,  which  ai*e  deep  smoky  grayish ;  bill  light  yel- 
lowish, with  deep  black  culmen  and  nasal  tubes,  the  side  of  lower  man- 
dible also  mostly  black;  wing  12.25-13.60,  culmen  1.76-1.86,  depth  of 
bill  in  front  of  nostril  .50-55,  tarsus  2.25-2.30,  middle  toe,  with  claw, 
2.90.    Hah.  South  Pacific,  north,  casually,  to  coast  of  California. 

97.  P.  cinereus  (Gmel.).    Black-tailed  Shearwater. 

6'.  Above  brown,  the  upper  tail-coverts  tipped  with  white;  wings  and  tail 

blackish ;   lower  parts  white,  including  under  wing-coverts  and  tail- 

covcrts ;  bill  yellowish,  passing  into  dusky  at  tip ;  wing  15.00,  tarsus 

2.35,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  3.15.    Hah.  Antarctic  seas. 

P.  geliduB  (Omel.).    Ice  Petrel.* 

•  Thataitnicn  Reich.,  Syst.  Av.  1852,  p.  iv.    Type,  Proceltaria  antarcltca  Qmbl. 

«  ProceUnria  antnrcHcn  Dmel.,  8.  N.  i.  pt.  U.  1788,  666.   Tkallatoiea  antaretica  RfilCB.,  Syst.  Av.  1862,  p.  iv. 

*  Proeellnria  gelida  Omkl.,  S.  N.  i.  1788,  664. 


PVFFINVS. 


69 


irater. 

tail 
tail- 
arsuB 


» p.  iv. 


a}.  Nostrils  completely  visible  from  above,  the  nasal  tubes  depressed  and  bevelled 
anteriorly,  where  narrower  than  at  base  j  under  wing-coverts  white,  or  else 
lower  parts  also  dusky. 
6*.  Tail  much  less  than  half  the  wing,  slightly  rounded,  or  moderately  gradu- 
ated (the  graduation  not  more  than  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  tarsus). 
(Subgenus  Puffinus.) 
c*.  Lower  parts  white. 

d\  Wing  more  than  12.00. 

e*.  No  distinct  line  of  demarcation  between  white  of  throat,  etc., 
and  smoky  gray  of  top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck ;  bill 
yellowish ;  above  brownish  gray,  feathers  of  back,  etc., 
tipped  with  paler;  sides  of  head  and  neck  transversely 
undulated  with  ash-gray  and  white. 
/'.  Lower  tail-coverts  entirely  white. 

g\  Length  about  18.00,  wing  13.00-14.00,  eulmcn  1.80- 
2.00,  depth  of  bill  through  base  .65-.70,  tarsus  1.85- 
2.00,  middle  toe  2.10-2.25.  Downy  young :  Uni- 
form sooty  grayish  brown.  Hab.  Middle  eastern 
Atlantic ;  a  specimen  from  Greenland  said  to  bo 
in  Lej'den  Museum  (cf.  Schleq.  Mus.  P.-B.,  Pro- 
cellarice,  1863,  p.  24). 

P.  kuhlii  (Bote).    Cinereous  Shearwater.' 
g\  Length  about  20.00-22.00,  wing  13.75-14.50,  culmen 
2.10-2.25,  depth   <  bill  at  base  .75-.80,  tarsus  2.20- 
2.25,  middle  toe  ;i'.45.    Hab.  "Western  North  At- 
lantic (oflf  coast  of  Massachusetts). 

88.  P.  borealis  Cory.    Cory's  Shearwater. 
/*.  Lower  tail-coverts  uniform  dark  sooty  grayish. 

Length  19.00,  wing  12.50-13.25,  culmen  1.60-1.70, 
depth  of  bill  through  base  .65-.75,  tarsus  2.05-2.12, 
middle  toe  2.15-2.40.  Hab.  Eastern  Pacific  Ocean 
from  California  to  Chili. 

91.  P.  creatopus  Coues.    Fink-footed  Shearwater. 

€*.  White  of  throat,  etc.,  separated  very  abruptly  from  the  dusky 

color  of  top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck ;   bill  blackish. 

Above  smoky  grayish  brown,  feathers  of  back,  etc.,  with 

paler  tips ;   longer  upper  tail-coverts  mostly  white ; 

belly  more  or  less  clouded  with  smoky  gray,  the  flanks 

and  lower  tail-coverts  mostly  grayish  brown ;  length 

19.00-20.00,  wing  11.50-13.00,  culmen  1.80-1.85.    Hab. 

Atlantic  Ocean  generally. 

89.  P.  major  Faber.    Greater  Shearwater. 
<P.  Wing  loss  than  10.00. 

e'.  Above  sooty  slate,  without  white  tips  to  wing-oovorts,  etc. 

>  For  references,  8ee  A.  0.  U.  Cbeok  List,  p.  850. 


60 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

/*.  Tarsus  1.75,  or  more. 
g\  Tail  3.10,  or  less. 

Above  uniform  sooty  blackish,  the  head  and 
neck  not  perceptibly  paler ;  lower  tail-coverts 
mixed  white  and  dusky,  in  greatly  varying 
relative  amount;  length  13.00-15.00,  wing 
8.50-9.25,  tail  2.60-3.10,  culmcn  1.35-1.40, 
depth  of  bill  at  base  .40-.45,  tarsus  1.70-1.80, 
middle  toe  1.65-1.70.  Downy  young:  Sooty 
brownish  gray  above,  grayish  white  below. 
Egg  2.36  X  1-62.  Hab.  Northern  Atlantic 
(chiefly  the  eastern  side)  and  Mediterranean 

Sea 90.  P.  puffinus  (BrUnn.).    Manx 

Shearwater. 
g^.  Tail  3.25,  or  more. 

Above  uniform  sooty  slate,  appreciably  paler  on 
head  and  neck ;  lower  tail-coverts  wholly  sooty 
grayish;  length  12.25-15.00,  wing  9.00-9.10, 
tail  3.25-3.80,  culmen  1.30-1.40,  depth  of  bill 
at  base  .35,  tarsus  1.75,  middle  toe  1.70-1.75. 
Egg  1.79  X  1-27.      Hab.  Pacific  Ocean,  from 

Lower  California  to  New  Zealand 93,  P. 

gavia  (FoRST.).    Blaok-vented  Shearwater. 
p.  Tarsus  1.65,  or  less. 

g^.  Lower  tail-coverts  with  more  or  less  of  dusky. 

h}.  Above  uniform  sooty  black ;  white  of  under  side 
of  head  extending  upward  ncarl}'-  or  quite  to 
the  eye,  sometimes  involving  part  of  the  lores ; 
length  about  11.00,  wing  7.60-8.40,  tail  3.50, 
culmen  1.20-1.25,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .35, 
tarsus  1,50-1.65,  middle  toe  1.45-1.60.  Egg 
2.05  X  1-45.  Hab.  Warmer  parts  of  Atlantic 
Ocean,  north,  casually,  to  coast  of  New  Jer- 
sey   92.  P.  auduboni  Finsch.    Audubon's 

Shearwater. 
A'.  Similar  in  color  to  P.  auduboni,  but  smaller,  the 
bill  shorter  and  more  slender,  the  wing  longer; 
wing  7.00,  tail  3.26,  culmcn  .98,  tarsus  1.44, 
middle  toe  1.42.  Hab.  Pacific  Oce.an  ?  ("  King 
George's  Sound"  *). 

P.  tenebroBus  Pelz.    Pelzeln's  Shearwater.' 


•  L\TBAM  ("Synopsis,"  iii.  pt.  ii.  p.  417)  says  "King  George's  Sound,  on  the  American  coast";  but  voM 
Pelzeln  (Ibis,  1873,  p.  47)  tliinlcs  tliat  this  is  a  mistalte,  King  George's  Sound  on  the  west  coast  of  Australia 
being  meant  instead. 

*  PuffiiiiiB  tenebrottit  Pelz.,  Ibis,  1873,  47. 


PUFFINUS 


ei 


(/'.  Lower  tail-coverts  entirely  white. 

A'.  Dusky  of  head  extending  far  below  the  eye,  the 
white  being  almost  confined  to  throat  and 
fore-neck ;  wing  8.30,  culmen  1.25,  tarsus  1.55, 
middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.85.  Hab.  Indian 
Ocean,  and  southeastward  to  New  Zealand. 

P.  obscurus  (Gmel.).     Dusky  Shearwater.* 

/i*.  Dusky  of  head  not  descending  below  the  eye,  the 

eai'-coverts  and  greater  part  of  lores  being 

Avhite ;  wing  6.50,  culmen  about  1.00,  tarsus 

1.25.    Hab.  Australian  seas. 

P.  assimilis  Gould.   Allied  Shearwater, 
c*.  Above  plumbeous,  the  larger  wing-coverts,  scapulars,  etc.,  nar- 
rowly tipped  with  whitish. 
Lower  parts  entirely  white ;  wing  7.30,  tail  2.70,  culmen 
1.07,  tarsus   1.70,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.95.    Hab. 
South  Atlantic. 

P.  elegans  Giql.  &  Salvad.    Elegant  Shearwater.* 
Lower  parts  uniform  dusky,  or  sooty  gray  (the  chin  and  throat  some- 
times whitish). 
d}.  Bill  black  or  dusky. 

e^.  Culmen  much  longer  than  the  combined  length  of  the  first 
two  divisions  of  the  outer  toe. 
/^  Wing  more  than  11.00 ;  bill  horn-gray  or  dusky  brownish  ; 
under  wing-coverts  mottled  with  white  and  smoky 
gray,  and  with  dusky  shaft-streaks. 
g^.  Under  wing-coverts  gray,  transversely  mottled  with 
white  at  tips;   length  about   16.00,  wing   11.15- 
12.00,  culmen  1.60-1.75,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .50- 
.55,  tarsus  2.05-2.15,  middle  toe  2.05-2.20.     Egg 
2.58  X  1-78.    Hab.  North  Atlantic,  from  the  New- 
foundland Banks  to  South  Carolina  on  the  Ameri- 
can side. 

94.  P.  Strickland!  Eidgw.    Sooty  Shearwater. 

gf".  Under  wing-covcrts  white,  ti'ansvorsoly  mottled  with 

gray  at  tips;  wing  11.15-12.00,  culmen  1.55-1.70, 

depth  of  bill  at  base   .45-.55,   tarsus  2.12-2.36, 

middle  toe  2.05-2.25.     Hab.  South  Pacific,  north, 

on  American  side,  to  California 95.  P.  griseus 

(Gmel.).    Dark-bodied  Shearwater. 


'  Procellaria  obicura  Gmbl.,  S.  N.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  550.  Puffimu  obtcurui  Reich.,  Novit.  Syuop.  Av.  Natat. 
Dec.  1850  (second  page). 

'  Pi«^.iM«  aiiimiliii  Gohld,  P.  Z.  S.  18.37,  186;  B.  Austr.  vii.  pi.  69. 

'  Ptiffinut  elcgaiiB  OiQLiOLi  &  Salvadori,  Ibis,  1869,  67,  68.  Saltin,  Rowley's  Orn.  Miso.  pt.  ir.  1876,  266, 
pi.  34. 


sa 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


p.  Wing  less  than  10.00;  bill  deep  black;  under  wing-covcrts 

uniform  deep  sooty  black. 

Uniform  sooty  black,  the  lower  parts  much  darker 

and  browner  than  in  stricklandi  and  griseus ;  wing 

9.80,  tail  3.50,  culmen  1.25,  tarsus  1.70,  middle  too, 

with  claw,  1.98.    Ilab.  Pacific  Ocean  (Christmas 

Island). 

P.  nativitatis  Streets.    Christmas  Island  Shearwater.' 

e*.  Culmen  loss  than  the  combined  length  of  the  first  two  divisions 

of  the  outer  toe. 

Above  dark  sooty  slate,  beneath  deep  sooty  gray,  paler 

on  throat,  where  sometimes  inclining  to  whitish  ;  wing 

10.00-11.10,  tail  3.20-3.60,  culmen  1.20-1.28,  depth  of 

bill  at  base  .35-.50,  tarsus  1.90-2.00,  middle  toe,  with 

claw,  2.18-2.42.    Hab.  Pacific  Ocean,  from  Alaska  and 

Kamtschatka  to  Australia 96.  P.  tenuirostris 

(Temm.).     Slender-billed  Shearwater. 
<P,  Bill  light-colored  (pinkish  or  fleshy  white  in  life),  the  nails  black- 
ish.   Hab.  Off  western  coast  of  Australia. 

P.  carneipes  Oould.     Flesh-footed  Shearwater.* 
f.  Tail  nearly  or  quite  half  as  long  as  the  wing,  graduated  for  about  as  much 
as  the  length  of  the  tarsus.    (Subgenus  Theillus  Gloger.') 
c^  Lower  parts  uniform  sooty  grayish. 

d}.  Bill  dusky  or  brownish,  with  flesh-colored  or  reddish  tinge  in  life ; 
wing  10.50-11.25,  tail  5.00-6.00  (graduated  for  about  2.00),  cul- 
men 1.60,  tarsus  1.90,  middle  too,  with  claw,  2.35.  Hab.  Aus- 
tralian seas P.  sphenurus  Gould.     Wedge-tailed  Shearwater.* 

d*.  Bill  "  greenish  orange,"  with  black  tip  and  culmen ;  rather  larger 
than  P.  sphenurus.  Hab.  Indian  Ocean,  from  western  Australia 
to  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

P.  chlororhynchus  Less.     Green-billed  Shearwater.' 
c*.  Lower  parts  white. 

Top  and  sides  of  head  white,  spotted  and  streaked  with  blackish  ; 

wing  11.25-12.50,  tail  5.85  (graduated  for  about  1.80),  culmen 

1.85,  tarsus  1,85,  middle  too,  with  claw,  1.30.  Hab.  Japanese  seas. 

P.  leucomelas  (Temm.).     Streaked  Shearwater.* 


»  Puffimw  {Nectrxt)  nativitatis  Strrkts,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  7,  1877,  29. 

*  Puffinut  carneipei  Oould,  P.  Z.  8.  1844,  57. 

»  Theillut  Gloo.,  "  V.  Fror.  Notii.  1827,  xvi.  279."     Typo,  Piiffinu*  chlororhynchua  Lk88.  (?). 

*  Puffinua  sphenurut  Gould,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  let  ser.  xiii.  1844,  365 ;  B.  Austr.  vii.  pi.  68. 

*  Puffinui  chlororhynchut  Less.,  Trait*,  1831,  613. 

*  Proeellaria  leucomeiat  Tehm.,  Pi,  Col.  livr,  99,  pi,  587  (1838),     Pnffimta  leucomelat  Bonap.,  Consp.  ii. 
185G,  203. 


JESTRELATA. 


63 


Genus  ^STRELATA  Bonaparte.    (Page  54,  pi.  XVI.,  fig.  6.) 

Species. 

Inner  webs  of  primaries  wholly  dusky,  except  sometimes  toward  base, 
i'.  Plumage  largely  or  chiefly  white  beneath, 
c'.  Upper  tail-coverts  same  color  as  back. 
d}.  Wing  more  than  9.00. 

e^  Tail  ash-gray,  the  exterior  feathers  whitish,  mottled  with 
gray ;   back,  scapulars,  rump,  etc.,  plain  ash-gray  or  light 
plumbeous;  wings  much  darker;   lower  parts  white,  the 
sides  of  the  chest  and  neck  waved  or  barred  with  ash- 
gray. 
f\  Wing  11.50-12.00,  tail  5.00-5.90,  culmen  1.45-1.50,  tarsus 
1.65-1.70,  middle  toe,  with   claw,   2.40-2.45;  top  of 
head  almost  entirely  white.    Hab.   South  Pacific  and 

Indian  Oceans. 

JB,.  lessoni  (GARy.).     Lesson's  Petrel.^ 

/'.  Wing  9.50-10.50,  tail  4.50,  cuhncn  1.10,  tarsus  1.33,  middle 
toe,  with  claw,  1.75 ;  top  of  head  deep  ash-gray,  except 
anteriorly.    Hab.  South  Pacific  and  Antarctic  Oceans. 

JE,  mollis  (Gould).    Downy  Petrel.* 
e*.  Tail  uniform  dusky,  the  exterior  feathers  sometimes  mottled 
with  whitish. 
/*.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  uniform  smoky  gray  or 
dusky, 
gr*.  Culmen  1.25,  or  more. 

h}.  Width  of  upper  mandible  at  base  equal  to  the 
height  of  the  closed  bill  at  base. 
Head,  neck,  and  chest  uniform  sooty  grayish 
brown,  darker  above,  where  nearly  the 
same  shade  as  the  uniform  dai'k  sooty 
color  of  the  upper  parts  generally ;  entire 
sides,  flanks,  and  outer  webs  of  exterior 
lower  tail-coverts  sooty  grayish  brown, 
like  under  surface  of  wing;  rest  of  lower 
parts  white;  wing  11.10,  tail  4.70  (gradu- 
ated for  1.40),  culmen  1.28,  width  of  bill 
at  base  .65,  depth  .65,  tarsus  1.75,  middle 


1  Procellarin  leiioni  Oabnot,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  vii.  1826,  54,  flg.  4.  JEttrelata  lessoni  Cass.,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.  18fi2,  327. 

*  Procellaria  mollii  GoCLD,  Ann.  *  Mag.  N.  H.  xiii.  1844,  363;  B.  Austr.  vll.  pi.  60.  ^ttrelata  mollii 
CouKS,  Proe.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1866,  150. 


64  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

toe,  with  claw,  2.15.    Hnb.  South  Pacific 
(Tahiti). 

JB,.  rostrata  (Peale).    Thick-billed  Petrel.> 
A'.  "Width  of  upper  mandible  at  base  decidedly  less 
than  height  of  closed  bill  at  base, 
i*.  Under  tail-coverts  dusky. 

Head,  neck,  and  chest  smoky  grayish 
brown,  paler  on  chest  (where  feath- 
ers are  white  immediately  beneath 
the  surface),  still  paler  on  throat, 
where  almost  white ;  sides  and  top  of 
head,  hind-neck,  back,  and  scapulars 
deeper  smoky  brownish  gray,  the 
dorsal  feathers  with  paler  narrow 
tips ;  wings,  rump,  and  tail  dusky ; 
breast  and  belly  soiled  white ;  wing 
12.17-12.50,  tail  5.15-6.40  (graduated 
for  1.60),  culmen  1.42-1.60,  tarsus 
1.65,  middle  too,  with  claw,  1.95-2.42. 
Hab.  Southern  oceans,  including  vi- 
cinity of  Tiorra  del  Fuego. 
M.  incerta  (Sciileq.).  Schlegel's  Petrel.* 
t*.  Under  tail-coverts  white. 

Otherwise,  much  like  jE.  incerta,  but 
throat  and  a  superciliary  space  more 
distinctly  white;  wing  12.00-12.21, 
tail  5.00-5.50,  tarsus  1.49-1.60,  mid- 
dle toe,  with  claw,  2.20.  Hah.  South 
Pacific. 

M.  magenue  Giql.  &  Salvad.    Magenta 

Petrel.* 
g*.  Culmen,  1.14,  or  less. 

A*.  Tail  4.75,  or  more ;  culmen  1.12,  or  more. 

Above  uniform  dusky,  more  grayish  an- 
teriorly, especially  on  forehead;  chest, 
entire  sides,  and  under  surface  of  wing 
dusky  sooty  brown,  more  gray  across 
chest ;  thi'oat  whitish ;  breast,  bellj'-,  and 
greater  part  of  under  tail-coverts  white ; 
wing  11.20-11.41,  tail  4.75-5.50,  culmen 
1.12-1.14,   tarsus   1.30-1.35,   middle   toe, 

'  Procellaria  roitrata  Peale,  Zool.  U.  S.  Kxpl.  1848,  296,  tttl.  pi.  41.  jEslrelata  rostrata  Coves,  Pr.  Ac. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1866,  144. 

s  Procellaria  incerta  ScnLEG.,  Mas.  P.-B.,  Prncellarim,  1863,  9.  jEttrelata  incerta  CODES,  Pr.  Ao.  Nat. 
Sol.  T>hil.  1866,  147. 

'^  ^utrelata  magenta  GiGL.  &  Saltao.,  Ibis,  1869,  61.    Saltin,  Rowley's  Om.  Miso.  pt.  iv.  1876, 251,  pi.  30. 


4 


jESTRELATA. 


65 


with  claw,  1.83-1.90.     Hab.    South  At- 
lantic (island  of  Trinidad). 

JE,.  arminjoniana  Giul.  &  Salvad.    Ar- 

minjon's  Petrel.' 
h}.  Tail  4.60,  or  less;  culmen  1.10,  or  less. 

Similar  in  color  to  uE.  arminjoniana,  but 
much  darker  above,  the  color  indininij  to 
uniform  sooty  black  throughout,  the  fore- 
head and  chest  more  brownish ;  Aving 
10.50-11.10,  tail  4.40-4.G0,  culmen  1.08- 
1.10,  tarsus  1.28-1.35,  middle  toe,  with 
claw,  1.70-1.78.  Hah.  South  Tacific 
(Ilondon  and  Christmas  Islands). 
JE.  parvirostris  (Pealk).  Small-billed  Petrel.' 
/*.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  white. 

Upper  parts,  including  hind-neck  and  upper  tail- 
coverts,  uniform  brownish  slate,  darker  on  wings 
and  tail  and  nearly  black  on  head,  the  feathers  of 
hind-neck  and  the  upper  tail-coverts  (the  latter 
■^ery  abruptly)  white  beneath  the  surface;  fore- 
head, lores,  cheeks,  and  entire  lower  parts  white, 
the  sides  and  longer  lower  tail-coverts  sometimes 
irregular]}'  barred  with  dusky;  wing  11.80-12.00, 
tail  5.50-5.75  (graduated  for  about  2.40),  culmen 
1.22,  tarsus  1.40,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.78.  Hah. 
Middle  Pacific,  from  Sandwich  Islands  to  the 
Galapagos. 

JE.  phasopygia  Salv.    Dark-rumped  Petrel.* 
d*.  "Wing  less  than  9.00. 

Plumage  much  as  in  JE.  pho'opi/gia,  but  back,  scapulars,  and 
upper  tail-coverts  decidedly  plumbeous,  the  latter  not  white 
beneath  surface ;  wing  8.40-8.60,  tail  3.80-4.00  (graduated 
for  about  1.40),  culmen  .95-.98,  tarsus  .95-1.00,  middle  toe, 
with  claw,  1.30-1.32.     Hah.  Southern  oceans  generally. 

JE.  leucoptera  (Gould).     White-winged  Petrel.* 
c*.  Upper  tail-coverts  plain  white,  in  marked  contrast  with  color  of  back. 


1  ^itrelata  arminjoniana  GiQL.  &  Salvad.,  Ibis,  1860,  62.  Salviit,  Rowley's  Cm.  Miso.  pt.  iv.  1876,  252, 
pi.  !il. 

*  Protellaria  parvirottrit  Peale,  Zool.  U.  S.  Expl.  1848,  298,  Atl.  pi.  40.  jEstrelata  parviroetrit  CoUBS, 
Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1866,  146. 

*  (Etlrelata  phaopygia  Salvih,  Trans.  Zool.  Soo.  Lond.  i.x.  pt.  ix.  1875,  507,  pi.  88,  fig.  1.  (Galapagos.) 
?  (Eatrelata  landwichenais  RiDflW.,  Water  B.  N.  Am.  ii.  1884,  .'595,  in  text.     (Sandwich  Islands.) 

*  Prncellarin  leucoptera  QoiiLD,  P.  Z.  S.  1844,  57  ;  B.  Austr.  pi.  51.  (-■  J^atrelata  cookii  CoCFS  et  Al'CT. . 
but,  having  compared  specimens,  I  am  able  to  sny  that  Procellaria  leucnptera  Godld  and  P.  cookii  Gray  are 
not  only  specifically  distinct  but  belong  to  entirely  diflerent  genera,  the  latter  being  the  type  of  Conkilnria 
BoNAP.,  distinguished  from  uEttrelata,  among  other  characters,  by  its  lengthened,  slender,  Shearwater-like  bill, 
as  noted  on  page  65.) 


66  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Top  of  head,  and  upper  parts  generally,  except  upper  tail-coverts, 
uniform  dusky,  the  back  and  scapulars  paler,  with  perceptibly 
still  paler  terminal  margins  to  the  feathers ;  upper  tail-coverts, 
basal  half  (approximately)  of  tail,  hea  1  and  neck,  except  top 
of  the  former  (and  sometimes  the  hind-neck  also),  together  with 
lower  parts,  including  axillars  and  under  wing-coverts,  pure 
white;  the  sides  of  the  chest  sometimes  with  a  brownish  gray 
wash;  length  14.00-16.00,  wing  11.40-11.75,  tail  4.80-5.30 
(graduated  for  1.25-2.00),  culmen  1.22-1.38,  tarsus  1.40-1.45, 
middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.98-2.10.  Hab.  Middle  Atlanac,  strag- 
gling to  coasts  of  North  America  (Florida  and  Long  Island) 
and  Europe....  08.  ./£.  hasitata  (Kuul).  Black-capped  Petrel 
h*.  Plumage  of  lower  parts  chiefly  or  entirely  dusky. 

c'.  Upper  tail-covorts  pale    smoke-gray  or    grayish   white,   in    marked 
contrast. 

Entirely  (except  upper  tail-coverts)  uniform  sooty  brownish, 
rather  paler  and  grayer  below  ;  wing  10.80-11.00,  tail  4.95-5.00 
(gravluated  for  1.18-1.20),  tarsus  1.38-1.40,  middle  toe,  with 
claw,  1.95-2.00.  Hab.  Jamaica  and  adjacent  portions  of  Carib- 
bean Sea. 

A: .  jamaicensis  (Bancroft).    Jamaican  Petrel.* 
c*.  Upper  tail-''ov'M'ts  dusky,  like  rost  of  plumage. 
d^.  Winj^  .nore  than  9.50. 

I'}.  Plumage  sooty  black  above. 

Lower  parts  very  dark  sooty  slate,  tbe  feathers  white 
beneath  the  surface ;  wing  10.75-12.00,  tail  4.50-5.G0 
(gradiuited  for  about  1.20),  culmen  1.35.  tarsus  1.55- 
1.00,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  2.20-2.40.  Jfah.  Southern 
Atlantic,  and  Antarctic  Ocean  in  vicinity  of  Kevguolen 
Island. 

M,  atlantica  (Oori.rt).    Atlantic  Petrel.* 
e'.  Plumage  slaty  or  dark  sooty  grayish  or  plumbeous  above. 

/'.  Larger  (wing  more  than  11.00);  wing  11.20,  tail  4.55, 
culmen  1.10,  tarsus  1.25,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.80. 
Hab.  South  Atlantic  (vicinity  of  Trinidad  Island). 

JE.  trinitatis  (\w\..  &  Sai.vad.     Trinidad  Petrel.* 
p.  Smaller  (wing  less  tlian  11.00)  ;  wing  9.08-10.20.  tail  4.17- 
4.35,  culmen    1.05-1.08.  tarsus    1.35-1.46,  middle   too, 
with  claw,  1.69-1.78.     JTab.  Sotithern  oceans. 

/B.  brev!  JBtris  (Lkss.).     Short-billed  Petrel.* 


•  Prorrflnriii  fnmnirrntiii  BANriioKT,   Zool.  Jour.   v.  1828,   81.     (Ktlrclatn  jnmaiveutiii  A.  A  E.  NkwtoK, 
llandb.  .Tain.  1881,  117. 

'  ri-<>crir,ir!n  nihintii'ii  floi'l.n,  Ann.  Mng.  N.  II.  xiii.  1811,  .^62. 

•  .Kxtirlntii  irinitatid  Sai.vad.  A  (lioi,.,  Ibl«,  186tf,  O.'i.    SALvrjf,  Rowley'i  Orn.  MIso.  pt.  iv.  1878,  253 
pi.  M2. 

•  Proeellan'it  hrrvirottrit  Lmh.,  Trnlttf,  IS.'ll,  (511.    (Kutrclitta  btt  trotlrin  Salvin,  Rowley's  Orn.  MIm.  pt. 


kL'%u. 


JESTRELATA. 


67 


with 


Petrel.* 

I)V0. 

Iiil  4.55, 
]w,  1.80. 
jnd). 

Petrel.* 
lil  4.17- 
jllo   too, 

Petrel.* 

Nkwtoh, 

iMiio.  pt. 


d*.  Wing  lesa  than  9.50. 

Plumage  sooty  blackish ;  wing  9.15,  tail  3.82  (graduated  for 
about  .44),  culmen  1.10,  tarsus  1.46,  middle  too,  with  claw, 
1.55.  Hab.  Wost  coaaL  of  Africa;  vicinity  of  Bourbon 
Island. 

JE.  aterrima  (Sohleo.).     Black  Petrel.' 
a*.  Inner  weba  of  primaries  abruptly  white  for  at  least  the  inner  half. 
^'.  Wing  more  than  9.00. 

c'.  "Back  unitbrm  grayish,  brownish,  or  dusky. 
<Z*.  Top  of  head,  back,  etc.,  plain  dusky. 

e*.  Shafts  of  quills  whitish  ;  head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  plain 
dark  brownish  gray,  paler  (nearly  white)  on  throat  and 
fore-neck  ;  bnnist,  flanks,  and  under  tail-coverts  brownish 
graj' ;  reat  cf  iower  parts  sometimes  white,  some'imea 
entirely  dui>ky  ;  wing  11.19-11.(54,  tail  3.91-4.17,  c*ilmen 
1.20.  Hah.  South  Pacific,  from  Sunday  Island  to  Juan 
Fernamlez. 

JE.  neglecta  (Srni.En.).  Neglected  Petrel.' 
c*.  Shafts  of  quills  dark  browei  ;  head,  neck,  and  upjicr  parts  plain 
dark  slaty  (leathers  of  head  and  neck  whito  beneath  sur- 
face, those  of  back,  etc.,  white  at  base)  ;  upper  tail-coverts 
and  tail  brownish  ash-gray;  lores,  chin,  throat,  and  ini<ler 
tail-coverts  white,  the  first  mi.xcd  with  l)lackisli  ;  breast, 
Wily,  sides,  and  flanks  ])lain  brownish  jilumbeotis,  the 
feaihors  ]>iiro  white  immediately  beneath  surface;  thighs 
and  chest  whiie  irregularl}'  bariod  or  vermiculated  with 
deep  grayish  ;  wing  10.00,  tail  4.00  (graiiuated  for  .90) 
oiiimen  1.02,  dojith  of  bill  at  base  .50,  tarsus  1.20,  middlo 
toe,  with  claw,  1.55.     ILih.  Antarctic  Ocean. 

JE.  gularis  (1'kai.k).     Peale's  Petrel.* 
d}.  Top  of  head  white,  s]M»tted  with  grayish. 

Hack  and  scapulars  line  bluish  gray,  or  jilumbeoua  ;  lesser 
wiiig-covcrts  slaty  blackish  ;  greater  and  middle  coverts 
white-gray,  broadly  mai'gined  wjt.i  white;  tail  mostly 
white,  irregularly  l)arred  and  vermicidaled  with  gray; 
lores,  cheeks,  (diiii,  throat,  middle  of  chesl,  and  un<lcr  tail- 
coverts  immaculate  pure  white ;  a  blackish  spot  imme- 
diately   beneath    eye ;    sides   of   neck   and    chest    densely 


V.  lH7n,  2.1.')  (in  U'\\).     .Kuti-vliitn  r/nurd  roiKM,  Pr.  Ai'.  Nut.  Sd.  Plliln.  ISdit,  HS  (px  Pnirrllnrin  yritrn  Kmi,, 
nee  Lath.).    (tUlrrlnlo  ktildrriViWV.r,  Hull.  V   S.  Nut.  Miis.  No.  2,  187.'),  28  (Kormiolen  IkIiiikI). 

>  I'litrrllnri'n  alrrrimn  "  VpnnKAI'X,"  iScill.KO.  Mug.  P.-B.,  Pnicelliirir,  ISfl.'l,  0.  ^Kutrrtnln  iitrrrimn 
Corns.  Pr.  Ap.  Nut.  BpI.  Phil.  \M(\.  \M. 

'  I'ritrrllnriii  uriihrtii  Srill.Kil..  Mllf.  P.-H.,  PftirrUnriir,  180.1,  10,  .1-Utrrlixtit  nrijhrtii  Coi'Kd,  Proo.  Ac, 
Nnf.Soi.  Phil.  1800,  147. 

'  I'nirillaiiii  ipilnri^  Pk.m.k,  Zonl.  V.  S  Kxpl.  Kxi).  1818,  2Ul).  (Eitrtliila  yularit  U11KW8T.,  Uull.  Nutt. 
Orn.  Club,  iv.  1881, Ul  (purl). 


jBssmmmmmmm 


68  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

mottled  and  vermiculated  with  ash-gray  and  white,  but 
the  former  prevailing ;  lower  breast,  belly,  sides,  and 
flanks  smoky  plumbeous  superficially,  but  the  feiithcrs  all 
pure  white  immediately  beneath  the  surface;  wing  10.15, 
^ail  4  (graduated  for  .90),  culmen  1.00,  tarsus  1.25,  middle 
too,  with  claw,  1.70.  Mab.  North  Pacific,  in  vicinity  of 
Alaska  (Kadiak). 

100.  JE.  fisheri  Eioaw.    Fisher's  Petrel 
c*.  Back  plumbeous  or  plumbeous-blacU,  the  feathers  bordered  with  gray- 
ish, or  whitish,  producing  a  scaled  appearance. 
dK  Above  plumbeous-black,  the  feathers  of  back  and  scapulars  mar- 
gined with  gray;    hind-neck  white,  with  tips  of  the  feathers 
pale  gray;    forehead  and  lower  parts  white;  wing  11.50,  tail 
5.00,  tarsus  1.40,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.90.     Hab.    Eastern 
South  Pacific  (island  of  Masafuora"* 

JE.  externa  Salv.  Salvin's  Petrel.* 
d*.  Above,  including  whole  top  of  head,  dark  bluish  gray,  the  foiitlicrs 
of  back  and  scapulars  broadly  bordered  terminally  with  ashy 
white,  the  middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  similarly  marked ; 
chin,  throat,  chost,  centre  of  breast,  and  under  tail-coverts  plain 
white;  n-nt  of  lower  ])arts  vermiculated  and  irregularly  barred 
with  slate-gray  or  plumlieous,  this  becoming  uniform  and  some- 
what darker  on  belly;  tail  chiefly  plain  light  brownish  gray; 
wing  9.8H  tail  :i95,  culmen  1.03.  depth  of  bill  at  base  .40,  tarsus 
1.I57,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.70.  Jfah.  Unknown;  the  siii'^^lo 
B])ecimen  obtained  huving  been  taken  in  Livingston  Co.,  New 
York,  in  April,  1880. 

99.  /E.  scalaris  Brewst.    Scaled  Petrel." 
ft'.  Wing  not  more  than  9.00. 

Above  slati'-grav  or  ])lumbeous.  becoming  more  jmhy  anteriorly,  thin 
changing  to  white  on  lbrehea<l  and  over  eyes,  outer  surface  of 
wings  uniform  ;  lower  parts  entirely  white,  except  sides  of  breast, 
which  are  ash-gray,  like  hind-neck  ;  wing  8.70-9.00,  tail  3.80-4.00 
(graduated  for  about  1.00),  cuhnen  1.04-1.05.  tai'sus  1.07-1  12.  luidillo 
too,  with  claw,  1.40.      Ifuli.    Mastern  South  Pacific. 

JE.  defllippiana  (iioL.  &  Salvao.     De  Filippi's  Petrel.' 


'  (H'trrliiln  rxtrrnn  f  AI.V.,  Thii«,  .Iillv,  \K!t,  MT.'l. 

'  (       ".I'.  'lulnrlH"  iif  tlin   A.  O.  II.  Clieok  LlHt,  but   not  Prorclliiriti  giilariii  PlCAl.ti,)      A^ntrrinta  nrnlitrim 
IJiir.WHT.,  All!.,  iii.  .Inly,  IHdft,  ;i(H). 

0  .Knlrelnla  drJilippiitHn  OlOI..  A  Salvad,,  Ibix,  1800,  6.1. 


BVLWERIA. 


69 


\ita  ordliirit 


Genus  BULWERIA  Bonaparte.    (Page  64,  pi.  XIV.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Plumage  entii*ely  dusky  sooty  brownish  darker  on 
upper  parts. 

a'.  Greater  wing-coverts  rather  light  sooty  grayish  brown,  like  lower  parts;  above 
dark  sooty  brown,  paler  on  greater  wing-coverts,  nearly  black  on  lesser  wing- 
coverts  and  quills  ;  lower  partH  uuiform  sooty  grayish  brown.  Downy  yomuj  : 
Uniform  dark  sooty  brown.  Length  about  10.00,  wing  7.70-8.00,  tail  4.50- 
4.75,  graduated  lor  1.45-1.75,  culinen  .85-1.00,  tarsus  .yO-1.10,  middle  toe  .95. 
£!g(j  1.73  X  1-2.  Bab.  Eastern  Middle  Atlantic,  chiefly  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Canaries  and  Madeira  ;  accidental  at  Bermudas  and  near  coast  of  Green- 
land   101.  B.  bulweri  (Jard.  &  Selbv).    Bulwer's  Petrel. 

rt'.  Greater  wing-coverts  blacki.sh,  like  rest  of  wings.     ("Like  T.  buliccri,  but  with 

bill  rather   larger;    and  it  is  without   the  sooty  brown  on  the  wings." — 

Gray.) 

B.  tnacgillivrayi  (Gray).     Macgillivray's  Petrel.* 

Genus  DAPTION   Stepdens.    (Page  55,  pi.  XIL,  fig.  3.) 

tSpecies. 

Lower  parts  (except  chin  and  throat),  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  basal  two- 
thiidsof  tail,  together  with  greater  portion  of  scapulars  and  secondaries,  white;  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts,  marked  with  triangular  spots  of  dark  sooty  plumbeous  ; 
wing,  excojn  as  descrilted,  chiefly  sf>oty  plumbeous,  as  is  also  the  terminal  third  of 
the  tail;  bill  deep  black  ;  length  about  15.00,  wing  10.25-11.00,  culmen  about  1.25. 
J£ab.  Southern  seas  in  general,  north,  on  Pacific  coast  of  America  (accidentally 
only  ?)  to  California 102.  D.  capensis  (Linn.).    Pintado  Petrel. 

Gb!»tt.s  HALOCYPTENA  Coues.     (Page  56,  pi.  XIL,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 
ish.  lighter  and  more  brownish  on  lower  parts,  middle  and 
H.  and   fore  part  of  head  ;  bill  atid  feet  uniform  bhuk  ;  length 
4.80   tail  2.50.  the  outer  feathers  .40  shorter;  culmen  .45,  tarsus 
Hah.  Coust  of  Low«'r  California. 

103.  H.  microsoma  CouEs.    Least  Petrel. 

»^rROCELLARIA   Linnjehs.     (Page  5(5,  pi.  XVII.,  fig.  4.) 

Speries. 
*'l««RArTER8. — General    roWrr   nooty  blackish,    paler   or   more   sooty 
below,  tbe  upiMT  tail  ''overt*  white;  hill  and  feet  wholly  black. 


Thalw 


(BtUitMrim)  M>icy,m»*,mfi  U.  R.  URAr,  Cut.  Ulrdt  U\.  PkolHr,  1869,  5(1. 


70 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a*.  Longer  upper  tail-coverts  broadlj'  tipped  with  black ;  under  side  of  wing  with 
more  or  less  of  white;  tail  even,  or  slightly  rounded  ;  length  5.50-5.75,  wing 
4.50^.90,  tail  2.40-2.fi0,  eulmen  .40-.50,  tarsus  .90,  middle  toe  .60-.G5.  Eijg 
1.09  X  .83.  Hab.  North  Atlantic,  south  to  Newfoundland  Banks  and 
western  coast  of  Africa 104.  P.  pelagica  Linn.    Storm  Petrel. 

a'.  Longer  upper  tail-coverts  entirely  white  ;  no  while  on  under  side  of  wing ;  tail 
emarginate('. ;  wing  5.20,  tail  2.40,  the  middle  leathers  .20  shorter ;  tarsus  .85, 
middle  toe  (with  claw?)  .70.     Hab.  Vicinity  of  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

P.  tethys  BoxAF.    Galapagos  Storm  Petrel.' 

Genus  OCEANODROMA  Reichenbach.    (Page  56,  pi.  XVII.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

/Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  dusky  or  grayish,  with  or  without  wliito  on 
U])per  tail-coverts ;  lower  parts  uniform  bluish  gray  or  sooty,  or  white  interrupted 
by  a  grayish  band  across  chest. 

a}.  No  white  on  upper  tail-coverts. 

i'.  A  white  dollar  round  hind-neck. 

Lower  parts  wiiito,  with  a  grayish  collar  across  chest;  upper  parts 
grayi."<li,  the  quills  blackish,  the  forehead  and  sides  of  head  white; 

length  aliouL  8.25,  wing ?,  tail   3.75,  tarsus  1.00.      Hab.  North 

Pacific  ("  Noi'thwest  coast  of  America"). 

— .  O.  hornbyi  (Gray).    Hornby's  Petrel. 
6'.  No  white  collar  round  hind-neck. 

c'  Color  bluish  gray,  aliove  and  below. 

Uniform  bluish  gray,  fading  to  white  on  chin,  throat,  and  under 
tail-coverts;  orbital  region,  longer  scapulars,  innermost  wing- 
coverts,  anterior  and  outer  lesser  wing-coverts,  together  with 
quills,  dusky;  other  lesser  coverts,  middle  and  greater  coverts, 
and  tertials,  broadly  edged  with  ashy  white;  length  8.00-9.20, 
wing  5.90-0.40.  tail  3.75-4.00  (forked"  for  about  1.00).  Eipj  1.37 
X  103.      Ildb.   North    Pa<'i(ie,  south  on  the  .Xmeviean  side  to 

Oregon 105.  O.  furcata  (Gmel.).    Fork-tailed  Petrel. 

c*.  Color  sooty  brownish  or  dusky,  al)oA-;>  and  below. 
J}.  Wing  more  tliar>  fi.50  ;  tarstjs  1.00.  or  more. 

r'.  Sooty  blackish.  lighter  and  browner  beneath,  the  greater  wing- 
coverts  and  out(M'  webs  of  tertials  light  grayish  brown; 
wing  O.SO,  tail  3.90  (forked  tor  about  1.20),  tarsus  1.20. 
Hab.  Coast  of  Me.xici),  north  to  Lower  California. 

107.  O.  melania  (Honai'.).  Black  Petrel. 

r*.  Sooty  slate-color,  the  bead,  including  throat,  appreciably  jmler 

and  more  plumbeous;  greater  wing-coverts  light  grayish; 


>  f'roritllnrin  trthi/f  DnNAP,,  C'nin)).  Umid.  xxxviii.  1804,  602;  Cunxp.  ii.  1857, 1U7.    Salv. Trans.  Zoul.  Suo. 
LuuU.  Ix.  pt.  ix.  1875,  507,  pi.  88,  flg.  2. 


OCEANITES. 


71 


wing  6.90,  tail  3.80  (forked  for  about  1.20),  tarsus  1.00. 
Hab.  Coast  of  Pei*u. 

O.  markhami  (Salv.).    Markbam's  Petrel.' 
d}.  "Wing  less  than  6.00  ;  tarsus  less  than  1.00, 

Smoky  pluihbeous,  the  wing-coverts  lighter  and  more  brown, 
quills  and  tail  dusky,  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  ashy 
plumbeous;  wing  5.30-5.40,  tail  3.30-3.50  (forked  for  .70- 
.90),  tarsus  .80-90.     Hab.  Coast  of  California. 

108.  O.  homochroa  (Coues).    Ashy  Petrel, 
a*.  Upper  tail-coverts  white. 

i'.  Upper  tail-coverts  without  black  tips;  tail-feathers  grayish  at  base;  uni- 
form sooty,  darker  above ;  upper  tail-coverts  white,  usually  more  or  less 
mixed  with  grayish;  length  7.50-8.90,  wing  0.00-0.30,  tail  3.50-4.00 
(forked  for  .80-.90),  tarsus  90-.95  ;  feet  (including  webs)  entirely  black. 
E(jg  1.33  X  .97.     Mab.  Seas  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

lOG.  O.  leucorhoa  (Yieill.).    Leach's  Petrel. 

b*.  Longer  upper  tail-coverts  broadly  tipped  with  black;  tail-feathers  exten- 

.'iively  pure  white  at  base  ;  bill  and  feet  (including  webs)  entirely  black  ; 

wing  5.80-6.30,  tail  3.00-3.15  (forked  for  .20-.30),  tarsus  .85-.90.     Hub. 

Sandwich  Islands. 

O.  cryptoleucura  IliDuw.     Sandwich  Island  Petrel.' 

Genus  OCEANITES  IvEYSEnLiNo  &  Blasius.    (Pago  5G,  pi.  XVII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Sooty  blackish,  lighter  beneath,  the  tail  and  quills 
nearly  or  quite  black  ;  upper  tail-coverts  white. 

a*.  Belly  cnlirely  dusky;  webs  of  feet  mostly  yellowish  ;  tail  even  or  very  slightly 
cmarginated ;  length  about  7.00-7.25,  wing  5.70-0.20,  tail  3.00-3.25,  tarsus 
1.30-1.36.     Hab.  Cosmopolitan  (on  the  high  soas). 

109.  O.  oceanicus  (Ktiii.).    Wilson's  Petrel 
«'.  Belly  white  ;  webs  of  feet  apparently  wholly  clunky  ;  tail  distinctly  enuirgiiiated; 
wing  5.20,  tail  2.30  (forked  for  about  .30),  tarsus  1,15.     Huh.  Coast  of  Chili. 

O.  gracilis  (Klliut).     Graceful  Petrel.' 

Genus  CYMODROMA  Ripoway.     (Page  60,  pi.  XV^,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  CHAnArxERS. — IToad,  neck,  brt-ast,  and  upper  parts  dusky,  varying 
from  brownish  black  to  ])lunibeouH,  the  fcathei's  of  back  and  scapulars  sometimes 
(in  fresh  plumage)  margined  terminally  with  ashy  whitish. 


>  (',viiio.'*<..-...i  m.ir<'Ani».'8Al.v..   I'.  Z.  S.  tHSIl,  4,1(1. 

•  C!tm,i,l>„rin  rrii/ihilxinirn  Hiimw,.  IVoo.  U.  P.  Nut.  Mun.  iv.  1882,  Xt7  ;  Water  B.  N.  Am.  ii.  IHSi,  400. 

*  Thiilatiiiiruma  yrucilii   Klliut,  Ibia,  Out.  18&9,  3U1.     Uctnnilei  grafilii  Cot  M,  Pr,  Au.  Nut,  S«.i.  I'hil. 
\MA,  86. 


72 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a'.  Lower  tail-coverts  and  belly  white. 

6'.  Throat  and  collar  round  hind-neck  white  ;  length  8.75-9.00 ;  tail  emarginatcd 
for  about  .75;  tarsus  1.65-1.75,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.25,  or  more. 
Hab.  Intertropical  seas. 

C.  tropica  (Gould).    Tropical  Petrel." 

i'.  Throat  usually  with  only  concealed  white,  and  witbout  white  on  hind-neck  ; 

length  7.50-8.00,  wing  G.00-6.50,  tail  3.00-3.30,  even;  tarsus  1.40-1.60, 

middle   too,    with    claw,    1.05-1.10.      Hab.    Intertropical    seas,    north, 

casually,  to  coast  of  Florida. 

110.  C.  grallaria  (Vieill.).    White-bellied  Petrel. 
a}.  Lower  tail-coverts  and  belly  dusky. 

No  while  on  hind-neck,  but  throat  sometimes  white,  and  feathers  of 
forehead  white  beneath  surface;  dusky  of  belly  usually  connected  with 
that  on  chest ;  length  8.50-8.75  ;  tail  usually  cmarginuted  for  about  .75  ; 
wing  6.25-6.75,  tarsus  1.60-1.70,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.05-1.15.  Hub. 
South  Pacitic. 

C.  melanogaster  (Gould).    Black-bellied  Storm  Petrel.' 


Genus  PELAGODROMA  Eeichenbach.    (Pago  56,  pi.  XV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species, 

Forehead,  superciliary  stripe,  and  lower  parts,  pure  white ;  top  of  head,  broad 
stripe  behind  eye,  and  upper  parts  genenilly,  slate-color,  sometimes  inclining  to 
plumbeous;  upper  tail-coverts  light  ash-gray;  quills  and  tail-feathers  blackish; 
bill  black  ;  tai'si  deep  black  ;  feet  black,  the  webs  mostly  yellowish  ;  wing  5.90-0.40, 
tail  2.90-3.30  (forked  for  .25-.35),  tarsus  1.52-1.70,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.37-1.40. 
Hab.  Southern  seas,  accidental  otf  coast  of  Massachusetts. 

111.  P.  marina  (Lath.).    White-faced  Petrel. 


»  ThidnnHidvima  tropica  GoilLP,  P.  Z.  S.  1S.17,  .'ififi, 

'  Thalamidroma  mvlanogattra  Gould,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  II.  xiii.  18t4,  367 ;  B.  Austr.  vii.  1848,  pi,  62. 


STEQANOPODES. 


73 


Order  STEGANOPODES.— The  Totipal- 
MATE  Swimmers.     (Pagoi.) 

Families. 

rt'.  Nostrils  distinct ;  lateral  toes  nearly  equal,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  middle 
one;  whole  head  feathered. 

Bill  conical,  compressed,  pointed,  without  terminal  hook,  or  unguis ; 
culmen  curved  ;  edge  of  upper  mandible  very  concave ;  tail  short,  gradu- 
ated, the  middle  pair  of  feathers,  in  adults,  very  narrow  and  greatly 

elongated Phaethontidse.     (Page  73.) 

a*.  Nostrils  not  perceptible ;  lateral  toes  unequal,  and  one  or  the  other  of  them 
much  shorter  than  the  middle  one ;  head  partly  naked. 
6".  Bill   conical,   the  tip  of  the   upper  mandible  without  distinct  hook,  or 
unguis, 
c*.  Bill  very  thick  through  the  base,  the  tip  slightly  curved ;  tail  about 
half  as  long  as  the  wing,  graduated  or  cuneate,  the  feathers  narrow- 
ing toward  the  rather  pointed  tips Sulidee.     (Pago  74.) 

c*.  Bill  slender,  the  outlines  (culmen  especially)  nearly  straight;  head 
very  smal',  the  neck  extremely  long  and  slender ;  tail  nearly  as  long 
as  the  win^Tf,  rounded  (fan-shaped  when  spread),  the  feathers  very 
broad,  tho  middle  pair  transversely  corrugated  in  the  adult. 

Anhingidae.    (Pago  76.) 
6'.  Upper  mandible  terminated  by  a  distinct  hook,  or  unguis. 

c'.  Tarsus  moderately  lengthened,  much  longer  than  the  hind  too,  including 
its  claw. 
d\  Bill  shorter  than  middle  too,  compressed  ;  gular  sac  small,  scarcely 
distensible;  outer  too  much  longer  than  middle. 

Phalacrocoracidee.    (Page  77.) 
rf*.  Bill  much  longer  than  middle  toe,  much  flattened  ;  gular  pouch  very 
largo,  and  greatly  distensible ;  outer  toe  shorter  than  middle. 

Pelecanidac.     (Pago  81.) 
c*.  Tarsus  excessively  short,  hardly  equalling  the  hind  too  (including  its 
claw)  in  length. 

Wings  and  tail  oxccssively  lengthened,  the  latter  deeply  forked; 
middle  too  much  longer  than  the  outer,  its  claw  flattened  and 
fringed  on  inner  edge ;  webs  very  small,  occupying  less  than 
half  the  space  between  tho  toes Fregatidee.     (Pago  82.) 

Family  PHAETHONTIDiE.— The  Tropic  Birds.    (Pago  73.) 

Genera. 

(Characters  same  as  those  of  tho  Family) Phacthon.     (Pago  74.) 

10 


!« 


74 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  PHAETHON  Linn^us.    (Page  73,  pi.  XVIIL,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Plumage  very  compact,  satiny;  color  white  (sometimes 
tinged  with  pink  or  salmon-color),  varied  with  blackish  on  uj)per  parts ;  bill  red, 
orange,  or  yellow  in  adults ;  tarsi  and  base  of  toes  yellowish,  rest  of  feet  black.  Nest 
a  cavity  among  rocks  on  sea-shore  of  oceanic  islands.  Egg  ovate,  dilute  claret- 
brown  or  whitish  speckled,  sprinkled,  spotted,  or  blotched  with  deep  claret-brown. 

a}.  Elongated  middle  tail-feathers  with  their  webs  very  much  bi-oader  than  the 
moderately  rigid  shaft. 
i'.  Bill  yellow  or  orange.  Adult :  lengthened  tail-feathers  pinkish  or  salmon- 
colored,  with  black  shafts ;  no  black  bars  on  upper  part.s,  the  black  being 
in  form  of  patches  on  scapulars,  etc.  Young :  Upper  parts  irregularly 
barred  with  black  ;  tail-feathers  marked  with  a  black  spot  near  the  end, 
the  middle  pairs  not  elongated.  Length  (of  adult,  including  lengthened 
tail-feathers)  2.5.00-32.00.  wing  about  11.00,  elongated  tail-feathers  20.00, 
or  less,  culmen  2.25.  Egg  2.21  X  1-54.  Hab.  Intertropical  seas,  chiefly 
middle  westoim  Atlantic,  especially  in  vicinity  of  the  Bermudas  and 
throughout  West  Indies,  north  to  Florida ;  South  Pacific  (Samoan 
Islands)  ;  accidental  in  western  New  York. 

112.  P.  flavirostris  Brandt.  Tellow-billed  Tropic  Bird. 
b*.  Bill  coral-red.  Adult:  Lengthened  middle  tail-feathers  pure  white,  with 
white  shafts  (except  toward  base)  ;  upper  parts  irregularly  barreil  with 
blackish.  Young:  (Xot  seen.)  Length  (of  adidt  with  perfectly  devel- 
oped middle  tail-feathers)  30.00-35.00,  wing  11.75-12.50,  elongated  tail- 
feathers  22.00,  or  less,  culmen  about  2.50.  Egg  2.22  X  1-59.  Hab.  Coasts 
of  tropical  America  (both  sides),  north  to  Lower  California  and  "West 
Indies  ;  casual  at  the  Newfoundland  Banks. 

113.  P.  eethereus  Linn.    Red-billed  Tropic  Bird. 
a*.  Elongated  middle  taii-feathors  with  their  webs  much  narrower  than  the  very 
rigid  shaft. 

Bill  yellowish.  Adult:  Lengthened  middle  tail-foathers  dull  reddish,  with 
black  shafts ;  wing  13.00,  or  more,  culmen  about  2.50.  Hub.  South 
Pacific. 

P.  rubricaudus  Bodd.    Red-tailed  Tropic  Bird.> 


Family  SULID^.— The  Gannets.    (Pugo73.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  for  the  Family) Sula.     (Pago  75.) 

>  Phaeton  rubricauda  BoDD.,  Tabl.  P.  E.  1783,  57  {ex  Burr.  PI.  Eul.979). 


SULA. 


76 


Genus  SULA  Bbisson.    (Pago  7-4,  pi.  XIX.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Nest  a  rude  platform  of  sticks,  etc.,  on  rocks,  trees,  or  bushes  by  sea-shore. 
Eggs  1-2,  elliptical  or  olongatc-ovato,  chalk-white  superficially,  but  beneath  the 
calcareous  crust  pale  greenish  blue. 

Species. 

a}.  Whole  lower  jaw,  together  with  chin  and  entire  throat,  naked.     (Subgenus 
Sula.) 
h^.  Young  with  upper  parts  variegated. 

Young  (J) :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  white ;  upper  parts  dark 
grayish  brown,  the  feathers  with  white  tips ;  bill  purplish,  the 
upper  mandible  trrayirth  horn-color;  feet  dusky  (in  dried  skins); 
wing  14.G0,  tail  7.75,  culmen  3.G0,  depth  of  bill  at  base  1.20.  Hab. 
Coast  of  Peru. 

S.  variegata  (Tsciiudi).    Peruvian  Booby.* 
V*.  Young  with  upper  parts  unicolored. 

'■'.  Naked  skin  of  face  and  throat  blackish  (dark  bluish  in  life). 

Adult :  White,  the  remiges,  greater  wing-coverts,  primaiy  coverts, 
and  aluloj  dark  sooty  brown  ;  middle  tail-feathers  houry  whitish, 
dusky  at  tips  ;  rest  of  tail-feathers  dark  sooty  brown,  whitish 
basally ;  feet  reddish  (drying  pale  brownish  or  yellowish). 
Young :  Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  plain  dark  grayish  brown, 
part  of  the  back  and  rump  streaked  with  white;  lower  parts 
white,  the  flanks  streaked  with  grayish  ;  length  25.50-29.00, 
wing  lG.15-17.80,  tail  7.75-fl.lO,  culmen  3.95-4.15.  depth  of  bill 
at  base  1.40-l.fiO.  Eggs  2,  2.46  X  1-74.  JIab.  Intertropical 
seas,  especially  the  South  Pacific  and  in  West  Indies,  breeding 
north  to  the  Bahamas  ;  southern  Florida. 

114.  S.  cyanops  SiNP.    Blne-faoed  Booby. 

c*.  Naked  skin  of  face  and  throat  light  colored  (yellowish  or  reddish  in 

life). 

</'.  Feet  greenish  or  yellowish.    Adult :  Head,  neck,  breast,  and  upper 

parts  dark  sooty  bi-own,  the  head  and  neck  hoary  grayish,  in 

older  (?)  specimens,  sometimes  nearly  white  anteriorly;  lower 

parts,  from  breast  backward,  white.      Young:  Nearly  uniform 

sooty  brown,  paler  beneath.     Length  30.00-31.00,  wing  14.15- 

10.60   (15.72),   tail   6.50-9.70   (8.23),   culmen   3.J5-3.95   (3.74), 

depth  of  bill  at  base  .95-1.40  (1.24).     Egga  2,  2.24  X  1-58.     JIab. 

Tropical  and  subtropical  coasts  of  America,  north  to  Georgia 

and  northwestern  Mexico 115.  S.  sula  (Linn.).    Booby. 


>  Di/iponi*  variegatu*  TBcntJDi,  Wolgm.  Arohlv.  1843,  300.    Sula  variegata  ScL.  i  Salv.,  No«n.  Neotr. 
1873,  1S4. 


76 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


cP.  Feet  always  reddish.  Adult:  White,  the  head  and  neck  tinged 
with  buff,  the  shafts  of  the  tail-feathers  yellowish;  remiges 
hoary  slate.  Young:  Above  sooty  brown,  the  quills  and  tail- 
feathers  more  hoary  ;  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  light  smoky 
gray.  (Plumage  extremely  variable,  scarcely  two  specimens 
being  alike.)  Length  about  27.00-30.00,  wing  14.00-16.10 
(15.04),  tail  7.75-10.65  (8.93),  culmen  3.05-3.50  (3.26),  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .95-1.20  (1.07).  Eggs  2,  2.56x1-80.  J£ab. 
Intertropical  seas,  north  to  Florida  and  Lower  California. 

116.  S.  piscator  (Linn.).    Bed-footed  Booby. 
«'.  Lower  jaw  (i.e.,  malar  region),  together  with  sides  of  chin  and  throat,  densely 
feathered.     (Subgenus  Dysporus.) 

Legs  and  feet  blackish.  Adult:  White,  the  remiges  dusky  brown,  the 
head  and  neck  above  washed  with  buff.  Young:  Dusky,  everywhere 
streaked  or  speckled  with  white.  Downy  young  :  Entirely  covered  with 
fluffy  yellowish  white  down.  Length  30.00-40.50,  wing  about  19.50,  tail 
10.00,  culmen  4.00.  Eggs  1,  3.00  X  1-92.  Hab.  Coasts  of  the  North  At- 
lantic,  south,  in  winter,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  northern  Africa; 
breeding  from  Nova  Scotia  and  British  Islands  northward. 

117.  S.  bassana  (Linn.).    Gannet 


Family  ANHINGIDiE.— The  Anhingas.    (Pago  73.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  as  given  for  the  Family) Anhinga.     (Pago  76.) 


Genus  ANHINGA  Brisson.    (Page  76,  pi.  XIX.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male  in  summer :  Head,  neck,  and  body  glossy  greenish  black ;  other 
parts  deep  black,  the  scapulars  and  lesser  wing-coverts  beautifully  spotted  (longitu- 
dinally) with  light  silvery  gray ;  exposed  surface  of  middle  and  greater  wing- 
coverts  light  silvery  gray ;  tail  broadly  tipped  with  pale  brown,  passing  into 
whitish  termimilly  ;  sides  of  neck  and  hinder  part  of  head,  ornamented  with  length- 
ened, loose-webbed,  or  hair-like  feathers  of  a  dirty  whitish  or  pale  grayish  lilac 
color;  feathers  of  hind-neck  also  elongated  and  hair-like,  forming  a  sort  of  mane, 
but  black.  Adult  male  in  winter :  Similar,  but  lacking  all  the  elongated  feathers  of 
Lead  and  neck.  Ao'dt  female  in  summer :  Head,  neck,  and  breast  grayish  buff,  darker 
on  top  of  head,  lighter  on  breast,  where  bordered  below  by  a  band  of  chestnut  next 
to  the  black  of  the  belly ;  sides  of  upper  nock  with  a  few  whitish  loose-webbed 
feathers;  otherwise,  colored  like  the  male.  Adult  female  in  winter :  Similar  to  sum- 
mer plumage,  but  lacking  entirely  any  ornamental,  or  lengthened,  feathers  on  head 
or  neck.      Young  in  second  year  {?) :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  lower  parts  duller 


PHA  LA  CROCORA  X. 


77 


black,  tho  chestnut  chest-band  wanting,  and  upper  parts  much  duller  black,  or 
dusky  grayish  brown,  with  the  light  markings  indistinct.  Young  in  first  year: 
Similar  to  tho  preceding,  but  lower  parts  dull  grayish  buft,  darker  posteriorly ; 
transverse  corrugations  on  tail-feathers  obsolete.  Downy  young  :  Entirely  uniform 
buff.  Length  32  25-36.00,  wing  about  14.00,  tail  11.00,  culmen  3.25.  Kest  a  rudo 
structure  of  sticks,  etc.,  in  trees  or  bushes  overhanging  or  near  fresh-water  rivers, 
ponds,  or  lakes.  Eggs  2-4,  2.12  X  1-34,  ovate  or  elongate-ovate,  pale  bluish  green, 
with  a  more  or  less  continuous  white  calcareous  superficial  covering.  Hah.  Tho 
whole  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  north  to  South  Carolina,  southern 
Illinois  (vicinity  of  Cairo),  and  western  Mexico. 

118.  A.  anhinga  (Linn.).    Anhinga. 


Family  PHALACROCORACIDiE.— The  Cormorant.s.    (Pago  73.) 

Genera. 

(Characters  same  as  for  tho  Family) Phalacrocorax.     (Pago  77.) 

Genus  PHALACROCORAX  Bhisson.     (Pago  77,  pi.  XX.,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  XXIL, 

fig.  1.) 

Kest  a  rude  structure  of  sticks,  etc.,  placed  on  trees,  bushes,  or  rocks,  near 
water.  Eggs  2-5,  elongate-ovate,  palo  bluish  green,  with  a  more  or  less  continuous 
white  chalky  crust. 

Species. 

a'.  Bill  stout,  with  decidedh'  curved  upper  outline,  tho  middle  portion  of  the  cul- 
men being  appreciably  concave,  tho  terminal  nail,  or  unguis,  more  or  less 
arched,  strongly  hooked,  and  occupying  one-third,  or  more,  of  the  entire 
length  of  the  upper  mandible,  measured  to  tho  base  of  the  culmen.  (Sub- 
genus Phalacrocorax.) 
6'. 'Tail-feathers  14. 

Adult :  A  whitish  patch  adjoining  base  of  gular  pouch  ;  rest  of  head, 
neck,  and  lower  parts  blue-black  ;  back  and  wing-coverts  grayish 
brown,  each  feather  bordered  with  black.  Nuptial  'plumage :  Head 
ornamented  with  M-hite  filamentous  feathers,  occiput  with  a  short 
mane-like  crest,  and  flanks  with  a  large  white  patch.  Young  in  sec- 
ond year  (^f)  :  Head,  nock,  and  chest  dull  grayish  brown,  becoming 
dusky  on  top  of  head  and  hind-neck,  and  brownish  white  on  throat; 
rest  of  lower  parts  brownish  dusky,  mixed  with  white  along  tho 
median  lino.  Young  in  first  year  (f) :  Upper  part  of  throat,  chest, 
breast,  and  middle  of  belly,  white,  streaked,  except  on  throat,  with 
grayish  brown  ;  top  of  head,  and  greater  part  of  neck,  grayish 
brown.  Nestling :  Naked  skin  dull  livid  slate,  feet  purplish  dusky, 
with  yellowish  brown  legs,  tho  gular  sac  and  inside  of  mouth  flesh- 
color.    Length  34.00-40.00,  wing  12.90-14.00,  tail  7.25-7.75,  culmen 


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78  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

2.30-2.85.  Eggs  2.50  X  161.  Hab.  Europe,  together  with  portions 
of  Asia  and  Africa;  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  south,  in 
winter,  to  coast  of  New  Jersey. 

119.  P.  carbo  (Linn.).    Cormorant. 
h\  Tail-feathers  12. 

c'.  Wing  more  than  11.00.  Adult:  Greenish  black;  back  and  wings  slaty 
brown,  the  feathers  bordered  with  black.  Nuptial  plumage :  On 
each  side  of  the  crown,  behind  eye,  a  tuft  of  lengthened,  narrow, 
curved,  somewhat  loose- webbed  feathei's ;  gular  jiouch  bright 
orange  (in  life).  Young  in  first  year  (J):  Head  and  neck  grayish 
brown,  lighter  next  to  gular  sac,  dai'ker  on  top  and  behind ;  lower 
pai'ts  brownish,  darker  laterally'  and  posteriorly ;  gular  sac  yel- 
lowish. Young,  before  moulting  {?):  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but 
throat,  fore-neck,  chest,  and  bi'east  paler,  sometimes  quite  white, 
or  much  mixed  with  this  color. 
dK  Nuptial  crests  chiefly  or  entirely  black. 

e'.  Length  29.00-33.50,  wing  12.00-13.00  (12.50),  culmen  2.00-2.45 
(2.25).  Eggs  2.52  X  1-59.  Hab.  Northeastern  North 
America,  south,   in  winter,  to  Gulf  coast,  breeding  from 

northern  United  States  northward 120.  P.  dilophus 

(Sw.  &  High.).    Double-crested  Cormorant. 

e\  Length  21.25-30.00,  wing  11.20-12.50  (11.75),  culmen  2.00-2.40 

(2.17).     Eggs  2.36  X  1-48.     Hab.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 

States,  and  lower   Mississippi   Valley,  north  to  southern 

Illinois. 

Il8a.  P.  dilophus  floridanus  (Aud,).   Florida  Cormorant. 
d^.  Nuptial  crests  chiefly  or  entirely  white. 

e\  Length  about  36.00,  wing  12.50-14.00  (13.70),  culmen  2.25-2.55 
(2.40).     Hab.    Northwest  coast  of  North  America,  from 
Alaska  south  (in  winter)  to  California...  1186.  P.  dilophus 
cincinatus  (Brandt).    White-crested  Cormorant. 
e\  Length  about  25.00-31.00,  wing  11.75-13.00  (12.23^    culmen 
i.90-2.35  (2.15).      Eggs  2.40  X  1-47.     Hab.  Coast  of  Cali- 
fornia, south  to  western  Mexico  (Socorro  Island)..  118c.  P. 
dilophus  albociliatus  Eidqw.    Farallone  Cormorant, 
c*.  "Wing  less  than  10,50. 

Adult:  Brownish  black,  with  a  white  line  bordering  the  base  of 
the  gular  sac  ;  mantle  dull  brownish  slate,  the  feathers  bordered 
with  black.  Nuptial  plumage :  Head,  neck,  and  ventral  region 
ornamented  with  scattered,  small,  short,  white  filamentous 
feathers;  pouch  brownish  in  life.  Young:  Head,  neck,  and 
lower  parts  grayish  brown,  darker  on  top  of  head,  hind-neck, 
sides,  and  under  tail-coverts,  much  paler  (sometimes  whitish) 
on  upper  y)art  of  throat  (adjacent  to  gular  sac).  Young,  before 
moulting  (?) ;   Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  throat,  foro-neek, 


PHALACROCORAX. 


79 


chest,  and  breast  much  paler,  sometimes  nearly  white,  or  much 
mixed  with  this  color.  Length  23.00-28.75,  wing  9.95-10.40, 
culmen  1.70-2.00,  Eggs  2.21  X  1-42.  Hub.  Mexico,  Cuba, 
Gulf  States,  and  lower  Mississippi  Valley  north  to  southern 
Illinois  (vicinity  of  Cairo)  and  eastern  Kansas. 

121.  P.  mexicanus  (Brandt).    Mexican  Cormorant, 
rt'.  Bill  slender,  with  upper  outline  nearly  or  quite  straight,  the  nail  small,  not 

arched,  and  occupying  not  more  than  one-fourth  the  total  length  of  the 
upper  mandible,  measured  to  the  base  of  the  culmen  (except  in  P.  perspicil- 
latus,  in  which,  however,  other  characters  than  the  last  mentioned  are  as 
above). 
b\  Tail  verj'  short  (less  than  half  as  long  as  the  wing),  slightly  rounded,  com- 
posed of  14   feathers ;   bill   decidedly  higher  than   broad  at  base ;   no 
crests  or  tufts  on  head  or  white  patch  on  flanks  in  nuptial  plumage. 
(Subgenus  Compsohaliexis  Ridqw.) 

Adult :  Head  and  neck  glossy  blue-black,  with  a  patch  of  light  brown 
or  bi'ownish  white  adjoining  base  of  gular  sac ;  lower  parts  soft 
dark  bottle-green ;  scapulars  and  wing-coverts  dark  dull  greenish, 
bordered  narrrowly  with  black.  Nxiptial  plumage :  Uppermost 
scapulars  and  sides  of  neck  ornamented  with  long,  white  or  pale 
straw-colored  bristly  filaments  ;  gular  sac  blue.  Young :  Head,  neck, 
and  rump  silky  dark  brown,  nearly  black  on  hind-neck ;  upper  part 
of  throat  and  median  lower  parts  paler  brown  ;  chest,  breast,  sides, 
and  flanks,  brown.  Length  about  35.00,  wing  10.50-11.75,  tail  5.50- 
6.50,  culmen  2.G0-2.95.  Eggs  2  54  X  1-53.  Uab.  Pacific  coast,  from 
Cape  St.  Lucas  to  the  Columbia  River. 

122.  P.  penicillatus  (Brandt).    Brandt's  Cormorant. 
/;'.  Tail  much  longer  than  wing,  graduated,  composed  of  12  feathers  (except  in 

perspicillatus) ;  bill  broader  than  high  at  base ;  nuptial  plumage  orna- 
mented with  double  crests,  or  tufts  (one  on  crown,  the  other  on  nape), 
of  broad  soft  feathers,  and  flanks  with  a  large  white  patch.     (Subgenus 
Urile  BoNAP.) 
c*.  Culmen  less  than  2.50 ;  tail-feathers  12. 

rf'.  Feathering  on  side  of  lower  jaw  forming  a  deep  projecting  angle, 
the  point  of  which  advances  forward  to  beyond  the  anterior 
angle  of  the  eye. 
Adult:  Feathers  of  forehead  advancing  to  base  of  culmen ; 
gular  sac  and  naked  lores  dull  coral-red,  or  reddish  brown ; 
head  and  neck  rich,  glossy,  silky  violet-black,  more  purplish 
toward  head,  the  lower  part  of  the  neck  inclining  to  steel- 
blue,  changing  gradually  to  silk}'  dark  green  on  lower 
parts;  rump  also  silky  dark  green;  scapulars  and  wing- 
coverts    bottle-green,  tinged  more  or  less  with    bronzy 
purplish.    Nuptial  plumage :  Neck  and  rump  ornamented 
with  narrow,  pure  white  filamentous  feathers,  and  flanks 


-..i-^:^-.  .-,j-.v.st2sA 


80  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

with  a  largo  patch  of  pure  white.      Young:    Uniform 

brownish  dusky,  lighter  and  inclining  to  brownish  gray  on 

head,  the  uj^per  parts  darker  and  more  glossy,  with  a  faint 

greenish  reflection.     Nestling :  Covei'cd  with  down  of  a 

uniform  dark  sooty  gray  color.     Length  25.00-29.00. 

e\  Wing  9.50-10.60  (10.10),  tail  6.00-6.75  (6.30),  culmen 

1.70-2.00  (1.85).     Ilab.   Coast  of  Kamtschatka,  and 

Aleutian   Islands ;    south,   in   winter,   to  Kurils  and 

northern  Japan. 

123.  P.  pelagicus  Pall.    Pelagic  Cormorant. 

e\  Wing  10.00-11,40  (10.80),  tail  6.25-8.50  (7.00),  culmen 

1.70-2.10  (1.95) ;  bill  much  stouter  than  in  pelagicus. 

Eggs  2.34  X  1-48.     Hah.  Coast  of  Alaska,  from  Norton 

Sound  south  to  Washington  Tei-ritory 123rt.  P. 

pelagicus  robustus  Hidow.  Violet-green  Cormorant. 
e».  Wing  9.30-10.50  (9.79),  tail  5.80-7.00  (6.30),  culmen 
1.65-2.00  (1.81);  bill  more  slender  than  in  pelagicus. 
Eggs  2.29  X  1-49.  Hah.  Pacific  coast,  from  Washing- 
ton Territory  to  western  Mexico  (Mazatlan  and  Cape 
St.  Lucas)...  1236.  P.  pelagicus  resplendens  (Aud.). 

Baird's  Cormorant. 
tP.  Feathering  on  side  of  lower  jaw  forming  a  slight  or  very  obtuse 
angle,  the  point  of  which  docs  not  advance  farther  forward 
than  beneath  the  middle  of  the  eye  (usually  not  nearly  so 
far). 
Adult :  Feathers  of  forehead  separated  from  the  oaso  of  the 
culmen  by  a  strip  of  bare  skin,  connecting  the  naked  lores  ; 
gular  pouch  blue,  bordered  behind  by  purplish  red  corru- 
gations ;  lores,  orbits,  and  naked  frontal  skin  bright  orange 
(in  life)  ;  plumage  very  similar  to  that  of  P.  pelagicus,  but 
neck  decidedly  more  blue,  the  scapulars  and  wing-coverts 
decidedly  purplish.      Young :    Uniform   brownish   dusk}*, 
with  a  faint  purplish   cast,  the  upper  parts  darker  and 
more  glossj'.     Downy  young :    Covered  with  down  of  a 
uniform  sooty  grayish  brown  color.     Length  31.00-35,00, 
wing  10.50-11.60,  tail  6.30-8.00,  culmen  2.05-2.30.      Eggs 
2.44  X  l-tO-    ff<Jf>-  Prybilof,  Aleutian,  and   Kuril  Islands, 
and  coast  of  Kamtschatka,  south,  in  Avinter,  to  northern 

Japan 124.  P.  urile  (Gmel.).    Red-faced  Cormorant. 

c*.  Culmen  3.75,  or  more  ;  tail-feathers  14. 

Nuptial  plumage :  Head  rich,  glossy,  silky  violet-purple,  neck 
glossy  greenish  blue,  body  rich  dark  green  ;  head  and  neck 
ornamented  with  slender  straw-yellow  filamentous  feathers,  and 
flanks  with  a  large  patch  of  white;  scapulars  and  wingcovorts 
deep  purplish ;    quills  and  tail-feathers  black,  the  latter  with 


PELECANVS. 


81 


white  shafts.  (In  life,  eye  surrounded  by  a  broad  white  ring 
of  nai<ed  sltin ;  naked  skin  round  base  of  bill,  and  gular  sac, 
mixed  red,  white,  and  blue.)  Length  about  36.00 ;  weight 
about  12-14  lbs.;  wing  13.00,  tail  9.00,  culmen  3.75.  Hab. 
Formerly,  Bering  Island,  but  now  extinct  there ;  possibly  still 
existing  in  some  of  the  westernmost  Aleutian  Islands. 

— .  P.  perspicillatus  Pall.    Fallas's  Cormorant. 


Family  PELECANIDiE.— The  Pelicans.    (Page  73.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  for  the  Family) Pelecanus.     (Pago  81.) 


Genus  PELECANUS  Linn^us.    (Page  81,  pi.  XXL,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Eggs  1-4,  oval,  ovate,  or  elongate-ovate,  with  rough  chalky  shell,  pure  white, 
but  usually  much  blood-stained. 

Species. 

a}.  Tail-feathers  24;   lower  jaw   densely  feathered;    color  white,   with   blackish 
reniiges.     (Subgenus  Cyrtopelicanus  Reich.') 

Adult :  Entirely  white,  with  quills  entirely  black,  the  secondaries  also 
chiefly  black.  Nuptial  plumage :  Culmen  with  a  median  elevated  horny 
ridge,  situated  a  little  forward  of  the  middle  portion  ;  a  pendent  occipital 
crest  of  white  or  pale  straw-yellow ;  lanceolate  lesser  wing-covoi-ts  and 
similarly  formed  feathers  of  chest,  pale  straw-yellow,  or,  rarely,  purplish 
buff;  pouch  and  bill  chiefl}'^  reddish  (in  life),  the  former  paler  terminally  ; 
feet  intense  orange-red.  Post-mtptial  plumage:  Similar  in  all  respects  to 
the  preceding,  except  that  the  appendage  to  culmen  and  the  occipital 
crest  are  wanting  (having  been  shed),  the  latter  replaced  by  a  patch  of 
short  grayish  feathei's.  Winter  adult :  Plumage  as  in  the  jireceding,  but 
gray  occipital  patch  wanting,  yellowish  color  of  chest  and  lesser  wing- 
coverts  paler,  and  colors  of  bill,  face,  pouch,  and  feet  much  less  intense, 
a  clear  lemon-yellow  being  the  prevailing  tint.  Young :  Plumage  white, 
but  lesser  wing-coverts  and  feathers  of  top  of  head  brownish  gray  cen- 
trally, chest-feathers  short,  blended,  and  pure  white,  the  bill,  pouch,  face, 
and  feet  pale  yellowish.  Length  about  4i-nearly  6  feet,  extent  8J- 
ncarly  10  feet,  weight  about  17  lbs,  wing  20.00-2.5.25,  culmen  11.05-15.00. 
Nest  a  inide  mound  or  heap  of  gravel  and  rubbish,  flattene  '  -r  slightly 
hollowed  on  top,  on  beach  or  bench  usually  of  island  in  some  lake  or  largo 


'  The  typical  Biib)i;Rnu3  {Pelecanus  proper),  having  for  its  typo  the  P.  onocrotalni  of  Bouthern  Europe,  is 
not  ropresontod  in  Auierioa. 

11 


■■^.  —--..■■-.,  ,-ii.*-i:y;«i»"». 


82 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


inland  body  of  water.  Eggs  1-3  or  4,  3.34  X  2.22.  JTab.  Whole  of  tem- 
perate North  America,  north  in  the  interior  to  about  Gl°,  south,  in 
winter,  as  far  as  Guatemala ;  rai-e  along  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United 

States 125.  P.  erythrorhynchos  Gmel.    American  Wiiite  Pelican. 

a\  Tail-feathers  22 ;  lower  jaw  entirely  naked ;  color  chiefly  grayish  mixed  with 
dusky.     (Subgenus  Leptopelicanvs  Reich.) 

Nuptial  plumage :  Head,  and  feathers  bordering  base  of  gular  pouch,  all 
round,  white,  the  top  of  the  former  sometimes  straw-yellowish ;  rest  of 
neck  rich  velvety  reddish  brown,  varying  from  light  reddish  chestnut 
to  seal-skin  brown,  or  nearly  black ;  upper  part  of  hind-neck  with  a 
more  or  less  distinct  crest  of  chestnut ;  upper  pai'ts  silvery  gray,  the 
feathers  of  back,  rump,  lesser  wing-coverts,  etc.,  edged  with  dark  brown, 
producing  a  striped  or  streaked  appearance ;  lower  parts  dark  brownish 
gray,  the  sides,  etc.,  streaked  with  silvery  white.  Winter  adult:  Similar, 
but  whole  head  and  neck  white,  except  for  a  straw-yellow  tinge  on  the 
former  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  fore-neck.  Young  :  Head  and  neck 
light  brownish  gray,  somewhat  mottled  with  paler  tips  to  the  feathers; 
back,  wing-coverts,  etc.,  dull  brown,  the  feathers  tipped  with  pale  ful- 
vous ;  lower  parts  white,  tinged  with  brownish  gray  laterally  and  pos- 
teriorly. 

6'.  Smaller,  with  pouch  always  dull  greenish  dusky  or  olive-dusky; 
length  about  4-4}  feet,  wing  18.50-21.00,  culmen  9.40-12.20.  Nest 
a  slight  heap  or  mound  of  gravel,  etc.,  on  or  near  sea-beach.  Eggs 
3.01  X  1-95.  Hab.  Coasts  and  islands  of  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Carib- 
bean Sea,  including  West  Indies ;  north,  regularly,  to  North  Caro- 
lina,  accidentally  (blown  by  storm?)  to  Illinois. 

126.  P.  fuscus  Linn.    Brown  Pelican. 

¥.  Larger,  with  pouch  red  during  pairing  season ;  length  4}  feet,  or 

more,  wing   20.50-23.25,  culmen  12.25-14.75.      Hab.   Pacific  coast 

from  WaJiington  Territory  to  western  Mexico  (perhaps  to  Panama, 

or  farther) ..  127.  P.  californicus  Eidow.  California  Brown  Pelican. 


Family  FREGATIDiE.— The  Man-o'-War   Birds.    (Pago  73.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  for  the  Family) Fregata.    (Page  82.) 

Genus  FREGATA  Cuvier.    (Page  82,  pi.  XVIIL,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

a*.  Culmen  more  than  4.15. 

Adult  male:   Entirely  black,  the  lanceolate  scapulars  and  interscapulars 
glossed  with  metallic  bottle-green  and  reddish  purple.    Adult  female : 


a* 


FREQATA. 

Dull  black,  the  central  lesser  wing-eoverrs  light  grayish  brown,  the 
scapulars   etc.,  only  slightly  metallic,  and  not  lanceolate ;  brelst  and 
^deswh..sh      >^-«^:  Head,  neck,  breast,  and  belly,  white;  otherwise 
much  as  in  the  adult  female.     Downy  young .-  Covered  with  very  fluftV 

5.15  (4.62).     Nest  a  rude  structure  of  sticks  on  trees  or  bushes  Cusuallv 
mangroves)  along  sea-shore.     Eggs  (usually  only  1),  2.70  x     83   pu  e 
white,  oval,  ovate,  or  elongate-ovate.     hL  Tropical  and^^subtropi^a 
seas,  chiefly  north  of  the  equator;  north  regularly  to  Florida,  Te'xas, 
and  California,  accidentally  to  Nova  Scotia,  Ohio,  and  Kansas. 

Culmen  less  than  4.15.  ^^^'  ^'  ^''""^  ^^'''''■^-    Man-o'-War  Bird. 

^'^  PJ;™^^:  T^7nI ^^^^^?^^  ^•^'''°*  ^^'"^  ^-  ^^"^'^^^  W^"g  20.50-25.25 
(21.53)  tail  15.75-17.10  (16.27),  culmen  3.65-4.10  (3.90).  Hab  Tronical 
parts  of  the  South  Pacific.  ^  -L topical 

^-  "^'nor  (Gmel.).    Lesser  Man-o'-War  Bird.' 


188*;  m  """"^  ""■""'•  ^'""'  '•  ^'  '•  '''''  ''''    ^'■«^'"«  -•«-  «--v.,  in  B.  B.  4  R.  Water  B.  N.  Am.  ii. 


''?.'^.'yv*>:'lwi)ritaiiifrajiiBag'aii 


'»dmm 


84 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Order  ANSERES. — The   Lamellirostral 

Swimmers.    (Page  i.) 


Families. 

(Characters  same  as  for  the  Order) Anatidse.    (Page  84.) 

Family  ANATID.^. — The  Ducks,  Geese,  and  Swans.    (Page  84.) 

Eggs  numerous,  always  unmarked,  with  a  hard  and  usually  smooth  shell. 

Genera. 

a\  Neck  shorter  than  hody. 

b^.  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe,  without  claw. 

c'.  Lower  mandible  without  trace  of  laraellre  along  the  side,  but  with  a 
series   of  distinct,  tooth-like    serrations   along    the    upper    edge. 
(Subfamily  Mergince.) 
d\  Culmen  longer  than  tarsus,  and  three  times,  or  more,  the  depth  of 
bill  at  base, 
e'.  Serrations  of  both  mandibles  very  conspicuously  tooth-like, 
and  strongly  inclined  backward  at  tips. 

Merganser.     (Page  88.) 
e'.  Serrations  of  both  mandibles  short,  blunt,  and  not  distinctly 

inclined  backward  at  tips Lophodytes.     (Page  89.) 

d*.  Culmen  shorter  than  tarsus Mergus.     (Page  90.) 

c*.  Lower  mandible  with  a  very  distinct  series  of  lamellae  along  the  side, 
in  addition  to  the  series  along  upper  edge.    (Subfamily  Anatinoe.) 
d}.  Lower  portion  of  tarsus  in  front  with  a  row  of  transverse  scutellae. 
e'.  Lores  entirely  densely  feathered ;  wing  less  than  12.00. 
/*.  Tail  normal. 

g^.  Hind-toe  without  a  distinct  membraneous  lobe. 
A'.  Bill  not  spatulate. 

I*.  Tail-feathers  narrow  and  pointed  at  tip. 

/.  Tail  graduated  for  less  than  one-third  its 
total  length,  or  else  consisting  of  only 
14  feathers,  and  culmen  shorter  than 
middle  toe  without  tarsus. 

Anas.    (Page  90.) 

f.  Tail  graduated  for  more  than  one-third 

its    total    length,   consisting    of   16 


ANATIDM. 

85 

feathers,   and    culmen   longer   than 
middle  toe,  without  claw. 

•2   m  Dafila.    (Page  97.) 

I .  Tail-feathers  broad  and  rounded  at  tips. 

J.2   T5-11  ,  ^^^'    (Page  98.) 

A.  Bdl  spatulate  (very  broad  near  end  and  narrow 

n^  TXA.  ^*^^Th Spatula.    (Page  96.) 

g .  Hind  toe  with  a  broad,  membraneous  lobe 

h\  Feathering  on   lores   or  forehead   not  reacbinc. 
^  beyond  posterior  border  of  nostril. 
i\  Graduation  of  tail  less  than  length  of  bill  from 
nostril. 

j\  Loral  feathering  with  a  decidedly  convex 
anterior  outline;  nail  less  than  one- 
third  as  wide  as  width  of  bill  across 
^  middle  portion.  Aythya.  (Page  101.) 

;  .  Loral  feathering  with  straight  or  even 
slightly    concave    anterior    outline; 
nail  more  than  one-third  as  wide  as 
bill  across  middle  portion. 
_    _     ^       .  Netta.    (Page  100.) 

I .  Graduation  of  tail  much  more  than  length  of 
bill  from  nostril. 
/.  Distance  from  tip  of  bill  to  loral  feather- 
ing  less  than  graduation  of  tail. 
k\  Distance  from  anterior  end  of  nos- 
tril to  loral  feathers  equal  to  or 
greater  than   width  of   bill  at 
base. 

l^.  Distance  from  anterior  end  of 
nostril  to  tip  of  bill  much 
less   than  from  same  point 
to  loral  feathers;   tail  less 
than  twice  as  long  as  tarsus. 
Glaucionetta.  (Page  104.) 
P-  Distance  from  anterior  end  of 
nostril  to  tip  of  bill  much 
greater     than    from    same 
point     to     loral     feathers; 
tail    more    than    twice    as 
long  as  tarsus. 
Charitonetta.     (Page  106.) 
«*.  Distance  from  anterior  end  of  nos- 
tril to  loral  feathering  much  less 
than  width  of  bill  at  base. 


'.mmm 


86 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

U.  Distance  from  posterior  end  of 
nostril     to     loral     feathers 
equal   to    or    greater   than 
length  of  nostril ;   anterior 
outline   of  loral   feathering 
strongly  convex. 
Histrionicus.  (Page  107.) 
/*.  Distance  from  posterior  end  of 
nostril  to  loral  feathers  less 
than  half  the  leni'th  of  the 
nostril ;  anterior  outline  of 
loral  feathering  forming  a 
nearly    straight    line,   run- 
ning    obliquely     backward 
and  downward    from  near 
nostril  to  corner  of  mouth. 
Clangula.     (Pago  106.) 
j*.  Distance  from  tip  of  bill  to  loral  feather- 
ing greater  than  graduation  of  tail. 
kK  Distance   from   posterior  border  of 
nostril  to  angle  of  mouth  much 
less  than  half  the  distance  from 
anterior  border  of  nostril  to  tip 
of  upper  mandible. 
P.  Width  of  bill  at  base  equal  to 
one-half  the  length  of  cul- 
men  ;  speculum  plain  white. 
Camptolaimus.    (Page 
107.) 
P.  Width  of  bill  at  base  much  less 
than  one-half  the  length  of 
the  culmen  ;  speculum  dark- 
colored  (steel-blue  or  violet 
in  male),  bordered    before 
and  behind  by  a  white  bar. 
Eniconetta.     (Page  107.) 
A'.  Distance  from  posterior  border  of 
nostril  to  angle  of  mouth  equal 
to  or  greater  than  distance  from 
anterior  end  of  nostril  to  tiu  of 
upper  mandible. 

Oidemia.    (Page  110.) 
h\  Feathering  of  forehead  or  lores  reaching  anteri- 
orly to  or  beyond  posterior  end  of  nostril, 
i*.  Feathering  of  forehead  continuous  with  that 


ANATIDyE. 


87 


of   lores,   and   advancinEf    quite    to    the 

nostril Arctonetta.     (Pago  108.) 

i*.  Feathering  of  forehead  separated  from  that 
of  lores  by  the  interposition  of  a  more  or 
less  extensive  naked  angle,  or  prolonga- 
tion of  naked  skin  of  the  bill. 

Somateria.    (Pago  108.) 

/'.  Tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  much  graduated,  the 

feathers  with  narrow  webs  and  very  stiff  shafts,  their 

bases  scarcely  hidden  by  the  short  coverts. 

g^.  Nail  of  bill  very  small,  hardly  visible  from  above,  and 

bent  abruptly  backward  beneath  the  tip  of  the 

upper  mandible  ;  outer  toe  longer  than  middle. 

Erismatura.     (Page  113.) 
g*.  Nail  of  bill  normal  (/.e.  large,  almost  wholly  visible 
from  above,  and  not  bent  abruptly  backward  at 
tip)  ;  outer  toe  shorter  than  middle. 

Nomonyx.     (Page  114.) 
e\  Lores  wholly  or  partially  naked ;  wing  more  than  12.00. 

Cairina.*    (Page  100.) 
d*.  Lower  portion  of  tarsus  in  front  without  transverse  scutellte. 

Dendrocygna.     (Page  118.) 

Tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe,  without  claw.     (Subfamily  Anserince.) 

c*.  Serrations  on  eutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  visible  from  outside  for 

greater  portion  of  the  tomium,  the  latter  decidedly  sinuatcd,  or 

concave. 

d^.  Bill  very  stout,  its  depth  through  base  equal  to  much  more  than 

half  the  length  of  the  culmen  ;    color  of  adults  white,   with 

blackish  primaries,  or  else  with  head  and  part  of  neck  white, 

the  wing-coverts  plain  bluish  gray Chen.     (Page  114.) 

<f.  Bill  weaker  and  more  depressed,  its  depth  through  base  less  than 
half  the  length  of  the  culmen  ;  color  of  adults  never  white,  or 
with  white  head,  or  bluish  gray  wing-coverts. 

Anser.     (Page  115.) 
Serrations  on  edge  of  upper  mandible  visible  only  near  angle  of  mouth, 
the  tomium  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  sinuated. 
d}.  Nostril  near  middle  of  nasal  fosste  ;  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible 
not   appi'eciably  or  regularly  sinuated ;  bill  and  feet  always 
entirely  black ;   head  partially  or  entirely  black ;  tail-coverts 

and  crissum  white Branta.     (Page  116.) 

<P.  Nostril  at  lower  anterior  extremity  of  nasal  fosste;  cutting-edge 
of  upper  mandible  appreciably  and  regularly  sinuated,  or  con- 
cave; bill  and  feet  light-colored  ;  head  white  (sometimes  stained 


c\ 


>  Cairina  Fleuino,  Phil,  of  Zool.  1822,  260.    Type,  Anat  iioachata  Linn. 


88  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

with  rusty)  in  adult ;  tail-coverts  and  crissum  grayish,  barred 

with  dusky  and  whitish Philacte.     (Page  118.) 

a*.  Neck  as  long  as  or  longer  than  body.     (Subfamily  Cygnina;.) 

Largest  of  American  Anafidce  (length  more  than  thrte  feet)  ;  color  entirely 
pure  white,  with  black  bill  and  feet,  in  adult,  grayish  in  young. 

Olor.    (Pago  120.) 

Genus  MERGANSER  Brisson.    (Page  84,  pi.  XXI.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  male  with  head  and  upper  neck  greenish  black, 
the  occiput  crested  ;  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail,  plain  ash-gray  ;  rest  of  upper 
parts  mainly  pied  black  and  whitish  ;  lower  parts  rich  creamy  white  or  pale  salmon- 
color.  Adult  female,  with  head  and  upper  neck  cinnamon-brownish  (occiput  crested, 
as  in  the  male),  chin  and  part  of  throat  white;  upper  parts  grayish,  with  some 
white  on  wings;  lower  parts  buify  white.. 

rt*.  Distance  between  nosti'il  and  nearest  feathering  at  base  of  upper  mandible  much 
-    greater  than  height  of  upper  mandible  at  base  ;  feathering  at  base  of  upper 
mandible,  on  sides,  projecting  very  slightly  forwai'd,  and  not  forming  a 
distinct  angle, 
i".  No  visible  black  bar  across  white  of  wing-coverts.    Adult  male:  Head  and 
upper  neck  greenish  black,  the  top  of  the  latter  with  a  soft  "  bushy" 
crest,  conspicuous  only  when  ei'ectcd ;  chest  and  other  lower  parts  rich 
creamy  white,  or  (especial)}^  in  freshly-killed  specimens)  delicate  palo 
salmon-color;    wing   10.70-11.00,    culmcn    2.05-2.30,    tarsus    1.90-2.00, 
middle  toe  2.35-2.60.     Adult  female  :  Head  and  upper  neck  tawny  brown 
or  cinnamon,  the  chin  and  throat  whitish,  the  occiput  with  a  conspicuous 
pointed  crest ;  upper  parts  chiefly  ash-gray,  with  white  on  secondaries 
and  greater   wing-coverts;    wing  9.75-10.25,   culmcn   1.80-1.90,   tarsus 
1.65-1.80,  middle  toe  2.35.     Hab.  Northern  parts  of  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere, from  western  Europe  to  Kamtschatka. 

M.  merganser  Linn.  Merganser.* 
6".  A  very  conspicuous  black  bar  across  white  of  wing-coverts.  (Plumage 
not  otherwise  essentially  different  from  that  of  M.  merganser,  but  feath- 
ering at  base  of  bill  having  a  quite  distinct  outline.)  Downy  young : 
Upper  half  of  head,  and  bin  eck,  rusty  brown,  more  reddish  on  the 
latter,  where  encroaching  on  sides  of  neck;  remaining  upper  parts  hair- 
brown,  relieved  by  four  white  spots ;  lower  parts,  including  rest  of  head 
and  neck,  white  ;  a  stripe  on  lower  half  of  lores,  white ;  beneath  this,  a 
narrowe.'  stripe  of  deep  brown,  and  a  similar,  but  broader,  brown  stripe 
on  upper  half  of  lores.  Male:  Length  25.00-27.00,  wing  10.50-11.25, 
culmen  1.90-2.20,  tarsus  1.90-2.00,  middle  toe  2.40-2.50.    Female  :  Length 


1  Mergun  merganter  LiNN.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  129. 
No.  29, 1886, 176. 


Merganser  merganser  Stejn.,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8. 


LOPHODYTES. 


89 


1,  barred 
LVgO  118.) 

entirely 

ago  120.) 


ih  black, 
of  upper 
3  salmon- 
t  crested, 
ith  some 


ble  much 
of  upper 
)rming  a 

lead  and 

" bushy" 

[arts  rich 

["ate  palo 

90-2.00, 

ly  brown 

spicuous 

ondaries 

tar.su8 

[•n  hemi- 

crganser.* 
lumage 

it  feath- 
young  : 
on  the 

rts  hair- 
of  head 

h  this,  a 
n  stripe 
0-11.25, 
Length 

Nat.  Mas. 


21.00-24.00,  wing  9.60-9.7.').  culmcn  1.80-2.00,  tarsus  1.8.')-1.90,  middle  toe 
2.25-2.40.    Eggs  2.(53  X  1-82,  ovMo,  or  elliptical-ovate,  pale  buff,  or  buffy 
white.   Hah.  Whole  of  North  A  merica,  breeding  south  to  northern  border 
of  United  States..  129.  M.  americanus  (Cass.).    American  Merganser, 
a*.  Distance  between  nostril  and  nearest  feathering  on  sides  of  base  of  upper  man- 
dible decidedly  less  than  height  of  upper  mandible  at  base ;  feathering  on 
sides  of  base  of  upper  mandible  projecting  far  forward,  and  forming  a  very 
decided,  though  obtuse,  angle. 

Adult  male :  Head  dull  greenish  black,  the  occiput  with  a  long  pointed 
crest ;  neck  and  sides  of  chest  dull  brownish  buff,  or  light  cinnamon, 
Btreaked  with  black;  other  lower  parts  mainly  white,  usually  tinged 
with  cream-  or  salmon-color.  Adult  female  :  Very  similar  in  coloration 
to  the  same  sex  of  M.  americanus,  but  smaller,  and  very  readily  distin- 
guishable by  the  different  position  of  the  nostrils,  etc.,  as  noted  above. 
Downy  young  :  Above  hair-brown,  the  posterior  border  of  each  wing  and 
a  large  spot  on  each  side  of  the  rump,  yellowish  white ;  lower  parts, 
including  cheeks,  yellowish  white ;  sides  of  head  and  neck  rusty  cinna- 
mon, paler  on  lores,  which  are  bordered  above  bj''  a  duskj'  stripe,  and 
beneath  by  a  dark  rict.i^  stripe;  lower  ej-elid  whitish.  Length  about 
20.00-25.00,  wing  8.60-9.U'.',  culmen  about  2.50,  tarsus  1.80-1.90,  middle 
toe  2.40.  Eggs  ovate  ar  elliptical-ovate,  2.57  X  1-79,  light  olive-buff. 
Hab.  Northern  por  i  n  of  northe?')  tiemisphere,  breeding  northward. 

130.  M.  serrator  (Linn.).    Red-breasted  Merganser. 

Genus  LOPHODYTES   Rkichenbach.    (Page  84,  pi.  XXL,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Head  (except  crest),  neck,  and  most  of  npper  parts  black;  crest 
pure  white  with  a  sharply  defined  black  border  or  rim ;  lower  parts  white,  the 
sides  of  the  chest  cT'ossed  by  two  black  crescentic  bars  (projected  from  the  black 
of  the  back),  the  sides  light  cinnamon,  finely  waved  with  black.  Adult  female : 
Head  (except  crest),  neck,  chest,  and  upper  parts  grayish  brown,  darker  above ; 
crest  reddish  hair-brown  or  dull  cinnamon,  smaller  and  of  looser  texturo  than  in 
the  male ;  chin  and  upper  throat,  belly,  etc.,  white.  Young :  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  crest  rudimentary,  the  sides  and  under  tail-coverts  more  distinctly 
brown.  Downy  young  :  Above  deep  hair-brown,  darkest  on  back  and  rump  ;  hi'der 
border  of  arm-wing,  a  small  spot  on  each  side  of  back,  and  one  on  each  side  of 
rump,  grayish  white ;  lower  half  of  head  brownish  buff  or  light  fulvous,  paler  on 
chin  and  throat;  chest  light  dingy  brownish,  sides  darker;  belly  white.  Length 
about  17.25-19.25,  wing  7.50-7.90,  culmen  1.50.  JVest  in  holes  in  trees,  usually  at 
a  considerable  height.  Eggs  6-10,  2.09  X  1-75,  broadly  oval,  white.  Hab.  North 
America  in  general;  north  to  Alaska  and  (accidentally)  Greenland;  south  to 
Mexico  and  Cuba ;  casual  in  Europe. 

131.  L.  cucuUatus  (Linn.).    Hooded  Merganser. 

12 


mme^mmm 


90 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  MERGUS  Linn^us.     (Page  84.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Prevailing  color  pure  white,  but  this  relieved  as  follows:  A  patch 
covering  lores  and  jirrowly  surrounding  eyes,  deep  black  with  a  greenish  reflec- 
tion ;  under  portion  of  crest  glossy  greenish  black ;  back,  rump,  some  of  the  wing- 
coverts,  secondaries,  and  two  narrow  crescentic  bars  across  sides  of  chest,  deep 
black ;  upper  tail-coverts  and  tail  ash-gray ;  length  about  16.50,  wing  7.75,  culmen 
1.10.  Adult,  female :  Upper  part  of  head,  including  lores,  reddish  brown ;  rest  of 
head,  with  neck  (except  behind),  and  lower  parts,  white ;  upper  parts,  sides,  and 
flanks  ash-gray,  darker  on  back ;  chest  tinged  with  pale  ashy ;  smaller  than  the 
male,  and  crest  less  developed.  Downy  young  :  "Upper  parts,  including  sides  of  the 
head  below  the  eye,  but  only  on  the  back  of  the  neck,  dark  blackish  brown,  darkest 
on  the  crown  and  the  lower  part  of  the  back ;  at  the  base  of  the  wing-joint  a  white 
spot,  and  another  close  to  it,  but  rather  lower  down  the  back,  and  on  each  side  of 
the  rump  another  white  spot ;  below  the  eye  a  very  small  white  spot ;  underparts 
white ;  breasts  and  flanks  pale  grayish  or  sooty  brown."  (Dresser.)  JIab.  Europe, 
etc. ;  accidental  or  occasional  in  eastern  North  America  (?). 

M.  albellus  Linn.     Smew.* 


Genus  ANAS  Linn^us.    (Page  84,  pi.  XXII.,  figs.  2-5 ;  pi.  XXIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

a^.  Ciilmen  longer  than  middle  toe,  without  claw. 

b^.  Width  of  upper  mandible  near  tip  more  than  one-third  the  culmen,  the 
upper  and  lateral  outlines  of  upper  mandible  more  or  less  convex  for 
terminal  half, 
c'.  Wing  more  than  8.00 ;  scapulars  and  larger  tertials  broad,  an(i  without 
light-colored  median  stripes  in  adult  male.     (Subgenus  Anas.) 
d*.  Smaller  wing-coverts  uniform  grayish  brown  or  brownish  slate; 
tertials  without  light  edgings;  sexes  very  different  in  plumage; 
wing  with  two  distinct  white  bands. 

Adult  male:  Head  and  neck  soft,  brilliant  metallic  green; 
chest  rich  dark  chestnut,  separated  from  green  of  neck  by 
a  collar  of  pure  white;  speculum  rich  metullic  violet,  bor- 
dered anteriorly  by  a  black  bar,  this  preceded  by  a  white 
bar,  and  posteriorly  by  n  black  subterminal  and  white 
terminal  band.  Adxdt  female  (and  male  in  breeding  season)  : 
Wings  as  above ;  elsewhere  varied  with  dusk}''  and  ochra- 
ceous  or  bufl'y,  the  former  on  central  or  median  portion  of 
the  feathers,  and  predominating  on  upper  parts,  the  latter 
on  edges,  and  prevailing  on  lower  parts.    Downy  young: 


»  Mevgua  nlbdhit  LtNN.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  I.  1768,  129. 


ANAS. 


91 


Above  olivaceous,  relieved  by  two  pairs  of  yellowish  spots, 
one  pair  on  the  back,  just  behind  the  wings,  the  other  on 
each  side  of  the  base  of  the  tail ;  lower  parts,  including 
sides  of  head  and  broad  superciliary  stripe,  yellowish  buff, 
d'^epest  on  head,  paler  and  duller  posteriorly ;  side  of  head 
marked  by  a  narrow  but  very  distinct  stripe  of  dark 
brown,  extending  from  upper  basal  angle  of  the  maxilla 
to  the  eye,  and  thence  to,  and  confluent  with,  the  oliva- 
ceous of  the  occiput;  beneath  this  stripe  an  auricular  spot 
of  dusky ;  sides  crossed  by  two  olivaceous  patches,  con- 
fluent with  the  olive  of  the  back.  Length  about  20.00- 
25  00,  wing  10.25-12.00,  culmen  2.00-2.40,  tarsus  1.50-1.80, 
middle  toe  1.90-2.15.  Eggs  2.32  X  1-67,  pale  olive-buff', 
pale  greenish  buff',  or  pale  huffy  pea-green.  Hab.  "Whole  of 
northern  hemisphere. 

132.  A.  boschas  Linn.    Mallard, 
d*.  Smaller  wing-coverts  distinctly  bordered  or  margined  with  buff 
or  ochraceous,  and  tertials  edged  with  same ;  sexes  alike  in 
plumage. 
e\  Wing  without  any  white  bands. 

/'.  Cheeks,  chin,  and  entire  throat  distinctly  streaked  with 
dusky;  dusky  markings  largely  predominating  in  ex- 
tent over  the  lighter  (huffy  or  ochraceous) ;  lower 
basal  corner  of  upper  mandible  without  black  spot; 
speculum  usually  deep  violet.  Downy  young:  Above 
olive-brown,  slightly  relieved  by  three  pairs  of  light 
dull  uiiff  spots,  as  follows:  One  on  posterior  border 
of  arm-wing  (this  sometimes  indistinct),  one  on  sides 
of  back,  just  behind  wing,  and  one  on  sides  of  rump, 
near  base  of  tail ;  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  olive- 
bi'own,  like  back,  etc. ;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  with 
lower  parts,  pale  dingy  buff,  paler  on  belly ;  sides  of 
head  marked  with  a  narrow  dusky  streak,  from  upper 
basal  angle  of  bill  to  eye  and  thi-nce  back  to  occiput ; 
a  dusky  auricular  spot,  continued  less  distinctly  back 
to  nape  Length  21.00-24.50,  wing  10.50-11.50,  cul- 
men  2.00-2.35,  tarsus  1.70-1.80,  middle  toe  1.90-2.10. 
Eggs  2.43  X  1-75,  pale  dull  bnff  or  palo  greenish  buff. 
Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  fi'om  more 
northern  United  States  to  Hudson's  Bay,  including 
whole  of  Labrador.  (Western  and  southern  limits 
imperfectly  determined.) 

133.  A.  obscura  Gmel.    Blaok  Duck. 

/'.  Cheeks,  chin,  and  throat  plain  buff;  ochraceous  or  Vuff 

markings  predominating  in  extent  over  the  darker 


m 


mmmmmmmmmm 


92 


It       « 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

markings;  lower  basal  angle  of  upper  mandible  with 
a  triangular  black  spot ;  speculum  usually  bluish 
green;  about  the  size  of  ^.  obscura.  Eggs  2.15  X  1-61, 
pale  dull  buff  or  pale  grayish  buff.  Hab.  Southeastern 
United  States,  from  Florida  to  Kansas. 

134.  A.  fulvigula  Eidqw.    Florida  Dnck. 
e'.  Wing  with  one  or  more  white  bands. 

p.  Wing  more  than  8.75,  with  two  white  bands. 

Chin,  throat,  and  lower  part  of  cheeks  plain  buffy ; 
dusky  prevailing  on  upper  parts,  lower  parts  with 
dusky  and  ochraceous  in  about  equal  proportion ; 
wing  8.90-10.00,  culmen  1.85-2.05,  tarsus  1.60, 
middle  toe  1.95.  Hab.  Southern  Mexico  (Puebla, 
etc.). 

A.  diazi  EiDow.    Mexican  Duck.> 
/-.  Wing  less  than  8.75,  with  only  one  white  band. 

Only  the  chin  and  upper  part  of  throat  unstreaked 
buff;  dusky  and  ochraceous  markings  nearly 
equal  in  extent,  the  latter,  however,  rather  pre- 
dominating on  lower  pai'ts ;  speculum  dark  metal- 
lic green,  followed,  successively,  by  a  velvety  black 
subterminal  and  a  pure  white  terminal  bar,  each 
about  .35  wide ;  wing  8.50,  culmen  1.65,  tarsus 
1.30,  middle  toe  1.70.  Hab.  Western  Mexico 
(vicinity  of  Mazatlan). 

A.  aberti  Ridow.    Abert's  Duck.' 
Wing  loss  than  8.00 ;   scapulars  and  tertials  lanceolate,  and  marked 
with  buffy  or  whitish  median  stripes  in  adult  males.     (Lesser  wing- 
coverts  plain  light  bluish,  last  row  of  middle  coverts  white  spotted 
or  blotched  with  dusky,  speculum  bronzy  greenish.)     (Subgenus 
Querquedula  Stephens.) 
d}.  Culmen  usually  leas  than  1.C5.    Adult  male:  Head  and  neck  dull 
plumbeous,   with   a  large   crescent-shaped  patch  of  white   in 
front  of  eye,  faint  gloss  of  metallic  lavender-purple  on  sides  of 
occiput,  the  crown  dusky ;  lower  parts  pale  chestnut,  spotted 
with  black.    Adult  female  (and  adult  male  in  breeding  season)  : 
Above  dusky,  varied  with  dull  buff}' ;  head,  neck,  and  lower 
parts  dull  brownish  white,  or  pale  dull  buff,  the  head  and  neck 
streaked  with  dusky  (except  on  chin  and  upper  throat),  the 
lower  parts  more  or  loss  spotted  with  same,  the  belly  sometimes 
(especially  in  younger  birds)  immaculate.     Young:  Similar  to 
adult  female,  but  whole  belly  immaculate,  and  speculum  dull 
grayish  brown,  without  metallic  gloss.   Length  14.60-16.00,  wing 


1  Anrm  dinti  Rinnw.,  Auk,  iii.  July,  1886,  .3,')2. 

*  Aiiat  aberti  RiDOW.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mua.  i.  1878,  250. 


ANAS. 


93 


Mexico 


;ck  dull 

lito  in 

sides  of 

spotted 


7.00-7.50,  culmeu  1.40-1.65,  tarsua  1.20-1.30,  middle  toe  1.40- 
1.45.  Eggs  1.84  X  1-34,  pale  buif.  Hab.  North  America  in 
general,  but  chiefly  east  of  Rocky  Mountains ;  in  winter,  whole 
of  West  Indies  and  Middle  America,  south  to  Ecuador. 

140.  A.  discors  Linn.  Blue-winged  Teal. 
<P.  Culmen  usually  more  than  1.65.  Adult  male:  Head,  neck,  and 
lower  parts  uniform  rich  glossy  chestnut,  the  top  of  head 
blackish,  the  belly  duller  (sometimes  blackish).  Adult  female 
(and  male  in  breeding  season)  :  Similar  to  corresponding  stage  of 
A.  discors,  but  averaging  larger  (the  bill  especially),  the  plumage 
darker,  only  the  upper  throat  (sometimes  chin  only)  unstreaked, 
the  belly  usually  heavily  spotted  and  the  breast  deeply  tinged 
with  light  brown.  Young :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  mark- 
ings of  lower  parts  much  ny,rrower,  streak-like.  Downy  young : 
Above  dark  olivaceous,  varied  by  a  spot  of  deep  greenish  buff 
on  each  side  of  back  (behind  wings),  and  a  spot  of  clearer  yel- 
lowish on  each  side  of  rump,  at  base  of  tail ;  top  of  head  and 
hind-neck  similar  to  back,  but  darker ;  forehead,  broad  super- 
ciliary stripe,  sides  of  head  and  neck,  and  lower  parts  generally, 
deep  buff-yellow,  the  sides  of  the  head  marked  with  a  distinct 
narrow  stripe  of  dark  brown.  Length  about  J 5.50-17.00,  wing 
7.20-7.75,  culmen  1.65-1.85,  tarsus  1.25-1.35,  middle  toe  1.40- 
1.50.  Eggs  1.87  X  1-41,  pale  buff.  Hab.  Western  America, 
from  the  Columbia  Eiver  to  Chili,  Argentine  Republic,  and 
Falkland  Islands ;  east,  casually  or  irregularly,  to  Mississippi 
Valley  (Louisiana,  Illinois,  Nebraska,  etc.). 

141.  A.  cyanoptera  Yieill.    Cinnamon  Teal. 
Width  of  upper  mandible  near  tip  less  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  cul- 
men, the  upper  and  lateral  outlines  straight  for  terminal  half     (Wing 
less  than  8.00.)     (Subgenus  Nettion  Kaup.) 
c*.  Adult  male :  A  bi'oad  white  bar  across  side  of  breast ;  inner  webs  of 
outermost  scapulars  vermiculatod  with   dusky  and   whitish,  the 
outer  webs  with  a  longitudinal  spot  of  black,  bordered  internally 
by  a  white  line ;  head  and  upper  neck  chestnut-rufous,  varied  by 
a  broad  patch  of  bright  metallic  green  from  eye  backward,  this 
bordered  beneath  by  a  line  of  pale  buflfy  or  whitish  ;  a  similar  line 
on  each  side  of  forehead,  continued  backward,  less  distinctly,  along 
upper  edge  of  the  green  patch ;  a  short  tuft  or  "  mane"  of  bluish 
black  on  upper  hind-neck  ;  chin  and  upper  throat  dull  black  ;  lower 
neck,  upper  back,  scapulars,   sides,  and  flanks,   delicately  waved 
with  black  and  white ;  speculum  bright  metallic  green,  the  lower 
feathers  black,  tipped  with  white  ;  lower  tail-coverts  black  medially, 
with  a  cream-colored  patch  on  each  side.    Adult  female;  Wing  much 
as  in  adult  male  ;  upper  parts  grayish  dusky,  varied  by  dull  buflTy 
edgings  and  bars ;   head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  brownish  white, 


^smmmmmmmmmmm 


94 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


rt» 


the  head  and  neck  speckled  with  dusky,  the  markings  enlarged 
and  aggregated  on  pileum  so  us  to  form  the  prevailing  color,  and 
also  along  upper  border  of  auricular  region,  producing  a  more  or 
less  distinct  postocular  stripe ;  crop,  sides,  and  flanks  heavily 
spotted  with  dusky ;  belly  sometimes  plain  whitish,  but  usually  (?) 
speckled.  Young  male:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  entire  belly 
and  sides  immaculate  white.  Downy  young:  Above  grayish  brown, 
with  a  light  grayish  buff  spot  on  each  side  of  back  and  a  similar 
pair  on  rump;  wings  crossed  near  end  by  a  light  grayish  buff  bar; 
head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  dull  light  b  *  the  pileum  and  nape 
grayish  brown,  darker  on  top  of  head,  wht  scarcely  reaching  the 
forehead ;  a  dusky  postocular  streak,  and  an  oblong  dusky  auric- 
ular spot.  Length  12.50-15.00,  wing  6.25-7.40,  culmen  1.40-l.GO, 
tarsus  1.25,  middle  toe  1.30-1.35.  Eggs  1.75  X  1-28,  pale  dull  buff. 
Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  breeding  chiefly  north  of  the  United 
States,  in  winter,  south  to  Honduras  and  Cuba. 

139.  A.  carolinensis  Gmel.  Green-winged  Teal. 
c'.  Adult  male :  Similar  to  corresponding  stage  of  A.  carolinensis,  but  no 
white  bar  on  side  of  breast,  black  and  whitish  undulations  of  sides, 
etc.,  much  coarser,  inner  webs  of  outermost  scapulars  wholly  and 
outer  webs  partly  white,  the  exposed  portion  of  outer  webs  mostly 
black  ;  other  plumages  not  distinguishable  with  certainty  from  cor- 
responding stages  of  A.  carolinensis  (?) ;  size  about  the  same  as  A. 
carolinensis.  Eggs  1.76  X  130,  pale  dull  buff.  Hab.  Northern  por- 
tions of  eastern  hemisphere ;  occasional  in  eastern  North  America. 

138.  A.  crecca  Linn.    European  Teal 
Culmen  shorter  than  middle  toe,  without  claw. 

b^.  Distance  from  anterior  border  of  nostril  to  tip  of  upper  mandible  more 
than  three  times  the  distance  from  same  point  to  nearest  loral  feathers ; 
lamella)  numerous,  fine,  more  than  30  being  visible  from  outside ;  tail- 
feathers  16.     (Subgenus  Chaulelasmus  Bonapahte.) 

Adult  male:  Head  and  neck  pale  brownish  or  whitish,  thickly  speckled 
with  black ;  top  of  head  sometimes  plain  light  brown ;  crop  varied 
with  crescentic  bars  of  white  and  black,  the  latter  predominating; 
sides,  back,  and  scapulars  finely  undulated  with  slate-color  and 
white;  many  of  the  longer  scapulars  plain  brownish  gray,  broadly 
edged  with  paler ;  middle  wing-covert  region  bright  chestnut,  the 
anterior  lesser  coverts  brownish  gray,  and  the  posterior  ones  deep 
black,  the  last  row  deep  velvety  black ;  speculum  white,  the  lower 
feathers  ashy,  nari'owly  tipped  with  white;  crissum  and  upper  tail- 
coverts  deep  velvety  black ;  bill  bluish  black,  iris  brown,  legs  and 
feet  dull  orange-yellow,  the  webs  dusky.  Adult  male  in  breeding 
season :  Similar  to  the  winter  male,  but  colors  duller,  crown  dusky, 
rump  and  breast  tinged  with  rnsty,  and  under  parts  more  spotted 
with  dusky.     Adult  female:   Colors  chiefly  brownish  dusky  and 


ANAS. 


95 


Dclarged 
)lor,  and 
more  or 
heavily 
ually  (?) 
iro  belly 
li  brown, 
a  similar 
3uff  bar; 
md  napo 
hing  the 
iy  aui'ic- 
1.40-1.60, 
dull  buff, 
lo  United 

ged  Teal. 

s,  but  no 
of  sides, 
loUy  and 
bs  mostly 
from  cor- 
limo  as  A. 
hern  por- 
Lm  erica. 
ean  Teal. 

)le  more 

feathers ; 

de;  tail- 

Ispecklod 
|p  varied 
jinating ; 
)lor  and 
broadly 
[nut,  the 
les  deep 
le  lower 
Iper  tail- 
legs  and 
\breeding 
dusky, 
1  spotted 
jky  and 


brownish  white,  in  longitudinal  streaks  on  head  and  neck  and  in 
irregular  transverse  spots  and  bars  on  other  portions;  the  dusky 
predominating  above,  the  white  below  ;  wing  nearly  as  in  the  male, 
but  the  chestnut  absent  or  barely  indicated,  and  the  gray  of  the 
wing-coverts  more  or  less  barred  and  tipped  with  white  ;  belly  and 
lower  part  of  breast  pure  white,  throat  finely  streaked  with  dusky. 
Downy  young :  Above  dull  dark  brownish,  with  a  spot  of  sulphur- 
yellow  on  each  side  of  rump  and  back  of  each  wing,  tbe  wings  also 
mai'ked  with  this  color;  "forehead,  space  round  the  eye,  throat, 
and  chest  pale  sulphur-j-ellow;  abdomen  white,  shaded  with  sul- 
phur-yellow, on  the  lower  part  sooty  gray."  (Dresskr.)  Male : 
Length  19.25-21.75,  wing  10.25-11.00,  culmen  l.GO-1.75,  tarsus  1.45- 
1.70,  middle  toe  1.80-1.90.  Female:  Length  about  18.00,  wing 
10.00-10.25,  culmen  1.55-1.G5,  tarsus  1.60,"  middle  toe  1.75-1.80. 
Eggs  2.09  X  1-57,  pale  bu'^  or  buffy  white.  Hab.  Northern  hemi- 
sphere in  general,  breeding  in  temperate  regions. 

135.  A.  strepera  Linn.    Gadwall. 
¥.  Distance  from  anterior  border  of  nostril  to  tip  of  upper  mandible  less  than 
three  times  the  distance  from  the  same  point  to  nearest  feathers  of 
lores;   lamella)  coarser,  less  than   15  being  visible  from  outside;  tail- 
feathers  14,  tbe  tail  much  graduated.     {Adult  males  with  forehead  and 
fore  part  of  crown,  posterior  half  of  middle  wing-covert  region,  and 
belly,  plain  white ;    speculum  metallic  green  anteriorly,  velvety  black 
posteriorly ;  crop  plain  vinaceous ;  sides,  flanks,  scapulars,   and   back, 
delicately  waved  with  dusky  upon   a  paler  ground ;  under  tail-coverts 
plain  black.)     (Subgenus  Marcca  Stephens.) 
cK  Adult  male  in  tointer :  Head  and  upper  neck  plain  rufous,  the  forehead 
varying  from  white  to  ochraceous;  crop  and  sides  of  breast  vina- 
ceous ;  sides,  flanks,  and  whole  back  white,  waved  with  blackish. 
Male  after  breeding  season :  "  Head  and  neck  as  in  the  old  female ; 
back,  scapulars,  lesser  wing-coverts,  and  wing  dark  ashy  blackish 
gray;  the  fore  parts  of  the  back  with  indistinct  whitish  vermic- 
ulations,  the  rest  of  the  back  and  scapulars  edged  with  fulvous ; 
■wings  as  in  winter  dress ;  but  the  larger  coverts  are  ashy  blue- 
gray,  not  white,   the   median   coverts  being  darker  with   rather 
lighter  edges ;  tail  as  in  the  winter  dross  ;  undei'parts  white ;  the 
upper  part  of  the  breast  and  flanks  rusty  brown  ;  under  tail-coverts 
white  with  a  grayish  tinge,  and  having  large  blackish  brown  central 
blotches."     (Dresser.)    Adult  female :  Head  and   upper  neck  palo 
rusty,  speckled  and  barred  with  dusky,  especially  on  crown  ;  upper 
parts  dusky  brown,  the  feathers  edged  and  more  or  less  barred  with 
pale  brown  and  whitish  ;  white  patch  on  wing-coverts  merely  indi- 
cated by  white  tips  to  feathers  ;  speculum  grayish,  without  lustre  ; 
crop,  sides,  and  flanks  indistinctly  barred  with  grayish  brown,  and 
dull  light  rufous,  or  fulvous;  rest  of  lower  parts  white,  the  lower 


96  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

tail-coverts  barred  with  brown.  Young  male:  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  more  richly  colored.  Length  18.00-20.00,  wing  10.00- 
11.00,  culmen  1.35-1.45,  tarsus  1.45-1.60.  Eggs  2.23  X  1-53,  pale 
buff.  Hab.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere ;  occasional 
in  eastern  North  America,  and  frequent  in  Alaska. 

136.  A.  penelope  Linn.  Widgeon, 
c*.  Adult  male :  Head  and  upper  neck  whitish,  thickly  flecked  (except  on 
forehead  and  part  of  crown)  with  blackish,  the  former  ornamented 
on  each  side  by  a  broad  space  of  bright  metallic  green,  extending 
from  eye  to  occiput ;  crop,  sides,  and  flanks  vinaceous,  all  excejit 
tbe  first  waved  with  black ;  back  and  scapulars  grayish  white 
(usually  tinged  with  vinaceous)  waved  with  black.  Adult  female  : 
Head  and  neck  dull  whitish,  streaked  with  dusky ;  ci'op,  sides,  and 
flanks  dull  vinaceous  ;  upper  parts  dusky  grayish  brown,  irregularly 
and  coarsely  barred  with  dull  white,  or  buffy;  smaller  wing-coverts 
dull  dark  grayish,  tipped  and  edged  with  white.  Young  male  : 
Similar  to  adult  female,  but  colors  moi-e  pronounced  and  pattern 
better  defined,  especially  the  wing-markings.  Downy  young :  Above 
dark  olive-brown,  relieved  by  a  spot  of  greenish  buff  on  posterior 
border  of  each  wing,  one  on  each  side  of  back,  and  one  on  each  side 
of  rump ;  top  of  head  and  hind-neck,  dark  olive,  like  back  ;  rest  of 
head  and  neck,  with  lower  parts,  pale  olive-buff  or  fulvous,  the  side 
of  the  head  with  a  dusky  streak,  extending  from  bill,  through  eye, 
to  occiput.  Length  18.00-22.00,  wing  10.25-11.00,  culmen  1.30-1.50, 
tarsus  1.45-1.65.  Eggs  2.06  X  1-48,  pale  buff.  Hab.  North  America 
in  general,  breeding  chiefly  north  of  the  United  States ;  south,  in 
winter,  to  Guatemala  and  Cuba. 

137.  A.  americana  Gmel.    Baldpate. 

Genus  SPATULA  Boie.     (Page  85,  pi.  XXIII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Head  and  neck  dark  metallic  bluish  green ;  breast  and  outer 
scapulars  white,  the  former  sometimes  spotted  with  dusky ;  rest  of  lower  parts 
uniform  chestnut,  the  crissum  dark  metallic  bluish  green,  bordered  anteriorly  by  a 
band  of  finely  undulated  grayish  white ;  wing-coverts  light  grayish  blue,  the  last 
row  tipped  with  white,  forming  a  narrow  band  across  the  wing  ;  speculum  bright 
metallic  green,  very  narrowly  tipped  with  white ;  bill  deep  black,  iris  bright  yel- 
low, and  feet  rich  orange-red  in  life.  Adult  female :  Wings  as  in  the  male,  but 
colors  rather  duller;  rest  of  plumage  grayish  brown,  varied  with  brownish  white, 
above,  the  head  and  neck  brownish  white,  streaked  with  dusky,  the  lower  parts 
similar  but  spotted  instead  of  streaked;  bill  bi'own,  the  mandible  orange;  iris  and 
feet  as  in  the  male.  Young  male :  Similar  to  the  adult  female,  but  colors  richer,  the 
abdomen  tinged  with  chestnut.  Young  female:  Similar  to  the  adult,  but  wing-cov- 
erts dull  slate-gray  with  little  or  no  blue  tinge,  the  speculum  dusky,  faintly  glossed 


DAFILA. 


97 


with  green,  and  rather  broadly  tipped  with  brownish  white.  Downy  young  :  Above 
grayish  brown,  with  a  brownish  white  spot  on  each  side  of  back,  and  a  correspond- 
ing pair  on  the  rump  ;  pileum  darker  brown  than  nape  ;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  with 
entire  lower  parts,  pale  gra3nsh  fulvous,  or  dull  pale  buflF,  shaded  with  grayish 
across  jugulum  ;  side  of  head  with  a  dark  brown  stripe,  from  upper  postei'ior  angle 
of  bill  to  eye,  and  thence  back  about  half  Avay  to  occiput ;  beneath  this  a  similar 
stripe  crossing  auriculars  and  extending  back  towards  nape.  Length  17.00-21.00, 
wing  9.00-10.00,  culmen  2.60-2.90,  width  of  bill  at  end  1.10-1.20,  at  base  .60,  tarsus 
1.40-1.50.  Eggs  2.12  X  1-48,  pale  olive-buff  or  brownish  buff.  Hah.  Northern 
hemisphere  in  general,  breeding  chiefly  northward. 

142.  S.  clypeata  (Linn.).    Shoveller. 


Genus  DAFILA  Stephens.    (Page  85,  pi.  XXIII.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

a}.  LoAver  half  of  head  plain  brown  (male)  or  dull  whitish  streaked  with  dusky 
(female) ;  tail  dusky  or  grayish,  the  feathers  (except  middle  pair)  with  paler 
edges ;  lower  parts  white,  sometimes  streaked,  but  never  spotted,  with 
dusky  ;  secondaries  narrowly  tipped  with  white  or  buffy ;  bill  lead-color  with 
black  stripe  on  culmen  (in  mule)  or  entirely  dusky  (female).  (Subgenus 
Bafila.) 

Adult  male:  Head  and  upper  neck  plain  hair-brown,  darker  on  crown,  and 
faintly  glossed  on  sides  of  occiput  with  metallic  green  and  purple  ;  upper 
half  of  hind-neck  black,  with  a  white  sti'ipe  on  each  side,  confluent  with 
the  white  of  the  crop  and  other  lower  parts ;  back,  sides,  and  flanks 
finely  waved  with  white  and  dusky ;  longer  scapulars  velvety  black, 
edged  with  whitish ;  tertials  silvery  gray^  marked  with  a  velvety  black 
median  sti"ipe;  speculum  varj-ing  from  dull  metallic  green  to  bronzy 
purple,  tipped  with  white,  and  crossed  by  a  subterminal  bar  of  velvety 
black  ;  wing-coverts  uniform  brownish  gray,  the  last  row  broadly'  tipped 
with  cinnamon,  producing  a  distinct  bar;  length  about  26.00-30.00, 
wing  10.25-11.20,  middle  tail-feathers  7.25-9.50,  culmen  1.85-2.15,  tarsus 
1.55-1.85.  Adult  female :  Above  grayish  dusky,  varied  with  ii-regular 
bars  of  j'cllowish  white  or  pale  ochraceous,  these  markings  often  U- 
shaped ;  wing  much  as  in  the  male,  but  colors  duller,  the  smaller  cov- 
erts tipped  with  whitish  ;  head  and  neck  dingy  whitish,  everywhere 
streaked,  except  sometimes  on  throat,  with  blackish  ;  lower  parts  chiefly 
white,  the  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  streaked  with  dusky ;  length 
21.00-23.50,  wing  9.60-10.10,  middle  tail-feathers  4.50-5.00,  culmen  1.80- 
2.10,  tarsus  1.65.  Male  in  breeding  plumage:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but 
wings  as  in  spring  and  winter  plumage.  Young  male :  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  markings  on  upper  parts  more  transverse,  and  belly  some- 
times (always?)  streaked  with  dusky.  Young  female :  Similar  to  young 
male,  but  speculum  pale  brownish,  more  or  less  marked  with  dusky  an- 
teriorly ;  lower  parts  everywhere  thickly  streaked  with  dusky.     Downy 

1« 


98  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

young :  Above  grayish  olive,  with  a  dull  white  stripe  along  each  side  of 
back,  a  white  space  on  wing,  and  a  yellowish  white  superciliaiy  stripe ; 
below  grayish  white  tinged  with  sulphur-yellow  (this  deeper  in  younger 
individuals) ;  a  brown  stripe  behind  each  eye,  and  an  indistinct  spot  of 
same  over  ears.  Eggs  2.21  X  1-47,  varying  from  pale  brownish  buiF  to 
pale  grayish  green.  Hab.  Northern  hemisphere  in  general ;  in  North 
America,  breeding  fi-om  northern  United  States  northward,  and  winter- 
ing south  to  Cuba  and  Panama 143.  D.  acuta  (Linn.).    Pintail. 

n^.  Lower  half  of  head,  with  upper  foro-neek,  plain  white ;  tail  creamy  buff,  fading 
into  white  at  tip ;  lower  parts  buflF,  marked  everywhere  with  roundish  spots 
of  black,  largest  on  sides;  secondaries  veiy  broadly  tipped  with  buff;  basal 
half  of  bill,  on  sides,  pale-colored  (rose-red  in  life) ;  sexes  alike.    (Subgenus 

Poecilonetta  Eyton.*) 

D.  bahamensis  (Linn.).     Bahama  Pintail. ' 


Genus  AIX  Boie.    (Page  85,  pi.  XXIIL,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adnlt  males  with  the  plumage  strikingly  variegated 
with  boldly  contrasted  and  brilliant  colors ;  head  varied  with  rich  metallic  green 
and  purple  and  pure  Avhite ;  chest  rich  purplish  chestnut ;  sides  of  breast  crossed 
by  a  broad  bar  of  pure  white  immediately  followed  by  one  of  velvety  black  ;  sides 
and  flanks  buffy,  delicately  waved  with  black,  the  tips  of  the  broad  outermost 
feathers  broadly  barred  with  purest  white  and  most  intense  black  ;  bellj'  white ; 
upper  parts  varied  with  velvety  black  and  various  metallic  hues,  the  outer  webs 
of  the  pr'maries  hoary,  passing  into  white  at  tips.  Adult  females  with  head  plum- 
beous or  brownish  gray,  vai'ied  with  white;  chest  brownish,  spotted  with  white; 
upper  parts  without  black,  but  with  much  metallic  purple. 

a*.  Feathering  at  base  of  upper  mandible  extending  much  farther  forward  below 

than  above,  the  upper  basal  portion  of  the  mandible  forming  a  very  deep 

angle  between  the  feathering  of  the  forehead  and  that  of  the  lores  ;  depth  of 

bill  at  base  much  gi-eater  than  its  width ;  feathers  on  sides  of  head  and  neck 

short  and  velvety  ;  innermost  tertial  of  normal  form  ;  tail  half  as  long  as  the 

wing,  graduated,  the  feathers  very  broad,  and  extending  far  beyond  the 

coverts.    (Subgenus  Aix.) 

Adult  male :  Head  metallic  green,  purple,  and  violet  relieved  by  a  pure 

white  line  extending  backward  from  the  angle  of  the  upper  mandible 

along  each  side  of  the  crown  and  upper  border  of  the  crest;  another 

from  behind  the  eye  backward  along  the  lower  edge  of  the  crest,  and 

two  much  broader  transverse  bars  crossing  the  cheeks  and  side  of  neck, 

respectively,  and  confluent  with  a  white  throat-patch  ;  upper  parts  chiefly 

velvety  black,  varied  with  metallic  tints  of  bronze,  purple,  blue,  and 

1  Poecilonntta  Eyton,  Monog.  Annt.  1838,  1)0.    Type,  Anat  bahameniii  Linn. 

>  Aiiat  bakameHiii  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1768,  224.    Dafila  bahamettM  Gray,  Qen.  B.  iii.  1840,  615. 


AIX. 


99 


te 


green ;  chest  rich  chestnut  glossed  with  reddish  purple,  and  marked 
with  triangular  white  spots ;  sides  of  breast  crossed  with  a  broad  pure 
white  bar  and  a  broad  deep  black  one  immediately  behind  it ;  sides  and 
flanks  delicately  waved  with  black  on  a  buff  or  pale  fulvous  ground,  the 
outermost'  feathers  beautifully  ornamented  with  broad  cresccntic  bars 
of  pure  white  and  velvety  black ;  belly  white ;  bill  (in  life)  beautifully 
varied  with  jet-black,  milk-white,  lilac,  red,  orange,  and  yellow ;  length 
about  19.00-20.50,  wing  9.00-9.50,  culmeu  1.40.  Adult  female  :  Feathers 
round  base  of  bill,  around  eye  (and  extending  thence  back  to  the  occi- 
put), chin,  and  whole  throat,  white ;  rest  of  head  leaden  gray,  the  crown 
and  slightly  developed  occipital  crest  glossed  with  greenish ;  chest 
brownish,  spotted  with  buff  or  whitish ;  remaining  lower  parts  chiefly 
white ;  upper  parts  chiefly  grayish  brown,  richly  glossed  on  wings, 
scapulars,  etc.,  Avith  reddish  purple  and  other  metallic  tints ;  length 
about  17.00-19.50.  Downy  young :  Above  dark  hair-brcwn,  darker,  or 
approaching  clove-brown,  on  top  of  head  and  tail ;  a  dingy  whitish  bar 
along  posterior  edge  of  arm-wing,  and  a  roundish  spot  of  same  on  each 
side  of  rump ;  lores,  superciliary  stripe,  and  sides  of  head  generally, 
bright  suljihury  buff,  crossed  by  a  broad  stripe  of  blackish  brown,  from 
eye  to  occiput ;  lower  parts  dingy  white,  the  sides  more  brownish,  cross'>d 
on  flanks  by  a  whitish  bar.  Nest  in  holes  in  trees,  often  at  a  great  height 
from  the  ground.  Eggs  2.08  X  1-58,  pale  buff,  or  buffy  white.  Ilab. 
Whole  of  temperate  North  America;  Cuba;  accidental  in  Europe. 

144.  A.  sponsa  (Linn.).  Wood  Duck. 
Feathering  at  base  of  bill  extending  farther  forward  above  than  below,  and 
forming  a  straight  line  from  the  side  of  the  forehead  to  the  lower  basal  cor- 
ner of  the  mandible ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  not  greater  than  its  width ; 
feathers  on  side  of  neck  (in  adult  male)  much  elongated,  forming  a  conspicu- 
ous ruff  of  soft  narrow  feathers ;  innermost  tertial  with  the  shaft  much  bent, 
giving  the  outer  web  of  falcate  form,  the  inner  (upper)  web  widened  into  an 
excessively  broad  sail-like  oi-nament ;  tail  itiuch  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing, 
nearlj'  even,  and  shorter  than  the  lower  coverts.     (Subgenus  Dendronessa 

SWATNSON.') 

Adxdt  male  :  Smaller  than  A.  sponsa ;  similar  in  general  stylo  of  coloration, 
but  middle  upper  portion  of  crest  chestnut,  lengthened  feathers  of  sides 
of  neck  tawny  chestnut,  streaked  with  ochraceous,  whole  loral  region 
buff,  etc.  Hab.  Eastern  Asia  (domesticated  extensively  in  China  and 
Japan). 

A.  galericulata  (Linn.).     Mandarin  Duck.» 


•  Dendronessa  SwAiss.,  F.  B.  A.  ii.  1831,  497.    Type,  Anas  galericulata  Lisy. 

»  Anas  galericulata  Linn.,  8.  N.  etl.  10,  i.  1758,  128.     Aix  galericulata  "  Evtov,  Mon.  Anat.  1838." 


100 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genits  CAIRINA  Fleming.'    (Page  87.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts,  uniform   glossy  brownish  black; 

tipper  parts  brilliant  metallic  blackish  green,  glossed  with  purple  anteriorly  and  on 

rump ;  wing-coverts,  above  and  below,  entirely  pure  white ;  caruncles  along  sides 

of  forehead,  etc.,  bright  pinkish  red,  or  rose-i*ed,  in  life ;  bill  varied  with  blackish 

and  pinkish  white  or  light  rose-color;    length  nearly  3  feet,  wing  about   16.00, 

tail  9.00,  tarsus  2.00,  or  more.     Adult  female :  Entirely  brownish  black,  except  some 

of  the  upper  greater  wing-coverts,   which  are  white ;  upper  parts  glossed  with 

metallic    green    and    purple ;    length  about  2  feet,   wing    12.50,  tail   5.50,  tarsus 

2.00.     Hob,  Tropical  America,  from  Paraguay  and  southern   Brazil  to  Mexico; 

Louisiana  ? 

C.  moschata  (Lixx.).     Muscovy  Duck.^ 


Genus  NETTA  Kaitp.    (Page  85,  pi.  XXIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Head  and  upper  neck  vinaceous-rufous,  the  full,  soft,  "  bushy" 
crest  paler,  and  more  ochraceous ;  lower  neck,  stripe  along  hind-neck,  most  of  the 
lower  parts,  and  rump,  uniform  brownish  black ;  back  and  scapulars  light  brown, 
with  a  broad  ti'ansverse  bai*,  or  patch,  on  outer  portion  of  scapular  region  ;  specu- 
lum chiefly  white ;  anterior  border  and  under  side  of  wing,  and  a  very  large  patch 
on  flanks,  white ;  bill  and  feet  bright  vermilion-red  in  life;  length  about  21.00, 
wing  10.20,  eulmen  2.00.  Adult  female  :  Crest  much  smaller  than  in  male ;  upper 
half  of  head  and  stripe  down  hind-neck,  light  hair-brown  ;  rest  of  head  and  neck, 
with  lower  parts  in  general,  pale  grayish,  the  chest  and  sides  more  brownish ; 
rump  dark  brownish ;  no  white  scapular  patch,  and  white  anterior  border  to  wing 
indistinct;  bill  dusky  or  brownish^  the  tip  paler  (pinkish  in  life);  wing  9.90,  eul- 
men 1.90.  Immature  male :  Much  like  the  adult  female,  but  crest  still  less  devel- 
oped, and  more  reddish  ;  under  part  and  sides  of  head  interspersed  with  cinnamon- 
colored  feathers ;  breast,  etc.,  mixed  with  black  feathei'S ;  white  scapular  patch 
distinctly  indicated.  Downy  young :  Upper  parts  dull  olive-gi'ay,  lower  parts  and 
scapular  spot  pale  yellowish  gray;  lores  with  two  olive-gray  stripes,  one  ascending 
over  eye,  and  bordering  a  yellowish  gray  superciliary  stripe,  the  other  passing 
below  the  eye,  across  cheeks  and  ear-coverts.  Eggs  2.19  X  1-68,  pale  olive-buff'. 
Hah.  Southern  and  eastern  Eui'ope,  together  with  portions  of  Africa  and  Asia; 
accidental  in  eastern  United  States  (Fulton  Market,  New  York  City). 

145.  N.  rufina  (Pall.).    Rnfons-crested  Dnck. 


1  Cnirina  "  Flgmino,  Phil,  of  Zool.  1822,  260."    Type,  Aiian  motchata  Linn. 

»  Anas  motchata  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758, 124.     CaMna  moachata  "Plem.,  Philoa.  Zool,  1822,  260." 


AVTHVA. 


101 


I  black; 
■  and  on 
ig  sides 
blackish 
t  16.00, 
jpt  some 
ed  with 
\,  tarsus 
Mexico ; 


vy  Duck.' 


i;9 


"  bushy" 
st  of  the 
t  brown, 
specu- 
ge  patch 
at  21.00, 
;  upper 
nd  neck, 
ownish ; 
to  wing 
90,  cul- 
devel- 
tinamon- 
\r  patch 
arts  and 
cending 
passing 
ive-buff. 
d  Asia; 

id  Dnck. 


,  260.' 


Genus  AYTHYA  Boie.    (Pago  85,  pi.  XXIV.,  fige.  1-3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  the  head  and  part  of  the  neck  uni- 
form chestnut  or  black,  the  lower  neck  uniform  black  (except  in  a  few  exotic 
species) ;  back  and  scapulars  waved  with  white  and  black ;  speculum  bluish  gray, 
or  white,  tipped  with  black ;  lower  parts  white.  Adult  females  with  head,  neck, 
chest,  and  upper  parts  plain  brownish,  the  head  paler  or  whitish  next  the  bill ; 
speculum  as  in  the  male. 

rt'.  Culmen  longer  than  inner  toe,  with  claw ;  bill  not  wider  near  end  than  at  base ; 
head  and  neck  reddish  in  adult  males, 
i'.  Bill  much  shorter  than  middle  too  without  claw,  its  greatest  width  nearly 
half  the  length  of  tho  culmen,  the  end  moderately  depressed,  and  the 
nail  decidedly  hooked.     (Subgenus  Aythya.) 

c*.  Adult  male :  Head  and  upper  half  of  neck  rich  chestnut-red,  glossed 
with  reddish  purple ;  lower  neck,  chest,  upper  back,  rump,  and  tail- 
coverts  (above  and  below)  black ;  back,  scapulars,  sides,  and  flanks 
waved  or  vermiculated  with  white  and  black,  in  nearly  equal  pro- 
portion ;  belly  immaculate  white.  Adult  female :  Head  and  neck 
gi'ayish  brown,  darker  above,  the  fore  part  of  the  former  lighter, 
almost  white  on  chin  and  upper  throat;  back,  scapulars,  chest,  sides, 
and  flanks  dull  grayish  brown,  the  feathers  tipped  with  paler,  or 
fulvous.  Downy  young  :  Above  ochraceous  olive-brown,  with  an 
indistinct  yellowish  spot  behind  each  wing,  another  on  the  hind 
border  of  tho  arm-wing,  and  a  third  on  each  side  of  the  rump ; 
whole  sides  of  head  and  neck,  with  lower  parts  in  general,  deep 
buff-3'ellow,  paler  and  duller  on  belly  and  ventral  region ;  no  dark 
markings  on  side  of  head.  Length  17.00-21.00,  wing  8.50-9.25, 
culmen  2.05-2.25,  greatest  width  of  bill  .75-.85.  Eggs  2.42  X  1-73, 
pale  olive-buff  or  palo  dull  greenish  buff.  Hab.  Whole  of  North 
America,  breeding  from  Maine  and  California  northward. 

146.  A.  americana  (Eyt.).    Bedhead. 

c'.  Adult  male:  Head  and  whole  neck  chestnut-rufous,  without  distinct 
purple  gloss ;  back,  scapulars,  and  whole  lower  parts,  except  chest 
and  under  tail-coverts,  white,  everywhere  finely  waved  or  vermic- 
ulated with  dusky ;  otherwise  like  A.  americana,  but  upper  man- 
dible (in  life)  pale  blue  only  between  nostril  and  end,  tho  basal  por- 
tion being  dusky.  Adult  female :  Differing  from  tho  same  sex  of 
A.  americana  chiefly  in  tho  color  of  the  bill  (hardly  appreciable  in 
dried  specimens)  and  in  the  different  propoi-tions.  "Wing  8.00-8.50, 
culmen  2.20-2.40,  greatest  width  of  bill  .70-.78.     Hah.  Europe,  with 


portions  of  Africa  and  Asia. 


A.  ferina  (Linn.).     Pochard.* 


»  Anai  ferina  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  126.    Aythya  ferina  Boie,  Isis,  1822,  664. 


102 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


6».  Culmen  as  long  as  middlo  too,  without  claw,  its  greatest  width  not  more 
than  one-third  the  length  of  Liie  eulmeii ;  the  end  much  flattened,  and 
nail  very  Hlightly  hooked.     (Suhgenus  Aristonetta  Baihd.') 
Adult  male:  Head  and  neck  reddiHh  brown,  the  former  blackish  on  top; 
chest,  upper  back,  lower  rump,  and  upper  and  under  tail-coverts, 
black  ;  rest  of  jtlumage  (except  quills,  etc.)  white,  the  upper  parts, 
sides,  flanks,  and  ventral  region,  finely  waved  or  vermiculated  with 
dusky.      Adult  female:    Head,   neck,  chest,  and  upper  back,  raw- 
umber   brown,  the  fore  part  of  the  head  and   fore-neck  whitish ; 
scapulans,  sides,  and  flanks  similar,  but  tips  of  the  feathers  vermicu- 
lated   with    whitish.      Length    about   20.00-2:J.50,  wing  8.75-9.25, 
culmen  2.10-2.50,  greatest  depth  of  bill  .75-.80.     Egjs  2.48  X  1-76, 
pale  grayish  drab  or  very  pale  grayish  olive-green.     Ilab.  Whole 
of  North  America,  breeding  iiir  northward. 

147.  A.  vallisneria  (Wils.).    Canvas-back. 
a\  Culmen  as  long  as  outer  toe,  with  claw ;  bill  wider  at  end  than  at  base ;  head 
and  neck  black  in  adult  nuiles.     (Subgenus  Fuligula  Stephens.) 
6*.  Speculum  white,  tipped  with  black. 

cK  Back  and  scapulars  in  adult  male  grayish  white  irregularly  waved  or 
zigzagged  with  black ;  no  pendent  crest  on  occiput. 
rf^  Flanks  immaculate  white. 

e\  Six  inner  quills  with  a  distinct  white  space  on  the  inner  web. 
Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  and  chest  uniform  black,  the  first 
with  a  greenish  gloss ;  wing-coverts  dusky,  "  grizzled"  with 
grayish  white;  bill  (in  life)  pale  grayish  blue,  or  bluish 
white,  with  black  nail.  Adult  male  at  end  of  breeding  sea- 
son :  '•  Plumage  resembling  that  of  the  female,  but  the 
brown  on  the  head  and  neck  is  blackish  brown,  the  back  is 
more  barred  with  dirty  white,  the  beak  is  lighter  blue,  and 
the  eyes  richer  yellow."  (Dresseu.)  Adidt  female:  Head 
and  neck  snuff-brown,  the  former  white  round  base  of  bill ; 
chest,  ventral  region,  and  lower  tail-coverts  pale  grayish 
brown,  fading  into  white  on  belly,  etc. ;  sides  and  flanks 
deeper  bi'own ;  upper  parts  nearly  plain  brownish  dusky, 
the  wings  much  as  in  the  male.  Downy  young  :  "  Crown, 
nape,  and  upper  parts  uniform  dark  olive-brown ;  throat, 
sides  of  the  head,  and  fore  part  of  the  neck,  yellowish 
white ;  a  dull  gi-ayish  band  crosses  the  lower  neck,  rest  of 
the  under  parts  dull  yellowish,  the  flanks  grayish  yellow." 
(Dresser.)  Length  18.00-20.00,  wing  8.25-8.50  (8.42), 
'5-2.05   (2.00),   greatest   width   of  bill  .90-1.00 


imen 


•  Aristonetta  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  185S,  79.3.  Typo,  Anaa  valliimeria  WiLS,   This  subgenus,  which  was  unani- 
mously accepted  by  the  A.  0.  U.  Committoo,  was  accidentally  omitted  from  the  Check  List. 


AVTirrA. 


108 


(.95),  least  width  .70-85  (.78).    Hah.  Northern  portions  of 
Old  World,  from  western  Europe  to  Kumtschutku. 

A.  marila  (Linn.).     Scaup  Duck.' 

e*.  Six  inner  quills  without  distinct  white  Hpaces  on  inner  wclw; 

otherwiHo  not  appreciably  different  from  A.  viarila ;  len;L;th 

18.00-20.00,  wing  8.25-9.00  (8.G3),  culmen  1.85-2.20  (2.03), 

greatest  width  of  bill  .85-1.05   (.97),  least  width   .70-.90 

(.79).    E(jgs  2.5-1  X  1-71,  pale  buffy  olive-gray.    Hah.  North 

America   in   general,   breeding   far   northward;   south,  in 

winter,  to  Guatemala. 

148.  A.  marila  nearctica  Stejn.    American  Soanp  Duck. 

d*.  Flanks  vcrmiculated  or  zigzagged  with  blackish. 

eK  Similar  to  A.  marila  nearctica  (including  absence  of  distinct 
white  spaces  on  six  inner  quills),  but  black  of  head  in  male 
glos.sed  with  purplish  instead  of  green  ;  length  15.00-1G.50, 
wing  7.50-8.25  (7.81),  culmen  1.58-1.90  (1.75),  greatest 
width  of  bill  .80-.95  (.89),  least  width  .G0-.78  (.(19).  Eijgs 
2.25  X  1-58,  same  color  as  in  F.  marila  nearctica.  Hah. 
North  America  in  general,  breeding  northward ;  south,  in 
winter,  to  Guatemala  and  West  Indies. 

149.  A.  afRnis  (Eyt.).    Lesser  Scaup  Duck, 
c'.  Similar  to  A.  affinis,  but  six  inner  quills  Avith  a  distinct  white 
space  on  inner  webs,  as  in  A.  marila.     Hah.  Eastern  Asia 
(Japan  and  southward). 

A.  affinis  mariloides  (Yiu.).     Chinese  Scaup  Duck.' 

c}.  Back  and  scapulars,  in  adult  male,  black,  sometimes  minutely  sprinkled 

with  whitish  ;  a  long,  pendi  at  occipital  crest. 

Otherwise,  in  color,  much  like  A.  marila;  wing  7.60-8.10,  culmen 

1.85-1.90,  greatest  width  of  bill  .75-.85.     Hah.  Northern  parts 

of  Old  World,  from  western  Europe  to  Kamtschatka. 

A.  fuligula  (LixN.).    Crested  Scaup  Duck.' 
b*.  Speculum  bluish  gray.  ~~~ 

Adult  male  :  Head,  neck,  chest,  under  tail-covcrts,  and  upper  parts  black,  the 
head  with  a  violet-purple  gloss,  and  middle  of  neck  with  a  more  or  less 
distinct  collar  of  chestnut ;  chin  with  a  triangular  white  spot ;  bill  trans- 
versely banded  with  black,  grayish  white,  and  plumbeous.   Adult  female  :* 

1  Anna  maritn  LiNN.,  Faun.  Succ.  2d  ed.  1761,  39.     Aijlhya  marila  BoiK,  Isis,  1822,  664. 

^  Fuliijula  mariloides  Via.,  Zool.  Blossom,  1839,  31  (in  text).  Aythya  affinis  mariloides  Stbjn.,  Orn.  Expl. 
KamU.  1885,  161. 

»  Anas  fulii/ula  LiNjj.,  S.  N.  od.  10,  i.  1758,  128.  Aythya  /uliijula  Stejn.,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No,  29, 
1885,  160. 

*The  female  of  this  species  resembles  very  closely  in  coloration  that  of  the  Red-head  (A.  americana),  but 
may  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  very  diflferent  proportions,  the  aTerago  measurements  of  the  two  being 
about  as  follows : 

A.  americana.  Wing  8.50,  culmen  1.90,  greatest  width  of  bill  .85,  least  width  .75,  tarsus  1.60,  middle  toe 
2.30. 

A.  OOUaris.    Wing  7.50,  culmen  1.80,  greatest  width  of  bill  .85,  least  width  .65,  tarsus  1.35,  middle  toe  2.00. 


mm- 


mmm 


104  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Top  of  head  and  back  of  neck  dai'k  brown,  rest  of  head  and  neck  paler, 
becoming  nearly  or  quite  white  antei'ioi'ly  and  on  throat ;  chest,  sides, 
and  flanks  deep  fulvous  brown ;  breast  and  belly  white ;  upper  parts 
nearly  uniform  dull  dark  brown,  the  speculum  bluish  gray,  as  in  the 
male.  Downy  young :  Above  grayish  brown,  relieved  b}'-  seven  spots  of 
light  buff,  as  follows :  A  small  spot  in  middle  of  upper  back,  a  largo 
patch  on  each  side  of  back,  another  on  each  side  of  rump,  and  a  bar 
across  hinder  border  of  each  wing;  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  deep 
grayish  brown ;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  including  forehead,  with  lower 
parts,  light  dingy  buff,  the  flanks  crossed  by  a  brown  transverse  patch  ; 
side  of  head  without  any  markings,  except  a  spot  of  grayish  brown  on 
ear  coverts.  Length  15.50-18.00,  culmen  1.75-2.00,  tarsus  1.30-1.45, 
middle  toe  2.00-2.15.  Eggs  2.23  X  1-57,  same  color  as  in  nearctica  and 
affinis.  Hab.  North  America  in  general,  breeding  northward  ;  south,  in 
winter,  to  Guatemala  and  West  Indies. 

150.  A.  coUaris  (Donoy.).    Eing-necked  Duck. 

Genus  GLAUCIONETTA  Stejneger.    (Page  85,  pi.  XXIV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  head  and  upper  neck  black,  glossed 
with  green,  blue,  or  violet,  and  relieved  by  a  white  patch  between  bill  and  eye; 
upper  parts  pied  black  and  white,  lower  parts  entirely  white,  the  flanks  streaked 
with  black.  Females  with  head  and  upper  neck  brown,  chest  and  part  of  upper 
surface  grayish,  collar  round  nock  and  most  of  lower  parts  white ;  wing  dusky, 
with  white  on  wing-coverts  and  secondaries.  Young  males  similar  to  adult  females, 
but  white  loral  spot  of  adult  more  or  less  distinctly  indicated,  and  gray  of  chest 
less  extensive  (sometimes  quite  obsolete).  Male  in  post-nuptial  plumage  :  Similar  to 
young  male,  but  wing-coverts  more  continuously  white. 

a\  Iloight  of  upper  mandible  at  base,  measured  from  point  of  frontal  angle  to 
nearest  point  on  cutting-edge,  loss  than  distance  from  anterior  edge  of  lorai 
feathering  to  anterior  end  of  nostril,  and  usually  little  if  any  greater  than 
distance  from  latter  point  to  tip  of  upper  mandible.  Adult  male  :  Head  and 
upper  neck  glossy  greenish  black,  with  a  largo  roundish  or  oval  spot  of 
white  on  lower  part  of  lores;  white  wing-patch  uninterrupted  by  black 
bands  or  bars.  Adult  female :  Brown  of  head  (usually  deep  hair-brown  or 
grayish  umber)  reaching  down  only  to  upper  part  of  neck,  and  not  so  far  in 
front  as  elsewhere ;  gray  of  chest  narrower,  usually  less  deep,  and  Avhito 
collar  broader ;  gi-eator  wing-coverts  usually  without  distinct  blackish  tips ; 
nail  of  bill  not  more  than  .20  wide.  Downy  young  :  Upper  parts,  including 
upper  half  of  head,  to  below  eyes,  broad  band  across  chest,  sides,  and  thighs, 
uniform  deep  sooty  brown,  lighter  and  more  grayish  on  chest,  the  upper 
parts  varied  by  about  eight  white  spots ;  chin,  throat,  and  cheeks  pure 
white,  in  abrupt  and  decided  contrast  with  the  circumjacent  brown;  remain- 
ing lower  parts  (except  chest)  grayish  white. 


GLAUCIONETTA. 


105 


wing 


a' 


b\  Smaller,  with  relatively  smaller  bill.     3Iale :  Length  about  18.00, 

8.00-9.00  (8.52),  bill  from  tip  to  extremity  of  frontal  angle  1.65-1.80 
(1.73),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .95-1.05  (.99),  width  .70-.75  (.74),  width  of 
nail  .18-.20,  tarsus  1.30-1.55  (1.43),  middle  too  2.15-2.30  (2.22).  Female: 
Wing  7.40-8.00  (7.72),  bill  from  tip  to  frontal  angle  1.40-1.60  (1.50), 
depth  at  base  .75-.85  (.81),  width  .60-.08  (.65),  width  of  nail  .18,  tarsus 
1.10-1.45  (1.32),  middle  toe  1.80-2.45  (2.05).  Hab.  Northern  portions  of 
eastern  hemisphere. 

G.  clangula  (Linx.).  Golden-eye.* 
v.  Larger,  with  relatively  larger  bill.  Male  :  Length  18.50-23.00,  wing  9.00- 
9.30  (9.18),  bill  from  tip  to  extremity  of  frontal  angle  1.85-2.0f.  (1.95), 
Septh  at  base  1.00-1.10  (1.03),  width  .82-.85  (.84),  width  of  nail  .25, 
tarsus  1.50-1.60  (1.57),  middle  toe  2.40-2.60  (2.45).  Female:  Length 
about  16.50,  wing  7.90-8.30  (8.14),  bill  from  tip  to  frontal  angle  1.60- 
1.75  (1.64),  depth  at  base  .85-.90  (.89),  width  .70,  width  of  nail  .20,  tarsus 
1.40-1.48  (1.44),  middle  too  2.05-2.20  (2.12).  Eggs  2.38  X  1-71,  dull  light 
pea-green,  occasionally  ranging  to  dull  pale  olive-buffy.  Hab.  North 
America  generally,  breeding  irom  Maine  and  Canada  northward ;  in 
winter,  south  to  Cuba  and  Mexico. 

151.  G.  clangula  americana  (Bonap.).   American  Oolden-eye. 
Height  of  upper  mandible  at  base,  measured  from  extremity  of  frontal  angle  to 
nearest  point  on  eutting-edge,  equal  to  distance  from  anterior  point  of  loral 
feathering  to  anterior  end  of  nostril,  and  much  greater  than  from  latter  point 
to  tip  of  upper  mandible. 
Adult  male  :  Head  and  upper  neck  glossy  blue-black,  with  a  large  vortical 
wedge-shaped  patch  of  white  across  lores;  white  wing-patch  crossed  by 
a  broad  bar  or  band  of  black  j  length  21.00-23.00,  wing  9.00-9.40  (9.17), 
bill  from  tip  to  frontal  angle   1.65-1.80  (1.75),  depth  at  base  .95-1.10 
(1.03),  width  .75-.85  (.81),  width  of  nail  .35,  tarsus    1.50-1.60  (1.57), 
middle  too  2.45-2.50  (2.47).     Adult  female  :  Brown  of  head  (usually  a 
deep  sepia  or  purplish  snuff-brown),  descending  to  middle  of  neck,  all 
round ;  gray  of  chest  broadei*,  and  usually  deeper,  and  white  collar  nar- 
rower, than  in  same  sex  of  O.  clangula ;  greater  wing-coverts  always  (?) 
distinctly  tipped  with  blackish  ;  nail  of  bill  not  less  than  .23  wide  ;  wing 
8.25-8.75  (8.40),  bill  from  tip  to  frontal  angle  1.40-1.70  (1.56),  depth  at 
base  .80-.95  (.88),  width  .70-.80  (.73),  width  of  nail  .23-.30  (.26),  tarsus 
1.30-1.60  (1.46),  middle  too  2.10-2.25  (2.19).    Eggs  2.47  X  177,  dull  pea- 
green  or  pale  grayish  pea-green.    Hab.  Northern  North  America,  breed- 
ing from  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  north- 
ward ;  Greenland ;  Iceland ;    south,  in  winter,  to  New  York,  Illinois, 
Utah,  etc. ;  accidental  or  occasional  in  Europe. 

152.  G.  islandica  (Gmel.).    Barrow's  Oolden-eye. 


>  Aii.j)  clangula  Linn.,  S.  N.  cd.  10,  i.  1758,  125.     Olaucionetta  clangula  Stej.v.,  Pruo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.  vii. 
1885,  4UU. 


14 


■H 


106 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


T 


Genus  CHARITONETTA  Stejneoer.    (Page  85,  pi.  XXIV.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Head  and  upper  neck  rich  silky  dark  metallic  green,  bronze,  and 
violet-purple,  with  a  large  patch  of  pure  white  extending  from  behind  the  eye  to 
and  across  the  occiput;  lower  neck,  lower  parts,  wing-coverts,  secondaries,  and 
outer  scapulars,  pure  white ;  upper  parts,  except  as  described,  black  ;  length  14.25- 
15.25,  wing  6.75-6.90,  culmen  1.10-1.15.  Adult  female :  Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts 
generally  dusky  grayish  brown ;  a  spot  on  ear-coverts,  inner  secondaries,  and  some- 
times a  portion  of  the  greater  wing-coverts,  white ;  lower  parts  white^  tinged  an- 
teriorly, laterally,  and  posteriorly  with  brownish  gray;  length  12.25-13.50,  wing 
5.90-6.00,  culmen  .95-1.00.  Eggs  1.98  X  1-46,  dull  light  buff.  Ilab.  Whole  of  North 
America,  breeding  northward 153.  C.  albeola  (Linn.).    Bnffle-head. 


Genus  CLANGULA  Leach.    (Page  86,  pi.  XXV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Adult  male  in  icinter :  Sides  of  head  light  smoke-gray,  the  eyelids  and  rest  of 
head  and  neck,  upper  part  of  chest,  and  upper  back,  white ;  a  dusky  patch  on  each 
side  of  neck  ;  breast  and  most  of  upper  parts  black,  the  scapulars  pale  pearl-gray  or 
gi-ayish  white ;  lower  parts  white,  the  sides  tinged  with  pearl-gray.  Adult  male  in 
summer :  Fore  part  of  head  pale  grayish ;  eyelids  and  space  behind  eye  white ;  rest 
of  head  and  neck,  with  upper  parts  generally,  sooty  blackish  or  dark  sooty  brown, 
the  upper  back  varied  with  fulvous,  and  scapulai's  edged  with  same ;  breast  and 
upper  belly  dark  sooty  grayish,  remaining  lower  parts  white,  shaded  on  sides  with 
pale  pearl-gray.  Adult  female  in  winter:  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  chiefly 
white  ;  top  of  head  dusky ;  chest  grayish  ;  upper  pai'ts  dusky  brown,  the  scapulars 
bordered  with  light  brownish,  sometimes  tipped  with  grayish.  Adult  female  in  sum- 
mer :  Head  and  neck  dark  grayish  brown,  with  a  whitish  space  surrounding  the  eye, 
and  another  on  each  side  of  neck  ;  otherwise  much  as  in  winter  plumage,  but  scapu- 
lars chiefly  light  brown  or  fulvous,  with  dusky  centres.  Young  :  Similar  to  winter 
female,  but  much  more  uniform  above,  with  scarcely  any  lighter  borders  to  scapulars, 
the  head  and  nock  light  brownish  gray,  darker  on  crown,  and  whitish  before  and 
behind  eye.  Downy  yoting  :  Above  dark  hair-brown,  relieved  only  by  a  few  grayish 
white  markings  on  side  of  head,  about  eye,  beneath  which  is  a  distinct  dusky  stripe 
running  from  the  corner  of  the  mouth  to  the  hind-head ;  lower  parts  white,  inter- 
rupted by  a  dark  brown  band  across  chest.  Length  (of  male)  20.75-23.00,  wing 
8.50-9.00,  middle  tail-feathers  8.00-8.50,  culmen  1.10;  the  female  smaller  (about 
16.00-16.G0  long),  with  middle  tail-feathers  not  conspicuously  lengthened.  Eggs 
2.05  X  1-49,  pale  dull  grayish  pea-green,  varying  to  dull  light  olive-buff.  Hab, 
Northern  portion  of  northern  hemisphere;  in  America,  south,  in  winter,  to  nearly 
acroas  the  United  States 154.  C.  hyemalis  (Linn.).    Old-iquaw. 


HISTRIONICUS. 


107 


5.) 


>nze, 


and 
le  eye  to 
ries,  and 
th  14.25- 
per  parts 
,nd  some- 
nged  an- 
.50,  wing 
of  North 
iffle-head. 


id  rest  of 

b  on  each 

I'l-gray  or 

'It  male  in 

lite ;  rest 

y  brown, 

cast  and 

ides  -with 

chiefly 

scapulars 

le  in  sum- 

f  the  eye, 

ut  scapu- 

o  winter 

capulars, 

'ore  and 

grayish 

cy  stripe 

te,  inter- 

00,  wing 

(about 

Eggs 

■ff.    Hah. 

o  nearly 

d-iqnaw. 


Genits  HISTRIONICUS  Lesson.    (Page  86,  pi.  XXV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 
Adult  male  in  winter :  Lores  and  broad  stripe  on  each  side  of  crown,  spot  over 
cars,  short  stripe  down  each  side  of  hind-neck,  narrow  collar  round  lower  neck, 
broad  bar  across  each  side  of  breast,  middle  portion  (longitudinally)  of  outer  scap- 
ulars, greater  part  of  tertials,  spot  near  tip  of  greater  wing-coverts,  and  spot  at 
each  side  of  base  of  tail,  white ;  broad  stripe  along  each  side  of  crown,  together 
with  entire  sides  and  flanks,  bright  rufous ;  rest  of  plumage  chiefly  bluish  plum- 
beous, deepening  into  blackish  along  the  margins  of  the  white  markings ;  speculum 
dark  metallic  violet-blue.  Adult  male  in  summer :  Colors  very  much  duller  than  in 
the  winter  plumage,  the  pattern  of  which  is  imperfectly  indicated ;  speculum  dull 
dusky  brownish  gx*ay  with  little  metallic  gloss ;  lower  parts  grayish  white,  spotted 
with  grayish  brown,  the  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail-coverts  nearly  uniform  gray- 
ish brown.  Adult  female :  Much  like  the  summer  male,  but  the  head,  neck,  and 
chest  grayish  brown,  with  a  distinct  white  spot  on  the  ear-covert  region,  and  the 
fore  pai*t  of  the  head  (laterally)  inclining  to  white.  Young :  Similar  to  the  adult 
female,  but  browner  and  more  uniform  above,  the  chest,  flanks,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  decidedly  brownish.  Length  15.00-17.50,  wing  7.40-8.00,  culmen  1.05-1.10. 
Eggs  2.30  X  1-62,  buffy  white  or  pale  buff?  (Identification  doubtful.)  Ilab.  North- 
ern portion  of  northern  hemisphere  ;  in  Ameinca,  south,  in  winter,  to  Middle  Ttates, 
Ohio  Valley,  and  coast  of  California,  breeding  south  to  Newfoundland,  northern 
Eocky  Mountains,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  as  far  as  lat.  38°. 

155.  H.  histrionicus  (Linn.).    Harlequin  Duck. 

Genus  CAMPTOLAIMUS  Gray.    (Page  86,  pi.  XXV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 
Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  chest,  scapulars,  and  wings  (except  quills)  white ; 
rest  of  plumage,  including  stripe  on  top  of  head  and  broad  ring  round  neck,  deep 
black;  stiff'ened  feathers  of  cheeks  bi'ownish  white.  Adult  female  :  Uniform  brown- 
ish gray,  the  wings  more  plumbeous;  tertials  silvery  gray,  edged  with  blackish; 
secondaries  white,  pi-imaries  dusky.  Young  male:  Similar  to  the  adult  female,  but 
chin  and  throat  white,  and  white  chest  of  adult  male  strongly  indicated  ;  greater 
wing-coverts  white.  Length  about  18.00-23.75,  wing  8.50-8.90,  culmen  l.CO-1.70, 
tarsus  1.50-1.60,  middle  toe  2.25-2.40.  Ilab.  Formerly,  northern  Atlantic  coast  of 
North  America,  south,  in  winter,  to  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  the  Great  Lakes. 
Believed  to  be  noio  nearly  if  not  quite  extinct. 

156.  C.  labradorius  (Gmel.).    Labrador  Duck. 

Genus  EN  ICON  ETTA  Gray.    (Page  86,  pi.  XXV.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 
Adult  male  :  Head  and  upper  nock  satiny  white,  the  stiflbnod  feathers  of  lores 
and  short  occipital  tuft  olivo-groen ;  space  round  eyes,  chin,  throat,  lower  neck  (all 


■RH 


108 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


round),  middle  of  back,  scapulars,  tertials  and  secondaries  glossy  blue-black ;  scapu- 
lars striped  with  satiny  white,  and  tertials  with  inner  webs  wholly  of  this  color ; 
all  the  wing-coverts,  anterior  scapulars,  and  sides  of  back,  pure  white ;  speculum 
rich  dark  violet  or  violet-blue,  tipped  with  white ;  lower  parts  deep  tawny,  becom- 
ing dusky  or  blackish  on  belly  and  fading  into  a  more  buflfy  or  ochreoua  tint  on 
chest,  sides,  and  flanks.  Adult  female :  Above  dusky  and  fulvous,  the  former  pre- 
vailing ;  head  and  neck  light  brownish,  speckled  with  dusky ;  chest  and  breast  light 
rusty  brown,  irregularly  spotted  or  barred  with  dusky ;  belly  uniform  sooty  brown ; 
wing-coverts  dusky,  tipped  with  brownish  gray;  falcate  tertials  mostly  dusky,  and 
speculum  much  less  brilliant  than  in  the  male.  Young :  Similar  to  adult  female, 
but  tertials  much  less  falcate,  and  speculum  dull  dusky,  with  little  if  any  metallic 
lustre.  Length  16.00-18.00,  wing  8.00-8.50,  culmen  1.40-1.45.  Eggs  2.30  X  1.62, 
varying  from  pale  olive-buff  to  pale  grayish  olive-green  or  pale  dull  pea-green. 
Hab.  Arctic  and  subai'ctic  coasts  of  northern  hemisphere ;  Aleutian  Islands,  east  to 
Unalashka,  Kadiak,  and  Fort  Kenai  on  the  Alaskan  coast. 

157.  E.  stelleri  (Pall.).    Steller's  Duck. 

Genus  ARCTONETTA  Gray.    (Page  87,  pi.  XXVI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult  male  in  winter:  Satiny  "pad"  encii'cling  eye,  dull  vvulte,  bordered  ante- 
riorly and  postei'iorly  by  a  vertical  black  lino ;  lores  and  forehead  covered  by  a 
"cushion"  of  stiflFcned  feathers  (like  the  -'pile"  of  velvet  plush),  whitish  anteriorly, 
shading  into  olive-green  and  this  into  light  greenish  buff;  crown  and  occiput  cov- 
ered by  a  cowl  or  hood  of  pendent,  stiffened,  hair-liko  feathers  of  a  light  olive- 
green  color ;  a  broad  stripe  of  darker  green  beneath  the  eye  ;  rest  of  head  and  neck 
white  ;  lower  parts,  rump,  etc.,  plain  plumbeous  drab,  or  dark  smoky  gray ;  entire 
back,  scapulars,  wing-coverts  (except  greater),  falcate  tertials,  and  patch  on  each 
side  of  rump,  yellowish  white ;  bill  orange  (in  life).  Adult  female :  Above  barred 
with  light  fulvous  and  black;  lower  parts  similar,  the  abdomen,  however,  plain 
grayish  brown ;  head  and  neck  light  grayish  buff,  finely  streaked  with  dusky,  the 
throat,  however,  nearly  immaculate;  wings  grayish  brown,  the  greater  coverts 
and  secondaries  indistinctly  tipped  with  whitish.  Length  about  21.50,  wing  10.00, 
culmen  1.00.  Eggs  2.57  X  1-77,  pale  olive-buff,  varying  to  pale  grayish  olive-green 
or  pea-green.    Hab.  Coast  of  Alaska,  from  Norton  Sound  to  Point  Barrow. 

158.  A.  fischeri  (Brandt).    Speotaoled  Eider. 


Genus  SOMATERIA  Leach.    (Page  87,  pi.  XXV.,  fig.  6;  pi.  XXVI.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  the  plumage  pied  black  and  white 
(the  lower  parts  chiefly  black,  the  upper  surface  mostly  white),  the  breast  more 
buff  or  cream-colored,  the  head  varied  with  light  green,  black,  etc.  Females  and 
young  with  the  plumage  barred  with  dusky  and  pale  fulvous  or  rusty,  the  head  and 


SOMATERIA. 


109 


neck  streaked  with  the  same.    Length  about  20.00-26.00.    Eggs  pale  olive-buff,  palo 
dull  olive-green  or  grayish  pea-green. 

a}.  Anterior  point  of  feathering  on  forehead  reaching  only  about  half-way  from  the 
point  of  the  naked  angle  on  side  of  forehead  to  nostril ;  feathering  of  lores 
extending  forward  to  at  least  beneath  the  posterior  end  of  the  nostril; 
adult  males  with  scapulars  and  tertials  white,  the  top  of  head  chiefly  black. 
(Subgenus  Somateria.) 
6*.  Distance  from  anterior  point  of  loral  feathering  to  extremity  of  naked  angle 
on  side  of  forehead,  much  greater  than  from  same  point  to  tip  of  upper 
mandible  ;  adult  male  without  any  black  on  throat, 
c*.  Adult  male  with  angle  on  side  of  forehead  narrow  and  pointed ;  black 
of   head   bordered   beneath    by   pure   white,    except   at   posterior 
extremity  only. 
dK  Adult  male  with  bill  dull  grayish  olive  in  life,  the  breast  deeper, 
more  vinaceous,  buff,  the  tertials  less  falcate;  bill  from  poste- 
rior end  of  nostril  1.65,  angle  from  anterior  extremity  of  loral 
feathering  to  extreme  point  1.46,  depth  of  upper  mandible  (at 
frontal  apex)  .92.     Adult  female  with  bill  much  heavier  than  in 
the  next,  with  nail  larger  and  more  strongly  hoo.<ed  ;  bill  from 
posterior  border  of  nostrils  1.47-1.53,  angle  1.38-1.43,  depth  of 
upper  mandible  .80-.90.     Ifab.  Northern  Europe. 

S.  mollissitna  (Link.).  Eider.* 
d".  Adult  male  with  bill  orange-yellowish  in  life,  the  breast  paler  buff, 
the  tertials  more  strongly  falcate ;  bill  from  posterior  end  of 
nostril  not  more  than  1.55,  angle  1.38-1.52,  its  width  across 
middle  not  more  than  .30,  depth  of  upper  mandible  .90-1.03. 
Adult  female :  Bill  from  nostril  1.30-1.50,  angle  1.20-1.40,  depth 
of  upper  mandible  0.78-0.95.  Doicny  young :  Above  grayish 
brown,  fading  gradually  into  paler  grayish  on  lower  parts,  the 
abdomen  inolining  to  gi'ayish  white ;  chin  and  a  broad  super- 
ciliary stripe  palo  brownish,  in  strong  contrast  with  a  dark 
brown  stripe  on  side  of  head.  Eggs  2.97  X  1-97.  Hab.  Eastern 
Arctic  America,  including  Greenland  ;  south  to  northern  Lab- 
rador in  summer  and  to  northern  border  of  United  States  in 
winter. 

159.  S.  moUissima  borealis  (Brehm).    Greenland  Eider.' 

c".  Adult  male  with  angle  on  side  of  forehead  broad  and  rounded ;  black  of 

head  bordered  beneath  by  pale  green  for  nearlj'  its  entire  length. 

Bill  from  posterior  end  of  nostril   1.35-1.48,  angle  from  anterior 

extremity  of  loral  feathering  1.75-2.00,  its  width  across  middle 


1  For  references,  see  No.  159,  A.  0.  U.  Cheek  List:  the  Amerionn  bird  proves  to  be  not  the  true  S.  mollhuima, 
however,  but  a  fairly  distinguishable  race,  chariicterijtod  as  above. 

*  Pfatt/pui  bnrenfiiiC.  L.  nnKHH,  Lehrb.  Burop.  Vtig.  1824,  813.  Sotnateria  molliitlma  borealU  A.  E.  Brehm, 
Ver«.  Samml.  Bur.  V8g.  1866,  14. 


mmmmm 


110  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

not  less  than  .45,  depth  of  upper  mandible  at  frontal  apex 
1.00-1.28.  Adult  female  :  Bill  from  posterior  end  of  nostril  1.32, 
angle  1.87  (width  .22),  depth  of  uj^per  mandible  .78.  Eggs  2.97 
X  2.01.  Hab.  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  from  Maine  to 
Newfoundland  and  southern  Labrador;  south,  in  winter,  to  the 
Delaware  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

160.  S.  dresseri  Sharpe.    American  Eider. 

6".  Distance  from  anterior  extremity  of  loral  feathering  to  extremity  of  naked 

angle  on  side  of  forehead,  less  than  distance  from  same  point  to  tip  of 

ujiper  mandible ;  adult  male  with  a  V-shaped  mark  of  black  on  throat. 

Plumage  otherwise  essentially  as  in  S.  mollissima  and  S.  dresseri ;  bill 

of  adult  male  bright  orange  or  orange-red  in  life,  with  paler  tip. 

Male:  Wing  11.75-12.75,  culmen  1.80-2.20,  length  of  bill  to  point 

of  basal  angle  2.50-3.10,  greatest  width  of  angle  .20-30,  tarsus  2.00- 

2.30.     Female :    Wing  1 1.50-12.50,  length  of  bill  to  point  of  basal 

angle  2.50-2.65.     Eggs  2.96  X  1-96.    Hab.  Northwestern  America, 

east  to  Great  Slave  Lake ;  northeastern  Asia. 

161.  S.  v-nigra  Gray.    Pacific  Eider. 
ft".  Anterior  point  of  feathering  on  forehead  reaching  as  far  forwai'd  as  posterior 
end  of  nostril,  the  loral  feathering  extending  only  about  half  as  far.     Adult 
male  with  scapulars  and  tertials  black,  the  top  of  the  head  light  bluish  gray ; 
lateral  base  of  upper  mandible,  in  adult  male,  enlarged  into  a  very  conspicu- 
ous bi'oad  lobe,  the  width  of  which  at  widest  part  exceeds  the  depth  of  upper 
mandible  at  anterior  end  of  nostril.     (Subgenus  Erionetta  Coues.) 
Adult  male  with  a  V-shaped  mark  of  black  on  throat,  as  in  S.  v-nigra.    Fe- 
male and  young  hardly  different  in  plumage  from  other  species,  but  very 
readily  distinguishable  by  different  outline  of  feathering  at  base  of  upper 
mandible,  as  pointed  out  above.     Wing  10.50-11.25,  bill  to  end  of  basal 
lobe  1.20-1.30  in  male,  about  2.00  in  female,  tarsus  1.80-1.86.     Eggs  2.77 
X  183.     Hab.  Northern  portions  of  northern  hemisphere ;    south,  in 
winter,  to  New  Jersey  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

162.  S.  spectabilis  (Linn.).    King  Eider. 

Genus  OIDEMIA  Fleming.    (Page  86,  pi.  XXVIL,  figs.  1-4.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Adult  males  uniform  black,  with  or  without  white 
speculum,  and  with  or  without  white  patches  on  head  ;  bill  brightly  colored  in  life 
with  tints  of  yellow,  orange,  or  red,  but  partly  black.  Adxdt  females  plain  brown- 
ish, lighter  and  more  grayish  beneath,  the  white  head-markings  of  the  male  (if 
any)  indistinctly  indicated. 

rt'.  Length  of  commissure  much  less  than  inner  too,  without  claw ;  adult  males 
entii'ely  uniform  black ;  bill  of  adult  male  much  swollen  on  top  at  base ; 
distance  from  anterior  end  of  nostril  to  nearest  feathers  of  forehead  greater 
than  distance  from  same  point  to  tip  of  bill.    (Subgenus  Oidemia.)  • 


OIDEMIA. 


Ill 


6'.  Nail  of  bill  much  flattened,  scarcely  hooked  at  tip.  Adult  male:  Bill  black, 
with  a  yellow  or  orange  spot  on  culmen  immediately  in  front  of  the 
basal  knob.  Adult  female :  Above  soot}'^  brown,  beneath  paler,  inclining 
to  light  grayish  brown  on  breast  and  belly ;  bill  wholly  dusky,  the  basal 
half  of  the  culmen  level,  or  scarcely  if  at  all  elevated  at  base.  Win" 
8.00-9.20,  culmen  1.90,  depth  of  upper  mandible  at  base  .98-1.00  in  male, 
.50  in  female,  tarsus  1.50-1.60.  Hub.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemi- 
sphere. 

O.  nigra  (Linn.).  European  Scoter.* 
i*.  Nail  of  bill  distinctly  ai'ched,  and  decidedly  hooked  at  tip.  Adult  male : 
Basal  half  of  upper  mandible,  including  whole  of  knob,  yellow  or 
orange ;  rest,  including  entire  edge,  black.  Adult  female  :  Above  dusky 
grayish  brown,  the  feathers  of  dorsal  region  with  paler  tips;  lower 
parts  paler  grayish  brown,  the  lighter  tips  broader,  though  want- 
ing on  the  posterior  portions;  lateral  and  undei*-parts  of  head  nearly 
uniform  light  gi-ayish  brown,  in  decided  contrast  with  dark  brown  of 
pileum  and  nape ;  bill  uniform  blackish.  Yotinr/ :  Much  like  adult 
female,  but  lighter  beneath,  where  indistinctly  barred  (mostly  beneath 
the  surface)  with  grayish  brown.  Length  17.00-21.50,  wing  8.75-9.50, 
culmen  1.65-1.80,  depth  of  upper  mandible  at  base  .85-.95  in  male,  .70 
in  female,  tarsus  1.65-2.00.  Eggs  2.55  X  1-80,  pale  dull  buff  or  palo 
brownish  buff.  Hah.  North  America,  breeding  northward ;  in  winter, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  California. 

163.  O.  americana  Sw.  &  Rich.    American  Scoter. 
Length  of  commissure  much  more  than  length  of  inner  toe  without  claw. 
6'.  Feathering  of  head  advancing  much  farther  forward  on  lores  than  on  fore- 
head ;  sides  of  upper  mandible  at  lower  portion  of  base  sunken ;  wing 
with  a  white  speculum,     (Subgenus  Melanitta  Boie.) 
c'.  Loral   feathers   separated   from   nostril   by   a   space   nearly   or  quite 
equal  to  length  of  nostril ;  male  with  lower  part  of  swollen  basal 
portion  of  upper  mandible,   on   sides,   unfeathered ;    sides  of  bill 
orange-yellow  in  life ;    basal  portion  of  culmen  elevated  but  not 
forming  an  abrupt   knob ;    plumage  uniform   black,  or   brownish 
black,  relieved  by  a  white  wing-speculum  and  a  white  patch  be- 
neath and  behind  eye.     Adxdt  female:    Sooty  grayish,  or  dusky 
grayish  brown,  darker  above;  wing  with  a  white  speculum,  but  no 
white  on  head  ;  bill  wholly  dusky.     Downy  young  :  "  Crown,  nape, 
hind-neck,  and  sides  of  the  head  to  a  line  from  the  base  of  the 
lower  mandible  deep  brown;  a  small  white  spot  below  the  eye; 
upper  parts  uniform  dark  brown  with  an  olivaceous  tinge;  a  small 
white  patch  of  down  on  the  wings ;  under-piii'ts  white,  the  ui:)per 
breast  crossed  by  a  dull  brown  band."     (Dresser.)     Length  about 
21.00,  wing  10.65-11.40,  culmen  1.40-1.70,  depth  of  upper  mandible 


>  Ana»  nigra  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  123.     Oidemia  nigra  Flbu.,  Brit.  Anim.  182S,  119. 


112 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


i:i 


at  base  1.10-1.30,  tarsus  1.80-2.10.    Eggs  2.87  X  1-92,  pale  cream- 
color.    Hob.  Northern  portiorts  of  eastern  hemisphere ;  accidental  in 

Greenland 164.  O.  fusca  (Linn.).    Velvet  Scoter. 

(?.  Loral  feathering  separated  from  nostrils  bj''  a  space  much  narrower 
than   length  of  nostril;    male  with  swollen  lateral  base  of  upper 
mandible  entirely  feathered,  the  sides  of  bill  bright  red  or  orange- 
red  in  life. 
d}.  Width  of  bill  at  widest  part  equal  to  or  greater  than  distance 
from  nostril  to  tip,  the  lateral  outlines  stronglj'  convex ;  knob 
with  anterior  outline  sloping  backward ;  distance  from  frontal 
feathering  to  where  outline  of  knob  begins  to  incline  down- 
ward not   more  than   .45 ;    sides  of  bill,  in   life,  orange-red ; 
plumage  as  in  0.  fusca.     Length  19.75-23.00,  wing  10.65-11.40, 
eulmen  1.40-1.70,  depth  of  upper  mandible  at  base  1.10-1.30, 
tarsus  1.80-2.10.    Eggs  2.68  X  1-83,  pale  dull  buff,  varying  to 
cream-color.     Hab.  Northern  North  America ;  south,  in  winter, 
to  Chesapeake  Bay,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  southern  California. 
165.  O.  deglandi  Bonap.    White-winged  Scoter. 
(P.  Width  of  bill  at  widest  pai't  less  than  distance  from  nostril  to  tip, 
the  lateral  outlines  nearly  parallel ;  knob  of  male  with  anterior 
outline  decidedly  concave,  the  top  forming  a  more  or  less  con- 
spicuous projection ;  distance  from  frontal  feathers  along  top 
of  knob  to  anterior  extremity  not  less  than  .55 ;  sides  of  bill 
bright  red  in  life ;  plumage  as  in  O.  fusca  and  O.  deglandi,  but 
b]{ick  usually  much    more  intense.      Uab.  Northeastern  Asia 
(Kamtschatka  to  Japan). 

O.  stejnegeri  Ridqw.     Kamtschatkan  Scoter.' 

b\  Feathering  of  head  advancing  much  farther  forward  on  forehead  than  on 

lores ;  sides  of  bill  at  base  with  swollen  portion  entirely  naked ;  wing 

without  white  speculum.    (Subgenus  Pelionetta  Kaup.) 

Adult  male :  Uniform  deep  black,  the  lower  parts  more  sooty ;  a  patch 

on  forehead  and  another  on  hind-neck,  pure  white  (one  or  the  other 

of  them  occasionally  absent)  ;  bill  reddish  in  life,  the  swollen  base, 

on  each  side,  marked  with  a  conspicuous  large  spot  of  jet-black ; 

length  about  20.00-22.00,  wing  9.25-9.75,  eulmen  1.30-1.60,  tarsus 

1.55-1.85.     Adult  female :  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  dusky;  rest 

of  head  grayish  brown,  usually  with  an  indistinct  whitish  patch 

near  corner  of  mouth  ;  upper  parts  dusky,  the  feathers  sometimes 

with  paler  tips ;  lower  parts  grayish  brown,  paler  on  belly,  the 

feathers  of  breast  and  sides  tipped  with  dull  whitish ;  bill  wholly 

dusky,  scarcely  swollen  at  base;  length  about  18.00-19.00.   Young  : 

Similar  to  adult  female,  but  side  of  head  with  two  quite  distinct 

whitish  patches,  one  near  base  of  bill,  the  other  over  ears ;  color  of 


1  New  species.     (—0.  deglandii  Stejk.,  Cm.  Expl.  Kamtsoh.  1885,  174.) 


ERISMATURA. 


113 


upper  parts  more  uniform,  and  plumage  everywhere  of  softer 
texture.  Eggs  2.47  X  1-70,  pale  buff,  or  pale  creamy  buff.  Hah. 
North  America  in  general,  breeding  far  northward;  south,  in  winter, 
to  Jamaica,  the  Carolinas,  Ohio  River,  and  Lower  California  ;  acci- 
dental in  Europe 166.  O.  perspicillata  (Linn.).    Surf  Scoter. 


Genus  ERISMATURA  Bonaparte.    (Page  87,  pi.  XXVI.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Chabacters  (of  American  species). — Adxdt  males  with  upper  parts 
uniform  rich  reddish  chestnut ;  head  partly  or  entirely  black,  the  bill  fine  light 
blue  in  life.  Females  and  young,  dull  grayish  brown  above,  finely  mottled  (some- 
times indistinctly  barred)  with  paler;  sides  of  head  dull  whitish,  crossed  by  a 
longitudinal  dusky  bar  or  band. 

a\  "Width  of  bill  near  end  .90-.95. 

Adxdt  male :  Above,  including  neck,  bright  reddish  chestnut ;  top  of  head 
black ;  entire  side  of  head,  below  eyes,  white ;  lower  parts,  from  chest  back, 
whitish  (the  feathers  dark  brownish  gray  immediately  beneath  the  sur- 
face, and  this  sometimes  completely  exposed  by  wearing  away  of  the 
light-colored  tips),  sometimes  overlaid  by  a  bright  rusty  wash  or  stain. 
Adult  female  and  young  male :  Above  grayish  brown,  finely  mottled  and 
sometimes  indistinctly  barred  with  grayish  buff;  top  of  head  darker; 
rest  of  head  grayish  white,  crossed  longitudinally  by  a  stripe  of  mottled 
brownish,  from  corner  of  mouth  to  ear-coverts;  neck  pale  brownish 
gray,  lower  parts  dull  whitish  (on  surface).  Downy  young :  Above  dark 
smoky  brown,  darker  on  head ;  a  whitish  spot  on  each  side  of  back ;  be- 
low eye,  from  bill  to  occiput,  a  stripe  of  brownish  white,  and  beneath 
this  a  narrower  one  of  dusky  brown,  confluent  with  the  brown  of  the 
nape ;  beneath,  grayish  white,  shading  into  sooty  brown  on  chest. 
Length  about  13.50-16.00,  wing  5.75-6.00,  culmen  about  1.50-1.60. 
Eggs  2.42  X  1-80,  oval  or  ovoid,  white  or  pale  buffy,  with  finely  but  dis- 
tinctly granulated  surface.  Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  south  to 
New  Granada  and  West  Indies. 

167.  E.  rubida  (Wils.).     Raddy  Duck. 

a\  Width  of  bill  near  end  only  .70-.85. 

Adult  male:  Head  and  neck  (except  lower  half  of  latter  in  front)  uniform 
black ;  rest  of  plumage  essentially  as  in  corresponding  stage  of  E.  rubida. 
Adult  female:  Similar  to  same  sex  of  ^.  rubida,  but  darker  and  very  dis- 
tinctly barred  on  the  sides  and  upper  parts  with  light  fulvous  or  buffy. 
Hab.  Southern  South  America. 

B.  ferruginea  Ettoit.    Ferruginous  Duck.' 


'  EaUmatura  ferruginea  Eyton,  Mon.  Anat.  1338,  170. 
15 


114 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  NOMONYX  Ridgway.    (Page  87,  pi.  XXVI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Foro-part  and  top  of  head,  black ;  rest  of  head,  with  neck,  dark 
rusty  cinnamon ;  back  and  sides  rusty,  striped  with  black ;  belly,  etc.,  yellowish 
rusty,  the  feathers  occasionally  showing  dusky  centres ;  wings  brown,  with  a  con- 
spicuous white  speculum  on  greater  coverts.  Immature  {?)  male  :  Top  of  head,  two 
stripes  on  side  of  head,  and  general  color  of  upper  parts,  dull  black  ;  spaces  between 
head-stripes,  also  cheeks  and  chin,  dull  white;  neck  and  chest  rusty  chestnut, 
sometimes  with  a  purplish  tinge  ;  rest  of  lower  parts  dull  ochraceous,  the  feathers 
with  concealed  dusky  central  spots  ;  middle  and  greater  wing-coverts,  basal  portion 
of  secondaries,  and  whole  of  axillars,  white ;  back  and  scapulars  varied  with  bars 
and  borders  of  rusty.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  black  less  intense 
and  more  broken,  the  rusty  paler  (sometimes  replaced  by  ochraceous)  and  spotted 
with  black;  belly  dull  ochraceous  white,  and  wing-speculum  smaller.  Length 
about  12.00-14.50,  wing  about  5.50-5.75,  tail  3.50^.50,  culmen  1.30-1.37.  Hub. 
Tropical  America  in  general,  including  the  West  Indies ;  accidental  in  the  eastern 
United  States  (Lake  Champlain,  New  York,  and  Lake  Koshkonong,  Wisconsin). 

125.  N.  dbminicus  (Linn.).    Masked  Duck. 

Genus  CHEN  Boie.    (Page  87,  pi.  XXVIII.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  with  whole  head  and  at  least  part  of  the  neck 
white*  (in  two  of  the  three  species  the  plumage  entirely  white,  except  quills,  which 
are  blackish) ;  the  bill  dull  purplish  red  (in  life),  with  whitish  nail,  and  feet  pur- 
plish red.  Young  with  head  and  neck  grayish,  the  rest  of  the  plumage  either 
chiefly  grayish  brown  or  else  striped  with  grayish  on  a  whitish  ground ;  bill  and 
feet  dusky. 

a^.  Bill  very  robust,  the  commissure  widely  gaping,  and  enclosing  a  broad  blackish 

space,  extending  from  the  corner  of  the  mouth  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  bill ; 

feathering  at  base  of  upper  mandible,  along  each  side,  having  a  very  convex 

outline ;  culmen  1.95  or  more. 

b\  Plumage  chiefly  grayish  brown,  the  rump  (usually)  and  wing-coverts  bluish 

gray. 

Adult :  Head  and  part  of  neck,  and  sometimes  rump  and  part  of  lower 

surface,  white  ;    greater  wing-coverts  and  secondaries  (including 

tertials)  edged  with  white.     Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  head  and 

neck  uniform  deep  grayish  brown,  only  the  chin  being  white. 

Length  26.50-30.00,  wing  15.00-17.00,  culmen  2.10-2.30,  tarsus  3.00- 


'  In  some  specimens  the  head  more  or  less  stained  with  bright  rusty,  or  orange-rufous,  from  contact  with 
ferruginous  matter. 


ANSER. 


115 


contact  with 


3.30,  middle  toe  2.15-2.50.  Hab.  Interior  of  North  America,  east  of 
Eocky  Mountains,  breeding  on  the  eastern  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay; 
migrating  south,  in  winter,  through  Mississippi  Valley  to  the  Gulf 
coast ;  occasional  on  Atlantic  coast. 

— .  C.  caerulescens  (Linn.).    Blue  Ooose.' 
b"*.  Plumage  of  adult  entirely  white,  except  primaries  and  their  coverts;  young 
grayish  white,  the  upper  parts  striped  with  dusky  grayish. 

Adult :  Uniform  pure  white,  the  head  often  stained  with  rusty ;  pri 
marics  black,   becoming  grayish  basally,   their  coverts,  and  the 
alulae,  ash-gray.      Young  :  Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  pale  grayish, 
the  feathers  of  the  latter  with  whitish  edges  and  (especially  wing- 
coverts  and  tertials)  striped  medially  with  darker;   rump,  upper 
tail-coverts,  tail,  and  lower  parts  plain  white, 
c*.  Length  about  23.00-28.00,  wing  14.50-17.00  (16.36),  culmcn  1.95- 
2.30  (2.15),  tarsus  2.80-3.25  (3.01),  middle  toe  2.00-2.50  (2.34). 
Eggs  3.13  X  2.12.      Hab.  Western  North  America,  breeding  in 
Alaska ;  migrating  south,  in  winter,  to  southern  California  and 
Mississippi  Valley  ;  northeastern  Asia. 

169.  C.  hyperborea  (Pall.).    Lesser  Snow  Ooose. 
<?.  Length  about  30.00-38.00,  wing  17.35-17.50  (17.42),  culmen  2.55- 
2.70  (2.63),  tarsus  3.15-3.50  (3.28),  middle  toe  2.60-2.80  (2.70). 
Hab.  Eastern  North  America ;  breeding  grounds  unknown,  but 
probably  arctic  regions  east  of  Mackenzie  River ;  United  States 
(Mississippi  Valley  to  Atlantic  coast)  only  during  migrations 
and  in  winter. 
169a.  C.  hyperborea  nivalis  (Forst.).    Greater  Snow  Goose, 
a*.  Bill  comparatively  weak,  the  commissure  not  gaping,  and  not  enclosing  a  dis- 
tinct blackish  space ;  feathering  at  base  of  upper  mandible,  along  each  side, 
forming  a  nearly  straight,  oblique  line  ;  culmen  1.70  or  less. 

Adult  with  basal  portion  of  upper  mandible  often  wrinkled  and  warty; 
plumage,  at  all  ages,  as  in  G.  hyperborea,  but  young  rather  lighter  in 
color,  with  the  darker  stripes  of  upper  parts  less  strongly  contrasted; 
length  20.00-26.00,  wing  13.75-15.50,  culmen  1.50-1.70,  tarsus  2.30-3.00, 
middle  toe  1.80-2.05.  Hab.  Interior  of  Arctic  America  in  summer;  mi- 
grating south,  in  winter,  to  southern  California,  and  eastward  to  Mon- 
tana 170.  C.  rossii  (Baird).    Ross's  Snow  Goose. 

Genus  ANSER  Brisson.    (Page  87,  pi.  XXVIII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Plumage  brownish,  the  feathers  of  back,  etc.,  with 
lighter  tips ;  lower  parts  pale  brownish  gray  or  grayish  white,  becoming  pure 
white  on  under  tail-coverts ;  upper  tail-coverts  white ;  tail  dusky,  tipped  with  white. 

^  References  given  on  page  351  ("  Hypothetical  List")  of  the  A.  0.  U.  Cbecic  List.    It  is,  however,  beyond 
question  a  good  species. 


HiH 


% 


116  •  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

a\  Culmen  not  more  than  2.30,  tarsus  less  than  3.00. 

Adult :  Foro  part  of  head,  all  round,  to  about  half  way  across  lores  and 
forehead,  white ;  rest  of  head  grayish  brown  (darkest  next  the  white), 
as  arc  also  the  neck  and  upper  parts,  the  latter  varied  by  distinct  gray- 
ish tips  to  the  feathers ;  lower  parts  grayish  white,  blotched  or  irregu- 
larly spotted  with  black;  anal  region,  crissum,  and  tail-coverts  white; 
greater  wing-coverts  ash-gray  tipped  with  white ;  secondaries  blackish 
edged  with  white ;  bill  light  colored  (yellowish  or  orange  in  life),  with 
white   nail ;    feet   light-colored   (orange  or   reddish   in   life).      Young : 
Similar  to  adult,  but  fore-part  of  head  dusky  instead  of  white,  lower 
parts  without  black  markings,  and  nail  of  bill  dusky. 
b\  Length  about  28.00,  wing  14.75-16.00,  culmen  1.60-1.75,  depth  of  upper 
mandible  at  base  about  .90,  width  .85-1.05,  tarsus  2.25-2.80.     Eggs 
3.06  X  2.03.    Hob.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere  ;  south- 
eastern Greenland?.  171.  A.  albifrons  (Gmel.).  White-fronted  Ooose. 
b*.  Length  27.00-30.00,  wing  14.25-17.50,  culmen  1.80-2.35,  depth  of  upper 
mandible  at  base  .90-1.20,  width  .85-1.05,  tarsus  2.60-3.20.      Eggs 
3.16  X  2.07.      Hnb.  North  America,    breeding   far   northward ;    in 

winter,  south  to  Mexico  and  Cuba 171a.  A.  albifrons  gambeli 

(IIartl.).    American  White-fronted  Ooose. 
ft*.  Culmen  more  than  2.30,  tarsus  more  than  3.00. 

Adult :  Head  and  neck  grayish  brown ;  upper  parts  brownish  gray,  the 
feathers  tipped  with  grayish  white ;  rump  blackish  brown,  lower  parts 
brownish  gray,  becoming  white  posteriorly,  the  upper  tail-coverts  and 
sides  of  rump  also  white ;  bill  chiefly  light-colored  (orange  in  life  ?),  the 
nail,  culmen,  and  basal  half  of  lower  mandible  black ;  feet  light-colored 
(orange-yellowish  in  life) ;  length  about  30.00-32.00,  wing  18.50,  or  less, 
culmen  2.35,  tarsus  3.10.  Hab.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemi- 
sphere ;  said  to  have  occurred  in  Canada  and  at  Hudson's  Bay  (fide 
Nuttall).  •  -  A.  segetutn  (Gmel.).    Bean  Goose.^ 


Genus  BRANTA  Scopoli.    (Page  87,  pi.  XXVIII.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Bill  and  feet  entirely  deep  black,  at  all  ages ;  head  and 
neck  black,  one  or  the  other,  or  both,  relieved  by  white  patches ;  tail-coverts 
white;  tail  and  quills  unifoi'm  black;  upper  parts  brownish,  the  feathers  with 
lighter  tips;  lower  parts  (from  thighs  forward)  grayish  white  (in  B.  leucopsis  only), 
grayish,  brownish,  or  dusky. 

a}.  Head  partly  white. 

6*.  Head  black,  with  a  somewhat  triangular  whitish  patch  on  each  cheek, 
usually  confluent  on  throat,  but  sometimes  separated  by  a  black  throat- 
stripe  ;  chest  grayish  or  brownish,  like  breast  and  belly. 


1  Anat  legetum  Quel.,  S.  N.  i.  1788,  612.    Anter  segetum  Metkr,  Tosohb.  ii.  1810,  554. 


BRANTA. 


117 


c'.  Lower  parts  light  brownish  gray,  fading  gradually  into  white  on  anal 

region ;  white  eheolc-patches  usually  contluont  on  throat ;  white  collar 

round  lower  neck  usually  wanting,  rarely  distinct. 

d}.  Larger  (wing  usually  more  than  16.00,  culmen  usually  more  than 

1.75)  ;   tail-feathers   usually  18-20 ;    length  about  35.00-43.00, 

wing   15.60-21.00,   culmen   1.55-2.70,  tarsus   2.45-3.70.      Eggs 

3.55  X  2.27.     Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  breeding  chiefly 

within  the  United  States. 

172.  B.  canadensis  (Linn.)  Canada  Ooose. 
cP.  Smaller  (wing  usually  less  than  16.00,  culmen  usually  less  than 
1.75)  ;  length  about  25.00-34.00,  wing  14.75-17.75,  culmen  1.20- 
1.90,  tarsus  2.25-3.20.  Eggs  3.18  X  2.10.  Hub.  Arctic  and  sub- 
arctic America;  south,  in  winter,  through  United  States,  chiefly 
west   of  Alleghanies;    northeastern    Asia   (Japan   to   eastern 

Siberia) 172a.  B.  canadensis  hutchinsii  (Sw.  &  Eicii.). 

Hutohins's  Ooose. 
c*.  Lower  parts  deep  grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray  (often  not  con- 
spicuously paler  than  upj^cr  parts),  abruptly  defined  against  white 
of  anal  region ;  white  cheek-patches  usually  separated  by  a  black 
throat-stripe,  or  black  mottling  on  throat ;  white  collar  round  lower 
neck  usually  very  distinct, 
i'.  Larger  (wing  more  than   16.00,    culmen  more  than  1.25)  ;    tail- 
feathers  u.sually  18-20;  length   about  35.00;  wing  16.25-18.1  •<» 
culmen   1.40-1.65,    tai'sus   3.05-3.25.      Hab.   Northwest    co;i 
of  North  America,  north  to  Sitka ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Cali- 
fornia   1726.  B.  canadensis  occidentalis  (Baird). 

White-cheeked  Ooose. 
cP.  Smaller  (wing  less  than  16.00,  culmen  less  than  1.25)  ;  tail-feathers 
usually  14-16;  length  about  23.00-25.00,  wing  13.60-14.50, 
culmen  0.95-1.15,  tarsus  2.40-2.75.  Eggs  3.02  X  2.00.  Hab. 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  breeding  chiefly  about  the 
shores  of  Norton  Sound  and  the  lower  Yukon  ;  south,  in  winter, 
to  California,  and,  more  rarely,  to  upper  Mississippi  Valley  (Wis- 
consin, etc.). 

173c.  B.  canadensis  minima  Eidqw.  Cackling  Ooose. 
6'.  Head  mostly  white,  the  lores,  occiput,  neck,  and  chest  (sometimes  back 
also)  black.  Above  bluish  gray,  the  feathers  marked  with  a  broad  sub- 
terminal  bar  of  black  and  a  narrow  terminal  bar  of  white ;  lower  parts 
grayish  white,  the  sides  and  flanks  brownish  gray,  the  feathers  with 
whitish  tips;  length  23.50-28.00,  wing  14.90-16.90,  culmen  1.10-1.45, 
tarsus  2.50-3.00.  Eggs  3.71  X  2.38.  Hab.  Northern  Europe ;  occasional 
on  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  (Hudson's  Bay  to  North  Carolina). 

175.  B.  leucopsis  (Bechst.).    Barnacle  Ooose. 
2'.  Head  entirely  black. 

b*.  Middle  of  nock  with  a  patch  of  white  streaks  on  each  side ;  upper  parts 


118  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

brownish  gray,  the  feathers  narrowly  tipped  with  grayish  white ;  lower 
parts  pale  grayish,  in  conspicuous  and  abrupt  contrast  with  black  of 
chest,  and  gradually  fading  into  the  white  of  anal  region  and  crissum. 
Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  wing-coverts  and  secondaries  broadly 
tipped  with  white,  forming  conspicuous  bars ;  white  on  sides  of  neck 
reduced  to  small  specks  ;  lower  parts  paler  and  more  uniform.  Length 
23.50-30.50,  wing  12.30-13.60,  culmen  1.20-1.50,  tarsus  2.10-2.40.  Eg<js 
2.92  X  2.02.  Hah.  Sea-coasts  of  Europe  and  eastern  North  America, 
breeding  only  within  the  Arctic  circle ;  casual  or  occasional  in  upper 
Mississippi  Valley  during  winter. 

173.  B.  bernicla  (Linn.).  Brant. 
6*.  Middle  of  neck  encircled  by  a  broad  white  collar,  interrupted  only  behind ; 
upper  parts  nearly  uniform  dark  sooty  brown ;  lower  parts  dark  sooty 
slate,  not  distinctly,  if  at  all,  contrasted  with  black  of  chest,  but 
abruptly  defined  against  white  of  anal  region  and  crissum.  Young : 
Similar  to  adult,  but  collar  indistinct  or  obsolete,  the  larger  wing- 
coverts  and  secondaries  broadly  tipped  with  white,  and  feathers  of 
sides  and  flanks  uniform  brownish  gray,  without  white  tips.  Length 
22.00-29.00,  wing  12.70-13.50,  culmen  1  20-1.35,  tarsus  2.20-2.50.  Eggs 
2.87  X  1-87.  Hab.  Western  Arctic  Amex'ica,  migrating  south,  in  winter, 
along  Pacific  coast  to  Lower  California,  and  very  rarely  straggling  to 
Atlantic  coast  (Long  Island). 

174.  B.  nigricans  (Lawb.).    Black  Brant. 


Genus  PHILACTE  Bannister.    (Pago  88,  pi.  XXVIII,,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Head  and  hind-neck  white,  the  former  frequently  stained  with  orango- 
rufoua;  throat  and  nock  (except  behind)  plain  dusky;  basal  half  of  tail  slate-color, 
terminal  half  white;  rest  of  plumage  bluish  gray,  handsomely  barred  with  black 
and  white,  these  markings  very  sharply  contrasted  on  upper  parts,  but  much  less 
distinct  on  lower,  which  are  more  or  less  tinged  with  fulvous.  Young:  Similar  to 
adult,  but  with  head  and  whole  neck  dusky,  the  former  speckled,  especially  on  top, 
with  white;  mark'no;?  in  general  less  distinct  than  in  adult.  Length  about  26.00, 
wing  14.30-15.7'j,  culmen  1.40-1.66,  tarsus  2.60-2.85,  middle  toe  2.40-2.50.  Eggs 
3.16  X  2.12.  Uah.  Coast  of  Alaska,  north  of  the  peninsula,  chiefly  about  the  shores 
of  Norton  Sound  and  valley  of  the  lower  Yukon. 

176.  P.  canagica  (Sevast.).    Emperor  Goose. 


Genus  DENDROCYGNA  Swainson.    (Pago  87,  pi.  XXV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

a}.  Plumage  much  spotted  or  speckled,  without  large  areas  of  uniform  color. 

Above  dull  brown,  the  feathers  paler  at  tips;  nock  streaked  with  pale 


DENDROCYQNA. 


119 


te ;  lower 

black  of 

crissum. 

1  broadly 

3  of  neck 

Length 

to.     Eg<js 

America, 

in  upper 

).    Erant. 

Y  behind  ; 

irk  Booty 

host,  but 

Young  : 


;er 


wing- 


athers  of 

Length 

50.     Eggs 

in  winter, 

ggling  to 

ick  Brant. 


h  ornnge- 
ate-color, 
ith  black 
nuoh  less 
Similar  to 
y  on  top, 
Hit  26.00, 
50.  Eggs 
ho  shores 

ror  Goose. 
I) 


or. 

Yith  pale 


fulvous  and  dusky ;  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  irregularly  spotted  with 
black.    Hab.  West  Indies  (Jamaica  and  St.  Croix). 

D.  arborea  Linn.    Tree-duck.^ 
a\  Plumage  chiefly  uniform,  in  distinctly  defined  areas  of  different  colors. 

b\  Belly  plain  light  tawny-cinnamon,  or  fulvous,  the  flanks  striped  with 

paler. 

Adult :  Back  and  scapular  region  black,  the  feathers  tipped  with  ful- 
vous or  cinnamon;  upper  tail-coverts  white ;  head  and  neck  plain 
tawny,  like  lower  parts,  the  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  darker; 
bill  black ;  length  about  20.00-21.00,  wing  8.10-8.90,  culmen  1.65- 
1.95,  tarsus  2.10-2.40,  midd'e  too  2.30-2.80.  Hab.  Tropical  and 
subtropical  North  America,  north  to  California,  Nevada,  and  Louisi- 
ana ;  also,  southern  Brazil,  Paraguay,  and  Argentine  llepublic. 

178.  D.  fulva  (Gmel.).    Fulvous  Tree-duck. 
b*.  Belly  uniform  black. 

c*.  Under  tail-coverts  white,  spotted  with  black  ;  bill  light-colored  (red  in 
life);    above  reddish   brown,   the    rump    and    upper    tail-coverts 
black. 
d^.  Adult:  Lower  part  of  neck,  all  round,  and  chest,  reddish  brown,  or 
cinnamon,  like  the  back.    Young :  Similar,  but  pattern  of  color- 
ation much  less  distinct,  and  colors  duller ;  the  reddish  brown 
raplaced  by  dingy  grayish,  tinged  with  rusty,  the  belly,  flanks, 
etc.,  grayish  white,   tinged  with  dusky;  bill   and  feet  dusky. 
Downy  young  :  Above  blackish  brown,  varied  by  lai'gc,  sharply 
defined  areas  of  sulphury  buff;  lower  parts  pale  buff-yellow, 
the  belly  whitish.     Length   19.75-24.00,  wing  9.20-9.70,  cul- 
men 1.90-2.15,  tarsus   2.25-2.60,  middle  too   2.25-2.70.     Eggs 
2.12  X  1-56,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  pale  olive  greenish  or 
buffy.     I£ab.  Middle  America,  including  Rio  Grande  Valley  in 
Texas. 

177.  D.  autumnalis  (Linn.).     Black-bellied  Tree-duck. 
d*.  Adult:  Lower  part  of  nock,  all  round,  including  chest,  brownish 
gray,  abruptly  contrasted'  with  the  chestnut-brown  of  the  back. 
Hab.  Northern  South  America. 

D.  discolor  Scl.  &  Salv.    Colombian  Tree-duck.* 
c'.  Under  tail-covorts  uniform  black. 

Adidt:  Chest  and  lowe>  •>art  of  neck,  all  round,  rich  chestnut; 
sides  yellowish  whiti ,  b  red  with  blackish  ;  fore  part  of  head 
white ;  rest  of  head,  and  upper  part  of  neck,  black,  with  a  white 
prtch  on  fore-neck.  Hab.  Eastern  South  America  and  western 
Africa. 

D.  viduata  (Linn.).    Brazilian  Tree-duck.> 

1  .4iin»  arborea  LiNS.,  S.  N.  ed.  12,  i.  17M,  207.     Dcnrlmci/ijna  arboren  EvT.,  Mon.  Anat  IS.IS,  110. 

'  Deniirori/gna  dincolor  Sri„  A  8 At, v.,  N'>m.  Nootr.  1873,  101. 

'  Altai  viduata  LiKN.,  S.  N,  oJ.  12,  i.  176^,  205.    Dtndrocygna  viduata  Err.,  Mon.  Anra.  1838,  110, 


■■ 


MH 


120 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


m 


p. 


Genus  OLOR  Wagler.    (Pagj  88,  pi.  XXIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults  with  whole  plumage  pure  white,  the  head  often 
stained  with  rusty ;  bill  either  entirely  black,  or  black  and  yellow ;  iris  dark  brown  ; 
feet  black.  Young  ashy,  sometimes  tinged  with  brownish,  the  bill  flesh-color  (or  at 
least  partly  of  this  color),  and  feet  grayish,  or  whitish.  Eggs  white  or  buffy 
white. 

rt'.  Distance  from  the  anterior  corner  of  the  eye  to  posterior  end  of  the  nostrils 
much  greater  than  from  the  latter  point  to  the  tip  of  the  bill. 
6*.  Basal  portion  of  bill  and  entire  lores  yellow  in  adult. 

c\  Yello  V  of  bill  surrounding  nostrils ;  wing  23.00  or  more,  and  culmen  4.00 
or  more ;  length  about  4J-5  feet,  extent  7-8  feet,  wing  23.00-26.00, 
culmon  (including  naked  space  on  forehead)  4.00-4.75,  tarsus  4.00, 
middle  toe  5.00-6.00.  Eggs  4.28  X  2.88.  Mab.  Northern  parts  of 
eastern  hemisphere;  occasional  in  southern  Gi*eenland. 

175.  O.  cygnus  (Linn.).    Whoopiiig  Swar. 

c".  Yellow  of  bill  not  extending  as  far  forward  as  the  nostrils  ;  win  r  mss 

than  23.00,  and  culmen  not  more  than  3.50;  length  less  Ihun  •'  feet, 

extent  about  6  feet,  wing  20.00,  culmen  3.50,  tai'sus  less  than  4.00, 

middle  too  4.50.     Hab.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  horaisphei-o. 

O.  bewickii  (Yarr.).     Bewick's  Swan.'* 
b\  Basal  portion  of  bill,  with  lores,  black,  the  latter  usually  with  a  small 
yellow  spot. 

Length  about  4J  feet,  extent  7  feet,  wing  21.00-22.00,  culmen  3.80- 
4.20,  tarsus  4.00-4.32,  middle  too  5.40-5.90.  Eggs  4.19  X  2.72.  Hab. 
North  America  in  general,  breeding  far  northwar  1 ;  casual  west  to 
Commander  Islands,  Kamtschatka :  accidental  in  Scotland. 

180.  O.  columbianus  (Ord).    Whibtling  Swan. 
a'.  Distance  from  anterior  corner  of  eye  to  posterior  end  of  nostril  not  greater  than 

from  the  latter  point  to  the  tip  of  the  bill. 

Bill  and  lores  entirely  black ;  length  5-5}  feet,  extent  8  to  nearly  10  fc    , 
wing  21  00-27.50,  culmen  4.30-4.70,  tarsus  4.54-4.95,  middle  toe  6.00 
6.50.    £"(7,(75  4.46x2.92.     jHaft.  Interior  of  North  America,  more  rare  or 
less  generally  distributed  toward  the  Pacific  coast,  rare  or  casual  along 
the  Atlantic  coast ;  breeding  from  Iowa  and  Dakota  northward. 

181.  O.  buccinator  (Eich.).    Trumpeter  Swan. 


I. 


>  Ci/gnu»  bcioiokii  Yarb.,  Trans.  Linn.  Soo.  xvi.  1830,  453.     Olir  betoickii  Stejn.  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v., 
1882,  201. 


PH(ENICOPTER  US. 


12i 


the  nostrils 


Order  ODONTOGLOSS.E.-The  Lamel- 

LIROSTRAL    GrALLATORES.      (Page  1.) 

Fainilies. 

(Characters  samo  as  those  given  for  the  Order)....  Phoenicopteridse.    (Page  121.) 

Family  PHCENICOPTERID.E.-.The  Flamingoes.    (Page  121.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family)...  Phoenicopterus.    (Page  121.) 

Genus  PHCENICOPTERUS  Linn^us.    (Page  121,  pi.  XXIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Speciss. 

scailct)  on  wings;  flanRs  rosy  carmine;  primaries  and  secondaries  deep  bltclc- 
termma  third  of  bill  black ;  basal  portion  whitish  or  yellowish.  Young  :  ^Gmy  h 
white  the  wings  varied  with  grayish  and  dusky.     Downy  young  :  EntLly  white 

llZ\t"\  ''•''-''•'''  ""^'  ^^'^O-UM,  culmen  5.2ojarsus'l2.00-14.S  Egs 
d.55  X  2  18  elongate-ovate  or  cylindrical-ovate,  pure  chalk-white.    Hab.  Tropical 

South  Amenca;  Galapagos? 182.  P.  ruber  Linn.    American  Flamingo. 


hy 


ran 


Mi 


mmmmmm 


122 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


Order  HERODIONES.— The  Herons, 
Stork's,  Ibises,  etc.    fPagei.) 

Fmnilies. 

a\  Sides  of  upper  mandible  with  a  deep  narrow  groove  extending  uninterruptedly 
from  the  nostrils  to  the  tip.     (Suborder  Ibides.) 
b\  Bill  very  broad  and  excessively  flattened,  greatly  widened  toward  end,  only 

the  extreme  tip  decurved Plataleidae.     (Page  122.) 

b\  Bill  slender,  nearly  cylindrical,  or  even  narrower  than  deep  toward  end, 
gradually  but   decidedly  decurved  or  bent  downward  for  nearly  the 

whole  length Ibididse.    (Page  123.) 

a'.  Sides  of  upper  mandible  without  any  groove. 

6'.  Hind  toe  ^iserted  above  the  level  of  the  anterior  toes ;  claws  broad  and  flat, 
restini^  -  ''.orny  pad  or  shoe,  the  middle  one  not  pectinated.  (Sub- 
order C  a         ; Ciconiidae.    (Page  124.) 

i'.  Hind  toe  insert.  .  on  the  same  level  with  the  anterior  toes ;  claws  narrow, 
arched,  the  under  surface  free,  the  middle  one  with  its  inner  edge  dis- 
tinctly pectinated.     (Suborder  Herodii.) 
&,  Bill  lancc-shaped,  or  compressed,  narrow,  and  pointed,  the  lateral  out- 
lines nearly  straight,  and  the  gonys  several  times  longer  than  the 

width  of  the  lower  mandible Ardeidae.     (Page  126.) 

c*.  Bill  shaped  much  like  an  inverted  boa^;  cxcessivcl}'  broad,  the  lateral 
outlines  much  bowed,  and  the  gonys  not  longer  than  the  width  of 
the  lower  mandible , Cochleariidce} 

Family  PLATALEIDiE. — The  Spoonbills.    (Page  122.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Ajaja.    (Pago  122.) 

Genus  AJAJA  Reichknbach.    (Page  122,  pi.  XXXI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Neck,  back,  and  breast  white;  tail  orange-buff,  the  shafts  deep  pink; 
rest  of  plumage  pale  rose-pink,  the  lesser  wing-coverts  and  upper  tail-coverts 
glossy  intense  carmine.  Immnture  (second  yearf):  Similar  to  adult,  but  lacking 
the  cannino  of  the  wing-coverts  and  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  peach-blossom 
pink  instead  of  orange-buff.  Young:  Head  completely  feathered,  except  around 
base  of  bill ;  plumage  chiefly  white,  becoming  delicate  peach-blossom  pink  on 
wings,  tail,  and  hinder  lower  parts;  outer  webs  of  bastard  wing,  primary  coverts, 

i  The  Doat-btlla,  reprosontod  by  tho  singlo  genus  Cochleariui  BnissoN  (type,  Oancroma  cochlearia  Linn.  r. 


If 


GUAR  A. 


123 


I 


and  wide  borders  to  exterior  primaries  (chiefly  on  outer  webs),  deep  snuff-brown. 
Lengtli  about  28.00-35,00,  wing  14.10-15.30,  culmen  6.20-7.15,  greatest  width  of 
bill  2.00-2.20,  tarsus  3.75-4.65,  middle  toe  2.95-3.35.  Eggs  2.57  X  1-73,  ovate,  white, 
or  buffy  white,  blotched,  spotted,  and  stained  with  various  shades  of  brown.  Hab. 
Tropical  America  in  general,  north  to  southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  and  casually 
(formerly  at  least)  to  California  and  southern  Illinois. 

183.  A.  ajaja  (Linn.).    Roseate  Spoonbill. 

Family  IBIDIDiE.— The  Ibises.    (Page  122.) 


a\ 


a' 


Genera. 

Head  of  adult  wholly  naked  anteriorly;  feathers  of  crown  short,  close,  and 
blended;  plumage  of  wings  and  tail  pui-e  white  or  scarlet  in  adult  (the 
former  with  glossy  black  tips  to  longer  quills),  dull  grayish  brown  or  dusky 
in  young Guara.     (Page  123.) 

Head  of  adult  wholly  fenchered,  except  lores;  feathers  of  crown  distinctly 
lanceolate  and  sli.^htly  elongated,  forming  a  short  rounded  crest  when 
erected;  plumage  of  wings  and  tail  highly  metallic,  in  both  old  and  young. 

Plegadis.     (Page  123.) 

Genus  GUARA  Eeichenbach.     (Page  123,  pi.  XXX.,  fig.  2  ) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Adults  with  the  plumage  entirely  uniform  white  or 
scarlet,  except  tips  of  the  longer  quills,  which  are  glossy  black.      Young,  uniform 
dark  brownish  gray,  the  belly  white.     Eggs  greenish  white,  buffy,  or  pale  brown- 
ish, stained,  blotched,  and  spotted  with  brown. 

a}.  Adult :  Pure  white  (tinted  with  delicate  pink  in  freshly-killed  specimens),  the 
tips  of  the  longer  quills  glossy  greenish  black.  Young :  Uniform  grayish 
brown,  the  rump,  tail-coverts,  base  of  tail,  and  under  parts  of  body  white. 
Length  21.50-27.50,  wing  10.30-11.75,  culmen  4.15-6.30,  tarsus  3.10-4.00, 
middle  too  2.15-2.70.  Eggs  2.24  X  1-48.  Hab.  Tropical  America  in  general, 
including  "West  Indies  ;  north,  regularly,  to  North  Carolina,  southern  Illinois 
and  Indiana,  and  Lower  California,  casually  to  Great  Salt  Lake,  Long  Island, 
and  Connecticut 184.  G.  alba  (Linn.).    White  Ibis. 

a'.  Adult :  Pure  intense  scarlet,  the  tips  of  the  longer  primaries  glossy  blue-blaok. 
Young:  Dark  brownish  gray,  the  belly  white.  Length  about  28.00-30.00, 
wing  10.80-11.00,  culmen  6.00-6.50,  tarsus  ".70-3.80,"  middle  toe  2.55-2.60 
Eggs  2.12  X  146.  Hab.  Eastern  coasts  of  tropical  America,  north,  casually, 
to  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Texas 185.  G.  rubra  (Linn.).    Scarlet  Ibis. 

Genus  PLEGADIS  Kaup.    (Page  123,  pi.  XXX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Adults  with  head,  neck,  and  (in  some  species)  lower 
parts  uniform  chestnut,  the  upper  parts  metallic  green,  bronze,  and  purple,  most 


124 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'■jp 


brilliant  on  under  surface  of  wings  and  tail.  Young :  Head  and  neck  streaked 
with  white  and  dusky,  and  lower  parts  uniform  grayish  brown  or  dusky,  the  upper 
parts  much  as  in  the  adult.    Eggs  plain  greenish  verditer  blue. 

a}.  Legs  and  feet  long  and  slender,  the  tarsus  with  a  nearly  continuous  frontal  series 
of  transverse  scutellse.  Adult  with  neck,  back,  lesser  wing-coverts,  and 
lower  parts  rich  chestnut.  Young  with  lower  parts  dull  grayish  brown. 
b^.  Adult :  Lores  greenish  in  life,  blackish  in  dried  skins  ;  feathers  suiTound- 
ing  base  of  bill  blackish.  Downy  young  :  Blackish,  "  with  a  broad  white 
band  over  the  crown ;  legs  and  bill  yellowish,  the  latter  black  at  the 
base  and  tip,  and  with  a  central  black  band."  (Dresser.)  Length 
about  22.00-25.00,  wing  10.20-11.85,  culmen  4.30-5.45,  tarsus  2.90-4.30, 
middle  toe  2.10-2.80.  Eggs  2.01  X  1-47.  Hab.  Warmer  parts  of  the 
eastern  hemisphere;  also,  more  southern  portion  of  eastern  United 
States,  and  West  Indies..  186.  P.  autumnalis  (Hasselq.).  Glossy  Ibis, 
i'.  Adult :  Lores  lake-red  in  life,  pale  brownish  or  yellowish  in  dried  skins ; 
feathers  surrounding  base  of  bill  white.  Young  not  obviously  different 
from  cori'esponding  stage  of  P.  autumnalis.  Downy  young  when  newly 
hatched :  Clothed  with  uniform  blackish  down,  the  bill  whitish,  with 
dusky  base.  Older :  Similar,  but  base  and  tip  of  bill,  and  band  across 
iriJille  portion,  blackish  ;  the  intervening  spaces  pinkish  white.  Length 
about  19.00-2G.00,  wing  9.30-10.80,  culmen  3.75-6.00,  tarsus  3.00-4.40, 
mid'^le  toe  2.10-2.85.  Eggs  2.05  X  1-41.  Hab.  Tropical  America  in 
general  (except  West  Indies?),  south  to  Argentine  Eepublic  and  Chili, 
and  western  North   America,   from   Texas   and   Lower   California   to 

Oregon 187.  P.  guarauna  (Linn.).    White-faced  Glossy  Ibis. 

a'.  Legs  and  feet  comparatively  short  and  stout,  the  tarsus  with  frontal  scutellaa 
more  or  less  irregular  and  interrupted.  Adult  with  head  and  upper  neck 
dark  chestnut- brown,  the  lowc  neck  and  lower  parts  violet-blackish  ;  lesser 
wing-coverts  metallic  green  and  bronzed  purple,  the  back  dark  metallic 
green.  Young  with  lower  parts  dusky,  glossed  with  violet.  Wing  10.15- 
12.00,  culmen  3.40-5.10,  tarsus  2.70-3.85,  middle  too  1.80-2.30.  Hab.  Vicinity 
of  Lake  Titicaca,  Peru ;  Chili. 

P.  ridgwayi  (Allen).    Peruvian  Glossy  Ibis.* 


Family  CICONIID^.— The  Storks  and  Wood  Ibises.   (Page  122.) 

Genera. 

a^.  Bill  docurved  toward  end,  with  the  tip  blunt  and  rounded;  toes  lengthened,  the 
middle  one  at  least  half  as  loig  as  the  tarsus.    (Subfamily  Tantalince.) 
6*.  Adult  with  whole  head  and  part  of  neck  naked,  the  skin  hard  and  scurfy, 
except  on  top  of  head,  which  is  covered  with  a  smooth,  nearly  quadrate. 


1  Fiilcinclhit  ridgwayi  Allen,  Bull.  Mas.  Cuiiip.  Zool.  iii.  July,  1876,  355.    PUgadii  ridgwayi  RiDGW.,  in 
B.  B.  &  R.    Water  B.  N.  Am.  i.  1884,  94. 


TANTALUS. 


125 


streaked 
le  upper 

tal  series 
rts,  and 
>wn. 

urround- 
ad  white 
k  at  the 
Length 
1.90-4.30, 
ts  of  the 
I  United 
)ssy  Ibis. 
5d  slcins ; 
diffei'ent 
ten  newly 
ish,  with 
id  across 
,   Length 
3.00-4.40, 
nerica  in 
^nd  Chili, 
wrnia   to 
ossy  Ibis. 
scutell© 
per  neck 
;  lesser 
metallic 
g  10.15- 
Vicinity 

}S8y  Ibis.^ 


age  122.) 


oned,  the 

ice.) 

d  scurfy, 

]^uadrate, 


or  somewhat  shield-shaped,  plate ;  nostrils  subbasal ;  tertials  longer  than 
primaries,  and  with  their  webs  compact  or  normal. 

Tantalus.    (Page  125.) 
b*.  Adult  with  only  the  front  part  of  the  head  (all  round)  naked,  the  skin  not 
scurfy  or  corrugated ;  nostrils  strictly  basal ;  tertials  shorter  than  pri- 
maries, and  with  their  webs  somewhat  decomposed Pseudotantalus} 

a*.  Bill  straight  to  the  tip  or  else  slightly  recurved  toward  end,  the  tip  pointed ; 
toes  short,  the  middle  one  much  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  tarsus.     (Sub- 
family Ciconiinx.) 
6'.  Entire  head  and  neck  feathered,  except  lores  and  a  narrow  strip  on  each 
side  of  throat;    bill   straight   to  the   tip;   tail  very  short  and  deeply 
forked,  the  broad  and  stiffened  lower  tail-coverts  extending  far  beyond 

its  tip Euxenira.* 

.  6'.  Entire  head  and  neck  (except  occipital  patch)  naked  ;  bill  enormously  large, 
slightly  rcfjurved  towai'd  tip;  tail  normal Mycteria.     (Page  125.) 

Genus  TANTALUS  Linnaeus.    (Page  125,  pi.  XXXI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Plumage  white,  the  remiges  and  tail  glossy  greenish  black,  with  purjjlo 
and  bronze  reflections;  under  wing-coverts  pale  I'ose-pink  in  breeding  plumage; 
bill  and  naked  scurfj'  skin  of  head  and  upper  neck  dull  grayish  dusky.  Young  : 
Head  covered,  except  anteriorly,  with  rather  scant,  somewhat  "woolly,"  feaihers, 
the  neck  also  entirely  feo+hercd ;  plumage  of  head  and  neck  grayish  browj-,  bo- 
coming  darker  on  occiput,  \,  hero  inclining  to  dark  sooty ;  rest  of  plumage  as  in 
adult,  but  white  duller,  or  more  grayish  (said  to  be  wholly  replaced  by  dusky  gray 
in  very  young  birds),  and  black  of  remiges  and  tail  less  metallic.  Immature  (second 
year?) :  Head  entirely  bare  and  scurfy  as  in  adult,  but  whole  neck  feathered,  as  in 
young ;  plumage  intermediate.  Length  35.00-45.00,  wing  17.60-19.50,  culmen  6.10- 
7.30,  tarsus  7.00-8.50,  middle  toe  3.85-4.30.  Eggs  2-3,  2.74  X  1-80,  chalk-white, 
usually  more  or  less  stained,  in  streaks,  with  pale  brownish.  Hab.  AVhole  of  tropical 
and  warm-temperate  America,  norih  to  New  York  (casual),  Ohio,  Indiana,  Wiscon- 
sin, Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  California..  188.  T.  loculator  Linn..  Wood  Ibis. 

Genus  MYCTERIA  Linnaeus.    (Page  125,  pi.  XXXII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Plumage  entirely  white ;  bill,  naked  skin  of  head  and  neck,  with  legs 
and  feet,  black,  the  lower  part  of  the  naked  neck  encircled  by  a  collar  of  bright 
red  (in  life).  Young :  Plumage  entirely,  or  prevailingly,  brownish  gray ;  occiput 
crested  with  a  somewhat  "  bushy"  tuft  of  blackish  hp'r-like  feathers.    Length  about 

•  Pteudotantnliit  RiDOW.,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nnt.  Mus.  v.  1883,  550.    Type,  Tantalm  tli»  Lii»x. 

*  Euxenura  RiDOW.,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  ft  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  iv.  No.  1,  1878,  260.    Type,  Ardea  maguari 
Omeu 


126 


am 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


4J  feet,  wing  24.50-27.00,  culmen  9.75-13.00,  tarsus  11.25-12.50,  middle  toe  4.20-4.80. 
Hab.  Continental  tropical  America,  north  to  Texas. 

189.  M.  americana  Linn.    Jabim. 


«• 


d'. 


Family  ARDEID-ffi.— The  Herons.    (Page  122.) 

Genera. 

Tail-feathers  10,  very  short,  scarcely  more  stiff  than  the  coverts ;  outer  toe  de- 
cidedly shorter  than  the  inner;  claws  lengthened,  slightly  curved.    (Sub- 

fanu\y  Botaurince.) Botaurus.     (Page  126.) 

Tail-feathers  12,  more  lengthened,  and  decidedly  more  stiff  than  the  coverts ; 

outer  toe  as  long  as  or  decidedly  longer  than  the  inner ;  claws  comparatively 

short  and  strongly  curved.    (Subfamily  Ardeince.) 

i^  Bill  comparatively  long  and  narrow,  the  culmen  longer  than  the  tarsus,  and 

equal  to  at  least  five  times  the  greatest  depth  of  the  bill ;  plumage  of  the 

young  not  conspicuously  different  in  pattern  from  that  of  the  adult. 

Ardea.    (Page  128.) 

6".  Bill  comparatively  short  and  thick,  the  culmen  not  longer  than  the  tarsus, 

and  equal  to  not  more  than  four  times  the  greatest  depth  of  the  bill; 

plumage  of  the  young  conspicuously  different  in  pattern  from  that  of 

the  adult Nycticorax.     (Page  132.) 

Genus  BOTAURUS  Stephens.    (Page  126,  pi.  XXXIII.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

a}.  Size  large  (wing  more  than  9.50)  ;  sexes  alike  in  coloration,  and  young  not  ob- 
viously different  from  adults.    (Subgenus  Botaurus.) 
6*.  Neck  plain  ochraceous,  or  minutely  freckled,  the  fore-neck  striped  with 
whitish  ;  wing-coverts  minutely  freckled  with  different  shades  of  ochra- 
ceous and  rustj^ ;   a  blackish  or  dull  grayish  stripe  on  side  of  neck ; 
lower  parts  distinctly  striped. 
'  Prevailing  color  ochraceous,  this  much  varied  above  by  dense  mottling 
and  freckling  of  reddish  brown  and  blackish ;  quilis  and  their  coverts 
slate-color,  tipped  with  pale  cinnamon ;  lower  parts,  including  fore- 
neck,  pale  buff,  striped  with  brown ;  length  24.00-34.00,  wing  9.80- 
12.00,  culmen  2.50-3.20,  tarsus  3.10-3.85,  middle  toe  2.90-3.60.    Eggs 
1.88  X  1-43,  pale  olive-drab,  or  pale  isabella-color.    Hab.  Whole  of 
temperate  and  tropical  North  America,  south  to  Guatemala,  Cuba, 
Jamaica,  and  Bermudas ;  occasional  in  British  Islands. 

190.  B.  lentiginosus  (Montao.).    American  Bittern. 

b*.  Neck  transversely  barred  with  blackish  and  ochraceous;    wnng-coverts 

coarsely  variegated,  in  irregular,  somewhat   "herring-bone,"   pattern, 

with  blackish  on  an  ochraceous  ground-color ;  no  black  or  grayish  stripe 


I 


BOTAVRVS. 


127 


on  side  of  aeck;  lower  parts  nearly  immaculate;  wing  10.10,  culmen 
3.25,  tarsus  3.75,  middle  toe  3.75.     Hab.   Tropical  America,  north  to 

Nicaragua. 

B.  pinnatus  (Waol.).    South  American  Bittern.' 
a'.  Size  very  small  (wing  less  than  6.00) ;  sexes  more  or  less  diffei'ent  in  color  (ex- 
cept in  A.  involucris  f),  and  young  appreciably  different  from  adults.     (Sub- 
genus Ardetta  Gray.) 
h^.  Upper  parts   not   conspicuously  striped ;   adult  males  with  top  of  head, 
back,  scapulars,  rump,  and  tail  uniform  glossy  black. 

c'.  Quills  tipped  with  cinnamon-rufous,  or  pale  cinnamon ;  adult  male  with 
a  distinct  narrow  stripe  of  buff  along  each  side  of  back. 
Adult  male :  Sides  of  head  and  neck  ochraceous,  deepening  into 
chestnut  on  hind-neck  ;  chin,  throat,  and  fore-neck  whitish, 
striped  with  pale  buff;  central  portion  of  wing-covert  region 
buff,  surrounded  by  cinnamon-rufous  ;  lower  parts  buff-whitish. 
Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  black  replaced  by  brown, 
and  scapular  stripes  much  broader.  Young:  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  feathers  of  back  and  scapulars  tipped  with  buff. 
Length  12.00-14.25,  wing  4.30-5.25,  culmen  1.00-1.90,  tarsus 
1.50-1.75,  middle  toe  1.40-1.60.  Eggs  1.20  X  -93,  white,  or 
greenish  white.  Hab.  Whole  of  temperate  North  Amei*ica,  and 
tropical  America  south  to  Brazil. 

191.  B.  exilis  (Gmel.).    Least  Bittern. 

c*.  Quills  without  rufous  or  cinnamon  tips ;  adult  males  without  trace  of 

lighter  stripe  along  sides  of  back. 

d}.  Adult  male:    Lower  tail-coverts  dull   black;    wing-coverts  rich 

chestnut;   neck  similar,  the  lower  parts  more  rufous;  length 

(skin)  10.80,  wing  4.30,  culmen  1.80,  tarsus  1.40.   JTab.  Southern 

Florida  (Caloosahatchie  Eiver ;  near  Lake  Okeechobee). 

— .  B.  neoxenus  (Cory).  Cory's  Least  Bittern.* 
d\  Adult  male :  Lower  tail-coverts  white ;  wing-coverts  pale  grayish 
buff,  becoming  nearly  white,  on  greater  coverts ;  neck  similar, 
but  darker  and  more  tinged  with  buff;  lower  parts  pale  buffy, 
becoming  white  medially  and  posteriorly.  Adult  female :  Back, 
scapulars,  and  rump  umber-brown,  streaked  narrowly  with 
buffy  (except  on  lower  back  and  rump)  ;  rest  of  plumage  much 
as  in  adult  male,  but  more  decidedly  buffy,  the  fore-nock  con- 
spicuously striped,  the  sides,  etc.,  more  narrowly  striped,  or 
streaked.  Length  about  12.00-13.00,  wing  5.50-5.80,  culmen 
1.76-1.85,  tarsus  1.60-1.70.    Hab.  Europe,  etc. 

B.  minutus  (Likn.).    European  Least  Bittem.i 
b\  Upper  parts  conspicuously  striped  with  black  and  ochraceous ;  quills  broadly 


>  Ardeapinnata  "Licht."  Waol,,  IbIs,  1829,  663.     Botaurui pinnatut  Gbat,  Gon.  B.  iii.  1847,  65T. 

»  Ardetta  neoxena  Cory,  Auk,  iii.  April,  1886,  262;  ib.  July,  1886,  408. 

0  Ardta  minnta  Lixx.,  S,  X.  ed.  12,  i.  1766,  240.    Botauru*  minutu*  Boik,  Isii,  1822,  5S0. 


i 


128  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

tipped  with  rufous ;  wing  about  4.85,  culmen  2.00.    Hab.  Southern  South 
America. 

B.  involucris   (Yieill.).    Azara's  Least  Bittern.* 

Genus  ARDEA  Linnaeus.    (Page  126,  pis.  XXXIV.  to  XX-^VI.) 

Species. 

(Nest  of  coarse  sticks,  placed  usually  in  trees.    Eggs  plain  bluish  gveen,  vary- 
ing in  depth  of  color.) 

a}.  Culmen  decidedly  shorter  than  tarsus,  the  latter  more  than  one  and  a  half  times 
as  long  as  the  middle  too  (without  claw). 
6'.  Tarsus  much  less  than  twice  as  long  as  middle  toe  (without  claw). 
c>.  Wing  more  than  13.00. 

d^.  Wing   more  than  17.00.     Adxclt  with  scapular  plumes  narrowly 
lanceolate,   with   compact  webs;    head    crested,  the    occiput 
during  pairing  season  with  two  or  more  long,  slender,  com-, 
pactly  webbed  plumes ;  plumes  of  lower  neck  stiffened,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  or  aeicular.     (Subgenus  Ardea.) 
e*.  Color  entirely  pure  white ;    length  45.00-54.00,  wing   17.00- 
21.00,   culmen   6.00-7.00,   tarsus   8.00-8.75.     Eggs  2.60  X 
1.84.     Hab.   Southern  Florida,  chiefly  on  eastern  side  j 
Cuba ;  Jamaica  ? 

192.  A.  occidentalis  Aud.    Oreat  White  Heron. 
e'.  Color  nearly  uniform  bluish  gray  above,  lower  parts  striped 
with  black  and  white. 
f^.  Thighs  and  edge  of  wing  cinnamon-rufous. 

g^.  Lower  parts  white,  narrowly  striped  or  streaked  with 
black ;  tarsus  more  than  8.50 ;  legs  and  feet  olive 
in  adult. 
h\  Adult  with   head  entirely  white,  the  forehead 
streaked  with  blackish.      Young  :    Forehead 
and  crown  dull  slate-color,  narrowly  streaked 
with  white;  feathers  of  occiput  white  with 
dusky  tips ;  wing-coverts  spotted  with  rusty, 
the  lower  and  more    posterior  with    large 
wedge-shaped  white  spots.     Length   48.00- 
50.00,   wing    20.00-21.00,   culmen    5.95-6.50, 
tarsus    7.95-8.25.     Eggs    about    2.60  X  1-84. 
Hab.   Florida  Keys  and   Cape  Florida;   Ja- 
maica?; accidental  in  southern  Illinois  (Mount 
Carmel,  Sept.  11-22,  1876)...  — .  A.  wuerde- 
manni  Baird.    Wurdemann's  Heron.^ 
h*.  Adult  with  occiput  and  sides  of  crown  black  (as 

1  Ardea  involuerit  ViEtLL,,  Eno.  M6th.  1823,  1127.     Ardetta  involucrit  ScL.  i  Salv.,  P.  Z.  S.  1869,  634. 


ARDEA. 


129 


1  South 
Bittern.^ 


a,  vary- 


ilf  times 


larrowly 
occiput 
er,  com-- 
led,  nar- 

g  17.00- 

s  2.C0X 
svn  side  ; 

te  Heron. 

,8  striped 


iked  with 
Ifeet  olive 

forehead 
^'orehead 
I  streaked 
lite  with 
[th  rusty, 
Ith    large 
Ih   48.00- 
1.95-6.50, 
ko  X  1-84. 
I'ida ;   Ja- 
18  (Mount 
merde- 
I'b  Heron.^ 
I  black  (as 

Il869,  634. 


in  A.  hetodias),  the  forehead  and  middle  of 
crown  pure  white.  Young  not  essentially 
different  from  same  stage  of  A.  wuerde- 
mamii?  Length  about  48.00-54.00,  wing 
20.00-20.50,  culmen  6.50-7.00,  tarsus  8.50- 
9.00.  Eggs  about  2.65  X  1-85.  Jfab.  Western 
Florida. 

193.  A.  wardi  Ridqw.    Ward's  Heron. 

g*.  Lower  parts  black  or  dusky,  broadly  striped  with 

white  (the  two  colors  in  nearly  equal  proportion 

in  young,  however) ;  tarsus  not  more  than  8.00 ; 

loffs  and  feet  black  in  adult. 

Adult :  Occiput  and  sides  of  crown  black ;  fore- 
head and  centre  of  crown  pure  white  (exactly 
as  in  A.  wardi).  Young :  Whole  top  of  head 
dusky,  some  of  the  feathers  with  paler  shaft- 
streaks  ;  wing-coverts  without  white  spots  or 
distinct  rufous  spots.  Length  about  42.00- 
50.00,  wing  17.90-19.85,  culmen  4.30-6.25, 
tarsus  6.00-8.00.  Eggs  3-6,  about  2.50  X 
1.50.  Hab.  North  America  in  general,  north 
to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Sitka;  south  through- 
out West  Indies  and  Middle  America,  and  as 
far  as  Colombia  and  Venezuela ;  Galapagos  ?  ; 
Bei'mudas. 
194.  A.  herodias  Linn.  Great  Blue  Heron. 
/*.  Thighs  and  edge  of  wing  white. 

gK  Adult  with  occiput  and  sides  of  crown  black,  the 
forehead  and  centre  of  crown  pure  white  (as  in 
A.  herodias  and  A.  wardi) ;  neck  ash-gray  ;  length 
about  37.00,  wing  about  18.50,  culmen  4.80,  tarsus 
6.00-6.25.  Eggs  2.40  X  1-71.  Hab.  Northern 
portion  of  eastern  hemisphere ;  accidental  in 
southern  Greenland. 

195.  A.  cinerea  Linn.    European  Blue  Heron. 
</'.  Adidt  with   entire  top  of  head  black ;    neck  pure 
white  ;  wing  18.50-20.00,  culmen  5.85-6.75,  tarsus 
7.20-8.00.    Hab.  South  America. 

A.  cocoi  Linn.    Cocoi  Heron.* 

<f.  Wing  less  than  17.00.     Ada"  i.t  nuptial  plumage  with  the  scapular 

plumes  excessively  elongated,  reaching  far  beyond  end  of  tail, 

their  shafts  thick  and  stiffened,  their  webs  decomposed ;  head 

without  crest  or  plumes,  and  feathers  of  lower  neck  (in  Amer- 

»  Ardea  coeoi  Link.,  S.  N.  ed.  12,  i.  1766,  237. 
17 


^ 


^p 


130  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

ican  species)   soft,  broad,  and  not  lengthened ;  color  always 

wholly  pure  white.     (Subgenus  Ilerodias  BoiE.) 

Length  37.00-41.00,  wing  14.10-16.80,  culmen  4.20-4.90,  tar- 

sua  5.50-6.80.     Eggs  2.28  X  1.60.    I£ab.  Nearly  the  whole 

of  Amei'ica,  north  (casually  at  least)  to  British  Pi'ovinces 

and  Oregon,  south  to  Chili  and  Patagonia. 

196.  A.  egretta  Gmel.    American  Egret. 
c».  Wing  less  than  11.00. 

d}.  Adult  with  occipital,  jugular,  and  scapular  plumes  greatly  devel- 
oped, with  much  decomposed  webs;  the  scapular  plumes  ex- 
tending to  or  beyond  the  tail  and  recurved  at  tips;  color 
always  entirely  pure  white.     (Subgenus  Go      "'•  Kaup.) 
Length  20.00-27.25,  wing  8.20-10.50,  culn        ..08-3.65,  tarsus 
3.15-4.50.    Eggs  1.68  X  1-34.    Hab.  Whole  of  tropical  and 
warm-temperate  America,  north  (more  or  less  regularly) 
nearly  across  United  States,  and  south  to  Chili  and  Argen- 
tine Bepublic.  197.  A.  candidissima  Gmel.  Snowy  Heron. 
d*.  Adult  with  scapular  and  jugular  plumes  elongated,  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, compact-webbed ;  occipital  plumes  slender,  only  a  few 
of  them  much  elongated  ;  color  varying  from  uniform  dark 
slate-blue,  with  maroon-colored  head  and  neck,  to  wholly  pure 
white.     (Subgenus  Florida  Baird.) 
Adult  usually  uniform  dark  slate-blue,  with  maroon-colored 
head  and  neck,  but  not  unfrequently  "  pied"  with  white, 
or  even   almost  wholly  white,  with  bluish  tips  to  longer 
quills.       Young  usually  pure  white,   w        longer    quills 
tipped  with  slate-blue.     Length  20.0(  0,  wing  9.00- 

10.60,  culmen  2.70-3.30,  tarsus  3.15-4.0u.  ^ggs  1.73  X  1-28. 
Hab.  Whole  of  tropical  and  warm-temperate  North  Amer- 
ica (except  western  United  States),  north  to  Massachusetts, 
Illinois,  Kansas,  etc.,  south  to  Colombia  and  Guiana  and 
throughout  West  Indies. 

200.  A.  cserulea  Linn.    Little  Bine  Heron. 
6'.  Tarsus  twice  as  long  as  middle  toe,  without  claw. 

idult  with  feathers  of  entire  neck  (excepting  throat  and  upper  fore- 
neck)  elongated  and  narrowly  lanceolate,  most  lengthened  on  occi- 
put and  lower  fore-neck;  scapular  plumes  much  lengthened  (ex- 
tending beyond  end  of  tail),  with  shafts  straight  and  stiffened,  the 
webs  decomposed,  but  with  the  bair-like  fibrillae  rather  close  to- 
gether ;  color  uniform,  or  else  irregularly  patched  with  white  and 
slaty.  (Subgenus  Dichromanassa  Eidgwat.) 
c*.  Adult  plain  slate-color,  the  head  and  neck  cinnamon-  or  vinaceous-rufous. 
Young  plain  grayish,  tinged  here  and  there  with  rusty.  Length 
27.00-32.00,  wing  11.90-13.60,  culmen  3.30-4.00,  tarsus  4.90-5.75. 
Eggs  1.97  X  1-46.    Hab.  Warmer  portions  of  eastern  United  States, 


.jf 

I 

■i 


ARDEA. 


131 


north  to  Florida  and  southern  Illinois  (vicinity  of  Cairo)  ;  Mexico 
(both  coasts,  including  Lower  California'*  lu id  Guatemala ;  Culm; 

Jamaica 198.  A.  rufa  Bodd.    Reddish  Egret. 

c*.  Color  entirely  pure  white,  at  all  ages ;  size  of  A.  rufa.     Hub.  Gulf  coast, 
from  Florida  to  Texas,  and  south  to  Honduras  and  Guatemala  (both 

coasts);  Cuba — .  A.  pealei  Bonap.    Feale's  Egret. 

a'.  Culmen  equal  to  or  longer  than  tarsus,  the  latter  less  than  one  and  a  half  times 
as  long  as  the  middle  toe  (without  claw). 
6*.  Wing  more  than  8.00 ;  culmen  and  tarsus  more  than  3.00. 

Adult  with  an  occipital  tuft  of  several  moderately  lengthened  lan- 
ceolate, compact- webbed   feathers;  jugular  feathers   broadly  lan- 
ceolate, with  compact  webs,  and  distinct  outlines ;  scapular  plumes 
lengthened,  straight  and  hair-like,  extending  to  a  little  beyond  the 
tail ;  color  never  wholly  white.    (Subgenus  Hydranassa  Baird.) 
Adult :  Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  bluish  plumbeous,  the  lan- 
ceolate plumes  with  a  chalky  or  glaucous  cast,  the  color  darker 
on  head  and  neck ;  plumes  of  occiput  and  nape  rich  maroon 
purplish,  the  longer  feather  among  the  former  white ;  jugular 
plumes  rich  maroon  purplish  and  plumbeous-blue ;   chin  and 
upper  part  of  throat  pure  white,  continued  in  streaks,  mixed 
with  rufous  and  plumbeous,  down  the  fore-neck;  "train"  {i.e., 
scapular  plumes)  light  drab;  lower  parts  plain  white.     Young: 
Head  and  neck  chiefly  light  rusty,  the  malar  region,  chin,  and 
throat  I  Lire  white;  fore-neck  streaked  white  and  rusty;  lower 
parts,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  pure  white;   upper  parts 
(except  rump,  etc.)  plumbeous,  the  back  tinged  and  the  wing- 
coverts  spotted  with   rusty.     Length  23.00-28.00,  wing  8.35- 
10.80,  culmen  3.30-4.15,  tarsus  3.20-4.15.     Eggs  1.78  X  1-29. 
Hab.  Warmer  portions  of  eastern  North  America,  north,  casu- 
ally, to  New  Jersey,  Indiana,  etc. ;  whole  of  Mexico  (including 
Lower  California)  and  West  Indies. 

199.  A.  tricolor  ruficollis  (Gossg).    Louisiana  Heron. 
W.  Wing  not  more  than  8.00 ;  culmen  and  tarsus  less  than  3.00. 

Adxdt  with  scapular  plumes  and  feathers  of  top  of  head  moderately 
lengthened,  lanceolate,  soft,  and  with  compact  webs ;  jugular  plumes 
broad,  soft,  and  blended ;  color  never  \7hite.    (Subgenus  Butorides 
Blyth.) 
c'.  Neck  maroon-chestnut,  rufous,  or  rusty. 

d^.  Head  and  neck  (except  top  of  former)  uniform  chestnut-rufous, 
without  white  markings  on  throat  and  fore-neck  ;  wing-covertt* 
very  narrowly  edged  with  rusty.  Young:  Plumage  nearly 
uniform  rusty  brown.  Wing  6.40-7.00,  culmen  2.20-2.75,  tarsus 
1.85-2.30.     Hab.  Cuba.         a.  brunnescens  Gundl.    Brown  Heron.' 

^  Ardea  bninnetcena  "  Oundl.  MSS.,"  Lemb.  Aves  de  Cuba,  1830,  84,  pi.  12.    Butorides  brunnetana  Baird, 
B.  N.  Am.  1858,  677  (in  test). 


132  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

cP.  Throat  and  fore-neck  striped  with  whitish. 

Adult :  Whole  top  of  head  glossy  dark  bottle-green  or  green- 
ish black;  rest  of  head,  with  greater  part  of  neck,  rich 
chestnut,  varying  in  tone  from  cinnamon  to  maroon ;  scap- 
ular plumes  plumbeous,  or  glaucous,  glossed  with  green, 
and  with  whitish  shafts ;  wing-coverts  metallic  bottle-green 
distinctly  bordered  with  buff  or  whitish ;  innermost  pri- 
maries tipped  naiTowly  with  whitish ;  lower  parts  plain 
grayish.  Young  :  Much  like  adult,  but  top  of  head  usually 
strcakod  anteriorly  with  rusty;  sides  of  head  and  neck 
streaked  with  ochraceous  or  buff,  on  a  duller  rusty  ground ; 
lower  parts  whitish,  striped  with  dusky ;  light  borders  to 
wing-coverts  broader,  the  two  or  three  median  rows  of 
covets  marked  with  wedge-shaped  spots  or  streaks  of 
white.  Length  16.50-22.50,  wing  6.30-8.00,  culmen  2.00- 
2.55,  tarsus  1.75-2.15.  Eggs  1.50  X  1.14.  Hab.  Whole  of 
temperate  North  America,  West  Indies,  Middle  America, 
and  northern  South  America,  to  Colombia  and  Venezuela ; 
north  to  Ontario  and  Oregon  ;  Bermudas. 

201.  A.  virescens  Linn.    Oreen  Heron. 
c*.  Neck  ash-gray. 

Otherwise  much  like  A.  virescens.    Hah.  South  America,  except 
northern  portion. 

A.  striata  Linn.     Streaked  Heron. 


Genus  NYCTICORAX 


Stephens.     (Page   128,  pi. 
XXXVIIL,^fig.  1.) 


XXXVIL,   figs.  1,  2;    pi. 


Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults :  Prevailing  colors  bluish  gray,  black,  and  white, 
the  head  (exccjjt  just  after  breeding  season)  ornamented  with  several  very  much 
lengthened  narrow  whito  plumes;  bill  black,  and  iris  reddish.  Young,  brownish, 
striped  longitudinally  with  white.     Eggs  pale  bluish  green. 

a'.  Culmen  about  as  long  as  the  tarsus ;  gonys  nearly  straight,  and  lateral  outlines 
of  bill  slightly  concave ;  tareuo  but  little  longer  than  middle  toe ;  scapulars 
broad,  blended.    (Subgenus  Nyctkorax.') 

Adult :  Top  of  head,  back,  and  scapulars  uniform  glossy  greenish  black ; 
forehead,  sides  of  head,  chin,  throat,  and  lower  parts  generally  white, 
often  tinged  with  delicate  cream-yellow  ;  neck  (except  in  front)  and  aidvis 
pale  ash-gray ;  wings,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail,  deep  ash-gray. 
Immature  (second  year  f) :  Similar  to  adult,  but  scapulars  and  interscapu- 
lars uull  ash-gray,  like  the  wings,  and  white  of  forehead  obscured  by 


>  Ardea  striata  LiNN.,  S.  N.  rd.  10,  i.  1758,  144.    liutorldei  itriatuii  Kioow.,  in  B.  D.  it  R.  Hiat.  N.  Am.  B. 
i.  18d4»  61. 


NYCTICORAX. 


133 


or  green- 
eck,  rich 
on ;  scap- 
th  green, 
ttle-green 
most  pri- 
I'ts  plain 
d  usually 
and  neck 
Y ground ; 
orders  to 

rows  of 
treaks  of 
nen  2.00- 
Wholo  of 

America, 
enezuola ; 

ien  Heron. 

3a,  except 
ced  Heron. 
,  2;    pi. 


blackish  of  crown ;  colors  generally  more  sombre,  with  median  lower 
parts  less  purely  white.  Young :  Above  light  brown,  tinged  with  cin- 
namon (especially  on  quills),  each  feather  (except  quills  and  tail- 
feathers)  marked  with  a  median  tear-shaped  or  wedge-shaped  stripe  of 
white,  the  quills  with  small  white  spots  at  tips ;  tail-feathers  plain  ash- 
gray  ;  sides  of  head  and  nejk,  and  entire  lower  parts,  striped  with 
grayish  brown  and  white,  the  chin  and  throat  plain  white  medially. 
Jjength  about  23.00-26.00,  wing  11.00-12.80,  culmen  2.80-3.10,  tarsus 
3.10-3.40,  middle  toe  (without  claw)  2.65-3.10.  Eggs  2.01  X  1-47.  Hab. 
Nearly  the  whole  of  America,  except  Arctic  regions. 

202.  N.  nycticorax  naevius  (Bodd.).    Blaok-orowned  Night  Heron. 

Culmen  much  shorter  than  tarsus  (only  a  little  longer  than  middle  toe) ;  gonys 

convex,  and  lateral  outliiios  oi  bill  straight,  or  sometimes  even  perceptibly 

convex ;  tarsus  much  longer  than  middle  toe  ;  scapulars  lengthened,  narrow 

(but  not  pointed),  somewhat  loose-webbed.     (Subgenus  Nydherodius  Eeich.) 

Adult :  Top  of  head  and  elongated  patch  on  side  of  htad,  white,  the  first 

often  stained  with  rusty  brown,  and  in  freshly-killed  or  living  specimens 

deeply  tinted  with  delicate  primrose-yellow ;  rest  of  head  black ;  plumage 

in  general  bluish  plumbeous,  plain  beneath,  but  on  upper  parts  striped 

with  black.     Young :  Above  sooty  grayish  brown,  streaked  with  dull 

white  or  pale  buff,  the  streaks  more  wedge-shaped  on  wing-coverts; 

lower  pans  soiled  whitish,  striped  with  brownish  gray.    Length  22.00- 

28.00,  wing  10.50-12.65,  culmen  2.50-3.00,  tarsus  3.10-4.20,  middle  too 

2.20-2.65.     Eggs  1.90  X  1.42.    Mab.  Whole  of  tropical  and  subtropical 

America,  including  W  it  Indies ;  north  regularly  to  Missouri,  Illinois, 

Indiana,  and  North  Carolina,  irregularly  or  casually  much  farther. 

203.  N.  violaceus  (Linn.).    Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron. 


md  white, 
eiy  much 
brownish, 


d  outlines 
scapulars 

sh  black; 
ly  white, 
and  sidvOS 
ash-gray, 
iterscapu- 
curod  by 


t.  N.  Am.  B. 


134 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'4" 


Order  PALUDICOL2E. — ^The  Cranes,  Rails, 

AND    CoURLANS.    (Page  2.) 

Families. 

a}.  Size  very  large  (wing  17.50,  or  more) ;  head  partly  naked  and  warty  in  adult,  or 
else  with  ornamental  plumes;  hind  toe  small,  much  elevated;  middle  toe 
less  than  half  aa  long  as  the  tarsus.     (Suborder  Grues.) 

Gruidse.    (Page  134.) 

a*.  Size  medium  to  very  small  (wing  less  than  T  '.50);  head  entirely  feathered,  or 

else  with  only  a  frontal  "  shield"  naked ;  hind  toe  lengthened  (nearly  as  long 

as  the  first  division  of  the  middle  toe),  inserted       .rly  on  a  level  with  the 

anterior  toes ;  middle  toe  nearly  as  long  as  the  ta.  us.     (Suborder  Balli.) 

b^.  Wing  11.00-14.20 ;  first  quill  shorter  than  seventh,  its  inner  web  very  narrow, 

except  near  end ;  tail-feathers  well  developed,  firm. 

Aramidse.    (Page  135.) 

fc'.  "Wing  less  than  10.00 ;  first  quill  longer  than  sixth,  its  inner  web  normal ; 

tail-feathers  almost  rudimentary  (nearly  hidden  by  the  coverts),  soft ; 

bill  and  feet  very  variable  in  form Rallidee.    (Page  136.) 


Family  GRUID-ffi.— The  Cranes.     (Page  134.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Grus.    (Page  134.) 

Genus  GRUS  Pallas.    (Page  134,  pi.  XXXIX.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

(Nest  on  ground  in  marsh  or  wet  meadow.    Eggs  pale  olive  or  olive-bufiy, 
spotted  with  brown,  reddish  brown,  and  purplish  gray.) 

aK  Tarsus  11.00,  or  more;  bill  stout,  its  depth  through  the  base  about  one-fourth 

the  length  of  the  culmen ;  distance  from  posterior  end  of  nostril  to  base  of 

upper  mandible  much  more  than  one-half  the  distance  from  anterior  border 

of  nostril  to  tip  of  upper  mandible.    Adult  with  plumage  white,  and  cheeks 

naked. 

Adult:    Plumage  pure  white,  the  quills   black.     Young:    General  color 

white,  but  this  overlaid  by  patches  of  light  cinnamon  or  rusty,  the 

upper  parts  chiefly  of  this  color;   head  entirely  feathered.     Length 


ARAMUS. 


135 


50.00-54.00,  extent  92.00,  wing  22.00-25.00,  culmen  5.35-5.80,  depth  of 
bill  at  base  1.40,  tarsus  11.00-12.00,  middle  toe  4.25.  Eggs  4.04  X  2.50. 
Hab.  Interior  of  North  America  north  to  the  Saskatchewan,  south  to 
Florida  and  central  Mexico. 

204.  G.  americana  (Linn.).  Whooping  Crane, 
a*.  Tarsus  10.00,  or  less ;  bill  more  slender,  its  depth  through  base  less  than  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  culmen ;  distance  from  posterior  end  of  nostril  to 
base  of  upper  mandible  less  than  one-half  the  distance  from  anterior  end  of 
nostril  to  tip  of  upper  mandible.  Adult  deep  slate-gray  or  brownish,  the 
cheeks  normally  feathered. 

Adult:  Entire  plumage  slate-gray,  varying  from  a  bluish  or  plumbeous 
shade  to  brownish,  sometimes  tinged  or  even  extensively  washed  with 
rust}',  the  primaries  darker,  the  cheeks  and  throat  paler,  sometimes 
almost  white.     Young :  Entirely  brown,  more  or  less  washed,  especially 
on  upper  parts,  with  tawny  cinnamon  or  rusty ;  head  entirely  feathered. 
b\  Larger:   Length  40.00-48.00,  wing  21.00-22.50  (21.83),  culmen  5.15- 
6.00  (5.47),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .95-1.10  (1.01),  tarsus  9.90-10.65 
(10.25),  middle  toe  3.40-3.60  (3.50),  bare  part  of  tarsus  4.60-5.00 
(4.78).     Eggs  3.98  X  2.44.     Hab.  United  States,  chiefly  from  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  west  to  Pacific  coast,  south  into  Mexico,  and  east- 
ward along  Gulf  coast  to  Florida  and  Georgia. 

206.  G.  mexicana  (Mt)LL.).  Sandhill  Crane. 
b\  Smaller :  Length  about  35.00,  wing  17.50-20.00  (18.70),  culmen  3.04- 
4.20  (3.61),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .70-.80  (.77),  tarsus  6.70-8.44  (7.57), 
middle  toe  2.60-3.36  (2.91),  bare  portion  of  tibia  2.90-3.50  (3.13). 
Eggs  3.66  X  2.28.  JIab.  Northern  North  America,  from  Hudson's 
Bay  to  Alaska,  migrating  south  through  western  United  States,  east 
of  Rocky  Mountains,  to  Mexico. 

205.  G.  canadensis  (Linn.).    Little  Brown  Crane. 


Family  ARAMID^.— The  Courlans.    (Page  134.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  of  the  Family) Aramus.    (Pago  135.) 

Genus  ARAMUS  Vieillot.    (Pago  135,  pi.  XXXVIIL,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Prevailing  color  dark  brown  (the  quills  and  tail- 
feathers  glossed  with  purplish),  the  head  and  nock  (sometimes  back  and  lower 
parts  also)  striped  with  white.  Nest  on  bushes  or  clumps  of  rank  grasses  or  reeds 
along  side  of  marsh  or  stream. 

a'.  White  stripes  extending  over  back,  wing-coverts,  and  lower  parts.     Young  simi- 
lar to  adult,  but  white  stripes  much  narrower  and  less  sharply  defined,  and 


136  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

the  brown  color  lighter  and  duller.  Downy  young :  "  Covered  with  coarse 
tufty  feathers  of  a  black  color."  Length  25.00-28.00,  wing  11.00-13.00,  cul- 
men  3.50-4.75,  tarsus  3.50-5.20,  middle  toe  3.30-3.50.  Eggs  4-7  (sometimes 
as  many  as  15  ?),  2.32  X  1-70,  pale  dull  buff,  spotted,  daubed,  and  stained  with 
brown  and  purplish  gray.  Mab.  Greater  Antilles,  Florida,  coast  of  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  south  to  Costa  Eica  (both  sides). 

207.  A.  giganteus  (Bonap.).  Limpkin. 
a^  White  markings  confined  to  head  and  neck.  Wing  12.50-14.20,  culmen  4.30- 
4.70,  tarsus  4.60-5.20.    Hab.  Eastern  South  America. 

A.  scolopaceus  (Gmel.).    Brazilian  Courlan.* 


Family  RALLID.^. — The  Rails,  Gallinules,  and  Coots.  (Page  134.) 

Genera. 

a'.  No  frontal  process,  or  shield-like  extension  of  bill  over  forehead.    (Subfamily 
Ballinai.') 

6*.  Bill  slender,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than,  the  tarsus Rallus.     (Page  136.) 

6'.  Bill  stout,  not  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  tarsus  (usually  much 
less), 
c*.  Middle  toe  (without  claw)  not  shorter  than  tarsus  ;  base  of  gonys  not 

forming  a  decided  angle Porzana.     (Page  139.) 

c'.  Middle  toe  shorter  than  tarsus;    base  of  gonj's  forming  a  decided 

angle Crex.    (Page  140.) 

a*.  Forehead  covered  by  a  shield-like  extension  of  the  culn\en. 

b^.  Toes  without  lateral  lobes  or  flaps.     (Subfamily  Gallinulince.) 

c*.  Nostril  small,  oval;  middle  toe  (without  claw)  shorter  than  tarsus; 
inner  posterior  ftice  of  tarsus  covered   by  a  single  row  of  large 

quadrate  scutellee lonornis.     (Page  140.) 

c*.  Nostril  elongated,  slit-like ;  middle  too  (without  claw)  longer  than  tar- 
sus ;  inner  posterior  face  of  tarsus  covered  with  several  irregular 

rows  of  small  hexagonal  scales Gallinula.     (Page  141.) 

6".  Toes  provided  with  conspicuous  lateral  lobed  membranes,  or  "  flaps."     (Sub- 
family JPu^icmaj.) Falica.    (Page  141.) 

Gknus  rallus  LiNNiBUs.    (Page  136,  pi.  XL.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish  or  grayish,  striped,  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly, with  darker;  chin  and  upper  throat  whitish  ;  fore  neck,  chest,  and  breast, 
plain  cinnamon,  varying  to  buffy  grayish ;  sides,  flanks,  and  axillars  barred  with 
brown  or  dusky  and  whitish.    Downy  young  :  Entirely  uniform  glossy  black.     Nest 


1  Ardea  icohpacea  Omeu,  S.  N.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  647. 
1817,  801. 


Aramut  tcolottaceuB  ViEiLL.,  Nouv.  Dlot.  N.  II,  vii. 


RALLUS. 


137 


lot.  N.  II.  vli. 


a  platform-like  structure  of  dried  grasses,  sedges,  etc.,  supported  in  tufts  of  grass 
or  sedges  in  marshes  or  ponds.  Eggs  6-15,  white,  buffy  white,  dull  buff,  or  palo 
brownish  buff,  rather  sparingly  spotted  and  speckled  with  rusty  brown  and 
purplish  gray. 

a}.  Larger  (wing  more  than  5.00). 

b^.  Ground-color  of  upper  parts  grayish  (varying  from  ash-gray  to  olive- 
gray)- 
c^  Breast,  etc.,  pale  cinnamon-buff,  tinged  with  ashy  across  chest ;  darker 

stripes  on  back,  etc.,  usually  indistinct  (sometimes  almost  obsolete)  ; 
flanks,  etc.,  grayish  brown,  broadly  barred  with  white,  but  without 
darker  bars  ;  length  13.50-15.60,  wing  5.40-6.30  (5.79),  culmen  2.10- 
2.60  (2.36),  depth  of  bill  at  narrowest  part  .22-.30,  at  base  .47-.50 
(.49),  tarsus  1.85-2.27  (2.00),  middle  toe  1.70-2.00  (1.83).  Eggs  1.72 
X  1-20.  Hab.  Salt-water  marshes  of  Atlantic  coast,  north,  regularly, 
to  Long  Island,  casually  to  Massachusetts. 

211.  R.  longirostris  crepitans  (Gmel.).    Clapper  Sail. 
<?.  33reast,  etc.,  deeper  cinnamon ;  darker  stripes  on  back,  etc.,  very  dis- 
tinct ;  flanks,  etc.,  darker  or  deeper  brown,  more  narrowly  bai'red 
with  white,  and  with  more  or  less  distinct  narrow  dusky  bars  bor- 
dering tho  white  ones. 
d}.  Above  ash-gray,  broadly  and  sharply  striped  with  blackish  bi'own 
or  brownish  black ;  breast,  etc.,  dull  cinnamon,  strongly  shaded 
with  olive-gray  laterally;  sides  of  neck  olive-gray,  shaded  with 
ash-jray,  this  passing  into  slate-gray  on  sides  of  head,  especi- 
ally behind  eye ;  ground-color  of  flanks,   etc.,  darker  brown  ; 
length  about  12.00-14.00,  wing  5.60-5.70  (5.65).  culmen  2.10- 
2.45  (2.27),  least  depth  of  bill   .22-.28  (.25),  tarsus   1.95-2.00 
(1.97),  middle  toe  1.75-1.80  (1.78).     Hah.  Coast  of  Louisiana ; 

western  Florida? 211a.  R.  longirostris  saturatus  Hf.nsh. 

Louisiana  Clapper  Rail, 
d*.  Above  olive-gray  or  grayish  olive,  broadly,  but  usually  not  sharply, 
striped  with  blackish  brown ;  breast,  etc.,  uniform  deep  cinna- 
mon, not  strongly  shaded  with  gray  laterally,  tho  sides  of  tho 
neck  dull  grayish  cinnamon,  and  sides  of  head  without  pure 
gray;  ground-color  of  flanks,  etc.,  lighter  brown  ;  length  17.00- 
18.00,  wing  6.20-6.70  (6.63),  culmen  2.25-2.50  (2.40),  least  depth 
of  bill  .30^.35  (.33),  depth  at  base  .50,  tarsus  2.10-2.30  (2.18), 
middle  toe  1.90-2.15  (2.04).  Eggs  1.75  X  1-24.  Hah.  Salt-water 
marshes  of  Pacific  coast  (Lower  California  to  Oregon). 

210.  R.  obsoletiis  Ridow.    California  Clapper  Rail. 
6*.  Ground  color  of  upper  parts  distinctly  brownish  (varying  from  deep  raw- 
umber  brown  or  olive-brown  to  ftilvous-brown),  very  distinctly,  and 
usually  sharply,  striped  with  brownish  black, 
c*.  Flanks,  etc.,  with  the  lighter  (pure  white)  bars  very  broad  (averaging 

18 


^ 


■■ 


138  .         NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

.10  or  more  in  width),  the  ground-color  varying  from  clear  brown 
(darker  next  to  white  bars)  to  brownish  black ;  upper  parts  vary- 
ing from  fulvous-brown  to  an  almost  ochrey  tint,  the  blackish  stripes 
very  sharply  defined ;  breast,  etc.,  deep  cinnamon,  usually  distinctly 
paler  posteriorly  and  medially ;  length  17.00-19.00,  wing  5.90-6.80 
(6.43),  culmen  2.12-2.50  (2.35),  least  depth  of  bill  .27-.35  (.30),  depth 
at  base  .50-55  (.52),  tarsus  2.10-2.40  (2.28),  middla  too  1.85-2.50 
(2.07).  Eggs  1.63  x  1-22.  Hab.  Fresh-water  marshes  of  eastern 
United  States,  north  to  Wisconsin,  southern  Michigan,  Ohio,  etc. 
(casually  to  Massachusetts,  Maine,  and  Ontario),  west  to  the  Great 

Plains 208.  R.  elegans  AuD.    King  Bail. 

c*.  Flanks,  etc.,  with  lighter  bars  very  narrow  (averaging  decidedly  less 
than  .10  wide),  the  ground-color  varying   from  clear   hair-brown 
to  cinnamon-brown ;  upper  parts  umber-brown  or  olive,  distinctly, 
but  usually  not  sharply,  striped  with  blackish  brown ;  breast,  etc., 
uniform  deep  cinnamon,  not   distinctly  paler  posteriorly  or  me- 
dially. 
•    d'.  Flanks  hair-brown,  distinctly  barred  with  pure  white,  the  white 
bars  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  blackish  bar ;  ground-color  of 
upper  parts  olive ;  lores  dark  brown,  bordered  above  by  a  stripe 
of  pale  cinnamon ;    length  about  15,00-16.00,  wing  5.70-6.40 
(6.03),  culmen  2.25-2.50  (2.37),  least  depth  of  bill  .29-.35  (.31), 
depth  at  base  .50,  tarsus  1.88-2.10  (1.93),  middle  too  1.75-1.90 
(1.81).      Hab.   Eastern  coast  of  Lower  California   (La  Paz; 
Espii'itu  Santo  Island,  etc.). 

209.  R.  beldingi  Eidqw.  Belding's  RaU. 
(P.  Flanks  cinnamon-brown,  indistinctly  barred  with  pale  cinnamon 
and  rusty  whitish,  but  without  darker  bars;  ground-color  of 
upper  parts  umber-brown ;  lores  rather  pale  brown,  bordered 
above  by  a  white  sti'ipe ;  wing  5.90-6.00  (5.96),  culmen  2.00- 
2.40  (2.17),  least  depth  of  bill  .22-.30  (.26),  tarsus  1.80-2.08 
(1.93),  middle  too  1.70-1.92  (1.81).    Hab.  Central  and  western 

Mexico. 

R.  tenuiroBtris  (Lawr.).     Mexican  King  Rail.> 

a*.  Smaller  (wing  loss  than  4.50). 

Above  olive-brownish,  broadly  striped  with  blackish ;  wing-coverts  deep 
rusty,  or  chestnut-rufous ;  breast,  etc.,  deep  cinnamon  ;  flanks  and  axil- 
lars  dusky,  barred  with  white.  Immature  specimens  with  lower  parts 
mixed  more  or  less  extensively  with  black.  Length  8.12-10.50,  wing 
3.90-4.25,  culmen  1.45-1.60,  tarsus  1.30-1.40,  middle  toe  1.20-1.40.  Eggs 
1.24  X  -94.  Hab.  Whole  of  temperate  North  America,  north  to  British 
Columbia  and  Hudson's  Bay,  south  to  Guatemala  and  Cuba. 

212.  R.  virginianus  Linn.    Virginia  Bail. 


>  Ritllui  elegant  var.  tenuivottrii  Lawr.,  Am.  Nat.  viii.  Fob.  1874,  111. 


PORZANA. 


139 


Genus  PORZANA  Vieillot.    (Page  136,  pi.  XLI.,  figs.  1-3.) 

Species. 

a}.  Secondaries  without  white. 

b\  Wing  more  than  4.00;    above  olive-brownish,  striped  with  black.     (Sub- 
genus Porzana.) 
c'.  Nock  and  breast  olive,  speckled  with  white ;  flanks  brown,  narrowly 
and  irregularly  barred  with  white.     Adult :   Broad  supei-ciliary 
stripe,  malar  region,  chin,  and  throat,  uniform  gi-ayish ;  car-coverts, 
neck,  and  chest  light  hair-brown,  irregularly  speckled  with  white. 
Young :    Superciliary  stripe  finely  speckled  with   white ;    malar 
region,  chin,  and  throat  whitish,  speckled  with  brown,  the  breast 
and  belly  washed  with  pale  buflf.    Length  about  3.50,  wing  4.20- 
4.50,  culmen  .68-.72,  tarsus  1.20-1.30,  middle  toe  1.25-1.35.    Hggs 
8-12,  1.32  X  -95,  dull  buffy,  spotted  with  vandyke-brown  and  pur- 
plish gray.    Hab.  Northern  portion  of  eastern  hemisphere ;   occa- 
sional in  Greenland 213.  P.  porzana  (Linn.).    Spotted  Crake. 

c*.  Neck  and  breast  without  white  specks  j  flanks  broadly  and  regularly 
barred  with  white  and  slate-coloA.  Adult :  Anterior  portion  of 
head,  with  chin  and  throat,  uniform  black  j  top  of  head  olive-brown, 
with  a  broad  median  sti-ipe  of  black  ;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  with 
chest  and  breast,  plain  plumbeous.  Young :  Lores  and  superciliary 
stripe  bi'ownish,  the  chin  and  throat  whitish ;  rest  of  head  and 
neck,  with  chest  and  breast,  light  brownish.  Downy  young :  Uni- 
form dull  black,  the  shorter  down  interspersed  with  numerous  long, 
glossy  black,  hair-like  filaments;  on  throat,  a  tuft,  directed  for- 
wards, of  stiff',  coarse,  orange-colored,  bristle-like  feathers.  Length 
7.85-9.75,  wing  4.15-4.30,  culmen  .75-.90,  tarsus  1.25-1.35,  middle 
toe  1.30-1.45.  Eggs  8-12,  1.23  X  -89,  brownish  buff",  rather  sparsely 
spotted  with  brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Whole  of  temperate 
North  America,  breeding  from  northern  United  States  northward ; 
in  winter,  south  to  West  Indies,  Middle  America,  and  northern 

South  America 214.  P.  Carolina  (Linn.).    Sera. 

6'.  Wing  less  than  3.75 ;  above  dusky,  sometimes  speckled  with  white.    (Sub- 
genus Creciscus  Cabanis.) 
c*.  Wing  2.95  or  more ;  back  speckled  with  white. 

Adidt :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  plain  dark  plumbeous,  or 
slate-color,  darker  (sometimes  nearly  bla^k)  on  top  of  head ; 
belly  and  under  tail-coverts  brownish  black,  barred  with  white ; 
hind-neck  and  back  dark  chestnut-brown,  marked  with  small 
dots  and  irregular  bars  of  white.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but 
breast,  etc.,  dull  grnyieh,  the  throat  whitish,  and  top  of  head 
tinged  with  reddish  brown.  Downy  young:  "Entirely  bluish 
black."     Length    B.00-6.00,   wing    2.50-3.20,  culmen  .50-.60, 


■■n 


140 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


depth  of  bill  through  base  .20-.25,  tarsus  .85-.90,  middle  toe 
.80-1.00.  Eggs  about  9,  1.01  X  .79,  Avhite,  or  buffy  white, 
sprinkled,  or  finely  speckled,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  dark 
reddish  brown  or  chestnut.  Hah.  United  States  (north  to 
Oregon,  Kansas,  Illinois,  Massachusetts,  etc.),  and  south  through 
West  Indies,  Middle  America,  and  greater  part  of  South 
America,  to  Chili..  216.  P.  jamaicensis  (Gmel.).  Black  Kail. 
<?.  Wing  2.50 ;  back  without  white  markings. 

Wing  2.50,  culmen  .60,  depth  of  bill  through  base  .15,  tarsus  .75, 
middle  toe  .85.     Hab.  Farallone  Islands,  California. 
216a.  P.  jamaicensis  coturniculus  Baird.    Farallone  Bail. 
a'.  Secondaries  white.     (Subgenus  Coturnicops  Bonaparte.) 

Head,  neck,  and  breast  ochraceous ;  flanks  dusky,  barred  with  whitish ; 
under  tail-coverts  cinnamon  ;  under  wing-coverts  and  axillars  white ; 
upper  parts  ochraceous,  broadly  striped  with  black  and  narrowlj'  barred 
with  white;  length  6.00-7.75,  wing  3.00-3.60,  culmen  .50-.60,  tarsus 
.95-1.00,  middle  toe  .90-1.00.  Eggs  6  or  more,  1.12  X  .83,  creamy  bufl', 
densely  sprinkled  and  speckled  on  larger  end  with  rusty  brown.  Hah. 
Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Hudson's  Bay,  west 
to  Utah  and  Nevada ;  Cuba ;  Bermudas. 

215.  P.  noveboracensis  (Gmgl.).    Yellow  Rail. 

Genus  CREX  Bechstein.    (Page  136,  pi.  XLI.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Above  light  brown,  striped  tvith  black ;  wings  rusty  or  reddish  brown 
with  a  few  whitish  bars  or  spots  on  greater  coverts ;  axillars  and  under  wing-coverts 
light  cinnamon,  the  latter  edged  with  white;  head  ash-gray,  the  crown  and  a 
broad  stripe  on  side  of  head  light  brown  ;  throat,  bellj'^,  and  ventral  region  white , 
fore-neck  and  chest  pale  brownish  or  drab ;  sides  and  under  tail-coveris  barred  with 
brown  and  white.  Young :  Similar,  but  without  any  gray  on  head.  Downy  young  : 
Uniform  dark  sooty  brown,  the  head  blackish.  Length  about  10.00-10.50,  wing 
5.70-6.00,  culmen  .86-.90,  tarsus  1.50-1.60,  middle  toe  1.30.  Eggs  about  11,  1.49  X 
1.07,  light  buff^,  or  pale  olive-buff",  spotted,  longitudinally,  with  cinnamon-brown,  or 
rusty,  and  purplish  gray.  Hah.  More  northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere; 
accidental  in  eastern  North  America  (Greenland,  Bermudas,  Long  Island,  etc.). 

217.  C.  crex  (Linn.).    Com  Crake. 

Genus  IONORNIS  Eeichenbach.    (Pago  136,  pi.  XLIL,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  slaty  bluish  pm'ple,  darker  on  belly  and 
thighs ;  lower  tail-coverts  white ;  upper  parts  bright  olive-green,  changing  to  bright 
verditer-blue  toward  ihe  purple  of  the  lower  parts ;  wings  brighter  green  than  back, 
shaded  with  bright  verditer-blue ;  frontal  shield  dusky  or  bluish ;  bill  bright  rod. 


O  A  LUNULA. 


141 


liddle  toe 
Py  white, 
vith  dark 
(north  to 
b  through 
of  South 
lack  Sail. 

tarsus  .75, 
Hone  Rail. 

whitish ; 
,rs  white ; 
vly  barred 
,60,  tarsus 
eamy  buff, 
(vn.  Hab. 
Bay,  west 

3II0W  Ban. 


sh  brown 

ng-coverts 

wn  and  a 

on  white , 

irred  with 

my  young : 

50,  wing 

1,  1.49  X 

)rown,  or 

tnisphere ; 

etc.). 

)m  Crake. 

.) 


tipped  with  yellow.  Young :  Above  light  brown,  tinged  with  greenish  on  wings; 
beneath  pale  fulvous  or  buffy,  the  belly  whitish ;  bill  dull  yellowish,  and  frontal 
shield  much  smaller  than  in  adult.  Downy  young :  Said  to  be  entirely  black. 
Length  12.50-14.00,  wing  7.00-7.50,  culmen  (including  frontal  shield)  1.85-1.95,  tar- 
BUS  2.25-2.50,  middle  too  2.25-2.35.  Eggs  6-10,  1.55  X  113,  pale  cream-color,  or 
creamy  white,  speckled  (sometimes  also  sparingly  spotted),  chiefly  round  larger  end, 
with  brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Nearly  the  whole  of  tropical  and  warm- 
temperate  America,  north,  casually  or  irregularly  nearly  across  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Great  Plains,  but  apparently  wholly  absent  from  the  Pacific  coast,  in- 
cluding Lower  California 218.  I.  martinica  (Linn.).    Purple  OaUinule. 

Genus  GALLINULA  Brisson.    (Page  136,  pi.  XLII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Uniform  plumbeous,  sometimes  mixed  with  whitish  on  lower  parts  and  washed 
with  brown  on  back,  the  edge  of  the  wing,  the  lateral  under  tail-coverts,  and  broad 
stripes  on  flanks,  white.  Summer  adult :  Bill  and  frontal  shield  bright  vermilion- 
red  in  life,  the  former  tipped  with  greenish  yellow ;  belly  uniform  plumbeous. 
Winter  adult :  Similar,  but  frontal  shield  smaller,  and  belly  suff^used  with  whitish. 
Young :  Similar  to  winter  adult,  but  frontal  shield  rudimentary  and,  with  the  bill, 
brownish  ;  whole  extent  of  lower  parts,  including  sides  of  head,  suffused  with 
whitish,  the  throat  sometimes  almost  wholly  white  ;  white  flank  stripes  less  dis- 
tinct (sometimes  nearly  obsolete).  Downy  young:  Glossy  black,  the  lower  parts 
sooty  along  the  median  line ;  throat  and  cheeks  interspersed  with  silvery  white 
hairs.  Length  12.00-14.50,  wing  6.85-7.25,  culmen  (to  en  '  of  frontal  shield)  1.70- 
1.85,  tarsus  2.10-2.30,  middle  toe  2.50-2.60.  Eggs  8-13,  1.74  X  1-19,  buff,  pale  bufl', 
brownish  buff,  or  buffy  brown,  sparsely  spotted  with  dark  brown.  Hab.  Whole 
of  tropical  America  and  temperate  North  Amei'ica,  north  to  British  Provinces. 

219.  G.  galeata  (Light.).    Florida  Gallinule. 

Genus  FULICA  Linn^us.    (P.age  136,  pi.  XL.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Uniform  slaty  or  plumbeous,  the  head  and  neck  'larker 
(nearly  black  in  adults)  ;  edge  of  wing  whitish  ;  bill  whitish  in  adults.  Eggs  pale 
dull  buff,  finely  dotted  or  sprinkled  with  brownish  black  and  purplish  gray. 

a}.  Only  the  edge  of  the  wing  and  a  very  narrow  edge  to  first  quill  white ;  entire 
bill  and  frontal  shield  whitish ;  length  about  16.00,  wing  7.70-8.80,  culmen 
(including  frontal  plate)  1.70-2.00,  tarsus  2.25-2.35,  middle  toe  2.85-3.16. 
Eggs  2.11  X  147.  Bab.  Europe,  Asia,  and  northern  portions  of  Africa ;  acci- 
dental in  Greenland 220.  F.  atra  Linn.    European  Coot. 

a*.  Lateral  and  posterior  lower  tail-coverts  and  tips  of  secondaries  white ;  bill  with 
a  dark  brownish  spot  near  end  of  each  mandible. 
b\  Frontal  shield  dark  brown.    Summer  adult :  Bill  (in  life)  milk  white,  tinged 


142  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

with  bluish  terminally,  a  spot  near  the  end  of  each  mandible  and  the 
frontal  shield  dark  brown ;  belly  uniform  slaty  plumbeous.  Winter 
adult :  Similar,  but  frontal  shield  reduced  in  size,  and  the  belly  suflfused 
with  whitish.  Young :  Most  like  winter  plumage,  but  lower  parts  much 
Buffuseci  with  whitish,  especially  on  throat  and  belly ;  frontal  shield  rudi- 
mentary, and  bill,  in  life,  dull  flesh-color,  tinged  with  olive-greenish,  the 
spots  obsolete  (dull  light  brownish  in  dried  skins).  Downy  young : 
Blackish,  the  head  and  neck  ornamented  with  orange-  or  salmon-colored 
crisp  filamentous  bristles,  the  upper  parts  more  sparsely  covered  with 
similar  but  paler  (whitish  or  pale  orange-buflf)  filaments ;  bill  orange- 
red,  the  upper  mandible  tipped  with  black.  Length  13.00-16.00,  wing 
7.25-7.60,  culmen  (to  commencement  of  frontal  shield)  1.25-1.60,  tarsus 
2.00-2.20,  middle  toe  2.45-2.65.  Eggs  6-12, 1.91  X  1-32.  Hab.  Whole  of 
North  America,  Middle  America,  and  most  of  West  Indies;  north  to 
Greenland  and  Alaska,  south  to  Veragua  (and  Trinidad  ?). 

221.  P.  americana  (Gmel.).    American  Coot. 
b\  Frontal  shield  whitish  (pale  brownish  in  dried  skins),  like  bill,  oval  or  ellip- 
tical, much  wrinkled;  bill  more  slender;  otherwise,  very  similar  to  F. 
americana.    Hab.  Lesser  Antilles  (Guadeloupe  and  St.  John's). 

F.  caribsea  Sidgw.    Caribbean  Coot.* 


1  FtiHca  caribfea  RiDflw.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  vii.  Sept.  17,  1884,  359. 


LJMICOLJE. 


143 


I  and  the 

Winter 
J  suiFusod 
arts  much 
lield  rudi- 
enish,  the 
mj  young: 
on-colorod 
ered  with 

II  orange- 

6.00,  wing 

.60,  tarsus 

Whole  of 

;  north  to 

rican  Coot. 

al  or  ellip- 
lilar  to  F. 

)• 

)bean  Coot.' 


Order  LIMICOLiC — The  Shore  Birds. 

(Page  2.) 

Families. 

a\  Tarsus  more  than  twice  as  long  as  middle  toe,  with  claw ;  naked  portion  of  thigh 
much  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw....  Recurvirostridse.     (Page  146.) 
a*.  Tarsus  less  than  twice  as  long  as  middle  toe,  with  claw;  naked  portion  of  thigh 
shorter  than  middle  toe,  with  claw. 
b^.  Claws  normal. 

c*.  Toes  with  distinct,  usually  scalloped,  lateral  membranes;  tarsus  ex- 
tremely compressed Phalaropodidae.    (Page  143.) 

c*.  Toes  without  distinct  lateral  membranes ;  tarsus  not  unusually  com- 
pressed. 
<?.  Front  of  tarsus  covered  by  a  continuous  row  of  transverse  scutellro. 
e'.  Bill  slender,  with  blunt  and  more  or  less  rounded  (sometimes 
expanded)  tip,  the  exposed  culmen  longer  than  middle  toe 

without  claw Scolopacidse.    (Page  147.) 

fi*.  Bill  stout,  culmen  arched  toward  tip,   its  exposed  portion 
shorter  than  middle  toe  (without  claw),  or  else  pointed  and 

wedge-shaped  at  tip Aphrizidse.    (Pago  179.) 

d*.  Front    of   tarsus    covered  with    small    hexagonal    or    irregular 
scales. 
e^.  Bill  shorter  than  tarsus,  not  compressed,  the  anterior  portion 
of  culmen  more  or  less  distinctly  arched. 

Charadriidse.    (Page  172  ) 
g".  Bill  longer  than  tarsus,  much   compressed  terminally,  the 

culmen  not  arched Hsematopodidae.     (Page  181.) 

b'.  Claws  excessively  lengthened,  straight,  and  acute,  that  of  the  hind  toe 
longer  than  the  toe  itself. Jacanidse.    (Page  183.) 


Family  PHALAROPODIDiE.— The  Phalaropes.    (Page  143.) 

Genera. 

a}.  Bill  broad,  flattened,  somewhat  widened  toward  end ;  nostrils  separated  from 
loral  feathers  by  a  space  equal  to  the  depth  of  the  upper  mandible  at  base. 

Crymophilus.    (Page  144.) 

a*.  Bill  slender,  nearly  cylindrical,  not  perceptibly  widened  toward  end ;  nostrils 
separated  from  loral  feathers  by  a  space  equal  to  much  less  than  the  depth 
of  the  upper  mandible  at  the  base Phalaropus.    (Page  144.) 


wwmnmmm 


144 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


1\ 


w 


ll 


Genus  CRYMOPHILUS  Vieillot.    (Page  143,  pi.  XLIIL,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  female  in  summer :  Enti'ro  lower  parts  deep  pui-plish  cinnamon ;  sides  of 
head  white ;  fore  part  and  top  of  head  uniform  dark  plumbeous  or  blackish ;  hind- 
neck  plain  cinnamon  and  plumbeous;  back  and  scapulars  light  ochraceous  or  buff, 
striped  with  black.  Adult  male  in  summer :  Similar  to  the  female,  but  top  of  head 
and  bind-ncck  streaked  with  ochraceous  (or  buffy)  and  blackish,  the  white  on  side  of 
head  more  restricted  and  less  abruptly  defined,  and  size  somewhat  less.  Winter 
plumage :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  pure  white,  the  occiput  and  space  about 
eyes  dark  plumbeous  ;  upper  parts  uniform  pearl-gray,  or  light  plumbeous.  Young: 
Top  of  head,  hind-neck,  back,  and  scapulars  dull  black,  the  feathers  edged  Avith 
ochraceous ;  wing-coverts,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  plumbeous,  the  middle  cov- 
erts bordered  with  pale  buff,  the  tail-coverts  with  ochraceous ;  head  and  neck  (ex- 
cept as  described  above)  and  lower  parts  white,  the  throat  and  chest  tinged  with 
brownish  buff.  Downy  young :  Above  bright  tawny  buflf,  marked  with  bi'oad 
irregular  stripes  of  black  ;  broad  superciliary  stripes  bright  tawny  buff,  separated 
anteriorly  only  by  a  nai'row  and  somewhat  interrupted  dusky  streak  ;  crown  bright 
umber-brown  bordered  with  black ;  chin  and  throat  light  fulvous-buff,  changing  to 
smoky  buff  on  chest ;  rest  of  lower  parts  dull  whitish.  Length  7.50-8.75,  wing 
5.25-5.50,  culmen  .80-.95,  tarsus  .80-.85,  middle  toe  .75-.80.  Eggs  3^,  1.24  X  -86, 
pale  drab,  olive-drab,  olive-buflF,  or  pale  brown,  heavily  spotted  with  dark  brown. 
Hab.  Northern  portions  of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding  far  northward ;  in 
America,  south,  in  winter,  to  Middle  States,  Ohio  Valley,  and  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

222.  C.  fulicarius  (Linn.).    Red  Phalarope. 


I  : 


t'-"- 


Genus  PHALAROPUS  Brisson.    (Page  143,  pi.  XLIIL,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

i'.  "Wing  less  than  4.50 ;  tarsus  less  than  1.00 ;  web  between  outer  and  middle  toes 
extending  to  or  beyond  second  joint  of  the  latter ;  lateral  membrane  of  all 
the  toes  broad  and  distinctly  "  scalloped."    (Subgenus  Phalaropus.) 

Adult  female  in  summer :  Above  dark  plumbeous,  the  back  striped  with 
ochraceous  or  buff;  wings  dusky,  the  greater  coverts  broadly  tipped 
with  white ;  lower  parts  white ;  chest  and  sides  of  neck  rufous.  Adult 
male  in  summer:  Similar  to  the  female,  but  colors  duller,  the  rufous 
almost  confined  to  sides  of  neck,  and  less  distinct,  the  chest  chiefly 
mixed  white  and  grayish.  Winter  plumage :  Fnrrhf  1  superciliary 
stripe,  sides  of  head  and  neck,  with  lower  p  '-ts  nerally,  pure  white; 
top  of  head  grayish,  the  feathers  with  dr  '  '  .it-streaks  and  whitish 
borders  ;  a  blackish  spot  in  front  of  eye,  ;  .'lo  of  head,  i  iii  beneath 
eye,  across  ear-coverts  mixed  dusky  and  nyish  bite;  upper  parts 
chiefly  grayish  ;  sides  of  chest  washed  or  clouded  v  th  grayish.  Young : 
Top  of  head  dusky,  with  or  without  streaks ;  back  and  scapulars  black- 


PHALAROPUS. 


145 


3.) 


sides  of 
sh ;  hind- 
19  or  buff, 
p  of  head 
on  side  of 
.  Winter 
ice  about 
Young : 
Iged  with 
iddie  cov- 
ncck  (ex- 
igcd  with 
ith  broad 
separated 
vvn  bright 
anging  to 
3.75,  wing 
.24  X  .86, 
'k  brown, 
ward ;  in 
cas. 

lalarope. 

2.) 


ddlo  toes 
xne  of  all 


y 


5ed  with 
tipped 
Adult 
lie  rufous 
chiefly 
(erciliary 
white ; 
whitish 
beneath 
ler  parts 
Young  : 
rs  black- 


i 


ish,  distinctly  bordered  with  buff  or  ochraceous;  middle  wing-coverts 
bordered  with  buff  or  whitish ;  forehead,  supra-auricuhir  stripe,  lores, 
and  lower  parts  white,  the  chest  and  sides  of  breast  sometimes  suffused 
with  dull  brownish  ;  ear-coverts  dusky.  Downy  young :  Above  bright 
tawny,  the  rump  with  three  parallel  stripes  of  black,  enclosing  two 
of  paler  fulvous  than  the  ground-color;  a  triangular  patch  of  brown 
on  crown,  bounded  irregularly  with  blackish ;  a  black  lino  over  ears ; 
throat  and  rest  of  head  pale  tawny ;  rest  of  lower  parts  white,  be- 
coming grayish  posteriorly.  Length  7.00-8.00,  wing  4.00-4.45,  culnien 
.80-.90,  tarsus  .75-.80,  middle  toe  .65-.75.  Eggs  3-4,  1.20  X  -82,  pale 
olive-drab  or  olive-buff,  thickly  speckled  or  spotted  with  dark  brown. 
Hub.  Noi .  horn  portions  of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding  far  north- 
ward   223.  P.  lobatus  (Linn.).    Northern  Fhalarope. 

a*.  "Wing  more  than  4.50 ;  tarsus  more  than  1.00;  web  between  outer  and  middle 
toes  not  reaching  to  second  joint  of  the  latter;  lateral  membrane  of  all  the 
toes  narrow  and  not  distinctly  "  scalloped."  (Subgenus  Steganopus  Vieill.) 
Adult  female  in  summer :  Forehead  and  crown  pale  bluish  graj',  the  former 
with  a  blackish  line  along  each  side;  occiput  and  hind-neck  white, 
changing  to  plumbeous-gray  on  back ;  stripe  on  side  of  head  and  con- 
tinued broadly  down  side  of  neck  deep  black,  changing  gradually  on 
lower  portion  into  rich  dark  chestnut,  this  continued  backward  along 
each  side  of  back ;  short  stripe  above  lores  and  eyes,  chin,  cheeks,  and 
throat,  pure  white ;  fore-neck  and  chest  soft  buflFy  cinnamon ;  rest  of 
lower  parts  white  ;  length  9.40-10.00,  wing  5.20-5.30,  culmen  1.30-1.35, 
tarsus  1.30-1.35,  middle  toe  .90-1.00.  Adult  male  in  summer:  Smaller 
and  much  duller  in  color  than  the  female,  with  the  beautiful  tints  and 
pattern  of  the  latter  but  faintly  indicated  ;  length  8.25-9.00,  wing  4.75- 
4.80,  culmen  1.25,  tarsus  1.20-1.25,  middle  toe  .90.  Winter  plumage: 
Above  plain  ash-gray;  upper  tail-cover*^  ,  superciliary  stripe,  and  lower 
parts  white,  the  chest  and  sides  of  breast  shaded  with  pale  gray.  Young  : 
Top  of  head,  back,  and  scapulars  dusky  blackish,  the  feathers  distinctly 
bordered  with  buff;  wing-coverts  also  bordered  with  pale  buff  or 
whitish ;  upper  tail-coverts,  superciliary  stripe,  and  lower  parts,  white, 
the  neck  tinged  with  buff.  Downy  young  :  Bright  tawny,  paler  beneath, 
the  belly  nearly  white ;  occiput  and  hind-neck  with  a  distinct  median 
streak  of  black,  on  the  former  branching  laterally  into  two  narrow 
irregular  lines ;  lower  back  and  rump  with  three  broad  black  stripes ; 
flanks  with  a  black  spot,  and  region  of  tail  crossed  with  a  wide  bar  of 
the  same.  Eggs  3-4,  1.28  X  -S^,  pale  grayish  buff  varying  to  brownish 
buff,  thickly  speckled  and  spotted  with  dark  brown  or  brownish  black. 
Hah.  Temperate  North  America,  but  chiefly  the  interior;  north  to 
eastern  Oregon,  the  Saskatchewan,  and  Nova  Scotia;,  south,  during 
migrations,  to  Brazil  and  Patagonia.  (Not  recorded  from  Pacific  slope 
of  California,  Oregon,  or  Washington  Territory.) 

224.  P.  tricolor  (Vieill.).    Wilson's  Fhalarope. 

19 


mumimmmm 


146 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Family  RECURVIROSTRIDiE.- 


Genera. 


-The  Avocets  and  Stilts. 

(Pago  143.) 


a'.  Hind  toe  present ;  anterior  toe?*  all  webbed ;  bill  decidedly  recurved  toward  tip.* 

Recurvirostra.    (Page  146.) 

a'.  Hind  loo  absent ;  no  web  between  inner  and  middle  toes,  and  that  between 
outer  and  middle  toes  occupying  less  than  half  the  space ;  bill  very  slightly 
or  not  at  all  recurved  toward  tip Himantopus.     (Page  146.) 

Genus  RECURVIF^riTRA  Linnaeus.    (Page  146,  pi.  XLIV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

a}.  Outer  scapulars,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts,  also  part  of  secondaries  and 
greater  wing-coverts,  white. 
Wings  (except  secondaries  and  terminal  half  of  greater  coverts),  inner 
scapulars,  and  adjacent  feathers  of  back,  brownish  black ;  lower  parts, 
rump,  outer  scapulars,  and  middle  of  back,  white ;  tail  ashy  white  or 
paie  ashy.  Summer  adult :  Head  (except  anteriorly),  neck,  and  chest 
light  cinnamon.  Winter  plumage :  Head,  neck,  and  chest  white,  tinged, 
more  or  lesn,  with  pale  bluish  grrvy,  especially  on  top  of  head  and  hind- 
neck.  Young :  Similar  to  winter  plumage,  but  quills  slightly  tipped 
with  whitish,  scapulars,  etc.,  tipped  or  transversely  mottled  with  buflfy 
or  pale  fulvous,  and  hind-neck  tinged  with  light  rufous.  Length  15.50- 
18.75,  wing  8.50-9.00,  culmen  3.40-3.G5,  tarsus  3.70-3.80,  middle  toe 
1.60-1.70.  .Eggs  3-4,  1.93  X  1-35,  pale  olive,  olive-buff,  or  drab-buflf 
(rarely  creamy  buff),  thickly  spotted  (sometimes  sparsely  lined  also) 
Avith  dark  brown  or  black.  Hab.  Temperate  North  America,  north, 
in  the  interior,  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Great  Slave  Lake ;  south,  in 
wintci',  to  Guatemala,  Cuba,  and  Jamaica. 

225.  R.  americana  Gmel.    Amerioan  Avocet. 

a'.  No  white  on  upper  parts,  except  head,  neck,  and  rump.    Hab,  Andes  of  Chili. 

R.  andina  Philippi  &  Landk.    Chilian  Avocet.' 

Genus  HIMANTOPUS  Brisson.     (Page  146,  pi.  XLIV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

fl*.  White  of  forehead  not  extending  over  the  crown ;  black  of  hind-nock  continuo  us 

with  that  of  the  back. 

Adult  male :  Forehead,  spot  behind  eye,  lores,  cheeks,  entire  lower  parts 

(including  fore-neck,  throat,  and  chin),  rump,  and  upper  tail-covorts, 

pure  white  (sometimes  tinged  with  pinkish  in  breeding  season)  ;  rest  of 


1  Recurvirottra  aniii»u  PuiLiPPi  A,  Landbeck,  Weijsm.  Archlv,  1803,  131.    Haktimo,  Ibis,  1874,  257,  pi.  9. 


SCOLOPACIDJE. 


147 


dai'ies  and 


head  and  neck,  back,  scapulars,  and  wings,  uniform  glossy  greenish 
black  ;  tail  pale  ashy  ;  iris  crimson,  and  legs  and  feet  delicate  lake-red  or 
rose-pink,  in  life.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  the  male,  but  back  and 
scapulars  brownish  slate,  and  black  of  other  portions  duller.  Young : 
Similar  to  adult  female,  but  feathers  of  back,  scapulars,  and  tertials  bor- 
dered with  buff  or  dull  whitish,  the  blackish  of  head  and  neck  finely 
mottled  with  the  same.  Downy  young :  Above  light  fulvous-grayish, 
mottled  with  dusky,  the  back  and  rump  marked  with  several  largo  black 
blotches ;  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  fulvous-whitish,  the  top  of  head 
and  hind-neck  grnyish,  the  crown  with  a  median  black  sti'eak  and  occi- 
put with  several  spots  of  blackish.  Length  13.50-15.50,  wing  8.50-9.00, 
culmen  2.50,  tarsus  4.00,  middle  toe  1.37.  Eggs  3-4,  1.79  X  1-23,  similar 
in  coloration  to  those  of  Recurvirostra  americana.  Hab.  Temperate 
North  America,  from  northern  United  States  southward;  south,  in 
winter,  to  Peru,  northern  Brazil,  and  West  Indies. 

226.  H.  mexicanus  (MUll.).    Blaok-necked  Stilt, 
a*.  "White  of  forehead  extending  back  to  and  including  the  occiput ;  black  of  nape 
separated  from  that  of  the  back  by  a  white  bar  or  "  collar." 

Otherwise,   similar  to  H.   mexicanus.      Hab.    Southern    South   America 
(Brazil,  Argeatiuo  Eepublic,  Chili,  etc.). 

H.  brasiliensis  Breum.    Brazilian  Stilt. 


continuous 


Family  SCOLOPACID.^. — The  Snipes,  Sandpipers,  etc. 

(Page  143.) 

(Nest  usually  on  ground,  in  meadows,  marshes,  or  along  banks  of  streams. 
Eggs  2-4.) 

Genera. 

a*.  Back  of  tai'sus  with  a  continuous  row  of  transverse  scutellro. 

6'.  Ears  situated  directly  underneath  the  eyes ;  tip  of  upper  mandible  thick- 
ened, with  cutting-edges  brought  near  together;  plumage  the  same  at 
all  stages  and  seasons.     (Subfamily  ScQlopacinm.) 
c'.  Thighs  entirely  feathered;  top  of  head  with  transverse  bands. 

d}.  First  quill  longer  than  second,  and  broad  like  the  rest;  outer  webs 

of  quills  spotted Scolopax.     (Pago  149.) 

rf*.  Three  outermost  quills  abruptly  much  shorter  and  narrower  than 
tde  fourth  ;  outer  webs  of  quills  plain. 

Philohela.    (Page  150.) 
c'.  Lower  part  of  thighs  naked  ;  top  of  head  with  longitudinal  stripes. 

Gallinago.    (Page  150.) 

6*.  Ears  situated  decidedly  posterior  to  the  eyes ;  tip  of  upptir  mandible  thin, 

with  cutting-edges  far  apart;   plumage  very  different  in  winter  and 


I  H{manto^,\u  ImiUkniit  Bubum,  VUg.  Deutiohl.  1831,  ^84. 


148 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


:  j- 


summer,    and    young    different    in    color   from    adult.      (Subfamily 
Tringince.) 

.  Bill  only  slightly  or  not  at  all  widened  at  tip. 
d}.  Hind-toe  present. 

e'.  No  trace  of  web  between  anterior  toes. 

p.  Exposed  culmen  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw ;  inner 
webs  of  quills  and  under  primary  coverts  not  mottled. 

Tringa.    (^Page  152.) 

/*.  Exposed  culmen  shorter  than  middle  toe,  with  claw ;  inner 

webs  of  quills  and  under  primary  coverts  beautifully 

mottled Tryngites.     (Page  169.) 

e".  Middle  toe  united  at  base  to  one  or  both  of  the  lateral  toes  by 
a  distinct  web. 
p.  Tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  wing,  graduated  for  as 
much  as  the  length  of  the  culmen. 

Bartramia.    (Page  168.) 
p.  Tail  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  wing,  and  if  grad- 
uated,  the  graduation  not  more  than  one-half  the 
length  of  the  culmen. 
g^.  Tail  longer  than  the  exposed  culmen. 

/t'.  Wing  less  than  4.00.    (All  anterior  toes  w^ebbed 

at  base.) Ereunetes.     (Page  161.) 

h*.  Wing  not  less  than  4.00. 

i'.  Exposed  culmen  less  than  one-fifth  as  long  as 

the  wing Pavoncella.     (Page  1G8.) 

I*.  Exposed  culmen  more  than  one-fifth  as  long 
as  the  wing. 

where    hard  and 


Bill    narrow  at    tip, 
smooth  on  top. 
A'.  Wing  less  than  4.50. 

Actitis. 
k*.  Wing  more  than  4.50. 
l^.  Axillars     uniform 
dusk}'. 


(Page  169.) 
grayish    or 


m*.  Quills  entirely  dark-col- 
ored ;  no  web  between 
inner  and  middle  toes 
at  base..  Heteractitis. 
(Page  167.) 

w?.  Quills  with  a  conspicuous 
white  patch  at  base ;  a 
distinct  web  between 
inner  and  middle  toes, 
at  base..  Symphemia. 
(Pago  167.) 


r'i 


SCOLOPAX. 


149 


P.  Axillars  white,  or  barred  with 
white  and  dusky. 

Totanus.    (Page  164.) 
J*.  Bill  slightly  widened  at  tip,  which  (at 
least  in  dried  specimen)  is  pitted  or 
wrinkled  on  top. 

Micropalama.    (Page  152.) 
gf*.  Tail  shorter  than  exposed  culmen. 

h}.  Terminal  portion  of  both  upper  and  lower  man- 
dibles grooved  medially  and  pitted  or  wrinkled 
(as  in  Gallinago) ;  wing  less  than  7.00. 

Macrorhamphus.    (Page  150.) 

A*.  Terminal  portion  of  upper  and  lower  mandibles 

entirely  smooth  and  hard ;  wing  more  than 

7.00 Limosa.    (Page  162.) 

d*.  Hind-toe  absent Calidris.    (Page  162.) 

c*.  Bill  excessively  widened  and  flattened  at  tip,  its  greatest  width  equal  to 
about  half  the  length  of  the  exposed  culmen. 

Eurynorhynchus.    (Page  160.) 
a*.  Back  of  tarsus  covered  with  small  hexagonal  scales.     (Subfamily  Numenince.) 
Bill  decidedly  arched  or  decurved  ;  wing  8.00  or  more. 

Numenius.    (Page  170.) 

Genus  SCOLOPAX  Linn^us.    (Page  147,  pi.  XLV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Above  rusty  brown,  cvei'y where  variegated  with  dusky  and  light 
grayish  and  buify,  the  middle  line  of  the  back  and  the  scapulars  marked  with  large 
irregular  black  spots  or  blotches,  the  scapulars  much  mixed  posteriorly  with  light 
grayish  and  the  sides  of  the  interscapular  region  almost  continuously  light  grayish, 
forming  a  pair  of  well-defined  V-shaped  marks  on  each  side  of  the  rusty  black- 
spotted  areas ;  quills  with  outer  webs  spotted  with  pale  cinnamon  in  transverse 
series,  the  exterior  quill  broadly  edged  with  pure  white;  forehea<l  and  fore  part  of 
crown  brownish  gray ;  hind  part  of  crown  with  occiput  black,  crossed  bj''  two  nar- 
row bands  of  light  rusty  or  ochraceous,  and  bordered  anteriorly  and  posteriorly, 
respectively,  by  two  others ;  a  dusky  stripe  from  corner  of  mouth  to  eye ;  lower 
parts  in  general  pale  fulvous-grayish  irregularly  barred  with  dark  brown.  Downy 
young :  General  color  rusty  ochraceous,  the  upper  parts  marked  with  large  blotch- 
like  areas  of  deep  rusty,  and  an  indistinct  band  of  the  same  across  chest.  Length 
about  13.50,  wing  8.00,  culmen  3.00-3.26,  tarsus  1.60,  middle  toe  1.30.  Eggs  1.71  X 
1.37,  rounded  ovate,  pale  dull  buff  or  dull  buffy  white,  spotted  with  raw  umber  and 
purplish  gray.  Hab.  Northern  parts  of  eastern  hemisphere;  occasional  in  eastern 
North  America 227.  S.  rusticola  Linn.    European  Woodoook. 


mmum 


W 


150 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  PHILOHELA  Gray.    (Page  147,  pi.  XLV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Occiput  with  three  transverse  bands  of  black  alternating  with  three 
much  narrower  ones  of  ochraceous,  or  yellowish  rusty ;  upper  parts  varied  with 
pale  ashy,  rusty,  and  black,  the  latter  in  form  of  large  spots ;  quills  plain  brownish 
gray ;  head,  except  as  described  above,  chiefly  plain  cinnamon-ashy,  i*elieved  by  a 
dusky  line  from  corner  of  mouth  to  eyes  and  another  across  ear-coverts ;  lower 
parts  plain  light  cinnamon,  much  tinged  with  light  ashy.  Downy  young  :  General 
color  light  rusty  buff",  unvaried  on  lower  parts ;  broad  stripe  down  rump,  and  other 
markings  on  upper  parts  very  dark  chestnut,  or  seal-brown.  Length  10.50-11.75, 
wing  4.80-5.70,  culmen  2.50-nearly  3.00,  tarsus  1.25,  middle  toe  1.37.  Eggs  1.51  X 
1.14,  short  ovate  or  rounded  ovate,  huffy,  spotted  with  rusty  brown  and  purplish 
gray.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  noi'th  to  British  Provinces,  west  to  the  Plains ; 
accidental  in  Bermudas 228.  P.  minor  (Gmel.).    American  Woodcock. 


-5 


Genus  GALLINAGO  Leach. 


(Page  147,  pi.  XLV.,  fig.  2.) 


Species. 

Common  Characters. — Tail  with  a  subtcrminal  band  of  rufous,  succeeded  by  a 
black  bar;  top  of  head  blackish,  divided  medially  by  a  line  of  pale  buff;  feathers  of 
back,  etc.,  blackish,  broadly  edged  exteriorly  with  pale  buff;  under  wing-coverts, 
axillars,  and  sides  sharply  and  broadly  barred  with  slate-color  on  a  pure  white 
ground  ;  length  10.00-12.00.  Eggs  pale  olive,  olive-grayish,  or  pale  olive-brown, 
heavily  spotted,  especially  on  larger  end,  with  deep  brown  and  purplish  gray. 

a*.  Tail-feathers  usually  14 ;  under  wing-coverts  with  white  prevailing,  the  dark 
bars  everywhere  narrower  than  the  white  interspaces ;  culmen  usually  more 
than  3.80;  wing  5.00-5.30,  culmen  2.80-3.00,  tarsus  1.25-1.45,  middle  too 
1.15-1.40;  outer  tail-feathers  much  broader  than  in  G.  delicata.  Eggs  1.57 
X  I'll-  Hob.  Europe  and  northern  Asia  and  Africa;  accidental  in  Bermu- 
das, and  occasional  in  Greenland. 

229.  G.  gallinago  (Linn.).    European  Snipe. 

fl'.  Tail-feathers  usually  16 ;  under  wing-coverts  everywhere  broadly  barred  with 
slate-color,  these  bars,  as  well  as  those  on  the  axillars,  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
white  interspaces ;  culmen  usually  less  than  2.75 ;  wing  4.90-5.C0,  culmen 
2.50-2.70,  tarsus  1.20-1.30,  middle  toe  1.10-1.35.  Eggs  1.55  X  109.  Ilab. 
Whole  of  North  and  Middle  America,  and  West  Indies,  and  northern  South 
America;  breeding  from  northern  United  States  northward. 

230.  G.  delicata  (Ord).    Wilson's  Snipe. 

Genus  MACRORHAMPHUS  Leach.    (Page  149,  pi.  XLVI..  fig.  2.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  white,  the  former  with 
U-  or  V-shaped  marks,  the  latter  with  transverse  bars,  of  dusky ;  tail  grayish  dusky, 


MA  CRORHAMPHVS. 


151 


or  slaty,  barred  with  white.  Summer  adult :  Sides  of  head  and  neck,  throat,  fore- 
neck,  chest,  breast,  and  sides  (sometimes  entire  lower  parts),  light  cinnamon,  usu- 
ally more  or  less  flecked,  speckled,  or  barred  with  dusky ;  top  of  head  and  hind-neck 
streaked  with  pale  cinnamon,  or  buffy,  and  dusky ;  back,  scapulars,  etc.,  varied 
with  dusky  and  light  cinnamon,  or  buffy.  Winter  plumage  :^  Belly,  anal  region, 
and  indistinct  superciliary  stripe,  white  ;  rest  of  plumage  plain  ash-gray,  intermixed 
more  or  less  with  white  on  breast  and  sides ;  wing-coverts  bordered  with  whitish. 
Young  .•*  Back,  scapulars,  and  tertials  varied  with  blackish  and  light  brown  or  clay- 
color,  the  latter  chiefly  along  edges  of  feathers ;  lower  parts  soiled  white,  tinged, 
especially  on  breast,  w'ith  pale  brownish,  the  chest  and  sides  indistinctly  speckled 
with  dusky. 

rt'.  AYeb  between  inner  and  middle  toes  very  indistinct ;  culmen  not  more  than  3.00, 
wing  not  more  than  6.00,  and  tarsus  not  more  than  1.75  ;  lower  back  entirely 
white ;  axillars  barred  to  tips  with  dusky,  and  under  wing-coverts  much 
varied  with  same ;  tertials,  scapulars,  etc.,  more  or  less  barred  with  light 
cinnamon  or  buffy,  in  summer  plumage.     (Subgenus  Macrorhamphus.) 
h\  Length  about  10.00-11.00,  wing  5.25-5.90  (average  5.65),  culmen  2.00-2.55 
(2.30),  tarsus  1.20-1.55  (1.35),  middle  toe  .90-1.05  (.95).     Summer  adult 
with  belly  whitish,  the  breast  and  sides  speckled  with  dusk}-.     Eggs 
1.65  X  113,  light  buffy  olive,  distinctly  spotted  and  speckled,  especially 
on  larger  end,  with  deep  brown.     Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breed- 
ing far  northward  ;  Nushagak  River,  Alaska  (straggler  ?). 

231.  M.  griseus  (Gmel.).    Powitoher. 
b\  Length  11.00-12.50,  wing  5.40-6.00  (average  5.74),  culmen  2.10-3.00  (2.72), 
tarsus  1.35-1.75  (1.58),  middle  toe  .95-1.15  (1.01).     Summer  adult  with 
cinnamon-color  of  lower  parts  deeper  and  much  more  uniform,  covering 
entii'o  belly  ;  sides  distinctly  barred  with  dusky.     Eggs  1.74  X  1-21,  pale 
olive-grayish,  boldly  spotted,  especially  over  larger  end,  with  deep  van- 
d^'ko-brown.     Hab.  North  America  in  general  (except  northeastern  por- 
tion), but  chiefly  the  Western  Province,  breeding  in  Alaska,  etc.,  north 
to  Arctic  Ocean...  232.  M.  scolopaceus  (S.w).    Long-billed  Dowitoher. 
rt*.  Web  between  inner  and  middle  toes  very  large  (almost  equal  in  extent  to  that 
between  outer  and  middle  toes)  ;  culmen  more  than  3.00,  wing  more  than 
6.00,  and  tarsus  more  than  1.76 ;  lower  back  dusky,  the  feathers  edged  and 
margined  with  wliitc;  axillars  white,  barred  or  spotted  toward  base  only 
with  dusky,  and  under  wing-ooverts  almost  entirely  white;  tertials,  scapu- 
lars, etc.,  edged,  but  not  barred,  with  pale  cinnamon,  in  summer  plumage. 
(Subgenus  Pseudoscolopax  Blyth.') 

M.  semipalmatuB  (Jerd.).    Setnipalmated  Snipe.* 


'  Winter  plumngo  and  young  of  U.  ifmipnlmalui  not  seen  by  mo,  and  perhRps  difTorrnt  in  stylo  of  coliirn- 
tion  from  tho  same  Rtnf(C!!  of  tho  American  Bpccics, 

'  PHcudoHt-olopiij:  Blytii,  Jour.  At,  Soo.  Ucng.  xvii.  184f.,  252.  Typo,  Mncrorhnmphui  §emtpalmatu» 
Jerd. 

>  Pieudoicohpajt  temipnlmatuB  "  JgnD."  Bi  rrn,  Jour.  Ag.  Soo.  Bong.  xvi..  IS48,  262. 


152 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  MICROPALAMA  Baird.    (Page  149,  pi.  XLIII.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Summer  adult :  Upper  parts  varied  with  black,  pale  gray,  and  light  buff,  the 
first  prevailing  on  back  and  scapulars;  wing-coverts  grayish,  margined  with  paler; 
upper  tail-coverts  white,  marked  with  dusky  streaks  and  bars ;  top  of  head  dusky, 
streaked  with  whitish  ;  ear-coverts  and  patch  on  each  side  of  occiput,  light  rusty ; 
streak  of  dusky  from  eye  to  corner  of  mouth  ;  rest  of  head,  with  neck,  dull  white, 
streaked  with  dusky,  the  lower  parts  whitish  barred  with  dusky.  Winter  plumage  : 
Upper  parts  uniform  ash-gray,  except  tail-coverts,  wings,  and  tail,  which  are  as  in 
summer;  superciliary  stripe  and  lower  parts  white,  the  chest,  sides  of  neck,  and 
lower  tail-coverts  streaked  with  grayish.  Young:  Back  and  scapulars  durOcy,  aH 
the  feathers  bordered  with  pale  buff  or  buffy  whitish;  wing-coverts  bordered  with 
pale  buff  and  white;  upper  tail-coverts  nearly  immaculate  white;  lower  parts 
soiled  white,  the  chest  and  sides  more  or  less  strongly  washed  with  buff,  and  indis- 
tinctly streaked  with  grayish.  Length  7.50-9.25,  wing  5.00-5.30,  culmen  1.55-1.75, 
tarsus  1.55-1.70.  Eggs  1.42  X  1-00,  pale  grayish  buff,  or  grayish  buffy  white,  boldly 
spotted  with  rich  vandyke-brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Eastern  North  America 
breeding  far  northward ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Brazil,  Peru,  and  West  Indies ;  Ber- 
mudas during  migrations 233.  M.  himantopus  (Bonap.).    Stilt  Sandpiper. 

Genus  TRINGA  Linn^us.    (Page  148,  pi.  XLVII.,  figs.  1-3 ;  pi.  XL VIII.,  figs.  1, 2.) 

Species. 

a}.  Wing  6.00  or  more  ;  middle  pair  of  tail-feathers  noc  longer  than  the  rest.  (Sub- 
genus Tringa.) 
6'.  Wing  less  than  7.00;  summer  adult  with  lower  parts  uniform  light  cinna- 
mon. Summer  adult :  Above  light  grayish,  irregularly  varied  with  black 
and  tinged  with  pale  rusty ;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  white,  iiTcgu- 
larly  barred  and  spotted  with  dusky ;  distinct  superciliary  stripe  and 
lower  parts  generally,  uniform  pale  vinaceous-cinnamon,  paler  on  belly ; 
under  wing-coverts,  axillai'S,  flanks,  and  lower  tail-coverts  white,  usually 
more  or  less  marked  with  dusky.  Winter  plumage:  Above  plain  ash- 
gray,  the  feathers  with  indistinct  darker  shaft-streaks ;  rump  and  upper 
tail-coverts  white,  barred  with  dusky ;  lower  parts  white,  the  throat, 
fore-neck,  chest,  and  sides  streaked  and  otherwise  marked  with  dusky. 
Young :  Above  ash-gray,  each  feather  bordered  with  whitish  and  with 
a  subedging  of  duskj' ;  lower  parts  whitish,  sometimes  tinged  with  dull 
buffy  on  breast,  etc.,  the  neck  and  chest  streaked  and  flecked  with  dusky, 
the  sides  indistinctly  barred  and  spotted  with  the  same;  otherwise,  like 
adult.  Downy  young  :  "  Forehead  warm  buff,  with  a  central  black  line  ; 
over  the  eye  a  double  black  line ;  crown,  from  centre  backwards,  black, 
slightly  varied  with  rufous,  and  dotted  with  buff;  nape  creamy  buff, 
slightly  varied  with  blackish;    upper  parts  .  .  .  black  slightly  varied 


TRINQA. 


153 


with  reddish  brown  and  profusely  dotted  with  creamy  white;  under 
parts  very  slightly  washed  with  warm  buff."  (Dresser.)  Length  10.00- 
11.00,  wing  6.50,  tail  2.50.  Hab.  Sea-coasts  throughout  northern  hemi- 
sphere and  nearly  throughout  southern  hemisphere  in  winter ;  in  North 
America,  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes  also. 

234.  T.  canutus  Linn.    Knot. 
h*.  "Wing  more  than  7.00;    summer  adult  with  lower  parts  white,  heavily 
spotted  anteriorly  with  dusky;  wing  7.40,  tail  2.80,  oulmen  1.60,  tar- 
sus 1.35,  middle  toe  .85.     Hab.  Coast  of  Eastern  Asia  (Japan,  etc.). 

T.  crassirostris  Temm.  &  Schleo.     Large-billed  Sandpiper.^ 
a'.  Wing  less  than  6.00  ;  middle  pair  of  tail-feathers  longer  and  more  pointed  than 
the  rest. 
6*.  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe  (with  claw),  the  latter  decidedly  shorter 
than  exposed  culmen.     (Subgenus  Arquatella  Baird.) 
c*.  Summer  adult  and  young  Avith  little  if  any  rusty  on  upper  parts,  the 
former  without  dusky  patch  or  extensive  clouding  on  breast. 
Summer  adult :  Top  of  head  dusky  streaked  with  dull  light  buify ; 
scapulars  and  interscapulars  blackish,  irregularly  spotted  and 
indented  with  dull  buff,  and  bordered  terminally  with  whitish ; 
fore-neck  and  chost  white,  streaked  with  duskj' ;    breast  dull 
light  grayish,  spotted  with  darker.     Winter  plumage :  Upper 
parts  uniform  sooty  blackish,  glossed  with  purplish,  the  scapu- 
lars, interscapulars,  and  wing-coverts  bordered  terminally  with 
dark  plumbeous-gray ;  chest  uniform  mouse-gray,  or  brownish 
plumbeous,  other  '  j'vor  parts  white.     Young:  Above  dusky,  the 
scapulars,  interscaj  ulara,  and  wing-coverts  bordered  with  pale 
grayish  buff.      Downy  young:    Above  hair-brown,  lighter  and 
grayer  on  hind-neck,  the  brown  irregularly  marbled  with  black, 
the  wings,  back,  and  rump  thickly  sprinkled  with  white  downy 
flecks;    head   grayish    white,    tinged  with   fulvous,  variously 
marked  with  black,  the  lores  having  two  distinct  longitudinal 
streaks ;    lower  parts  dull  grayish  white.     Length  8.00-9.50, 
wing  4.85-5.40  (5.06),  culmen  1.10-1.45  (1.20),  tarsus  .90-1.00 
(.99).      Eggs  1.44  X  1-02,   pale  olive,  varying   to   greenish  or 
brownish  or  even   huffy,  spotted  and   clouded   with   various 
shades  of  brown,     ffab.  Sea-coasts  and  shores  of  larger  inland 
waters  of  Europe  and  eastern   North  America,  breeding  far 
northward;    south,   in   winter,  to   Middle    States  and   Great 

Lakes 235.  T.  maritima  BrUnn.    Purple  Sandpiper. 

c*.  Summer  adult  and  young  with  much  rusty  on  upper  parts,  the  former 
with  a  more  or  less  distinct  patch,  or  extensive  clouding,  of  dusky 
on  breast. 
<r.  Smaller  and  darker  colored.    Summer  adult :  Upper  parts  dusky, 


»  Tringa  cratiiroitri*  Tbmk.  A  Schlko.,  Faun.  Jap.  Aves,  1847,  107,  pi.  14. 

ao 


^ 


154 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

with  purplish  gloss,  tho  top  of  head  streaked  with  rusty,  the 
scapulars  and  interscapulars  widely  bordered  by  a  brighter 
shade  of  the  same;  fore-neck  and  chest  irregularly  clouded 
with  pale  buff  or  soiled  white  and  sooty  plumbeous,  the  breast 
more  coarsely  clouded,  with  more  or  less  of  a  blackish  patch  on 
each  side.  Winter  plumage :  Hardly  distinguishable  from  corre- 
sponding stage  of  T.  maritima,  but  lighter  borders  to  feathers 
of  upper  parts  of  a  clearer,  more  bluish  plumbeous,  and  the 
grayish  of  the  chest  more  varied  or  broken  by  white.  Young : 
Scapulars  and  interscapulars  conspicuously  boi-dered  with  bright 
rusty,  ochraceous,  and  whitish ;  wing-coverts  broadly  bordered 
with  pale  buff  or  whitish ;  breast  and  sides  buffy  white,  sti'eaked 
with  dusky.  Downy  young :  Above  bright  rusty  fulvous,  irreg- 
ularly marbled  with  black,  the  ornamental  velvety  flecks  coarser 
and  less  purely  white  than  in  T.  maritima ;  head  light  fulvous, 
marked  as  in  T.  maritima ;  sides  distinctly  tinged  with  fulvous. 
Length  7.50-9.00,  wing  4.50-5.15  (4.86),  culmen  .98-1.25  (1.13), 
tarsus  .88-1.00  (.95).  Eggs  1.46  X  1-00,  pale  olive-buff,  varying 
to  light  brownish  buff,  spotted  longitudinally,  ani  somewhat 
spirally,  with  vandyke-brown,  or  ',?f^p  umber,  tueso  darker 
markings  sometimes  prevailing  over  the  ground-color.  Hab. 
Aleutian  Islands  and  coasts  of  Bering's  Sea,  north  to  Kowak 
Eiver,  Alaska,  west  to  Commander  Islands,  Kamtschatka. 

236.  T.  couesi  Eidow.  Aleutian  Sandpiper. 
<f .  Larger  and  lighter  colored.  Summer  adult :  Top  of  head  broadly 
streaked  with  buff;  scapulars  and  interscapulars  widely  bor- 
dered with  bright  ochraceous  or  ochraceous-rufous ;  fore-neck 
and  chest  pure  white,  sparsely  streaked  with  brownish  gray ; 
breast  white,  streaked  anteriorly  and  clouded  posteriorly  with 
dusky,  tho  latter  forming  more  or  less  of  a  patch  on  etu  li  side. 
Winter  plumage  :  Above  light  plumbeous  or  ashy,  the  scapulars 
and  interscapulars  darker  contrail}'  and  with  paler  borders; 
wing-coverts  edged  with  pure  white ;  chest  with  white  pre- 
vailing. Young :  Similar  to  corresponding  stage  of  T.  couesi, 
but  colors  much  paler,  with  light  borders  to  feathers  of  back, 
etc.,  broader,  the  dark  centres  correspondingly  decreased. 
Downy  young :  Similar  to  that  of  T.  couesi,  but  paler  in  color, 
the  dark  streaks  on  lores  not  reaching  to  the  eye.  Length 
about  9.50-10.00,  wing  5.00-5.40  (5.16),  culmen  1.15-1.45  (1.33), 
tarsus  .95-1.00  (.98).  Eggs  1.50  X  107,  light  brownish  buff, 
heavily  spotted  with  rich  vandj'ke-brown  and  clouded  with 
pui-plish  gray.  Hab.  Prybilof  Islands,  Bering's  Sea;  adjacent 
coast  of  Alaska,  south  of  Norton  Sound,  in  winter. 

237.  T.  ptilocnemis  Cou£a.    Prybilof  Sandpiper. 


TRINQA. 


165 


b\  Tarsus  longer  than  middlo  too  and  claw,  or  else  toes  very  slender,  without 
distinct  lateral  membrane, 
c*.  Exposed  culmen  not  longer  than  tarsus  (or  else  exceeding  it  by  not 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  basal  phalanx  of  the  middle  toe), 
and  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  tail.     (Subgenus  Actodromas 
Kaup.) 
<r.  Wing  more  than  4.50. 

c'.  Eump  and  median  upper  tail-coverts  plain  brownish  black  or 
dusky. 
/'.  Shafts  of  all  the  quills  white  for  a  portion  of  their  length ; 
exposed  culmen  shorter  than  tarsus.  Summer  adult : 
Top  of  head  bright  rusty,  streaked  with  black ;  scap- 
ulars and  intei'scapulars  rusty,  tipped  with  pale  gray- 
ish brown  and  white,  and  broadly  striped  with  black ; 
superciliary  stripe,  malar  region,  chin,  and  throat, 
white,  streaked  and  flecked  with  dusky ;  fore-neck  and 
chest  buff  broadly  streaked  and  spotted  with  dusk}- ; 
rest  of  lower  parts  white,  with  V-shaped  marks  of 
grayish  brown,  except  on  belly.  Winter  plumage: 
Above  grayish  brown  (more  rusty  on  top  of  head), 
streaked  and  striped  with  dusky;  superciliarj'  stripe 
and  lower  parts  dull  white;  chest  and  sides  of  breast 
pale  grayish  bulf,  the  former  indistinctly  streaked  with 
dusky,  lower  tail-coverts  with  dusky  shaft-streaks. 
Young :  Whole  top  of  head  bright  rusty,  sharply 
streaked  with  black;  scapulai's,  etc.,  bright  ochraceous- 
rusty,  striped  with  blackish  and  bordered  terminally 
with  white;  superciliary  stripe,  malar  region,  chin, 
throat,  belly,  and  lower  tail-coverts  white,  the  first 
two  finely  streaked  with  dusky,  the  last  with  dusky 
shaft-streaks.  Length  about  7.50-9.00,  wing  4.90- 
5.50,  culmen  .95-1.05,  tarsus  1.10-1.25.  I£ab.  Western 
coasts  and  islands  of  Pacific  Ocean,  from  Australia  to 
Kamtschatka  and   Alaska  (numerous   and  probably 

breeding) 238.  T.  acuminata  (ITorsf.). 

Sharp-tailed  Sandpiper. 
/*.  Shaft  of  outer  quill,  only,  white ;  exposed  culmen  longer 
than  tarsus.  Summer  adidt :  Above  light  clay-color  or 
brownish  buff,  broadly  striped  with  black ;  fore-neck 
and  chest  light  buflfy  grayish,  broadly  streaked  with 
dusky ;  chin,  upper  part  of  throat,  and  lower  parts 
from  breast  backward,  plain  white.  Winter  plumage  : 
Similar  to  summer  dress,  but  upper  parts  more  uni- 
form, with  blackish  markings  less  distinct,  the  lighter 
tints  less  rusty  or  buffy.     Young :  Much  like  summer 


mm 


156 


I 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

adult,  but  lighter  tints  above  more  rusty,  the  scapulars 
and  outermost  interscapulars  tipped  exteriorly  with 
white,  the  chest,  etc.,  more  buft'y  and  more  narrowly 
streaked.  Length  8.00-9.50,  wing  about  5.00-5.50,  cul- 
men  1.10-1.20,  tarsus  1.00-1.10.  Eggs  1.44  X  102,  pale 
grayish  buff  varying  to  pale  olive-greenish,  boldly  and 
heavily  blotched  with  rich  vandyke-brown  and  clouded 
with  puq)lish  gray.  Hab.  Nearly  the  whole  of  Amer- 
ica, but  in  summer  confined  to  Arctic  and  subarctic 
districts ;  occasional  in  Europe. 

239.  T.  maculata  Yieill.  Pectoral  Sandpiper, 
c*.  Rump  dusky,  the  feathers  bordered  with  pale  grayish,  buffy, 
or  whitish. 
/*.  Upper  tail-coverts  all  white,  but  sometimes  marked  with 
dusky. 
<7'.  Wing  less  than  5.50.  Summer  adult:  Top  of  head 
buffy,  broadly  streaked  with  black ;  back  and  scap- 
ulars mixed  light  brownish  gray  and  grayish  buff, 
tinged  more  or  less  with  rusty  ochraceous,  and 
broadly  striped  with  blackish,  these  markings 
more  wedge-shaped  on  scapulars ;  upper  tail-cov- 
erts white,  often  nearly  or  quite  immaculate, 
sometimes  with  a  few,  mostly  concealed,  sagittate 
or  V-shaped,  marks  of  dusky ;  superciliary  stripe 
and  lower  parts  white ;  sides  of  head  and  neck, 
fore-neck,  chest,  and  sides,  streaked  with  dusky,, 
these  streaks  broadest  and  most  distinct  on  chest, 
sparser,  larger,  and  more  cuneate  or  V-shaped  on 
flanks.  Winter  plumage :  Upper  parts  plain  brown- 
ish gi'ay,  with  indistinct  narrow  mesial  streaks 
of  dusky ;  otherwise  as  in  summer,  but  streaks 
on  chest,  etc.,  less  distinct.  Young:  Scapulars 
and  interscapulars  blackish,  margined  terminally 
with  white  and  laterally  with  rusty,  those  of 
middle  of  back  (longitudinally)  also  tipped  with 
rusty;  feathers  of  top  of  head  and  rump,  also 
tertials,  margined  with  rusty;  wing-coverts  bor- 
dered with  pale  grayish  buff;  otherwise  like  winter 
plumage,  but  chest,  etc.,  suffused  with  buffy. 
Length  6.75-8.00,  wing  4.90-5.00,  culmen  .90-1.00, 
tarsus  .95-1.00.  Eggs  1.37  X  -94,  light  olive  or 
olive-brownish,  spotted  (usually  rather  finely) 
with  deep  brown  and  dull  purplish  gray.  Hab. 
Eastern  North  America,  breeding  far  northward ; 
in  winter,  south  through  West  Indies  and  over 


TRiyOA. 


167 


irked  with 


r 


eastern  South  America,  to  Falkland  Islands;  occa- 
sional in  Europe 2-40.  T.  fuscicoUis  Vieill. 

Bonaparte's  Sandpiper. 
"Wintr  more  than  5.50.  Summer  adult:  Similar  to  cor- 
responding  stage  of  T.  fuscicoUis,  but  ground-color 
of  upper  parts  brownish  gray,  with  only  the  least 
ti'ace  of  ochraeeous  on  some  of  the  longer  scapu- 
lars, and  upper  tail-coverts  conspicuou.sly  varied 
with  broad  V-shaped  marks  of  grayish  dusky ; 
length  about  9.50,  wing  5.80,  culmen  1.25,  tarsus 
1.20.  Ilab.  Long  Island,  New  York  (only  one 
specimen  known,  obtained  May  24,  1833). 

— .  T.  cooperi  Baird.    Cooper's  Sandpiper. 
/'.  Median  upper  tail-coverts  plain  dusky. 

Sutinner  adult:  Crown  pale  grayish  buff,  broadly 
streaked  with  brownish  black;  scapulars  and  in- 
terscapulars irregularl}'  spotted  with  brownish 
black  and  pale  grayish  buff,  the  former  largely 
predominating;  chest  pale  grayish  buff,  streaked 
and  spotted  with  dusky  grayish  brown ;  super- 
ciliary stripe,  chin,  and  throat  white,  the  first 
finely  but  sparsely  streaked  with  dusky;  lower 
parts  posterior  to  cheat  plain  white.  Winter 
plumage:  Above  plain  huffy  grayish  brown,  the 
feathers  with  rather  indistinct  dusky  mesial 
streaks ;  feathers  of  rump  and  median  upper  tail- 
coverts  dusky,  bordered  terminally  with  dull 
buffy ;  lower  parts  dull  white,  the  sides  of  neck, 
chest,  and  sides  of  breast  strongly  washed  or  suf- 
fused with  dull  buff^y.  Young:  Above  dull  gray- 
ish buff,  the  scapulars  and  interscapulars  dusky 
centrally  and  margined  terminally  with  white; 
top  of  head  streaked  with  dusky  ;  otherwise  much 
as  in  winter  plumage,  but  chest  streaked  with 
dusky.  Length  7.00-7.60,  wing  4.60-4.85,  culmen 
.90-1.00,  tarsus  1.00.  Eggs  1.30  X  93,  light 
creamy  buff,  sometimes  tinged  with  rusty,  thickly 
speckled  and  spotted  with  deep  reddish  brown  or 
chestnut.  Hah.  America  in  general,  but  chiefly 
the  interior;  breeding  along  arctic  coast,  and  mi- 
grating in  winter  south  to  Chili  and  Argentine 
Eopublic. 

241.  T.  bairdii  Coues.    Baird's  Sandpiper. 
d*.  Wing  less  than  4.00. 

e*.  Middle  too,  without  claw,  shorter  than  exposed  culmen ;  shafts 


168  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

of  all  tho  quills  white  for  greater  portion.'  Summer  adult : 
Scapulars  and  interscapulars  bordered  and  irregularly  in- 
dented with  rusty  ochraeooua,  these  lighter  markings  some- 
times extended  nearly  or  quite  to  the  shaft,  thus  dividing 
tho  black  into  more  or  less  completely  separated  spots; 
terlials  broadly  edged  with  rusty  ochraceous;  rump  and 
upper  tail-coverts  plain  brownish  black,  tho  outermost 
feathers  of  the  latter  partly  or  entirely  white ;  top  of  head 
rusty  ochraceous,  broadly  streaked  with  black;  fore-neck 
and  chest  dull  brownish  white,  streaked  with  dusky;  rest 
of  lower  parts  plain  white.  Winter  plumage :  Above  plain 
brownish  gray,  with  dusky  shaft-streaks ;  chest  pale  gray- 
ish, very  indistinctly  streaked  with  darker;  rest  of  lower 
parts  plain  white.  Young :  Similar  to  summer  adults,  but 
scapulars  and  outermost  interscapulars  with  white  tips  to 
outer  webs,  and  lacking  the  concealed  ochraceous  bars; 
lower  parts  more  as  in  winter  plumage.  Length  5.00-6.75, 
wing  3.50-3.75,  culmen  .75-.92,  tarsus  .75.  Eggs  1.15  X  .83, 
pale  grayish  bufify,  varying  to  pale  brownish,  thickly  spotted, 
speckled,  or  sprinkled  with  deep  chestnut  and  dull  purplish 
gray.  Hab.  America  in  general,  but  breeding  only  in  ai^ctic 
and  subarctic  districts. 

242.  T.  minutilla  Yieill.  Least  Sandpiper. 
e'.  Middle  too,  without  claw,  longer  than  exposed  culmen ;  shafts 
of  all  the  quills,  except  first,  wholly  dark  brown.  Summer 
adult :  Very  similar  to  corresponding  stage  of  T.  minutilla, 
but  feathers  of  back  more  broadly  edged  with  tawny 
ochraceous,  and  scapulars  more  bi'oadly  edged  with  a 
brighter,  more  rusty  shade  of  tho  same,  these  feathers  with- 
out any  trace  of  bars  or  indentations  of  tho  lighter  color. 
Winter  plumage,  not  seen.  Young,  hardly  distinguishable 
from  summer  adult.  Length  about  5.50-6.20,  wing  3.45- 
3.65,  culmen  .70-.80,  tarsus  .85-.90.  Hab.  Asia,  breeding 
toward  arctic  coast ;  accidental  (?)  in  Alaska  (Otter  Island, 
Bering's  Sea,  June  8,  1885). 

— .  T.  damacensis  (Horsp.).    Long-toed  Stint.' 
c*.  Exposed  culmen  exceeding  tarsus  by  at  least  half  the  length  of  the 

middle  toe,  without  claw,  and  moi*e  than  two-thirds  as  long    as 

tail. 
d^.  Tarsus  less  than  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  middle  toe,  with- 


1  To  this  secUon  belong  also  tho  type  of  the  subgenus,  T.  minntn  Leisl.  ;  also,  T,  tcmminckii  Leisl.,  and 
T,  rujicnilis  Pall.,  of  tho  northern  portions  of  the  eastern  hemisphere. 

'  Tolanua  damacenalu  IIoiiSF.,  Tr.  Linn.  Soo.  xiii.  1821,  129.  Tringa  damncenfit  Swisil.,  P.  Z.  S.  1863, 
316.  Rinow.  Auk,  iii.  1888,  275  (Otter  Island,  Alaska;  Chas.  H.  Townsend).  Actodromaa  damacentU  Stejn., 
Cm.  Expl.  Kamtschat.  1385,  116  (Boring  Island,  Kamtschatka). 


TRINQA. 


159 


a  Leisl.,  and 


out  claw ;  median  upper  tail-coverts  dusky ;  lower  parts  white 
and  blackish  in  summer  adult.     (Subgenus  Pelidnn  Cuvii-a.) 
e*.  Summer  adult :  Above  light  dull  rusty  or  tawny,  streaked  and 
spotted   with   blackish ;    anterior   lower  parts   white,   or 
grayish  white,  streaked  with  dusky ;  belly  covered  by  a 
more  or  less  continuous  patch  of  blackish.    Winter  plumage : 
Above  plain  ash-gray  or  brownish  gray,  sometimes  with 
indistinct   dusky  shaft-streaks;   an  indistinct  superciliary 
stripe  and  lower  parts  white,  the  neck  and  chest  indis- 
tinctly streaked  with  grayish,  the  sid"«  and  flanks  some- 
times also  sparsely  streaked.     Young  :  Back  and  scapulars 
dusky,  the  feathers   broadly  bordered  with  rusty,  ochra- 
ceous,  or  buflfy,  this  becoming  paler  (often  whitish)  on  tips 
of  some  feathers ;  wing-coverts  bordered  with  bufiy ;  top 
of  head  light  rusty,  streaked  with  blackish  ;  sides  of  head 
and    neck   dull   buffj'-,  indistinctly  streaked  with   dusky; 
lower    parts   white,   the    breast   and   belly   spotted   with 
black. 
/'.  Smaller  and  duller  in  color.     Summer  adult  with   back 
varied  with  dull  ochreous  or  buffy,  and  blackish  of  belly 
not  in  strong  contrast  with  speckled  or  otherwise  va- 
ried dull  grayish  of  breast.    Downy  young  :  "  Covered 
■with  rather  close   down;  crown  velvety  black,  this 
color  narrowing  to  a  point  on  the  forehead,  and  mar- 
gined all  around  with  buffy  white;  hind  crown  slightly 
spotted  with  white ;  upper  parts  deep  black  slightly 
varied  with  rufous,  and  dotted  hero  and  there  with 
white ;   sides  of  the  head  white  with  a  warm  buffy 
tinge ;  a  dark  streak  passes  from  the  base  of  the  bill 
over  the  eye,  and  another  below  it,  and  behind  the  cyo 
there  is  a  dark  patch ;   rest  of  under-parts   grayish 
white."   (Dresser.)  Length  about  7.50,  wing  4.30-4.75, 
culmen  1.15-1.40,  tarsus  .85-1.00,  middle  too  .70-.75. 
Eggs  pale  olive-buff,  spotted,  somewhat  spirally  (some- 
times speckled),   with  different  shades  of  vandyke- 
brown  and  purplish  gray.    Hab,  Europe,  etc.;   acci- 
dental or  casual  in  eastern  North  America  (west  side 
of  Hudson's  Bay)....  243.  T.  alpina  (Linn.).    Dunlin. 
/'.  Larger  and  brighter  colored.     Summer  adult  with  back, 
etc.,  varied  with  bright  rusty  ochraceous,  and  black  of 
belly  conspicuously  contrasted  with  nearly  immaculate 
grayish  white  of  breast ;  length  7.60-8.75,  wing  4.60- 
4.95,  culmen  1.40-1.75,  tarsus  1.00-1.15,  middle  too  .70- 
.80.    £ggs  1.43  x  1-01,  dull  brownish  or  grayish  buff  or 
olive-buff,  blotched,  spotted,  and  stained  with  chestnut- 


Ki' 


160  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

brown.     Hab.  Noi-th  America  in  general,  breeding  far 
northward;  eastern  Asia....  243a.  T.  alpina  pacifica 

(CouEs).    Eed-backed  Sandpiper. 

d}.  Tarsus  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  the  middle  too,  with  claw  ; 

upper  tail-coverts  entirely  white  ;  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts 

rufous  or  chestnut  in  summer  adult.     (Subgenus  Ancylocheilus 

Kaup.) 

Summer  adult:  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  (except  anal 
region  and  lower  tail-coverts),  deep  cinnamon-rufous  or 
chestnut;  upper  parts  varied  with  blackish  and  rusty. 
Winter  plumage :  Above  plain  brownish  gray,  with  indis- 
tinct dusky  shaft-stroaks  ;  superciliary  stripe,  upper  tail- 
coverts,  and  lower  parts,  white,  the  chest  indistinctly 
streaked  with  gi-ayish.  Young  :  Back  and  scapulars 
dusk}-,  the  feathers  edged  with  dull  huffy  or  light  ochra- 
ceous,  and  bordered  terminally  with  whitish ;  lesser  and 
middle  wing-coverts  bordered  terminally  with  dull  buff; 
otherwise  much  like  winter  plumage,  but  chest  and  sides 
of  breast  washed  with  dull  buff.  Length  about  7.00-9.00, 
wins.;  4.80-5.20,  culmon  1.38-l.GO,  tarsus  1.10-1.20.  Eggs 
1  50  X  1.04,  pale  grayish  or  greenish  huffy,  spotted  with 
deep  brown,  etc.  (hardly  distinguishable  from  eggs  of  T. 
vxaculata  or  T.  alpina  pacifica),  Hab.  Eastern  hemisphere 
in  general ;  occasional  in  eastern  North  America  and  in 
Alaska 244  T.  ferruginea  BiiUnn.    Curlew  Sandpiper. 

Genus  EURYNORHYNCHUS  Nilsscn.    (Page  149,  pi.  XLIV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Summer  adult .  Head,  neck,  and  chest  rusty,  the  cro.vn  streaked  and  the  back 
spotted  with  dusky  ;  scapulars  and  tertials  lighter  rusty,  or  ochraceous,  the  central 
portion  of  each  feather  black  ;  wing-coverts  brownish  gray,  with  dusky  shaft- 
streaks ;  lower  parts  from  breast  back,  white,  the  sides  more  or  less  snotted  with 
dusky.  Winter  plumage  :  Forehead,  cheeks,  and  entire- xmder  jiarts  white  ;  ui)per 
parts  (except  forehead)  dusky,  the  feathers  margined  with  pale  grayish.  Young  : 
Back  and  scapulars  dusky,  the  feathers  bordered  tern.lnally  with  dull  whitish, 
these  borders  beconiiiig  rusty  on  anterior  portion  of  back  and  scapulars;  wiiig- 
coverls  dusky  centrally,  with  still  darker  shaft-streaks,  and  margined  with  brown- 
ish gray,  the  greater  tipped  with  white;  top  of  head  dull  grayish,  spotted  with 
dusky,  the  feathers  edged  with  ru(  „y;  rest  of  head,  nock  (except  behind),  aiul 
lower  parts  while,  cloudetl  with  light  grayish  brown,  ai.d  suffused  with  dull  bully 
anteriorly.  Length  about  COO,  wing  3.35-3.90,  culmen  .80-1.00,  width  of  bill  near 
tip  about  .45.  tarsus  .SU-.90.  J/ah.  Eastern  Siberia  in  summer,  straggling  across  to 
coast  of  Alaska  (Choris  Peninsula) ;  in  winter,  south  to  India. 

245.  E.  pygmsus  (Linn.).    Spoon-bill  Sandpiper. 


EREVNETES. 


161 


Genus  EREUNETES  Iixiger.    (Pago  148,  pi.  XLVIIL,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — TJuinp  slate-grayish  ;  upper  tail-coverts  and  middle  tail- 
feathers  dusky,  rest  of  tail-feathers  ash-gray;  wing-coverts  and  tortials  brownish 
gr.aj',  with  darker  shaft-streaks,  the  greater  coverts  tipped  with  white;  superciliary 
region  and  lower  parts  white,  the  former  finely  streaked  with  dusky.  Summer 
n(hilts  with  feathers  of  back,  scapulars,  etc.,  blackish  centrally,  their  edges  more  or 
less  buffy  or  rusty;  chest  streaked  or  spotted  with  dusky.  Winter  plumage  with 
upper  ])ai't8  plain  grayish,  the  feathers  witii  darker  shaft-streaks;  chest  nearly  or 
quite  immaculate.  Yovng  :  Much  like  summer  adult,  but  chest  tinged  with  didl 
buflfy,  and  without  streaks,  and  tiio  scapulars  and  feathers  of  back  margined  termi- 
nally with  white.  Doir','/  ijoring :  Forehead  whitish,  divided  medially  by  a  black 
lino;  crown  chestnut,  ma:  olod  posteriorly  with  IjJack  and  white;  occiput  marbled 
whitish  ;  a  lino  of  black  on  lores,  forking  just  in  front  of  eye,  the  upper  branch  run- 
ning toward  anterior  corner  of  eye,  tho  other  inclining  downward  ;  upper  parts  i\\\- 
vous-brown  or  rusty  laterally,  black  centrally,  the  whole  surface  thickly  bespangled 
with  white  downy  tufts;  throat  fulvous-whitish;  other  lower  parts  dull  whitish, 
ucarl}'-  pure  on  belly.     Length  about  5.25-6.75. 

a\  Culmen  .68-.75  (.72)  in  male,  .80-.f)2  (.84)  in  female.  Summer  Oifulf  \\  ith  littlo 
rusty  on  upper  jiarts,  tho  prevailing  color  aliove  being  grayish  brown,  tingod 
on  sidti^  of  head  (above  car-coverts),  scapulars,  etc.,  with  pale  buffy  cinnamon, 
but  thi.'  often  nearly  absent ;  chest  narrowly  streaked  with  dusky.  Ynuiig 
with  littlo  of  rusty  or  ochraceous  on  iijipor  parts.  Miile :  Wing  3.fi5-3.!»0 
(;i(i9),  culmen  .r)8-.75  (.72),  tarsus  .S()-.90  (.85).  middle  toe  .55-.n5  (02). 
Female:  Wing  3.85-4.00  (3.01),  culmen  .S0-.n2  (.84),  tarsus  .85-.05  (.V)0), 
midiile  toe  .55-.(J5  (.61).  Etjij^  1.21  X  0-8f>,  pale  dull  grayish  iiuff,  sprinkled, 
speckled,  or  spotted  with  dark  brown  and  purplish  gray.  J  fab.  Northern 
and  eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  Labrador  and  weitern  shoren 
of  Hudson's  Bay  to  northern  Alaska;  west,  during  migrations,  to  Hocky 
.Iilountains 246.  E.  pusillus  (TiiNN.).    Semipalmated  Sandpiper. 

«'.  Ciiimen  .85-.n5  (.88)  in  male,  1.00-1.15  (1,0,))  in  female.  Summer  adult  with 
upper  parts  chiefly  rusty,  or  bright  rust>  cinnamon,  tlM^  feathers  spottccl  ci'ii- 
trally  with  black,  the  rusty  or  cinnamon  sonu>timt's  uniform  along  sides  of 
head  (al)ove  ear-coverts),  and  a  mo-e  or  less  dii-'tinct  strip**  of  same  on  side 
of  head  ;  chest  and  I'reast  thickly  marked  with  broad  streaks  (sometimes 
widened  into  triangular  spots)  of  dusky,  tho  sides  marked  with  sasjittato 
spots  of  tho  saJne.  Young :  Upper  p.rts,  including  toj)  of  head,  with  rusty 
ochraceous  ]irevailing.  Dnwnff  young  :  Trusty  areas  of  upper  purls  more  t'x- 
tended  and  i>righter  in  color,  Male:  Wing  3.(iO-.3.75  (:{.(JS),  euhuen  .85-,!>5 
(.88).  tarsus  .85-.n0  (.87),  middle  toe  .55-.()0  (.50).  Female:  Wing  3.70-3.IM) 
(3.82).  culmen  1.00-1.15  (1.05),  tarsus  .90-.!)5  (,!>3),  middle  toe  .tl0-.fi5  (.61). 
Eggs  1.24  X  t>.87,  deep  cinnamoubutfv,  sprinkled,  speckled,  or  thickly  spotted 


162 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


with  bright  rusty  brown  or  chestnut,  the  general  tispcet  decidedly  rusty.' 
Hah.  Western  North  America,  breeding  north  to  shores  p^  Norton  Sound, 
Alaslca ;  during  migrations  occurring  more  or  less  plentifully  a'ong  Atlantic 
coast 247.  £.  occidentalis  Lawr.    Western  Sandpiper. 

Genus  CALIDRIS  Cuvier.    (Page  149,  pi.  XLIY.,  fig.  4.) 

Sjiecies. 

Lower  parts  white,  immaculate  on  belly,  sides,  flanks,  under  tail-covorts,  axil- 
lars,  and  under  wing-coverts;  gi'cater  wing-coverts  broadlj'  tipped  witli  white,  and 
inner  primaries  wliite  at  base  of  outer  webs.  Summer  adult:  Above  liglit  rusly, 
spotted  with  blackish,  many  of  the  ieathcrs  tipped  with  whitish  ;  licad.  neck,  and 
chest  pale  rusty,  Htreaivod  and  speckled  with  dusky.  Winter  phiviaije :  Aliovo  very 
pale  uniform  ash-gray,  inclining  to  pearl-gray  (the  anterior  lesser  wing-coverts  de- 
cidedly «larkei*),  varied  onl}'  by  slightly  darker  shaft-streaks  to  the  feathers  ;  throat 
and  chesl,  like  rest  of  lower  parts,  immaculate  pure  white.  Spnm/  plumage:  Above 
light  grayish,  coarsely  spotted  with  black  (streaked  on  head  and  neck),  and  tinged 
here  and  there  with  rusty;  chest  speckled  with  dusky.  Yoxmcj :  Aiiove  j)ale  gray- 
ish, spotted  with  black  and  whitish,  the  latter  on  the  tips  of  tlu'  feathers;  chesL 
immaculate  white,  faintly  tinged  with  dull  buff.  LfUgth  7.00-8.75.  wing  4.70-6.00, 
culmcn  .!»•>-!. 00,  tarsus  .90-1.05,  middle  toe  .55-.G0.  jtV/r/.s-  1.41  X  -91.  I'.irht  olive- 
lirown,  finely  sjxitted  <>r  speckled  with  darker,  the  markintrs  larger  and  more 
lilended  on  larger  end.  Hah.  Nearly  cosmopolitan,  but  breodinj;  only  in  ■  n-rn 
portion  of  northern  hemisphere 248.  C.  arenaria  (Lin.n.).     Sa-.^-  ang. 


Genus  LIMOSA  Brisson.     (Page  149,  ph  XLIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

a\  Wings  without  any  white  patch, 
i'    Tail  distinctly  l)arrcd. 

c'.  Upper  tail-coverts  pale  cinnamon,  barred  with  black  ;  a.xillara  and  ui      r 
wing-coverts  cinnamon-rufous. 

Pn^vailiuLT  color  pale  cinnamon  or  ocliracefMis  the  hfud  aiiwl  nek 
streaUed,  the  remaining  upper  ])arts  ivrcgnlarly  barn*<!  »»<{ 
spotted,  with  brownish  dusky.  Adult :  1-'.east.  sides,  and  fixiusH 
barrvd  with  dusky.  Young:  Rr(>ast,  sides,  and  flat 
maculate,  and  decjx'r  ochraceous  tlian  in  adidt.  LerticA 
20,50.  wing  8.50-9.00,  culmcn  3.50-5  (H*.,  tarsus  2.75-8i*^( 
toe  about  1.40.  /•%.<?  2.27  X  1<»0.  pale  olive,  varritif  *»•  li#t 
grayish  buflPy,  iiTcgidarly  and  rather  sparsely  iipaltiud  «Pliil 
dark  brown  and  didl  purplish  gray.     Ilah.  North  AaarilM  ki 


'  Tlio  PRK"  of  flin  two  nppolci<  of  thiK  )t«nHii  illffer  cmiKlnnlly  iiml  very  decidedly  in  •vl.-tttliua,  i 
tlio  ttbuvu  (lt'n«ri|ilioiin,  wliicU  ar«  lmi<»«l  i>n  »  vrry  Itiry  •••iim  ol  oaoIi. 


lly  rusty.' 
)n  Sound, 
'r  Atlantic 
Sandpiper. 


rerts,  axil- 
whitc,  and 
fflit  rusty, 

nccU,  and 
ibovc  very 
coverts  de- 
irs ,  throat 
uje :  Altovo 
and  tinged 

pale  gray- 
icr.s  ;  cliesl 
r  4.70-5.00, 
liijht  olivc- 

aud  more 
u  ''vrn 

8a^  ie  Aug. 


ami  uttier 
iit)«i  no'k 

;IIT''''      U^d 


LIMOSA. 


163 


11 


general,  breeding  from  Iowa,  Dakota,  etc.,  north  to  Alaska, 
nii"-rating  south  in  winter  to  Guatemala,  Yucatan,  and  Cuba. 

249.  L.  fedoa  (Linn.).    Marbled  Oodwit. 

c'.  Upper  tail-coverts  white,  spotted  with  dusky  ;  axillars  and  under  wing- 

coverta  white,  marked  irregularly  with  dusky. 

d}.  Rump  white,  marked  with  broad,  acuminate   streaks  of  dusky; 

bead,  neck,  and  lower  parts  very  deep  cinnamon  in  summer 

adult;   length  about  17.00,  wing    8.25-8.50,  culmen   2.95-3.80, 

tarsus  2.00-2.15,  middle  toe  1.10-1.20.     JIab.  Northoi-n  portion 

of  eastern  hemisphere. 

L.  lapponica  (Lixn.).  Bar-tailed  Qodwit.' 
d*.  Rump  dusky,  the  feathers  margined  with  white  ;  head,  neck,  and 
lower  parts  paler  cinnamon  in  summer  adult.  Summer  adult : 
Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts,  plain  cinnamon-color;  back  and 
scapulars  irregularly  varied  with  blackish,  whitish,  and  light 
rusty;  wing-coverts  light  grayish,  Avith  dusky  shaft-streaks 
and  whitish  margins.  Winter  plumage  :  Head,  neck,  and  lower 
parts  whitish,  the  head  and  neck  streaked,  the  breast  and  sii'es 
scatitily  and  irregularly  barred,  with  grayish  brown  ;  back  and 
scapulars  plain  brownish  gray ;  otherwise,  as  in  summer.  Youn;/: 
Above,  inclmling  wing-coverts,  light  buffy  gniyitth,  or  dull  day- 
color,  irregularly  varied  with  dusky;  lower  parts  dull  buflTy 
whitish,  shaded  across  chest  with  dee])er  grayish  buff.  Length 
14.(10-1(5.00,  wing  8.25-9.15,  ci.lmen  3.15-3.55,  tarsus  2.00-?.20, 
middle  toe  1.10-1.20.  E<j(js  2.25  X  ^^5,  similar  in  color  to 
thoHd  oi'  L.  fedoa.  Hah,  Coasts  of  eastern  Asia  and  across  to 
Alaska,  migrating  south  in  winter  to  New  Zealand  and  Austra- 
lia; Lower  California  (casual,  in  winter). 

250.  L.  lapponica  baueri  (N.vlm).    Pacific  Godwit. 
6'.  Tail  not  distinctly  barred,  but  uniform  black,  with  white  base  an<l  tip. 

Upper  tail-coverts  crossed  by  a  broad  band  of  pure  white  ;  longer 
upper  tail-eoverts,  rump,  and  axillars  plain  sooty  bliickish,  or  dusky  ; 
under  wing-coverts  chiefly  dusky.  Hummer  phinuK/e :  Head  and 
neck  pale  chestnut,  streaked  with  dusky  ;  lower  piirts  deeper  chest- 
nut, barriMl  with  dusky;  back,  etc.,  blackish,  irregularly  varied  with 
biilty.  Whiter  pi II moi/'' :  liack,  etc.,  plain  dull  bi-ownish  gray;  head, 
neck,  and  lower  iiarts  dull  Avliitisli.  or  ])al(^  gi'ayisb  biitly,  shaded 
with  brownish  gray  anteriorly.  YotDnj  :  Hack,  etc..  dull  brownish 
gray,  each  feather  marked  with  a  submarginal  dusky  crescent  and 
margini'd  terminally  with  huffy;  beneath  pale  dull  grayish  butfy, 
the  belh  whitish  and  chest  more  gi'ayisli.  Fiength  14.O0-l(».75, 
wii»2  H  I0-8.(i0,  culmen  2.H5-:{.»5,  tarsus  2,2r)-2.50.  middl.*  toe  1,15- 
1.30.     E<j(j!^  2.20  X  l't2,  ovate,  deep  olive,  hair-brown,  or  broccoli- 


»nar  ln\ 


(I  Lm*^%.  N.  oti.  10,  i.  I7.'>s,  1 17.     Lio.unn  hij,j,„<,(.„  Uit.u,  Ucn,  U.  lli.  1840,  670. 


164 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


brown  (sometimes  paler),  ustially  more  or  less  spotted  with  darker 
brown,  but  sometimes  nearlv  uniform.  Hab.  Northern  North 
America,  east  of  Eocky  Mountains  (west  to  Pacific  coast  in 
Alaska),  migrating  south,  in  winter,  through  eastern  United  States, 
western  Cuba,  and  Middle  America  to  southern  South  America. 

251.  L.  hsemastica  (Linn.).    Hudsonian  Oodwit. 
a*.  Wing  with  two  white  patches,  one  at  base  of  quills,  the  other  occupying  greater 
portion  of  secondaries. 

Upper  tail-covcrts,  rump,  and  tail,  much  as  in  L.  hcemnsficn ;  axillars  and 
under  wing-coverts  pure  white.  Summer  adult :  Head,  neck,  and  cliL'st 
cinnamon  or  rusty,  the  first  two  streaked,  the  last  barred,  with  dusky ; 
rest  of  lower  parts  white,  the  breast  and  sides  barred  with  dusky  ;  back, 
etc.,  mixed  black,  rusty,  and  whitish.  Winter  plumage :  Head,  neck, 
back,  and  scapulars  plain  dark  brownish  gray  ;  chest  plain  pale  grayish; 
rest  of  lower  parts  plain  white.  Young:  "Head  dull  brownish,  the 
feathers  edged  with  rufous-buff  .  .  .  back  earthy  brown,  with  here  and 
there  a  blackish  brown  feather,  all  being  edged  witl;  dull  rufous  .  .  . 
sides  of  head,  nock,  and  breast  dark  buff;  flanks  washed  with  buff." 
Downy  young  :  "  Rusty  yellow,  marked  with  black,  especially  on  crown 
and  rump;  a  narrow  streak  through  the  eye,  wing-joints,  cheeks,  and 
belly,  light  yellowish."  (Duesseb.)  Length  al)out  15.00,  wing  8.00- 
9.80,  culmon  3.70-4.95,  tarsus  2.80-3.80,  middle  too  2.00-2.12.  Eggs  2.17 
X  1.50,  deep  grayish  olive,  indistinctly  spotted  with  deeper  olive-brown. 
Hab.  Northern  portion  of  eastern  hemisphere;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

252.  L.  limosa  (Linn.).    Black-tailed  Oodwit. 


Genus  TOTANUS  Becustein.    (Pago  149,  pi.  L.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

Common  CiiAnAcxERs. — Above  grayi.>sh  or  brownish,  more  or  less  varied  with 
white  or  dusky,  or  both  ;  head  and  nock  streaked,  and  tail  barred,  with  white  and 
gn-yish  or  dusky ;  lower  parts  white,  the  chest  (sometimes  other  portions  also") 
movo  or  less  streaked  or  spotted  with  dusky. 

(iV  Bill  longer  than  middle  too,  with  claw. 

6'.  Tarsus  more  than  one  and  a  holf  times  as  long  as  the  middle  too,  without 
claw.     (Subgenus  Totonvs.) 
c'.  Nasal  groove  occupying  less  than  half  the  total  length  of  the  upper 
mandible;  exposed  culmon  as  long  as  tarsus  to  base  of  hind  toe  • 
wing  7.00  or  more, 
d'.  Bill  decidedly  recurved  ;  entire  lower  back  and  rump  pure  white ; 
flanks    and    lower    tail-coverts   without    markings.      Summer 
athilf :    Hack  and  scapulars  hlackisli,  the  feathers  odgofl  with 
light  ash-gray;    foro-nock  streaked  with  duskj'.     Winter  plu- 
mage :  Back  and  scapi'lars  grayish,  the  feathers  bordered  with 


V 

11 


1  darker 
1  North 
:'oast  in 
d  States, 
rica. 

L  Oodwit. 
r  greater 

liars  and 
ind  chest 
1  dusky ; 
:y;  back, 
id,   neck, 

grayish ; 
nish,  the 

here  and 
fou9  .  .  . 
ith  buflf." 
on  crown 
iceks,  and 
•ing  8.00- 
Eggs  2.17 
ve-hrown. 
freenhmd. 
id  Oodwit. 


TOT  AN  vs. 


165 


,ned  with 
Itvhite  an<l 
ions  also") 


without 

I  ho  upper 
|iind  toe  • 

|re  white ; 

Siiiiimcr 
Igeil  with 

.rod  with 


grayish  white;  fore-neck  plain  white.  Young:  Back,  scapu- 
hirs,  etc.,  light  brownish  gray,  the  feathers  margined  with 
paler,  and  with  a  subeilging  of  dusky,  in  the  form  of  an  irregu- 
lar lino  inside  the  whitish  border  ;  these  markings  changed  on 
tertials  into  short,  zigzag,  oblique  bars  along  the  edge  of  both 
webs;  fore-neck,  sides,  etc.,  immaculate,  as  in  winter  adult. 
Downy  young:  "Upper  parts  black  and  gray,  with  reddish 
tinge ;  forehead,  sides  of  head,  and  whole  under-parts  white ;  a 
Btreai;  through  the  eye,  a  tine  line  along  the  forehead,  a  larger 
spot  on  the  crown,  a  few  lines  or  spots  over  the  arm,  sides  of 
rump,  and  tail-down  black,  often  mixed  with  reddish  brown." 
(Meves,  Jid<'  Dresser.)  Length  12.50-14.50,  wing  7.00-7.80, 
culmen  2.15-2.20,  tarsus  2.25-2.05,  middle  toe  1.12-1.30.  Eggs 
1.95  X  1-39,  dull  brownish  butt",  spotted  with  Vandyke-  and 
madder-brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hah.  (Jreater  part  of 
eastern  hemisphere,  but  only  far  northward  during  summer; 
accidental  in  eastern  Xorth  America  (Florida)? 

253.  T.  nebularius  (Gunn.).  Oreenshank. 
rf'.  Bill  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  recurved ;  lower  back  and  upper 
rum]i  grayish,  spotted  with  dusky  ;  flanks  and  lower  tail-coverts 
barred  with  dusky.  Summcraibdt :  Above  varied  willi  blackish- 
])ale  gray,  and  white,  the  first  predominating,  the  last  in  the 
form  of  spots  along  the  edges  of  the  feathers  ;  throat  streaked 
with  dusky  ;  rest  of  lower  parts  (oxeejjt  belly)  spotted  or  barred 
with  the  same.  Winter  phinKtgo  :  Above  rather  light  ash-gj'ay, 
without  the  blackish,  but  with  the  white,  spotting  of  summer 
dress;  fore-neck,  etc.,  much  more  narrowly  streakod,  and  mark- 
ings of  other  lower  parts  much  sparser  and  less  distinct. 
Young  :  Siiuihir  t<»  winter  adult,  but  darker  and  more  brownish 
al><>ve,  tile  whitish  sjiotting  tinged  with  light  brownish  biitf. 
Length  12.15-15.00.  wing  7.50-7.75,  culmen  2.20-2.30,  tarsus 
2.50-2.V5,  middle  toe  1.35-1.50.  Eggs  1.43  X  120,  brownish 
butVy,  distinctly  but  very  irregularly  spotted  with  rich  van- 
dyke-  or  madder-brown.  II<il>.  Nt-aily  the  whole  of  America, 
but  Invoding  only  in  ihemon:  northern  jtortionsof  the  northern 
continent  (south  to  northern  Iowa  and  Illinois?). 

254.  T.  melanoleucus  ((tmel).    Oreater  Tellow-legps. 
c'.  Nasal  groove  occupving  more  than  luill'  the  total  ii'iigih  of  the  upper 

mandilile;  exposed  culnuii  mueh  shorter  than  tarsus  to  batte  of  hind 

tou  ;  wing  'oss  than  7.00. 

IMumage  essentially  similar,  in  all  stages,  to  that  of  T.  vwlanoJeu- 
cus ;  legs  also  ytdlow  in  lile;  length  9.50-11.00,  wing  0.10- 
(1.«m,  eidnten  l.:io-l,55,  tarsus  2.00  2.15,  middle  toe  1,00-1.15. 
/!,';/;/.i  1.09  X  1-I'».  "iilly  (viiriiil'l'  as  to  shade),  diHtimtiy  (some- 
times broatil^)  spotted  or  blotched  with  dark  aiuddor-  or  van- 


166 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'  'si' 

'ft 


dyko-brown,  and  puiplis»h  gray.  Hab.  Northern  North  America 
in  summer;  migrating  southward  (chiefly  east  of  Rocky  Moun- 
tains) to  West  Indies,  Buenos  Aires,  Chili,  etc. ;  accidental  in 

Europe 255.  T.  flavipes  (Gmel.).    Yellow-legs. 

h^.  Tarsus  much  less  than  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  the  middle  toe,  with 
claw.  (Subgenus  Jlelodromas  Kaup.') 
c\  Upper  tail-coverts  dusky,  barred  with  white;  middle  tail-feathers 
dusky,  spotted  along  edges  with  white.  Summer  adult:  Above 
olivaceous-slate,  rather  sparsely  speckled  with  white;  fore-neck 
distinctly  streaked  with  dusky.  Winter  plumage  :  Above  dark  ashy, 
less  distinctly  speckled  with  white,  the  fore-neck  less  distinctly 
streaked.  Youmj :  Above  graj'ish  brown,  thickly  speckled  with 
dull  buff;  sides  of  head  and  neck  nearly  uniform  grayish.  Length 
7.50-8.60,  wing  5.00-5.40,  culnien  1.15-1.30,  tarsus  1.25-1.90,  middle 
toe  1.00,  E<j<j  (identification  doubtful,  but  probably  correct)  1.32 
X  -90,  dull  light  buffy,  thickly  sjiotted  and  clouded  with  rich  mad- 
der-brown and  purplish  gray.  IJab.  Temperate  North  America  in 
summer,  southern  United  States  and  tropical  America  in  general  in 

winter 256.  T.  solitarius  (Wii.s.).    Solitary  Sandpiper. 

c".  Ujiper  tail-coverts  pure  white,  nearly  or  quite  immaculate  ;  middle 
tail-feathers  widelj-  barred  witii  white ;  otherwise,  very  similar  in 
plumage,  in  all  stages,  to  T.  solitarius.  Downy  young:  "Covered 
Avith  close  fine  down;  head  grayish  buff;  a  black  line  passes  through 
each  eye  from  the  base  of  the  bill  to  the  nape;  another  broad  lino 
passes  through  the  centre  of  the  crown,  and  joins  with  one  on  each 
side  of  the  crown  at  the  nape,  forming  a  patch,  which  is  continued 
in  a  In'oad  line  to  the  rump  ;  ujiper  parts  grayish  buff  and  rufous, 
variegated  with  black,  the  latter  forming  to  some  extent  a  broad 
line  on  each  side  of  the  bod}' ;  chin,  throat,  and  under-parts  white." 
(Dhksser.)  Length  about  10.00,  wing  5.40-5.70,  culmon  1.30-1.40, 
tarsus  1.25-1.40,  middle  toe  .95-1.00.  Nest  not  built  by  this  species, 
but  the  abandoned  nest  of  some  tree-building  bird,  as  a  thrush,  jay, 
or  pigeon,  often  ut  a  consiileraljle  height  from  the  ground.  F.ggs 
3-7,  1^1-1  jix  X  l:i\—^TiT'  P'^'^  "grayish  sea-green,  sparingly  marked 
with  .  .  .  jmrplish  gray  .  .  .  and  dark  brown."  (Dresskr.)  Ilab. 
Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemis))here;  accidental  in  eastern 
North  America  (Nova  Scotia). 

257.  T.  ochropus  (Linn.).    Green  Sandpiper. 

»'.  Bill  much  shorter  than  mi<ldle  toe,  with  claw.     (Subgenus  Rhyacophilus  Kaii*.) 

Under  wing-coverts  white,  the  exterior  ones  spotted  with  dusky;  wing 

4.75-4.90  culmen  1.10-1.15,  tai-sus  1.40-1.45,  middle  too  1.00-1.05.     I/ah. 


Eastern  iiemis]ihere. 


T.  glareola  (Linn.).    Wood  Sandpiper.' 


'  Hrlitdromiit  Kai'I',  Nntnrl.  8y»t.  1S20,  144.    Typo,  Tiincfn  orhropuH  Tit»!». 

»  Triniji,  yhinoh,  LiN.v.,  S.  N.  imI,  10,  I.  ITS'*,  14U.     7'.>«ihh»  jh,n;,ltt  Tkmm.,  Mnn.  (I'Orn.  1S15,  421. 


SYMPUEMIA. 


167 


klod  with 


I  Sandpiper.' 


Genus  SYMPHEMIA  Eafinesque.    (Page  148,  pi.  L.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Largest  of  the  family  (except  species  of  the  genera  Numenius  a»i(l  Limosa),  the 
wing  measuring  8.00  or  more;  quills  blackish,  with  nearly  the  basal  half  white, 
producing  a  very  conspicuous  patch  on  the  spread  wing.  Summer  adult:  Above 
brownish  gray,  irregularly  varied  with  dusky;  lower  parts  white,  tinged  with 
grayisli  on  fore-neck  and  buff  along  sides,  the  former,  with  chest,  streaked  or 
spotted  with  dusky,  the  latter  barred  with  the  same.  Winter  plumoije  :  Above  plain 
ash-gray;  bonoatii  immaculate  white,  the  fore-neck  shaded  with  grayish.  Young : 
Above  brownish  gray,  the  feathers  margined  with  buff  or  pale  ochraceous ;  sides 
much  tinged  with  the  same,  and  tineiy  mottled  transversely  with  grayish. 
Downy  yoxnuj :  Above  dull  grayish  white  or  pale  brownish  gray,  tinged  here  and 
there  with  pale  brown,  coarsely  and  irregularly  marbled  with  dusky;  fore-part 
and  sides  of  forehead  plain  dull  whitish  ;  sides  of  head,  with  entire  lower  parts,  dull 
white,  the  lores  crossed,  from  eye  nearly  to  bill,  by  a  very  distinct  line  of  dusky; 
behiiul  the  eye  two  dusky  lines,  a  shorter  and  broader  one  running  from  eye  into 
the  dusky  mottling  of  occiput,  a  longer  and  narrower  one  commencing  immediately 
beneath,  and  running  back  into  dusky  mottling  on  nape.  Length  about  15.00- 
17.no,  wing  7.50-9.00,  culmen  1.90-2.60,  tarsus  1.95-2,85,  middle  toe  1.35-1.40.  Eggs 
2.13  X  153,  pale  buffy,  varying  from  a  brownish  to  a  gra^yish  olive  shadi!,  spotted 
with  various  shades  of  brown  (usually  rich  madder-brown  or  Vandyke),  and  pur- 
plish gray.  Jlah.  Temperate  North  America;  south,  in  winter,  to  West  Indies, 
Bnizil,  etc. ;  accidental  in  Europe 258.  S.  semipalmata  ((J.MEr,.).    Willet. 

Genus  HETERACTITIS  STEjNEOEa.     (Page  148,  pi.  XLV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Co.M.MON  riiAiiACTERS. — Upper  parts  uniform,  or  nearly  uniform,  grayish  ;  lower 
parts  white,  more  or  less  extensively  barred  with  dusky  in  summer,  washed  with 
gray  across  chest  and  sides  in  winter,  the  young  with  gray  of  sides,  etc.,  faintly 
mottled  with  whitish. 

(j'.  Nasal  groove  (measured  from  loral  feathers)  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  exposed 
culmen  ;  uj^jcr  tail-coverts  uuilbrm  gray,  or  with  merely  a  narrow  eilging 
of  whitish. 

Summer  cuhtU :  Alxn'c  uniform  plumbeous-gray;  lower  parts  white, 
shaded  across  chest  and  along  sides  with  ])luml)eou.s,  the  fore-neck 
streaked,  and  other  jiarts  (including  belly  and  lower  tail-coverts)  barred, 
with  dusky.  Wintrr  plumage .-  Similar,  but  without  any  bars  on  lower 
parts.  Young  :  Similar  to  winter  plunnvgo,  but  scapulars,  tertials,  ami 
upper  tail-coverts  indistinctly  spotted  along  edges  with  white,  and 
plumbeous  of  sides,  otc,  faintly  mottled  with  the  same.  Length  10,50- 
11.30,  wing  6.50-7.30,  culmen  1.60-1.60,  tarsus  1.25-1.35,  njiddle  toe  1.00- 


^m 


168 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


1.05.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  America,  from  tho  Galapagos  and  Lower 
California  to  Aleutian  Islands  and  Korton  Sound,  Alaska,  and  Com- 
mander Islands,  Kunitscbatka ;  also,  tho  more  oastei-n  Pacific  islands 
(Pomotu  group,  Marquesas,  Tahiti,  Tongatabu,  Palmyra,  Samoa,  Upolu, 

Fiji,  etc.) 259.  H.  incanus  (Gmel.).    Wandering  Tatler. 

«*.  Nasal  groove  (measured  I'rom  frontal  feathers)  oidy  about  one-half  as  long  as 
tho  exposed  culmcn  ;  upper  tail-coverts  distinctly  barred  with  wliito. 

Summer  adult :  Belly  and  under  tail-coverts  immaculate  white,  tho  dark 
bars  of  other  lower  parts  narrower  than  in  H.  incanus ;  otherwise  simi- 
lar to  that  species,  but  gray  of  a  browner  shade ;  size  smaller.  Hab. 
Shores  and  islands  of  tho  western  Pacific,  from  Australia,  Borneo,  etc., 
to  Kauitschatka  (mainland). 

H.  brevipes  (Vieill.).     Polynesian  Tatler.* 

Genus  PAVONCELLA  Leacii.    (Pago  148,  pi.  XLIX.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Above  varied  with  black,  buff,  and  gray,  tho  scapulars  and  tcrtials  obliquely 
barred  ;  beneath  white,  varied  on  chest  ami  throat ;  inner  webs  of  primaries  finely 
mottled  toward  base  ;  three  outermost  tail-feathers  plain,  tho  rest  barred  ;  sides  of 
rump  white.  Adult  male :  Colors  varying  with  the  individual,  scarcely  two  being 
alike;  the  '•capo"  usually  glossy  black,  ochraceous,  or  whitish,  the  '"rulf"  usually 
chestnut,  glossy  black,  buff,  whitish,  or  ochraceous,  these  colors  either  plain, 
streaked,  or  barred,  according  to  tho  individual.  Adult  female:  No  "ruff"  or 
''cape,"  and  head  completely  feathered;  plunnigc  barred  with  blackish,  buff,  white, 
and  rusty,  tho  belly  and  lower  tail-coverts  usually  immaculate  white.  Young  : 
Back  and  scapulars  brownish  black,  the  feathej-s  bordered  with  buft'  or  ochraceous  ; 
top  of  head  ochraceous  streaked  with  black;  lower  parts  i>Iain  buffy  anteriorly, 
whitish  posteriorly.  Lc>ngth  10.00-12.50.  wing  6.40,  tail  2.U0,  culmon  1.25,  tarsus 
1.75,  middle  toe,  with  claw,  1.40.  Eijgs  1.71  X  1--0,  light  olive  or  olive-buff,  spotted 
with  vandykc-brown  or  bistro.  Hah.  More  northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere  ; 
occasiomd  in  eastern  United  States  (Maine,  Mas.sachusetts,  Long  Island,  Ohio, 
etc.) 260.  P.  pugnax  (Linn.).    Buff. 


Genus  BARTRAMIA  Lesson.    (Pago  148,  pi.  LI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Above  light  brownish,  tho  feathers  more  ochraceous  toward  edges, 
spotted  and  barred  with  blackish  ;  crown  blackish,  divided  l)y  a  nuMlijui  lino  of 
butt';  rest  of  head  and  neck  ochraceous  or  buffy,  streaked  with  dusky,  except  chin 
and  throat,  which  are  plain  whitish  ;  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  light  buff, 
broadly  tipi)ed  with  white,  marked  near  ends  with  a  broad  black  spot,  and,  anterior 


'  Tiilnniin  In-eilpm  ViElia..,  Nouv.  Diet.  N.  11,  vi.   ISflT,  41U.     Jhteiuclitiii  fcctii'/jc*  Stkj.n.,  Orn.   E.\J)1. 
Kaiut.  1886,  137. 


TRYNGITES. 


169 


d  Lower 
nd  Com- 
ic isltinds 
a,  Upolu, 
ag  Tatler. 
3  long  as 

0. 

the  dark 
vise  simi- 
ei'.  Hab. 
[•uco,  etc., 

an  Tatler.* 


obliquely 

I'ies  finely 

;  sides  of 

vvo  being 

"  usually 

ler   plain, 

rutl"  or 

itf,  white, 

Young : 

iraeeous  ; 

nteriorly, 

!5,  tarsus 

r,  spotted 

Inisphere ; 

id,  Ohio, 

.).    Kaff. 


I'd  edges, 
In  line  of 

jept  chin 

|ght  bull', 

anterior 

lOin.   Expl. 


to  this,  with  a  few  irregular  narrow  dusky  bars.  Inner  web  of  outer  quill  marked 
with  broad  bars  of  white,  on  other  quills  broken  up  into  a  confused  mottling;  axil- 
lars  white  regularly  barred  with  clear  slate-color ;  belly  and  lower  tail-coverts  plain 
dull  whitish  or  very  pale  buff  (buff  and  ochraceous  tints  much  deeper  in  winter). 
Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  buffy  tints  deeper,  dusky  streaks  on  fore-neck  and  chest 
much  less  distinct,  and  the  back  plain  dusky,  with  distinct  buff  margins  to  the 
feathers.  Downy  young :  Above  coarsely  and  irregularly  mottled  with  blackish  on 
a  grayish  white  ground  tinged  with  light  rusty ;  lower  parts  buffy  white,  with 
several  blackish  spots  on  flanks,  one  beneath  eye,  a  smaller  one  on  lores,  and  a 
larger,  nearly  perpendicular  one  behind  ears.  Length  11.00-12.75,  wing  G.50-7.00, 
culmen  1.10-1.15,  tarsus  1.90-2.05,  middle  too  .90-1.05.  Eggs  1.79  X  1-30,  ovate  or 
short-ovate,  creamy  buff  or  dull  buffy  white,  speckled  and  spotted,  chiefly  round 
larger  end,  with  dark  brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hub.  Eastern  and  central  North 
America  in  general,  west  to  edge  of  the  Great  Basin,  north  to  the  Yukon  Valley  and 
Nova  Scotia;  south,  in  winter,  to  Brazil  and  Peru;  occasional  in  Europe,  and 
accidental  in  Australir 261.  B.  longicauda  (Becust.).    Bartramian  Sandpiper. 

Genus  TRYNGITES  Cabanis.    (Pago  148,  pi.  LII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Upper  parts  dull  grayish  buff  or  brownish,  varied  with  blackish  ;  lower  parts 
buff,  streaked  or  speckled  on  chest  with  dusky;  axillars  white;  under  primary 
coverts  and  inner  webs  of  quills  beautifully  mottled  or  speckled  with  dusky  on  a 
whitish  ground.  Adult :  Feathers  of  back,  etc.,  blackish  centrally,  and  without 
whitish  borders.  Young  :  Feathers  of  back,  etc..  distinctly  bordered  with  whitish, 
the  black  and  brown  less  sharply  contrasted  ;  mottling  on  inner  webs  of  quills,  and 
under  primary  coverts,  much  more  minuto  and  delicate  than  in  adult.  Length 
7.00-8.90,  wing  5.10-5.50,  culmen  .75-.80,  tarsus  1.15-1.30,  mi.ldle  toe  .75-.85.  Eggs 
1.53  X  1-0^,  buffy  graj-ish  white,  varying  to  pale  olive-buff,  boldly  Hjwtted,  longitu- 
dinally (and  somewhat  spirally)  with  dark  Vandyke-  or  madder-brown  and  purplish 
gray.  Jfah.  North  America  in  general,  especially  the  interior,  breeding  far  north- 
ward ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Uruguay  and  Peru ;  occasional  in  Europe. 

262.  T.  subruficollis  (Vieill.).    Buff-breasted  Sandpiper. 

Gencs  ACTITIS  Boie.    (Page  148,  pi.  LIL,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  CnAiiACTEns. — Above  plain  grayish  brown,  with  a  faint  greenish  or 
bronzy  lustre,  in  summer  adults  or  young  slightly  relieved  by  more  or  less  of  dusky 
streaking  or  barring,  or  both  ;  outer  tail-feathers  barred  with  white,  the  rest  (ex- 
ce])t  middle  pair)  tipped  with  the  same;  secondaries  broadly  ti])]>e(l  with  white, 
and  with  more  than  their  basal  half  (abruptly)  white ;  inner  webs  of  second  to 
tenth  quills  (inclusive)  with  a  longitudinal  white  patch,  increasing  in  depth  toward 
the  tenth,  on  which  it  touches  the  shaft ;  superciliary  stripe  (sometimes  not  very 
distinct)  and  lower  parts  chiefly  pure  white. 

22 


B^SSSrSBBBg^SSSSi 


!3SSa 


I 


170 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a}.  Summer  adult  with  lower  parts  marked  everywhere  with  roundish  spots  of 
blackish.  Winter  adult :  Above  plain  grayish  olive,  with  a  taint  bronze  gloss, 
with  no  markings  except  dusky  shaft-streaks,  except  on  wing-coverts,  which 
are  more  or  less  barred  with  dusky ;  lower  parts  immaculate  white,  faintly 
shaded  across  chest  with  brownish  gray,  most  distinct  laterally.  Young: 
Similar  to  winter  plumage,  but  wing-coverts,  scapulars,  and  upper  tail-coverts 
more  or  less  barred  with  pale  dull  buff  and  dusky.  Downy  young :  Above 
yellowish  gray,  with  a  narrow  black  stripe  down  back,  continued  anteriorly 
to  the  bill;  a  narrow  black  line  on  each  side  of  head,  through  eye;  lower 
parts  dull  white.  Length  about  7.00-8.00,  wing  4.05-4.(30,  culmen  .90-1.05, 
tarsus  .90-1.05.  Eggs  2-5,  1.25  X  -90,  short-ovate,  buffy,  more  or  less  thickly 
speckled  and  spotted  with  dark  brown  and  black.  Hah.  Whole  of  North 
America ;  south,  in  winter,  through  West  Indies,  Middle  America,  and  northern 
South  America  to  Brazil  •  accidental  or  occasional  in  Eui'ope. 

263.  A.  macularia  (Linn.).    Spotted  Sandpiper, 
a'.  Summer  adult  with  lower  parts  plain  white,  except  chest,  which  is  pale  brownish 
gray,  streaked  with  darker. 

Other  plumages  very  similar  to  corresponding  stages  of  A.  macularia; 
length  about  6.50-7.50,  wing  3.80-4.40,  cuhnen  1.00-1.05,  tarsus  .95-1.05. 
JJah.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere,  east  to  Commander 
Islands,  Kamtschatka. 

A.  hypoleucos  (Lixx.).     Common  Sandpiper  (of  Europe).^ 

Gencs  NUMENIUS  Brisson.    (Page  149,  pi.  XLIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

rt*.  Feathers  of  thighs  without  lengthened  bristly  points. 
6'.  Hump  not  white. 

c\  Secondaries  and  quills  rusty  cinnamon,  the  outer  webs  of  latter  dusky; 
axillars  deep  cinnamon,  without  distinct  bars ;  lower  parts  pale  cin- 
namon. 
Above  pale  cinnamon,  tinged  hero  and  there  with  grayish,  varied, 
transversol}',  with  blackish,  the  top  of  head  narrowly  streaked 
with  dusky,  but  without  median  light  stripe;  secondaries  and 
quills  cinnamon-rufous,  the  outer  wel)s  of  the  hitter  dusky. 
Doicny  young  :  Buff}-  yellow,  deeper  above,  tinged  with  sulphur- 
yellow  beneath  ;  up])er  parts  coarsely  and  irregularly  marbled 
with  black  ;  bill  straight,  about  1.40  long.     Length  about  20.00- 
20.00,  wing  10.00-11.00,  culmen  2.30  (young  of  year)-8.50,  tar- 
sus about  2.25.     Eggs  2-4,  2.59  X  LSI,  light  grayish  buff  or  palo 
butly  brown,  spotted,  blotched,  or  speckled  with  umber-brown. 
ILib.  Whole  of  temperate  North  America,  migrating  south  to 
Guatenuila,  Cuba,  aii<l  Jamaica. 

264.  N.  longirostris  Wils.    Long-billed  Cnrlew. 


>  Ti-imjit  lii/pnlvuviiH  Linn.,  S.  N.  oJ.  10,  i.  I"i8,  Mi).    Avtitin  hi/poUtwo»  BoiE,  litis,  1822,  5(10. 


NUMENIUS. 


171 


spots  of 
>nzc  gloss, 
rts,  which 
to,  faintly 
Young : 
ivil-coverts 
g :  Above 
anteriorly 
ye ;  lower 
1  .90-1.05, 
!ss  thickly 

of  North 
il  northern 

Sandpiper. 

)  brownish 

mnculnria; 
IS  .95-1.05. 
ommander 

»f  Europe). 1 

) 


;er  dusky ; 
8  palo  ciu- 

sh,  varied, 
y  streaked 
laries  and 
er  dusky, 
h  sulphur- 
y  marbled 
out  20.00- 
)-S.50,  tar- 
urt'  or  palo 
)er-brown. 
r  south  to 


<*.  Secondaries  and  quills  mainly  or  entirely  dusky  brownish  ;  axillars  palo 
dull  cinnamon  or  bufty,  distinctly  barred  with  dusky ;  lower  parts 
palo  dull  buffy. 
d}.  Crown  with  two  broad  lateral  stripes  of  brownish  dusky,  enclosing  a 
nari'ower  median  stripe  of  butfy  ;  breast,  etc.,  narrowly  streaked 
with  dusky  ;  inner  webs  of  quills  spotted  with  buff  toward 
edges;  length  16.50-18.00,  wing  9.00-10.25,  culmen  3.00-4.00, 
tarsus  2.25-2.30,  middle  too  1.35-1.40.  Eggs  2.27  X  1-5",  l»vlo 
olive,  spotted  with  dull  brown.  Hab.  Whole  of  North 
America;  south,  in  winter,  through  "West  Indies,  Middle 
America,  and  greater  part  of  South  America ;  breeding  far 
northward....  205.  N.  hudsonicus  Lath.  Hudsonian  Curlew, 
d'.  Crown  narrowly  streaked  with  dusky,  and  without  lighter  median 
stripe;  breast,  etc.,  with  V-shaped  marks  of  ilusky  ;  inner  webs 
of  quills  entirely  dusky ;  length  12.C0-14.50,  wing  8.00-8.50, 
culmen  2.25-2.50,  tarsus  1.70-1.80,  middle  toe  1.00.  Eggs  2.04 
X  1.43,  palo  olive-greenish,  olive,  or  olive-brownish,  distinctly 
spotted,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  deep  or  dark  brown.  Hab. 
Northern  and  eastern  North  America,  breeding  far  northward ; 
migrating  south,  in  winter,  through  Middle  America  to  southern 
extremity  of  South  America. 

2G6.  N.  borealis  (Fobst.).    Eskimo  Curlew. 
6'.  Eump  plain  white. 

Similar  to  N.  hudsonicus,  but  plumage  in  general  rather  graj'cr,  tho 
rump  white,  and  the  axillars  white,  barred  with  grayish  brown; 
length  about  17.00,  wing  9.30-10.50,  culmen  3.00-3.G0,  tarsus  2.30- 
2.50,  middle  too  1.40.  Eggs  2.39  X  166,  light  olive-brownish  or 
buffy  olivo,  spotted  with  bistre  and  vandyke-brown.  JLib.  Northern 
portions  of  eastern  hemisphere;  occasional  in  Greenland. 

267.  N.  phseopus  (Linn.).    Whimbrel. 
a'.  Feathers  of  thighs  terminated  by  long,  bristle-like  points. 

Upper  tail-coverts  and  tail  ochraceous,  the  latter  crossed  by  regular  narrow 
bands  (»f  dusky  brown;  top  of  head  plain  dark  brown,  divided  medially 
by  a  stripe  of  buff;  axillars  pale  cinnamon  or  pinkish  buft',  widely  barred 
with  dark  brown ;  upper  parts  in  general  sooty  brownish,  coarsely  and 
irregularl}'  varied  with  buffy ;  lower  parts  dull  butfy,  tho  cheeks,  nock, 
and  chest  streaked  with  brown,  tlio  sides  irregularly  barred  with  tho 
same;  length  about  17.25,  wing  9.50-10.40,  culmen  2.70-3.70,  tarsus 
2.00-2.40,  middle  toe  1.35-1.50.  ILib.  Islands  of  Pacific  Ocean  and  coast 
of  Alaska 2GS.  N.  tahitiensis  (Gmel.).    Bristle-thighed  Curlew. 


ed  Curlew. 


600. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


m 
m 


IIIM 

131 


ul  m 


M 

2.2 
2.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4      1.6 

II 

« 6"     

► 

V] 


/2 


"^1 


/. 


/^ 


'W 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


»3  WIST  MAIN  STRriCT 

VVBBSTIR,  N.Y.  14530 

(J-f!)  nT?-4503 


V 


'<^\^ 


^^^ 


^^ 


<> 


6^ 


^<p 


Ml 


172 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Family  CHARADRIID-ffi.— The  Plovers.    (Page  143.) 

Genera. 

(Nest  on  ground  in  meadow  or  near  water,  the  nest  itself  often  a  mere  depres- 
sion in  ground.  Eggs  2-A,  more  or  less  pyriform-ovate,  light  olive  or  buffy,  more 
or  less  spotted  or  speckled  with  brown  or  blackish.) 

rt^  Wing  more  than  8.00 ;  plumage  of  upper  parts  partly  metallic  ;  head  crested. 

Vanellus.     (Page  172.) 
a'.  Wing  less  than  8  00  ;  plumage  without  metallic  tints ;  head  not  crested. 

6'.  Plumage  of  upper  parts  much  speckled  or  spotted ;  lower  parts  uniform 

black  medially  in  summer  dress Charadrius.     (Page  172.) 

6*.  Plumage  of  upper  parts  plain  ;  lower  parts  always  white  medially. 

^gialitis.    (Page  174.) 

Genus  VANELLUS  Brisson.    (Page  172,  pi.  LV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species, 

Stimmer  adult :  Fore-part  and  top  of  head,  chin,  throat,  and  breast,  uniform 
blue-black ;  side  of  head  and  neck  white,  becoming  grayish  on  hind-neck ;  upper 
parts  chiefly  metallic  bottle-green,  bluish  and  coppery  purple,  the  first  predomi- 
nating ;  upper  tail-coverts  rufous ;  basal  half  and  tip  of  tail  white,  the  rest  dull  black ; 
belly,  etc.,  white,  becoming  pale  rufous  on  lower  tail-coverts.  Wi7iter  plumage :  Simi- 
lar to  summer  plumage,  but  anterior  part  of  lores,  together  with  chin  and  throat, 
white,  the  white  of  side  of  neck,  etc.,  tinged  with  buff.  Downy  young :  Top  and  sides 
of  head  and  enti;\)  upper  parts  dull  light  brownish  gi'aj',  mottled  with  black,  the 
shoulders  tinged  with  light  rusty  and  the  rump  with  large  spots  of  deep  black ; 
hind-neck,  chin,  throat,  and  entire  lower  parts  except  chest,  white,  the  first  tinged 
with  light  ash}';  chest  dusky  grajnsh.  Length  about  13.00,  wing  8.50-9.00,  culmen 
1.00,  tarsus  2.00,  middle  toe  1.00-1.10.  Eggs  1.85  X  1-33,  varying  from  dull  light 
grayish  buff  to  deep  olive-buff,  sj^otted  with  bi'ownish  black.  Hah.  Northern  por- 
tions of  eastern  hemisphere;  occasional  in  Greenland;  accidental  in  Alaska  and  on 
Long  Island? 269.  V.  vanellus  (Linn.).    Lapwing. 

Genus  CHARADRIUS  Linnaeus.    (Page  172,  pi.  LIV.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Summer  adults  with  most  of  lower  parts  and  sides  of 
head  (up  to  and  including  loi'es  and  oav-covcrts)  uniform  black  ;  forehead,  sides  of 
crown,  and  sides  of  nock  and  chest,  adjoining  the  black,  plain  white;  upper  parts 
speckled  or  spotted  with  blackish  and  whitish  or  yellowish.  Winter  adults  without 
any  black  on  lower  parts,  which  are  whitish,  the  chest,  sides  of  neck  and  head,  etc., 
streaked  with  brownish  gray ;  the  upper  parts  spotted  with  grayish  and  dusky 
(sometimes  mixed  with  yellowish).  Young  similar  to  winter  adult,  but  above 
speckled  with  yellowish. 


CHARADRIUS. 


173 


a'.  A  very  small  rudimentary  nind  toe ;  axillars  sooty  blackish.   (Subgenus  Squata- 
rola  CcviER.) 

Summer  adult :  Lower  parts,  except  sides  of  chest,  thighs,  anal  region,  and 
lower  tail-coverts  (which  are  white),  and  sides  of  head  up  to  and  in- 
cluding lores  and  ear-coverts,  uniform  black ;  upper  parts  irregularly 
spotted  with  dusky  and  whitish,  except  on  forehead  and  thence  back  to 
sides  of  breast,  which  are  immaculate  white.  Winter  adult :  Black  of 
lower  parts  replaced  by  plain  white,  the  foi*e-neck  and  chest,  however, 
streaked  and  somewhat  spotted  with  dusky ;  upper  parts  with  white 
spotting  replaced  by  grayish.  Young:  Similar  to  winter  adult,  but 
upper  parts  speckled  with  palo  yellowish.  Downy  young:  Above  olive- 
yellowish,  marbled  with  blackish,  the  hind-neck  white ;  a  blackish  line 
along  sides  of  crown,  another  from  bill  to  eye  (across  lores),  and  a  less 
distinct,  somewhat  curved,  streak  beneath  eye ;  lower  parts  white. 
Length  10.50-12.00,  wing  7.50,  culmen  1.10,  tarsus  1.95,  middle  toe  1.15. 
£!ggs  2.04  X  1-43,  light  huffy  olive,  spotted  and  speckled  with  dark  brown 
and  brownish  black,  or  deep  black.  Hab.  Northern  portions  of  northern 
hemisphere,  breeding  far  northward  ;  nearly  cosmopolitan  during  migra- 
tions   270.  C.  squatarola  Linn.    Black-bellied  Plover. 

a".  No  hind  toe ;  axillars  grayish  or  white.    (Subgenus  Charadrius.) 
6*.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  white. 

Summer  adult :  Above  dusky,  speckled  with  bright  ochre-yellow ;  sides 
of  head  (up  to  and  including  lores  and  auriculars),  chin,  throat,  and 
lower  parts,  uniform  dull  black,  or  dusky,  that  of  the  head  and  neck 
bordered  behind  by  a  broad  pure  white  stripe,  extending  from  fore- 
head to  sides  of  chest.  Winter  adult :  No  black  on  lower  parts, 
which  are  white  on  throat  and  belly,  elsewhere  light  brownish 
gray,  sti'eaked  on  chest,  etc.,  with  darker ;  upper  parts  less  marked 
■with  yellow  than  in  summer  (?).  Young  :  Similar  to  winter  adult, 
but  upper  parts  strongly  marked  and  conspicuously  speckled  with 
yellowish,  the  chest,  etc.,  strongly  suffused  with  the  same.  Downy 
young :  Bright  "golden,"  varied  with  black  on  the  head  and  back, 
the  hind-part  of  the  head  bright  yellow  j  a  spot  under  the  eye  and 
under  sui'face  of  the  body  pure  white.  Length  about  10.50,  wing 
6.80-7.20.  culmen  .85-90,  tarsus  1.50-1.65,  middle  toe  .95-1.00.  Eggs 
2.07  X  1-40,  dull  light  grayish  buff,  olive-buff,  or  brownish  buff, 
spotted  with  brownish  black.  Hab.  Northern  Europe  in  summer, 
south  into  Africa  in  winter;  breeding  also  in  eastern  Greenland. 

271.  C.  apricarius  Linn.    Golden  Plover. 

6*.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  smoky  gray.     (Otherwise,  in  all  stages, 

much  like  C.  apricarius.) 

<?'.  With  longer  wings,  relatively  shorter  tarsi  and  toes,  and  less  golden 

coloration,  especially  in   immature  and  winter  plumages;   length 

9.50-10.80,  wing  6.80-7.40  (7.09),  culmen  .80-1.00  (.92),  tarsus  1.65- 

1.82  (1.70),  middle  toe  .80-1.06  (.90).    Eggs  1.90  X  1-30,  pale  buffy 


iilHIl 


174  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

brown,  light  dull  buffy,  pale  grayish  buff,  or  olive -buff,  spotted, 
chiefly  round  larger  end,  with  black,  the  larger  of  these  spots  often 
confluent.  Hab.  Breeding  in  Arctic  America,  east  of  coast  of 
Bering's  Sea  and  Straits,  migrating  south,  in  winter,  throughout 
nearly  the  whole  of  America  (except  Pacific  coast?),  as  far  aa 
Patagonia...  272.  C.  dominicus  MtJLL.  American  Oolden  Plover, 
c*.  With  shorter  wings,  relatively  longer  tarsi  and  toes,  and  decidedly 
more  golden  coloration,  especially  in  immature  and  winter  plu- 
mages; length  7.80-10.00,  wing  6.10-6.80  (6.40),  culmen  .85-1.00 
(.92),  tarsus  1.55-1.85  (1.72),  middle  toe  .85-.95  (.90).  Eggs  2.02  X 
1.30,  similar  in  coloration  to  those  of  C.  dominicus.  Hab.  Breeding 
in  northern  Asia,  and  Alaskan  coasts  of  Bering's  Soa  and  Straits ;  in 
winter,  south  through  India,  China,  etc.,  to  Australia  and  Polynesia. 
272a.  C.  dominicus  fulvus  (Gmel.).    Pacific  Oolden  Plover. 

Genus  /EGIALITIS  Boie.     (Page  172,  pi.  LII.,  figs.  3-5;  pi.  LIII.,  figs.  1-3.) 

Species. 

a}.  Tail  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  wing,  extending  half  its  length,  or  more,  bej'ond 
tips  of  closed  wings;  graduated  for  more  than  length  of  inner  toe,  Avithout 
claw;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  ochraceous;  chest  crossed  by  two  black 
bands.     (Subgenus  Oxyechus  Eeichenbach.) 

Adult :  Upper  parts  generally,  except  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts,  grayish 
brown  ;  forehead,  stripe  over  ear-coverts,  chin,  throat,  collar  round  hind- 
neck,  and  lower  parts,  white ;  fore-part  of  crown,  stripe  aci'oss  lores, 
collar  completely  encircling  lower  part  of  neck,  and  broad  band  across 
breast,  black ;  tail  chiefly  pale  ochi'aceous,  varied  with  white,  dusky, 
and  grayish;  bill  black;  eyelids  bright  oi-ange-red  in  life.  Young: 
Similar  to  adult,  but  feathers  of  tipper  parts  more  or  less  distinctly  mar- 
gined with  pale  rusty  or  ochraceous.  Downy  young :  Top  of  head  and 
upper  parts  generally  grayish  brown,  the  two  areas  encircled  with  black, 
and  separated  by  a  white  collar  across  nape ;  lower  parts  white,  inter- 
rupted by  a  black  collar  completely  encii-cling  the  lower  neck,  and 
forming  a  broad  band  across  t'liew^23cj;t«rrg>^v'  line  of  black  across  lores; 
sides  and  flanks  light  brownish  buff;  a  broad  bar  of  black  along  humeral 
region,  and  a  narrow  stripe  of  same  along  middle  of  rump ;  hand-wing, 
and  hinder  edge  of  arm-wing,  white.  Length  10.00-11,25,  wing  6.20-6.75, 
tail  3.60-4.10,  culmen  .70-.90,  tarsus  1.40-1.55.  Eggs  1.47x1-04,  pale 
dull  buffy,  thickly  speckled  and  irregularly  spotted  with  black.  Hab. 
Whole  of  temperate  North  America,  migrating  in  winter  to  West  Indies, 
Middle  America,  and  northern  South  America;  Bermudas. 

273.  A.  vocifera  (Linn.).    Killdeer. 

a'.  Tail  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  reaching  but  little  if  any  beyond  tips  of  the 

latter  when  folded ;  even,  or  graduated  for  much  less  than  length  of  middle 

too,  without  claw ;  rump  concolor  with  the  back ;  chest  crossed  by  only  one 

band  (black,  grayish,  or  rufous),  or  none  at  all. 


^GIALITIS. 


175 


b\  Culmen  equal  to  middle  toe,  with  claw.    (Subgenus  Ochthodromus  Eeichen- 

BACH.) 

Adult  male:    Forehead,  superciliary  stripe,  and  lower  parts  white; 

upper  parts  brownish  gray ;  fore-part  of  crown,  streak  across  lores 

(sometimes  wanting),  and  band  across  chest,  black.     Adult  female  : 

Similar  to  the  male,  but  black  replaced  by  brownish  gray,  usually 

moi'e  or  less  tinged  with  ochraceous  or  light  rust3^     Young  :  Similar 

to  adult  female,  but  feathers  of  upper  parts  margined  terminally 

with  paler.     Downy  young :  Crown  and  occiput  light  grayish  buft", 

irregularly  marbled  with  black ;  back  and  rump  similar  but  more 

grayish,  the  mottling  coarser  and  less  distinct ;  arm-wing  light  buflf, 

mottled  with  dusky;    hand-wing  entirely  pure   white;    forehead, 

superciliary  region,  sides  of  head,  collar  round  hind-neck,  and  lower 

parts  white;  a  post-ocular  black  streak.     Length  about  7.50-7.90, 

wing  4.50,  culmen  .80,  tarsus  1.25,  middle  toe  .75. 

c'.  Nape  and  sides  of  occiput  only  slightly  tinged  with  ochraceous. 

Female  with  lores  chiefly  or  entirely  white,  and  band  across  chest 

usually  grayish,  tinged  more  or  less  with  ochraceous.     Eggs  1.38 

X  1-02,  dull  light  huffy,  very  irregularly  speckled  and  zigzagged 

with  black  or  dark  brown  and  purplish  gray.     Ilab.  Atlantic  and 

Gulf  coasts,  noi'th  to  Long  Island  (casually  to  Nova  Scotia); 

both  coasts  of  Mexico,  north  to  Cape  St.  Lucas  in  winter. 

280.  A.  wilsonia  (Ord).    Wilson's  Plover. 

c*.  Nape  and  sides  of  occiput  very  deeply  suffused  with  ochraceous 

or  rusty.    Female  with  lores  chiefly  or  wholly  brownish  gray,  and 

band  across  chest  usually  ochraceous  or  light  rusty.     Ifab.  West 

Indies  and  northern  Atlantic  coast  of  South  America,  to  Bahia. 

A.  wilsonia  rufinucha  Ridqw.    Rufous-naped  Plover.* 
f.  Culmen  much  shorter  than  middle  loe,  with  claw. 

c*.  Tarsus  twice  as  long  as  bill,  measured  from  anterior  point  of  loral 
feathering;  no  band  across  chest,  {fiuhgcnua  Podasocys  Coves.) 
Summer  adult  (sexes  alike) :  Upper  parts  light  grayish  brown, 
sometimes  tinged  with  buff  or  ochraceous ;  lower  parts  dull 
white,  more  or  less  shaded  with  pale  buffy  grayish  across 
chest  (more  or  loss  suffused  with  buff  or  ochraceous  in  spring)  ; 
forehead  and  superciliary  stripe  purer  white ;  fore-part  of 
crown,  and  streak  across  lores,  black.  Winter  plumage :  Similar 
to  summer  dress,  but  black  markings  of  head  wanting,  and 
plumage  more  strongly  .tinged  Avith  buff.  Young :  Similar  to 
winter  plumage,  but  whole  side  of  head  and  neck,  and  cb  t, 
deep  creamy  buff,  and  all  the  feathers  of  upper  parts  distinctly 
bordered  with  light  buff.    Downy  young  :  Above  brownish  buft', 


•  jEg!aUt\»  mhoniuit  var.  vufiituvhin  Rinr.w.,  Am.  Nat.  viil.  Feb.  1874,  109. 
Spix,  a  v.  Bros.  il.  I82ft,  77,  pi.  94.    {Cf.  Pel*.,  Orn.  Bras.  1870,  297.) 


?  Charadriut  eraiiiroitriii 


I  ,1  j.ai-iBw^we^niBi 


Ifi. 


176 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

mottled  with  black,  this  forming  a  distinct  marbling  on  crown 
and  occiput,  where  the  ground-color  is  lighter  and  clearer  buff; 
lower  parts  immaculate  pale  buif.  Length  8.00-9.10,  wing 
6.00,  culmen  .80-.90,  tarsus  1.50-1.60,  middle  toe  .70.  Eggs  1.47 
X  I'll,  varying  from  light  olive  to  deep  cream-color,  rather 
sparsely  and  irregularly  speckled  and  lined  with  dark  brown, 
black,  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Western  North  America,  east 
to  the  Great  Plains ;  accidental  in  Florida. 

281.  /E.  montana  (Towns.).    Mountain  Plover. 
Tarsus  less  than  twice  as  long  as  bill,  measured  from  anterior  point  of 
loral  feathering ;  chest  with  a  black,  grayish,  or  rusty  band,  some- 
times interrupted   in  the   middle  portion.      (Subgenus  jEgialitis 
BoiE.) 
d^.  Nape  crossed  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  white  collar. 

e^.  Bill  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  toe,  very  stout  (except  in 
jE.  dubid),  its  basal  half  light-colored  (orange  or  yellow  in 
life),  except  in  jE.  dubia. 
p.  A  distinct  web  between  base  of  inner  and  middle  toes. 

Above  grayish  brown;  foi'ehead,  ring  round  hind- 
neck,  and  lower  parts  white.  Summer  adult: 
Lores,  fore-part  of  crown,  and  broad  band  across 
chest  black  (usually  duller  in  female).  Winter 
plumage :  Similar  to  summer  dress,  but  black 
markings  replaced  by  grayish  brown.  Young : 
Similar  to  winter  plumage,  but  feathers  of  upper 
parts  margined  terminally  with  light  buff.  Downy 
young:  Above  pale  grayish  brown,  mottled  with 
black ;  frontal  crescent,  collar  round  hind-neck, 
and  entire  lower  parts  white.  Length  6.50-7.50, 
wing  4.65-5.00,  culmen  .48-.55,  tarsus  .95-1.05. 
Eggs  1.26  X  -94,  pale  dull  buffy  or  olive-buff, 
speckled  or  irregularly  spotted,  chiefly  on  or 
around  larger  end,  with  dark  brown  or  blaclc. 
Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  breeding  far  north- 
ward ;  south,  in  winter,  throughout  West  Indies, 
Middle  America,  and  northern  South  America,  to 
Brazil,  Peru,  and  Galapagos...  274.  JE..  semipal- 
mata  Bonap.  Semipalmated  Plover. 
/'.  No  web  between  base  of  inner  and  middle  toes. 

gf*.  Upper  parts  deep  grayish  brown,  as  in  jE.  semipal- 

mata. 

h}.  Bill  stout,  the  basal  half  light-colored  (yellow  or 

orange  in  life) ;  no  whitish  bar  behind  black 

patch  on  fore-part  of  crown.     (Plumage  very 

similar,  at  all  stages,  to  that  of  uE.  semipal- 


JEOIALITIS. 


177 


merica,  to 


mata,  but  adult  with  black  or  grayish  brown 
band  across  chest  much  broader.)  Downy 
young :  "  Forehead  white ;  crown  grayish 
brown,  mottled  with  light  stone-gray;  from 
the  base  of  the  bill  around  the  nape  a  black 
band  passes,  and  is  broadest  on  the  nape ;  a 
broad  collar  round  the  neck  and  the  under- 
parts  pure  white  ;  back  and  upper  parts  gen- 
erally grayish  stone-brown,  finely  mottled 
with  dirty  white  and  blackish  brown." 
(Dresser.)  Length  about  7.50,  wing  about 
5.00,  culmen  .50-55,  tarsus  1.00,  middle  toe 
.60-.65.  Eggs  1.40  X  1-00,  similar  in  colora- 
tion to  those  of  ^.  semipalmata.  Hab. 
Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere, 
and  eastern  portions  of  Arctic  America. 
275.  JE,.  hiaticula  (Linn.).  Eing  Plover. 
h?.  Bill  slender,  entirely  black;  a  whitish  bar  im- 
mediately behind  black  patch  on  fore-part  of 
crown.  (Otherwise  much  like  jiE.  hiaticula, 
but  much  smaller.)  Length  about  6.00,  wing 
4.35-4.70,  culmen  .50-.52,  tarsus  1.00-1.05, 
middle  toe  .55-.60.  Hab.  Northern  portions 
of  eastern  hemisphere,  including  western 
Africa;    accidental    in     California    (?)    and 

Alaska  (?) 276.  ^.  dubia  (Scop.). 

Little  Ring  Plover. 
g*.  Upper  parts  pale  brownish  gray. 

Summer  adult:    Forehead,  lores,  collar  round 
hind-neck,  and  lower  parts  pure  white;  patch 
on  forepart  of  crown,  and  one  across  each 
side  of  chest  (the  two  sometimes  connected 
on  middle  of  chest),  black  (duller  or  more 
grayish  in  female).     Winter  plumage  :  Similar 
to  summer  adult,  but  black  or  dusky  replaced 
by  light  brownish  gray.     Young  :  Similar  to 
winter  plumage,  but  feathers  of  upper  parts 
distinctlj'  bordered  terminally  with  pale  buff 
or  whitish.    Length  6.26-7.50,  wing  4.50-4.80, 
culmen  .45-.50,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .20-.22, 
tarsus  .85-1.00,  middle  toe  .55. 
h}.  Black  patches  on  sides  of  chest  wholly  sepa- 
rated or  very  imperfectly  connected.  Eggs 
1.27  X  -96,  pale  buffy  rather  sparingly 
speckled  with  black  and  purplish  gray. 

23 


178 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Hah.  Chiefly  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the 
United  States,  north  to  southern  Labra- 
dor ;  West  Indies  in  winter. 
277.  JE,.  meloda  (Ord).    Piping  Plover. 
A*.  Black  patches  on  sides  of  chest  more  or  lees 
completely   coalesced.     Eggs   1.27  X  -93, 
colored  as  in  JE.  meloda.    Hah.  Mississippi 
Valley,  and  north  to  Lake  Winnipeg. 
277a.  JE,.  meloda  circumcincta  Bidqw. 
Belted  Piping  Plover, 
c*.  Bill  much  longer  than  middle  toe  (without  claw),  very  slender, 
wholly  black. 
Summer  adult:  Above  light  brownish  gray,  the  crown 
and  occiput  often  varying  to  light  buff;   forehead, 
superciliary    region,    lores,    and    lower    parts    pure 
white ;  patch  on  forepart  of  crown,  ear-coverts,  and 
transverse  patch  on  each  side  of  chest  black,  usually 
much  duller,  or  dusky  grayish,  in   female.     Winter 
plumage :  Similar  to  summer  dress,  but  black  mark- 
ings replaced  by  brownish  gray.     Young :  Similar  to 
winter  plumage,  but  feathers  of  upper  parts  distinctly 
bordered   terminally  with  whitish.      Downy  young  : 
Above  pale  grayish  buff,  interrupted  by  a  white  collar 
across  hind-neck,  the  whole  colored  portion  mottled 
with  black;    forehead,   hand-wing,  iind  loAvor  parts 
white ;  a  dusky  streak  behind  eye.    Length  6.25-7.00, 
wing    4.20-4.30,   culmen    about  .60,  tarsus   .90-1.05, 
middle  toe  .55-.60.    Eggs  1.21  X  -87,  pale  dull  buflfy, 
speckled  with  dark  brown  and  black.    Hah.  Western 
North  America,  south  to  Mexico,  and,  in  winter,  to 
Chili ;  western  Cuba  ? 

278.  JE.  nivosa  Cass.    Snowy  Plover. 
cP.  Hind-neck  without  trace  of  white  or  dusky  collai*. 

e*.  Bill  very  slender,  the  culmen  equal  to  or  longer  than  middle 
toe  (without  claw). 
Above  grayish  brown,  the  feathers  with  paler  margins, 
more  or  less  tinged  with  rufous,  especially  on  crown, 
ear-coverts,  and  sides  of  neck ;  forehead,  cheeks,  and 
lower  parts  pure  white,  interrupted  by  a  black  band 
across  chest ;  anterior  half  of  crown  and  a  distinct 
loral  stripe  black.  Young :  Black  of  crown  and  lores 
absent  or  barely  indicated,  and  black  chest-band  nar- 
rower or  oven  interrupted  in  middle  portion.  Wing 
3.70-4.15,  culmen  .60,  depth  of  bill  through  base 
.15-.17,  tarsus   1.00-1.10,  middle  toe  .50-.55.      Hab. 


ill!: 


APHRIZIDJE. 


179 


Tropical  America  in  general   (except  West  Indies) 
north  to  southern  Mexico. 

JE.  coUaris  (Vieill.).    Azara's  Ring  Plover.' 
e*.  Bill  stout,  the    culmen    decidedly  shorter  than  middle  toe 
(without  claw). 

Summer  adult:  Above  grayish  brown,  beneath  white; 
hind-neck  and  broad  band  across  chest  clear  cinnamon- 
rufous  ;  lores,  orbital  region,  and  ear-coverts  black,  the 
foraier  bordered  above  by  a  white  line,  sometimes 
meeting  on  forehead.  (^Female  usually  with  rufous 
paler  and  less  abruptly  defined  than  in  the  male,  and 
black  markings  of  head  less  distinct.)  Winter  plumage : 
Somewhat  similar  to  summer  dress,  but  rufous  entirely 
absent,  the  chest  crossed  by  an  indistinct  grayish 
brown  navrow  band,  becoming  broader  and  deeper  in 
color  laterally ;  black  of  ear-coverts,  loral  streak,  etc., 
replaced  by  dull  grayish  brown ;  forehead  white. 
Young :  Much  like  winter  dress,  but  plumage  more 
or  less  suffused  with  buff,  and  feathers  of  upper  parts 
distinctly  bordered  with  buff  or  dull  ochraceous. 
Length  6.25-7.00,  wing  about  5.15-5.40,  culmen  .62, 
tarsus  1.15,  middle  toe  .73.  Eggs  1.43  X  1-05,  pale  dull 
olive,  varying  to  huffy  olive,  rather  sparsely  and 
irregularly  speckled  with  dark  brown  and  black. 
Hab.  Northern  Asia,  south  in  winter  to  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, Philippines,  Australia,  etc.;  accidental  on 
Choris  Peninsula,  Alaska. 

279.  JE.  mongola  (Pall.).    Mongolian  Plover. 


Family  APHRIZID/B. — ^The  Surf  Birds  and  Turnstones. 

(Page  143.) 

Genera. 

a'.  Tarsus  decidedly  longer  than  culmen;  tail  emarginate;  terminal  portion  of 
bill  somewhat  swollen,  with  the  upper  outline  decidedly  convex  (as  in  the 
Plovers,  Charadriidce) Aphriza.    (Page  180.) 

a*.  Tarsus  not  longer  than  culmen ;  tail  slightly  rounded ;  terminal  half  of  bill  com- 
pressed and  pointed,  with  the  upper  outline  straight,  or  sometimes  even 
slightly  concave Arenaria.    (Page  180.) 


i  Charadriu*  collarii  V»iu.,  Eno.  M£th.  ii.  1823,  334.    JEgialUit  eoUarit  ScL.  <fc  Salt.,  P.  Z.  S.  1869, 


S&3. 


180 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  APHRIZA  Audubon.    (Page  179,  pi.  LV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Summer  adult:  Head,  neck,  back,  and  scapulrrs  spotted  and  sti'eaked  with 
dusky  and  whitish,  the  scapulars  with  a  few  large,  irregular  spots  of  rufous ; 
upper  tail-coverts,  basal  half  of  tail,  a  broad  band  across  ends  of  greater  wing- 
coverts,  tip  of  tail,  and  lower  parts  from  breast  backward,  white,  the  sides  and 
under  tail-coverts  spotted  with  duskj'.  Winter  adult:  Head,  neck,  breast,  and 
most  of  upper  parts  plain  dusky,  or  brownish  slate ;  white  areas  as  in  summer. 
Young  :  Upper  parts  (except  upper  tail-coverts,  etc.)  brownish  gray,  the  feathers 
narrowly  bordered  with  whitish  ;  throat,  fore-neck,  and  breast  white,  streaked  with 
dusky  grayish ;  lower  parts  and  upper  tail-coverts  white.  Length  about  10.00, 
wing  7.00,  culraen  .95-1.00,  tarsus  1.20-1.25,  middle  toe  .90-.95.  Hab.  Pacific 
coast  of  America,  from  Alaska  to  Chili ;  Sandwich  Islands  ? 

282.  A.  virgata  (Gmel.).    Surf  Bird. 

Genus  ARENARIA  Brisson.    (Page  179,  pi.  LV.,  fig.  3.) 

(Nest  on  or  near  sea-beach,  consisting  of  little  more  than  a  mere  depression  in 
sand,  gravel,  or  shingle.  Eggs  2-4,  more  or  less  pyriform-ovate,  light  olive,  speckled 
with  brownish.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Lower  parts  (except  chest),  upper  part  of  rump,  upper 
tail-coverts,  and  greater  wing-coverts,  white ;  rest  of  plumage  chiefly  dusky,  the 
upper  parts  sometimes  varied  with  white  and  rufous. 

a*.  Throat  white.  Adult :  Upper  parts  varied,  more  or  less,  with  rufous ;  head 
mostly  white ;  chest  uniform  deep  black.  Young :  Upper  parts  without 
rufous,  but  the  feathers  with  ochraceous  or  buffy  margins;  head  mostly 
dusky;  chest  mottled  dusky.  Downy  young  (about  three  days  old,  fide 
Collett) :  "Blackish  gray,  slightly  washed  with  yellowish,  and  here  and  there 
tipped  with  black  ;  along  the  crown  is  a  narrow  black  band  reaching  to  the 
forehead,  though  not  quite  to  the  base  of  the  bill ;  a  similar  stripe  extends 
from  the  base  of  the  upper  mandible  to  the  eye;  and  there  is  a  black  spot  at 
the  gape;  sides  of  the  throat  gray ;  belly  white ;  wing  and  scapulars  coloi'ed 
like  the  back."  (Dresser.)  Length  9.00-9.90,  wing  6.00,  culmen  .80-.90, 
tarsus  1.00.  Eggs  1.58  X  113,  light  grayish  olive,  thickly  sprinkled  and 
speckled  with  vandyke-brown.  Hnh.  Entirely  cosmopolitan,  but  chiefly 
along  sea-coasts 283.  A.  interpres  (Linn.).    Turnstone. 

a*.  Throat  dusky.  Summer  adult :  Upper  parts  uniform  bronzy  brownish  black ; 
head,  neck,  and  chest  similar,  with  white  streaks  on  forehead  and  chest,  and 
a  large  white  spot  on  lores.  Winter  plumage  :  Similar  to  summer  adult,  but 
head,  neck,  and  chest  uniform  brownish  dusky.     Young :  Similar  to  winter 


Pliiiii:: 


HJEMATOPUS. 


181 


plumage,  but  head,  etc.,  more  grayish,  and  feathers  of  upper  parts  margined 
terminally  with  pale  buffy  or  whitish.  Length  about  9.00,  wing  5.80-6.10, 
culmeu  .83-1.00,  tarsus  1.00-1.10.  Eggs  1.62  X  112,  similar  in  coloration  to 
those  of  A.  interpres.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  north  to  Aleu- 
tian  Islands,  south  to  Monterey,  California ;  accidental  in  India. 

284.  A.  melanocephala  (Yia.).    Black  Tarnstone. 


Family  HiEMATOPODID^.— -The  Oyster-catchers.    (Pago  143.) 

Genera. 

(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family)..  Hsematopus.     (Pago  181.) 

Genus  HZEMATOPUS  Linnaeus.    (Page  181,  pi.  LI.,  fig.  2.) 

(^Nest  on  or  near  sea-beach,  consisting  of  a  mere  depression  in  sand,  gravel,  or 
shingle.  Eggs  2-A,  ovate,  light  olive  or  olive-buffy,  speckled  or  spotted  with  dark 
brown,  blackish,  and  purplish  gray.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Bill  bright  red  in  the  adult  (drying  to  dull  reddish  or 
j'ollowish) ;  head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  blackish  (plumage  entirely  blackish  in 
some  species). 

a}.  Plumage  parti-colored  or  pied  (white  beneath). 

b^.  Entire  rump  and  lower  back  white. 

Adult :  Head,  neck,  chest,  and  upper  parts  blackish ;  lower  back, 
rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  base  of  tail,  greater  wing-coverts,  and 
lower  parts  white.  Adult  in  winter:  "Differs  from  summer  plu- 
mage in  having  a  white  patch  on  throat,  and  the  white  spot  under 
the  eye  is  rather  larger."  (Dresser.)  Young :  Similar,  but  black 
portions  more  brown,  the  feathers  of  back  and  wings  with  rusty 
borders,  bill  more  brownish,  etc.  Downy  young :  "  Head,  neck,  and 
upper  parts  generally  sooty  grayish,  the  down  tipped  with  rusty 
buff,  and  variegated,  especially  on  the  crown  and  back,  with  black ; 
under-parts  below  throat  black."  (Dresser.)  Length  about  16.00, 
wing  about  10.25,  culmen  3.10,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .55,  tarsus  2.00, 
middle  toe  1.40.  Eggs  2.23  X  l-S"*,  deep  dull  buff,  sharply  spotted 
(sometimes  lined  a)so)  with  vandyke-brown,  brownish  black,  and 
purplish  gray.  Hab.  Sea-coasts  of  Europe,  and  of  parts  of  Asia 
and  Africa ;  occasional  in  Greenland. 

285.  H.  ostralegus  Linn.    Oyster>oatoher. 

6'.  Entire  rump  and  lower  back  dusky. 

c'.  Breast  white,  like  belly,  etc. ;  bill  very  stout,  its  greatest  depth  forward 
of  nostril  exceeding  .46  of  an  inch ;  middle  toe,  with  claw,  more 
than  1.75. 


182 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


d}.  Back,  scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  (except  greater)  grayish  brown, 
or  brownish  slate ;  upper  tail-coverts  entirely  wh:"te  in  adult ; 
under  primary  coverts  almost  wholly  white.  Adult:.  Head 
and  neck  plumbeous-black ;  bill  bright  red  (in  life).  Young  : 
Head  and  neck  dull  blackish,  the  top  of  the  former  speckled 
with  pale  brown ;  feathers  of  upper  parts  bordered  with  dull 
buff;  bill  brownish.  Downy  young :  Head  and  neck  dull  light 
grayish,  finely  mottled  with  darker,  and  with  a  narrow  line  of 
black  behind  eye  ;  rest  of  upper  parts  light  fulvous-gray,  finely 
mottled  with  darker,  and  relieved  by  two  narrow  stripes  of 
black  along  the  back ;  lower  parts  white.  Length  17.00-21.00, 
wing  9.80-10.25,  culmen  2.85-3.50,  greatest  depth  of  bill  for- 
ward of  nostril  .48-.55,  tarsus  2.05-2.55,  middle  toe  (without 
claw)  1.20-1.55.  Eggs  2-3,  2.21  X  1-58,  light  dull  creamy  buff, 
spotted  with  black,  dark  brown,  and  purplish  gray.  Jfab. 
Coasts  of  America,  from  Nova  Scotia  and  southern  California 
to  southern  Brazil  and  Chili. 

286.  H.  palliatus  Temm.  American  Oyster-catcher. 
d'.  Back,  scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  sooty  black ;  shorter  upper 
tail-coverts  entirely  black,  the  longer  ones  varied  with  black  at 
ends  ;  under  primary  coverts  chiefly  black ;  wing  10.00,  culmen 
3.12-3.42,  greatest  depth  of  bill  forward  of  nostril  .50,  tarsus 
2.12-2.20,  middle  toe,  without  claw,  1.65.  Sab.  Galapagos 
Islands. 

H.  galapagensis  Hidow.    Galapagos  Oyster-catcher.^ 

c'.  Breast  uniform  black ;  bill  very  slender,  its  greatest  depth  forward  of 

nostril  not  exceeding  .40  of  an  inch ;  middle  toe,  with  claw,  much 

less  than  1.75. 

Adult :  Back,  scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  (except  greater)  sooty 

black,  with   faint  greenish   gloss;   upper  -tail-coverts  (except 

shorter  median  ones),  entirely  white;   nearly  all  the  under 

wing-coverts  uniform  black;   wing   10.00-10.60,  culmen  3.00- 

3.05,  greatest  depth  of  bill  forward  of  nostril  .38-.40,  tarsus 

1.75-1.95,  middle  toe  1.20-1.30.    Hab.  Tierra  del  Fuego. 

H.  leucopodus  l    ''.not.    White-footed  Oyster-catcher.' 
a'.  Plumage  entirely  blackish. 

Adult :  Uniform  brownish  black,  or  dark  sooty  brown,  the  head  and  neck 
plumbeous-black.  Young :  General  color  more  brownish,  many  of  the 
feathers  (especirlly  wing-coverts  and  scapulars)  having  paler  (dull  buff 
or  rusty)  tips. 
bK  Length  17.00-17.50,  wing  9.60-10.75,  culmen  2.50-2.95,  greatest  depth  of  bill 
forward  of  nostril  .45-.52,  tarsus  1.85-2.25,  middle  toe  1.30-1.65.  Eggs 
2.18  X  1-52,  light  olive-buff  or  huffy  olive,  speckled  or  sparsely  spotted 

^  ffsematopui  galapngensis  RiDOW.,  Auk,  iii.  July,  1886,  331. 

^  H«matoput  leucopodus  Oarnot,  Ann.  des  So.  Nat.  vii.,  1826,  47. 


JACANA. 


183 


with  brownish  black  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  North 
America,  from  Lower  California  north  to  the  Aleutian  Islands  and 
across  to  the  Kurils....  287.  H.  bachmani  Aud.  Black  Oyater-catcher. 
Length  18.00-20.00,  wing  10.25-10.80,  culraen  2.82-3.00,  greatest  depth  of 
bill  anterior  to  nostril  .60,  tarsus  2.10-2.20,  middle  toe  1.70-1.75.  Mab. 
Coast  of  Chili. 

H.  ater  Yisill.    Chilian  Black  Oyster-catcher. ^ 


Family  JACANID.^. — The  Jacanas.    (Page  143.) 

Geriera. 

(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Jacana.     (Page  183.) 

Genus  JACANA  Brisson.     (Page  183,  pi.  LVI.,  fig.  6.) 

Specirr,. 

Adult:  Head,  neck,  chest,  and  upper  baclv  uniform  greenish  black;  quil'p  and 
secondaries  pale  yellowish  green,  bordered  at  tips  with  dusky ;  rest  of  plumage 
uniform  rich  purplish  chestnut.  Your  '  Top  of  he-^a  grayish  brown,  boi'dered 
aloro^  each  side  by  a  broad  superciliary  stripe  of  buffy  white ;  a  dusky  streak  be- 
ii-i...  eye  extending  to  hind-neck,  which  is  ai  .«■  dusky  or  dull  brownish  ;  rest  of 
head  and  neck,  with  whole  }3wer  part3,  except  sides,  buffy  white;  upper  parts 
grayish  brown,  the  feathers  more  or  lesa  distinctly  tipped  with  rusty  buff  (obsolete 
in  older  specimens),  the  quills  pale  greenish,  as  in  adult.  Length  about  8.50,  wing 
4.50-5.40,  culmen  1.15-1.40,  tarsus  1.90-2.35,  middle  toe  1.85-2.:i5.  Eggs  1.22  X  -94, 
olive-tawny  or  tawny  olive,  marked  all  over  with  confused  "  pen-lines"  of  black,  and 
occasional  "  blots"  of  same.  Hab.  Whole  of  Middle  America,  from  northern  Mexico 
(including  the  lower  Eio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas)  to  Panama ;  Cuba ;  Haiti. 

288.  J.  gymnostoma  (Wagl.).    Uezioan  Jacana. 


1  Hxmatopus  ater  Vieill.,  Qal.  Ois.  ii.  1825,  88,  pi.  220. 


184 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


yiliiiiik..;. 


Order  GALLINiS. — The  Gallinaceous  Birds. 

(Page  2.) 

Families. 

a}.  Hind-toe  small,  short  (much  less  than  half  as  long  as  lateral  toes),  and  inserted 
above  the  level  of  the  anterior  toes.     (Suborder  Phasiani.) 
b^.  Tarsi  without  spurs ;  head  entirely  feathered  (except  sometimes  over  eyes), 

and  tail  not  vaulted Tetraonidae.    (Page  184.) 

b\  Tarsi  with  spurs ;  head  naked,  or  else  tail  long  and  vaulted. 

Phasianidse.    (Page  205.) 

a*.  Hind-toe  well  developed,  lengthened  (decidedly  more  than  half  as  long  as  the 

lateral  toes),  and  inserted  on  a  level  with  the  anterior  toes.    (Suborder 

Penelopes.) Cracidse.    (Page  207.) 


Family  TETRAONID.^.— The  Grouse,  Partridges,  and  Quails. 

Genera.  (^"8°  "''■> 

a}.  Tarsi  and  nasal  fossse  entirely  naked;  sides  of  toes  not  pectinated;   smaller 

(wing  less  than  6.00).    (Subfamily  Perdicince.) 

6'.  Cutting-edge  of  lower  mandible  without  serrations;  upper  part  of  tarsus 

feathered  below  the  joint ;  first  quill  longer  than  seventh. 

c\  Tail  very  short,  composed  of  12  soft  feathers  entirely  concealed  by  the 

coverts ;   first  quill  longest,  or  at  least  longer  than  third ;   small 

(wing  not  over  4.50) Coturnix.     (Page  186.) 

c*.  Tail  more  than  one-third  as  long  as  wing,  extending  considerably  be- 
yond coverts,  and  composed  of  18  firm,  broad  feathers ;  first  quill 
shorter  than  sixth ;  rather  large  (wing  over  6.00).  Perdix.^ 

f.  Cutting-edge  of  lower  mandible,  toward  end,  more  or  less  serrated ;  upper 
part  of  tarsus  not  feathered  below  joint ;  first  quill  shorter  than  seventh, 
c*.  Tail  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  wing,  the  feathers  normal,  and  very 
distinct  from  the  coverts;    claws  normal,  the  middle  one  much 
shorter  than  exposed  culmen. 
d}.  Tail  about  as  long  as  the  wing ;  very  largo  (wing  more  than  5.60, 
tarsus  about  2.00);  plumage  very  plain, -the  head  without  a 

distinct  ci'est Dendrortyx.* 

d*.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  Aving;  medium  to  veiy  small  (wing 
not  more  than  5.50,  tarsus  much  less  than  2.00) ;  plumage 
much  varied,  the  head  more  or  less  conspicuously  crested. 

>  Perdix  Briss.,  Orn.  i.  1760,  219.    Type,  Tetrao  perdix  LiKK. 

This  genus  inoludoB  the  Partridge  of  Europe  {P.  perdije),  a  handsome  game  bird,  about  as  much  larger 
than  the  American  "  Bob  Whites"  ns  the  Intter  are  larger  than  the  Quail  of  Europe  {Coturnix  coturnix). 
*  Dendrortj/x  OOULO,  Mon.  Odont.  1850,  20.    Type,  Ortyx  macroura  JiRD.  &  Sklby. 


TETRAONID^. 


185 


e^.  Tail  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing;  bill  small  and 
weak,  its  depth  at  base  less  than  length  of  middle  claw. 

Callipepla.    (Page  191.) 

e".  Tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing;    bill  stouter,  its 

depth   at  base  decidedly  greater  than  length  of  middle 

claw. 

/'.  Head  with  a  conspicuous  crest  of  long  narrow  feathers 

exceeding  tarsus  in  length ;  plumage  of  upper  parts 

plain  olive  ;  wing  more  than  5.00. 

Oreortyx.    (Page  190.) 
p.  Head   not  conspicuously   crested,  or  else  with  longest 
feathers  much  shorter  than  tarsus ;  plumage  of  upper 
parts  much  varied  with  spots,  bars,  and  other  mark- 
ings; wing  less  than  5.00. 
.  g^.  Head  not  distinctly  crested...  Colinus.     (Pago  186.) 

gf*.  Head  distinctly  crested Eupsychortyx} 

<?.  Tail  much  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  the  feathers  soft,  narrow  at 
tips,  and  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  coverts ;  claws  very  large, 
broad,  and  blunt,  the  middle  one  nearly  as  long  as  the  exposed  culmen. 
Head  with  a  full  soft  crest  of  blended  feathers;  sexes  exceed- 
ingly different  in  colors Cyrtonyx.    (Page  193.) 

a'.  At  least  upper  half  of  tarsus  feathered  (usually  feathered  to  toes)  ;  nasal  fossae 
densely  feathered ;  sides  of  toes  pectinated  in  winter  (the  points  deciduous  in 
summer) ;  larger  (wing  more  than  6.00).    (Subfamily  Tetraonince.) 
6'.  Legs  feathered  down  to  base  of  toes. 

c*.  Tail  longer  than  wings,  graduated,  the  feathers  narrow  and  pointed ; 

wing  more  than  10.00 Centrocercus.     (Page  204.) 

c*.  Tail  shorter  than  wings,  not  graduated  (or  else  extremely  short,  with 
middle  pair  of  feathers  longer  than  rest),  the  feathers  broad  and 
rounded,  or  nearly  truncated,  at  tips  ;  wing  less  than  10.00. 
d}.  Tail  about  half  as  long  as  wing,  graduated  or  much  rounded. 

e*.  Tail  graduated,  with  middle  pair  of  feathers  projecting  much 
beyond  the  rest ;  no  tufts  or  other  elongated  feathers  on 

neck Pedioceetes.     (Page  203.) 

e*.  Tail  rounded,  middle  pair  of  feathers  not  projecting  beyond 
rest;  sides  of  neck  with  a  conspicuous  tuft  of  straight, 
rather  stiff  feathers,  and  beneath  these  an  inflatable  air-sac. 

Tympanuchus.    (Page  2^2.) 

d}.  Tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  rounded  or  nearly  even ;  no 

tufts,  ruffs,  or  other  conspicuous  feathers  on  neck. 

e*.  Toes  feathered  ;   tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing ; 

plumage    becoming    chiefly    or    entirely  pure  white    in 

winter Lagopus.    (Pago  193.) 


>  Eup»yehortyx  OotiLD,  Mon.  Odoiit.  1860,  15.    Type,  Tetrao  cn»talu§  Link. 


24 


MMH 


mmmmmm 


186 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


e*.  Toes  entirely  naked ;  tail  two-thirds  to  four-fifths  as  long  as 

wing ;  plumage  never  white.  Dendragapus.    (Page  194.) 

Lower  portion  of  tarsus  completely  naked ;  tail  nearly  as  long  as  wing, 

fan-shaped ;  sides  of  neck  with  a  broad  tuft  or  ruff  of  soft,  broad-webbed 

feathers Bonasa.    (Page  197.) 


Genus  COTURNIX  Bonnaterre.*    (Page  184.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Above  light  brown,  the  back,  scapulars,  rump,  and  upper  tail-cov- 
erts broadly  and  sharply  streaked  with  buff,  each  buff  streak'  being  bordered  along 
each  side  by  a  narrow  blackish  streak ;  in  addition  to  these  markings  the  feathers 
have  narrow  bars  of  blackish  and  pale  buffy  brown,  the  scapulars  with  irregular 
spots  of  the  former ;  wing-coverts  barred  with  dusky  and  buffy,  and  marked  with 
narrow  mesial  streaks  of  buffy  or  whitish ;  quills  dull  grayish  brown,  spotted  or 
irregularly  barred  on  outer  webs  with  ochraceous-buff ;  a  distinct  superciliary 
stripe  of  buffy  or  dull  whitish ;  under-part  and  sides  of  head  and  neck  whitish  or 
buffy,  the  middle  of  the  throat  with  more  or  less  of  a  brownish  or  dusky  longitu- 
dinal patch,  connecting  below  with  a  dusky  or  brownish  stripe  extending  obliquely 
upward  to  ear-coverts ;  below  and  behind  these  brownish  markings,  and  usually 
separated  from  them  by  a  whitish  or  buffy  space,  another,  usually  interrupted  line 
of  dusky  or  brownish  spots,  these  sometimes  blended  into  a  continuous  stripe ;  chest 
and  breast  light  cinnamon-brownish,  with  paler  shaft-streaks,  the  lateral  portions 
more  broadly  streaked,  the  lighter  streaks  bordered  along  each  side  by  blackish ; 
rest  of  lower  parts  buffy,  the  sides  and  flanks  streaked  with  dusky.  Adult  female : 
Similar  to  the  male,  but  thi'oat  without  dusky  markings,  and  chest  and  breast 
buffy,  spotted,  longitudinally,  with  blackish.  Downy  young  (partially  feathered) : 
"  Centre  of  crown  dark  brown,  with  a  central  buff  stripe ;  sides  of  the  crown  warm 
reddish  buff;  upper  parts  generally  blackish  brown,  barred  with  warm  buff,  and 
marked  with  long  buffy  white  stripes ;  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  buffy  white ; 
rest  of  the  under-parts  buffy  white,  closely  spotted  with  blackish  brown." 
(Dresser.)  Length  about  7.00,  wing  4.10-4.30,  culmon  .25-.30,  tarsus  1.00-1.15. 
Hab.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemisphere  in  general ;  introduced  into  (and 
pariially  naturalized  in  ?)  various  portions  of  eastern  United  States. 

C.  coturnix  (Link.).    European  Quail.> 


Genus  COLINUS  Lesson.    (Page  186,  pi.  LVI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  mottled  grayish,  tinged  more  or  less  with 
rusty  and  more  or  less  vermiculated  with  dusky  and  whitish  ;  quills  plain  grayish, 
and  tail  chiefly  bluish  gray ;  lower  parts  usually  whitish,  varied  with  black  and 


'  Coliirnix  BoNNATBKnB,  Tiibl.  Enoyl.  et  M6th.  I.  1790,  217.    Type,  Tetrao  ooturmx  Linn. 

>  Tetrao  eottimix  LiHH.,  S.  K.  ed.  10,  t.  1768,  161.     Coturnix  coturnix  LicuT.,  Norn.  Mub.  Berol.  1864,  84. 


COLINVS. 


187 


rusty,  the  sides  and  flanks  striped  with  rufous.  (Adult  males  of  some  species  with 
lower  parts  chiefly  uniform  cinnamon-rufous.)  Adult  males  with  head  black,  or 
striped  with  black  and  white,  or  brown  and  white.  Adult  females  with  head  striped 
with  brown  and  ochraceous  or  buflf,  the  chin  and  throat  entirely  of  the  latter  color. 
Nest  of  dried  grasses,  etc.  (sometimes  arched  over  on  top),  embedded  in  ground  or 
placed  on  ground,  in  meadows,  grain-fields,  etc.  Eggs  numerous  (12-upward  of 
20),  pyriform-ovate,  white,  usually  more  or  less  stained  (adventitiously  ?)  with  light 
brown. 

a^  Adult  males  with  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  rufous  edged  with  white  and  with 

black  line  between  white  and  rufous,  or  else  entirely  rufous.    Adult  females 

(except  in  G.  virginianus  cubanensis)  with  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  rufous 

edged  with  white,  the  two  colors  separated  by  a  blackish  line. 

bK  Adult  males  with  lower  parts  always  whitish,  varied  with  black  and  rusty 

as  abo\  e  described. 

Adult  males:  Broad  superciliary  stripe,  and  broad  patch  covering  chin, 
throat,  and  malar  region,   white ;  rest  of  head  black,  sometimes, 
especially  in  winter  plumage,  mixed  with  or  overlaid  by  brown  ;* 
sides  of  neck  spotted  with  white  and  black,  the  spots  of  triangular 
form.    Adult  females  similar  to  males,  but  throat-patch  and  super- 
ciliary stripe  buff  or  ochraceous,  and  the  darker  stripes  of  head 
chiefly  brown  or  rusty.     Young :  Top  of  head  and  ear-coverts  dusky 
slate,  or  dull  grayish ;  rest  of  head  dull  soiled  whitish ;  chest  and 
breast  dull  grayish  brown  or  bi'ownish  gray,  streaked  with  whitish  ; 
belly  plain  white ;  back  rusty  brownish,  more  or  less  streaked  with 
whitish  and  spotted  with  blackish.    Downy  young :  Head  dingy  butf, 
paler,  or  nearly  white,  on  throat,  with  a  blackish  line  behind  eye 
and  a  small  spot  of  same  above  corner  of  mouth  ;  a  patch  of  chestnut 
on  occiput,  graduall}'  narrowing  anteriorly  to  a  line  along  middle  of 
forehead ;  upper  parts  nearly  uniform  chestnut ;  lower  parts  pale 
grayish  buff',  deepening  into  dull  brownish  on  sides. 
c*.  Feathers  of  flanks  with  the  black  markings  narrow,  only  occasionally,  or 
not  at  all,  interruptir\g  the  white  edgings ;  black  markings  on  breast 
and  belly  narrow,  always  much  narrower  than  the  white  inter- 
spaces ;  chest  usually  chiefly,  or  entirely,  light  cinnamon, 
d'.  Upper  parts  with  much  of  rusty,  usually  with  conspicuous  large 
black  blotches  on  scapulars,  tertials,  and  lower  back,  and  with- 
out very  distinct  light  bars.    Adult  male  usually  without  a  well- 
defined  band  of  uniform  pale  cinnamon  across  the  chest,  imme- 
diately beneath  the  black  collar. 
e^.  Larger,  with   colors  averaging  lighter,  especially  on  lower 
parts,  where  black  markings  are  narrow  and  usually  de- 


I  Partially  melanigtio   example8   tomotiincs  occur   in  which  the  throat  Ib  partly  or  even  wholly  black. 
The  Ortyx  ea»taneu*  of  Gould  was  probably  baaed  on  a  gpocimen  of  thla  character. 


BBSESB^B^ 


i 

::!' 

If 

„i:. 

i"! 

i 

188  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

cidedly  V-shaped.  Length  9.50-10.75,  wing  4.30-4.70  (aver- 
age about  4.55),  tail  2.40-2.90  (2.70),  culmen  .55-.65  (.59), 
depth  of  bill  at  base  .33-.40  (.35),  tarsus  1.20-1.50  (1.38), 
middle  toe  1.10-1.22  (1.18).  Eggs  1.19  X -94.  Hab. 
Eastern  United  States,  west  to  eastern  Minnesota,  Ne- 
braska, Kansas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas,  south  to 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  other  Gulf  States. 

289.  C.  virginianus  (Linn.).  Bob  White. 
^.  Smaller,  with  colors  averaging  darker,  especially  on  lower 
parts,  where  black  markings  are  broader  and  usually  more 
transverse.  Wing  4.10-4.50  (average  about  4.28),  tail  2.60- 
2.90  (2.76),  culmen  .57-.62  (.60),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .36- 
.42  (.38),  tarsus  1.13-1.28  (1.19),  middle  toe  1.03-1.17  (1.09). 
Eggs  1.17  X  -92.    Hab.  Florida,  except  extreme  southei*n 

portion 289a.  C.  virginianus  floridanus  (Coues.) 

Florida  Bob  White. 
d\  Upper  parts  with  little  rusty  (except  anteriorly),  an  olive-grayish 
tint  prevailing,  the  scapulars,  tertials,  and  lower  back  usually 
without  conspicuous  black  blotches,  and  the  general  surface 
usually  distinctly  barred  with  lighter ;  black  markings  of  lower 
parts  usually  broad  and  neai'ly  transverse,  as  in  C.  virginianus 
floridanus.  Adult  male  usually  with  a  very  distinct  band  of 
uniform  pale  cinnamon  across  chest,  immediately  beneath  the 
black  collar. 

Wing  4.20-4.65  (4.39),  tail  2.20-2.70  (2.44),  culmen  .50-.60 

(.59),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .30-.40  (.36),  tarsus  1.15-1.35 

(1.27),  middle  toe  .95-1.15  (1.07).    Eggs  1.17  X  .91.    Hab. 

Texas  and  northeastern  Mexico,  north  to  western  Kansas. 

2896.  C.  virginianus  texanus  (Lawr.). 

Texan  Bob  White. 
c\  Feathers  of  flanks  with  black  markings  heavy,  broken  into  irregular 
figures,  often  enclosing  a  white  spot — the  edge  never  continuously 
white ;  black  markings  on  breast  and  belly  very  irregular  or  much 
broken,  with  frequently  a  longitudinal   tendency;  chest  usually 
chiefly  or  entirely  black,  or  striped  with  black  and  rufous,  in  the 
male,  coarsely  spotted  with  black,  dull  white,  and  rusty  in  the 
female. 
Wing  4.00-4.15  (4.07),  tail  1.91-2.20  (2.07),  culmen  .68-.63  (.60), 
depth  of  bill  at  base  .30-.35  (.32),  tarsus  1.12-1.17  (1.14),  middle 
too  0.98-1.08  (1.04).    Hab.  Cuba  and  southwestern  Florida. 
— .  C.  virginianus  cubanensis  (Gould).    Cuban  Bob  White.* 
v.  Adult  males  with  lower  parts  chiefly  uniform  cinnamon-rufous  or  cinnamon- 
color. 


>  Orlyx  ciibanentit  Gould,  Mon.  Odont.  1850,  pi.  2. 


COLINVS. 


189 


c^  Adult  males  with  throat-patch  and  broad  superciliary  stripe  always 
white. 
d}.  Very  similar  la  color  to  C.  virginianus  texanus,  but  darker,  the 
female  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  same  sex  of  that  species, 
the  male,  however,  very  differently  colored  beneath,  the  lower 
parts  being  uniform  cinnamon  or  cinnamon-rufous;  wing  4.10- 
4.50  (4.39),  tail  2.50-3.00  (2.83),  culmen  .55-.60  (.58),  tarsus 
1.06-1.40  (1.23),  middle  toe  1.05-1.23  (1.12).  Hab.  South- 
western Mexico,  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  Guanajuato,  and  Guada- 
lajara to  Mazatlan  ;  Sonora;  southern  Arizona? 

290.  C.  graysoni  (Lawr.).  Grayson's  Bob  White, 
rf*.  Similar  to  C.  graysoni,  but  still  darker  in  color,  with  the  black 
across  fore-neck  spread  downward  over  the  chest,  and  the  size 
decidedly  smaller;  wing  about  3.80-4.00,  tail  2.05,  culmen  .60, 
tarsus  1.10,  middle  toe  1.05.  Hab.  Southeastei'n  Mexico  (Vera 
Cruz). 

C.  pectoralis  (Gould).     Black-breasted  Bob  White.* 

c*.  Adult  males  with  whole  under  side  of  head  black,  the  white  superciliary 

stripe  usually  much  reduced  in  width  or  sometimes  obsolete. 

d'.  Smaller  and  darker.     Adult  male  with  black  of  throat  extended 

over  the  breast  (as  in  C.  pectoralis),  and  feathers  of  breast,  etc., 

sometimes  margined  with  black ;  wing  4.00-4.20,  tail  2.25-2.60, 

exposed  culmen  .50-.55,  tarsus  1.10,  middle  toe  .95-1.05.    Hab. 

Southern  Mexico  (Tabasco  and  Tehuantepec). 

C.  coyolcos  (Mull.).  Coyolcos  Bob  White.* 
d'.  Larger  and  much  lighter  coloi-ed.  Adult  male  with  black  of  throat 
not  extended  over  chest,  which  is  entirely  uniform  cinnamon  or 
cinnamon-rufous,  like  other  lower  parts.  Female  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable from  that  of  G.  virginianus  texanus,  but  usually 
with  a  more  decided  pale  cinnamon  band  or  patch  across 
upper  part  of  chest  and  the  belly  more  distinctly  and  heavily 
barred.  Wing  4.40-4.70  (4.49),  tail  2.70-3.00  (2.81),  culmen 
.52-.65  (.60),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .32-.40  (.35),  tarsus  1.12-1.30 
(1.18),  middle  too  1.00-1.10  (1.06).    Hab.  Sonora  and  southern 

Arizona 291.  C.  ridgwayi  Brewst.    Masked  Bob  White. 

Adult  male  with  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  white  centrally,  with  broad  rufous 

margins.    Adult  female  with  feathers  of  sides  and  flanks  clear  umber-brown 

centrally,  this  enclosed  within  a  broad  U-shaped  mark  of  black,  the  edges 

broadly  white. 

Adult  male :  Sides  of  forehead,  superciliary  stripe,  lores,  cheeks,  and  whole 

chin  and  throat,  uniform  black ;  broad  stripe  along  each  side  of  crown  and 


>  Ortyx  pwtoralu  QouLD,  P.  Z.  S.  1842,  182;  Mon.  Odoiit.  1850,  pi.  6. 

*  Tetvao  coyoleot  {err,  typ.)  MUllrh  (Ph.  St.),  Nat.  Syst.  Suppl.  1776,  129.  Tetrao  coyolcos  Ghrl.,  S.  N. 
i.  1788,  763.  Ortyx  coyoleot  Qould,  Mon.  Odont.  1850,  pi.  6.  Colimti  coyoleot  Brbwbt.,  Auk,  ii.  Apr.  1885, 
200  (in  text). 


190  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

occiput,  another  from  beneath  eye  across  ear-covei'ts,  and  ground-color 
of  chest,  dull  white ;  middle  of  crown  and  occiput  rusty  brownish,  mixed 
with  dusky ;  feathers  of  hind-neck  and  upper  back  rufous,  each  marked 
with,  a  central  oval  spot  of  rusty  white ;  feathers  of  breast  and  belly 
white  centrally,  broadly  bordered  with  black.  Adult  female :  Very  simi- 
lar to  same  sex  of  C.  virginiamis  cubanensis,  but  smaller,  the  sides  and 
flanks  less  barred  with  black,  more  white  on  breast,  and  ground-color  of 
upper  parts  clearer  grayish.  Wing  4.00-4.20,  tail  2.25-2.60,  culmen  .60, 
tarsus  1.12-1.20,  middle  toe  1.05-1.10.    Hab.  Yucatan. 

C.  nigrogularis  (Gould).    Yucatan  Bob  White.* 

Genus  OREORTYX  Baird.    (Page  185,  pi.  LVI.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male  :  Upper  parts  plain  brown  or  olive,  the  inner  webs  of  the  tertials 
broadly  edged  with  buffy  or  ochraceous,  producing,  when  wings  are  closed,  a  dis- 
tinct sti'ipe  on  each  side  of  rump ;  breast  and  part  of  head  plumbeous  ;  crest  black  ; 
entire  throat  uniform  rich  chestnut,  growing  blackish  along  upper  posterior  border, 
and  sending  a  blackish  branch  up  to  the  eye  ;  chin,  anterior  portion  of  malar  region, 
lower  portion  of  lores,  and  distinct  line  bordering  the  throat-patch  from  the  pos- 
terior angle  of  the  eye  downward,  white ;  flanks  rich  chestnut,  broadly  barred  with 
black  and  white ;  thighs  rufous,  and  under  tail-coverts  black.  Adult  female  :  Hardly 
distinguishable  in  color  from  the  male,  but  crest  usually  smaller.  Young :  Head, 
neck,  and  back  grayish  brown,  speckled  with  white  ;  breast  more  decidedl}-  gray, 
with  larger,  more  triangulai*,  white  spots ;  throat  and  cheeks  mixed  whitish  and 
dusky ;  crest-feathers  blackish,  their  tips  speckled  or  zigzagged  with  pale  fulvous ; 
scapulars,  wing-coverts,  tertials,  and  tail-feathers  pale  brownish,  finely  vermiculated 
with  dusky,  the  first  more  or  less  blotched  with  black,  and  the  tertials  edged  with 
the  same,  with  a  subedging  of  pale  fulvous ;  belly  whitish ;  flanks  washed  with 
chestnut;  a  dusky  patch  on  ear-coverts,  with  a  whitish  line  just  above.  Downy 
young :  Head  and  neck  light  brownish  buff^,  deeper  on  lores,  forehead,  and  a  very 
broad  superciliary  stripe,  the  space  enclosed  between  the  two  latter,  of  opposite 
sides,  and  also  a  broad  stripe  down  middle  of  back  and  rump,  dark  chestnut,  bor- 
dered along  each  side  by  blackish ;  a  broad  pale  buffy  or  dull  whitish  stripe  along 
each  side  of  rump,  throwing  off,  at  about  midway  of  its  length,  a  lateral  branch 
obliquely  across  the  flanks,  this  lest  also  bifurcating  ait  about  the  middle  and  throw- 
ing off  posteriorly  a  broad  stripe  parallel  with  that  of  the  rump,  the  space  between 
the  two,  and  also  that  bordering  the  outer  side  of  anterior  half  of  rump-stripe  and 
anterior  edge  of  main  flank-stripe,  brownish  black,  or  dark  seal-brown  ;  on  side  of 
head,  behind  eye,  a  broad  V-shaped  mark  of  brownish  black,  having  its  apex  at  the 
posterior  corner  of  the  eye ;  breast  and  belly  dull  grayish  white.  Length  about 
10.50-11.50,  wing  5.25-6.40,  tarsus  1.18-1.40.  Eggs  1.36  X  102,  cream-color,  or 
creamy  buff",  varying  as  to  depth  of  color. 


1  Ortyx  nigrogulari*  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1842,  181 ;  Mon.  Odont.  1850,  pi.  4. 


CALLJPEPLA. 


191 


Bob  White.* 


a}.  Above  deep  olive-brown  or  umber,  this  color  usually  continued  uninteiTuptedly 
over  hind-neck  to  the  crest ;  inner  edges  of  tertials  deep  buff  or  ochraceous ; 
forehead  entii-ely  ashy.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  district,  from  Sau  Francisco 
north  to  "Washington  Territory. 

292.  O.  pictus  (DouQL.).    Mountain  Partridge. 

a*.  Above  grayish  olive,  the  hind-neck  usually  partly  or  wholly  plumbeous,  like  the 
breast ;  inner  edges  of  tertials  light  buff  or  buffy  whitish  ;  forehead  distinctly 
paler  (often  whitish)  anteriorly.  Hab.  Sierra  Nevada  (both  sides)  from 
eastern  Oregon  southward ;  southern  coast  district  of  California  ? ;  Lower 
California? 292a.  O.  pictus  plumiferus  (Gould).    Flamed  Partridge. 

Genus  CALLIPEPLA  Waqler.    (Page  185,  pi.  LVI.,  figs.  4,  5.) 

Species. 

a}.  Tail  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing,  or  longer ;  flanks  striped ;  tail-feathers  plain 
bluish  gray  ;  tertials  and  scapulars  without  black  spots;  inner  webs  of  ter- 
tials edged  with  buffy  or  whitish,  producing  a  conspicuous  stripe  along  each 
side  of  rump  when  wings  are  closed ;  wing  4.50,  or  more. 
b\  Crest  short,  blended  with,  or  not  separated  distinctly  from,  general  feather- 
ing of  the  crown ;    sexes  essentiaHy  alike  in  plumage.      (Subgenus 
Callipepla.) 
Adult :  Tip  of  crest  white  ;  rest  of  head  plain  light  brownish  or  gray- 
ish, paler  and  more  buffy  on  thvoat ;  hind-neck,  upper  back,  and 
anterior  lower  parts  bluish  gray,  each  feather  sharply  bordered 
with  black,  producing  a  scaled  appearance  ;  scapulars  and  wings 
pale  brownish ;    flanks  streaked  with  white ;    other  lower  parts 
buffy,  the  belly  sometimes  with   a  patch  of  chestnut-brownish. 
Young :    Upper  parts  brownish    gray,   becoming  more  decidedly 
brown  on  scapulars  and  wing-coverts,  the  feathers  marked  with  a 
mesial  streak  of  white,  and  (except  on  hind-neck)  spotted  with 
blackish  ;  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  ash-gray,  some- 
times more  or  less  distinctly  spotted  with  white ;  lower  parts  dull 
whitish,  the  breast  brownish  gray,  marked  with  wedge-shaped  streaks 
or  spots  of  white,  often  mixed  with  dusky  spots.    Length  about  9.50- 
12.00,  wing  4.50-5.00,  tail  about  4.10-4.50,  tarsus  about  1.30.     Eggs 
1,24  X  -94,  white,  huffy  white,  or  pale  buffy,  usually  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly sprinkled  or  speckled  with  brown, 
c^.  Scapulars  and  wings  pale  grayish  brown,  or  brownish  gray ;  belly 
pale  buffy  or  whitish,  usually  without  trace  of  chestnut  or  brown 
patch,  in  either  sex.    Hab.  Northwestern  Mexico  and  contiguous 
border  of  United  States,  from  western  Texas  to  southern  Arizona. 
293.  C.  squamata  (Via.).    Scaled  Partridge, 
c".  Scapulars  and  wings  deep  grayish  brown  (sometimes  hair-brown) ; 
posterior  lower  parts  deeper  buffy  (sometimes  decidedly  ochra- 
ceous), the  belly  with  an  extensive  patch  of  rusty  chestnut 


192  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

in  the  male  (sometimes  indicated  in  the  female  also).  Hah. 
Eastern  Mexico  (south  to  San  Luis  Potosi)  and  lower  Eio 
Grande  Valley  of  Texas. 

293a.  C.  squamata  castanogastris  Erewst. 
Chestnnt-bellied  Scaled  Partridge. 
6'.  Crest  lengthened,  very  distinct  from  general  feathering  of  crown,  very  nar- 
row at  the   base,  all  the  feathers  enclosed  between  the  more  or  less 
appressed  webs  of  the  anterior  plume ;  sexes  very  different  in  plumage. 
(Subgenus  Lophortyx  Bonaparte.) 
c\  Crest  black ;  throat  uniform  black  in  adult  males,  and  tertials  without 
chestnut. 
d}.  Flanks  olive-brown  or  grayish,  streaked  with  white.    Adult  male : 
Belly  with  black  scale-like  markings,  iind  a  central  patch  of 
chestnut;  forehead  buify  whitish,  with  black  shaft-streaks;  oc- 
ciput olive,  or  smoky  brown.    Adult  female :   Head  without 
black  or  white  markings,  the  prevailing  color  plain   smoky 
grayish  or  brownish ;  belly  without  chestnut  patch,  and  black 
scale-like  markings  less  distinct.     Young :  Above  finely  mottled 
brownish,  mai'ked  with  whitish  mesial  streaks,  widening  at  tip, 
and  bordered  aiong  each  edge  with  blackish ;  throat  plain  dull 
whitish ;  belly  dull  white,  faintly  barred  with  grayish ;  chest 
dull  grayish,  with   triangular  whitish   spots.    Downy  young: 
Dingy  whitish,  the  upper  parts  tinged  with  pale  rusty,  and 
irregularly  mottled,  longitudinally,  with  deeper  brownish ;   a 
broad  stripe  of  deep  brown  from  occiput  down  nape ;  ear-coverts 
with  an  indistinct  dusky  spot;  lower  parts  plain  dull  whitish. 
Length  about  9.50,  wing  4.35-4.70,  tail  4.10-4.70,  tarsus  1.20- 
1.25.    Eggs  1.23  X  -94,  white,  buffy  white,  or  pale  buff,  more  or 
less  distinctly  sprinkled,  speckled,  spotted,  or  blotched  with 
some  shade  of  umber-brown. 

e'.  Upper  parts  deep  smoky  brown,  the  inner  edges  of  tertials 
deep  buffy  or  ochraceous ;  flanks  deep  olivaceous  or  smoky 
brown.  Hah.  Coast  valleys  of  California,  Oregon,  and 
Washington  Territory. 

294.  C.  californica  (Shaw).    California  Partridge. 

«'.  Upper  parts  grayish  brown,  with  inner  edges  of  tertials  buffy 

or  whitish ;  flanks  olive-grayish,  or  grayish  brown.    Hah. 

Interior  districts  of  California  and  Oregon,  south  to  Cape 

St.  Lucas 294a.  C.  californica  vallicola  Einaw. 

Valley  Partridge. 
d*.  Flanks  rich  chestnut,  streaked  with  white.  Adult  male:  Belly 
without  scale-like  markings,  and  with  a  central  patch  of  black; 
forehead  dusky ;  occiput  rufous.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  that 
of  C.  californica  vallicola,  but  flanks  chestnut,  and  belly  without 
scale-like  markings.     Young :  Above  grayish  brown,  minutely 


CYRTONYX. 


103 


lis  without 


mottled,  the  feathers  with  white  shaft-streaks,  widening  at  end, 
and  with  a  dusky  spot  on  each  side ;  belly  dull  white,  without 
trace  of  markings ;  chest  brownish  gray,  the  feathers  tipped 
and  streaked  with  whitish.  Length  about  9.50-10.00,  wing 
4.45-4.70,  tail  4.10-4.70,  tarsus  1.20-1.25.  Eggs  1.25  X  94,  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  C.  californica,  but  usually  with  deeper  ground- 
color and  larger  and  more  distinct  spots.  Ilab.  Northwestern 
Mexico  and  conti,j,uous  portions  of  United  States,  from  Arizona 
to  western  Texas,  north  to  southern  Utah. 

295.  C.  gambeli  (Nutt.).    Gambel's  Partridge. 
c'.  Crest  buffy  or  ochraceous ;  throat  white,  spotted  with  black,  and  ter- 
tials  blotched  with  chestnut,  in  adult  male. 

Adult  male:  Sides  of  head  streaked  with  black  and  white;  hind- 
neck  broadly  streaked  or  striped  with  bluish  gray  and  rusty ; 
upper  parts  mainly  grayish  bi"Own,  the  tertials  and  longer 
scapulars  chestnut,  broadly  edged  on  both  toebs  with  white; 
breast  and  belly  bluish  gi*ay,  the  latter  marked  with  roundish 
spots  of  white;  flanks  mainly  deep  cinnamon-rufous,  the 
feathers  edged,  or  spotted  along  edges,  with  white  ;  wing  4.25- 
4.50,  tail  3.50-3.60,  tarsus  1.25.  Hab.  Western  Mexico  (vicinity 
of  Mazatlan). 

C.  elegans  (Less.).     Elegant  Partridge.' 

Tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing ;  flanks  broadly  and  sharply  banded 

with    black   and   white ;    tail-feathers   brownish,   barred   with   dusky   and 

whitish ;  scapulars  and  tertials  spotted  with  black,  the  inner  webs  of  the 

latter  without  light  edging;  wing  less  than  4.00;  sexes  alike  in  plumage ; 

crest  narrow,  distinct  from  feathers  of  crown,  but  with  webs  not  appressed. 

(Subgenus  Philortyx  Gould.') 

b\  Cheeks,  chin,  and  throat  white ;  bill  black ;  wing  3.80-3.90,  tail  2.40-2.60, 

tarsus  1.10-1.12.    Hab.  Southwestern  Mexico  (Plains  of  Colima,  etc.). 

C.  fasciata  (Qocld).    Banded  Partridge.* 
fc'.  Cheeks,  chin,  and  throat  black ;  bill  brownish ;  wing  3.80,  tail  2.00,  tarsus 
1.00.    Hab.  Southeastern  Mexico  (Pueblo). 

C.  personata  Ridqw.     Black-faced  Partridge.^ 


Genus  CYRTONYX  Gould.     (Page  185,  pi.  LVI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males :  Sides  of  head  marked  with  bold  black  and 
white  stripes,  the  chin  and  throat,  and  narrow  collar  across  fore-neck  (ascending  to 
beneath  crest),  intense  velvety  black ;  longer  feathers  of  crest  uniform  brownish ; 

1  Ortyx  elegant  Lrss.,  Cent.  Zool.  1832,  pi.  61.     CalUpepla  elegans  Qocld,  Mod.  Odont.  1850,  }>1.  18. 
»  Philortyx  Godld,  Mon.  Odont.  1850,  17.    Type,  Ortyx  faictatug  Govld. 
'  O^tyx  faieiatut  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1843,  133. 
*  Philortyx  pertonaiui  Ridqw.,  Auk,  ill.,  July,  18S6,  333. 

26 


194 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Wm 


upper  parts  brownish,  more  or  less  barred  and  spotted  with  black,  and  conspicu- 
ously streaked  with  whitish,  buff,  or  rufous;  outer  webs  of  quills  spotted  with 
"white ;  anal  region,  thighs,  and  lower  tail-coverts  uniform  velvety  black. 

a}.  Adult  male  without  rufous  or  chestnut  on  flanks. 

Adult  male :  Crest  plain  brownish,  spotted  with  black  anteriorly ;  sides  of 
head  chiefly  pure  white,  relieved  by  a  stripe  (widening  posteriorly)  of 
dark  plumbeous  extending  from  corner  of  mouth  backward  to  beneath 
ears,  throwing  off  a  branch  (darker  in  color)  on  each  side  of  forehead, 
and  a  postocular  black  stripe  or  elongated  patch  ;  scapulars,  etc.,  marked 
with  broad  medial  streaks  of  buffy  or  whitish ;  entire  sides  and  flanks 
dark  plumbeous,  marked  with  numerous  round  spots  of  pure  white ; 
belly  and  middle  lino  of  breast  dark  chestnut.  Adult  female  :  Prevailing 
color  light  pinkish  cinnamon,  the  upper  parts  streaked  and  barred  much 
as  in  the  male;  head  without  white  or  black  stripes;  sides  with  a  few 
irregular  streaks  or  bars  of  black.  Younr/ :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but 
lower  parts  dull  whitish,  many  of  the  feathers,  especially  on  breast  and 
sides,  with  transverse  spots  of  blackish,  on  both  webs.  Doiony  young  : 
Head  pale  brow^n,  becoming  gradually  whitish  on  throat,  the  occiput 
with  a  broad  patch  of  chestnut ;  a  blackish  streak  behind  eye ;  upper 
parts  rusty  brownish,  indistinctly  spotted  with  dusky,  the  rump  bor- 
dered along  each  side  by  a  whitish  stripe ;  lower  parts  nearly  uniform 
dull  white.  Length  about  8.75,  wing  4.90-5.30,  tarsus  1.05-1.10,  middle 
toe  .85-.90.  Egg  (identification  very  doubtful) :  1.21  X  -90,  plain  white. 
Hab.  Western  and  central  Mexico,  from  Mazatlan  and  Valley  of  Mexico 
north  to  western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

296.  C.  montezumae  (Yio.).    Hassena  Partridge. 

a*.  Adult  males  with  flanks  varied  with  rufous  or  chestnut. 

b\  Adult  male  with   flanks  rich   chestnut,   slightly  varied  with  black   and 
plumbeous.    ITab.  Guatemala  and  southern  Mexico. 

C.  ocellatus  Gould.     Ocellated  Partridge.* 
fc'.  Adult  male  with  flanks  plumbeous,  barred  and  spotted  with  chestnut.    Hab. 
"  Mexico." 

C.  sallsei  Verr.    Salle's  Partridge.' 


Genus  DENDRAGAPUS  Elliot.    (Page  186,  pi.  LYII.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

(^Nest  on  ground  in  woods.    Eggs  about  8-15,  buffy  or  pale  brownish,  sprinkled, 
speckled,  or,  more  rarely,  spotted  with  dark  brown.) 


1  Orti/x  ocellatua  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1836,  75  (Guatemala).  Cyrtonyx  ocellatut  Gould,  Men.  Odont.  1850, 
pi.  8. 

Cyrtonyx  Bumichranti  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  i.  lS7'f,  61  (Tehuantepeo). 

Obs. — ^There  are  differences  observable  between  two  males  from  Guatemala  on  the'  one  hand,  and  one  from 
Tehuantepeo  (the  type  of  C.  sumichratti)  on  the  other.  If  these  should  prove  constant  the  latter  bird  would 
require  recognition  as  a  geographical  race  ( 0.  ocellatui  mmichraiti). 

'  Cyrtonyx  talleei  Vbrrbaux,  Arcana  Naturn,  i.  1860,  pi.  4. 


DENDRAGAPUS. 


195 


Odont.  1850, 


Species. 

rt'.  Tail  of  20  feathers ;  sides  of  neck  in  male  with  a  distinct  inflatable  air-sac ;  wing 
of  malo  more  than  7.00.     (Subgenus  Dendragapus.) 

Adult  male:  Above  dusky  .grayish  or  dull  blackish,  usually  more  or  less 
mottled,  especially  on  wings  (sometimes  distinctly  and  coarsely  mottled 
over  whole  surface)  ;  tail  black,  with  or  without  gray  terminal  band ; 
lower  parts  chiefly  plain  slate-gray,  more  or  less  varied  with  white  on 
flanks,  etc. ;  length  about  20.00-23.00,  wing  9.40-10.00,  tail  8.00,  weight 
about  2J  to  3J  lbs.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  decidedly 
smaller  and  colors  much  less  uniform,  the  upper  parts  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly spotted  and  barred  with  huffy  or  brownish,  the  chest  and  anterior 
part  of  sides  similarly  marked ;  length  about  17.50-19.00,  wing  about 
8.70,  tail  6.00.  Young :  Above  yellowish  brown,  the  feathers  with  con- 
spicuous shaft-streaks  and  terminal  triangular  spots  of  white,  and  rather 
large  transverse  roundish  spots  of  black ;  secondaries  with  broken  or 
mottled  bands  of  dusky  and  white ;  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  the  chest 
and  sides  spotted  with  black ;  head  huffy  whitish,  spotted  with  black  on 
crown,  and  marked  along  side  of  head  by  a  dusky  stripe.  Downy  young : 
Above  mixed  pale  chestnut-brown  and  brownish  white,  mottled  with 
blackish,  this  forming  six  rather  irregular  and  indistinct  stripes  down 
rump,  and  an  indefinite  number  of  more  confused  stripes  on  top  of  head, 
where,  howevei",  the  mottlings  are  sometimes  broken  into  irregular 
spots  ;  on  side  of  head  behind  eye  several  irregular  spots  of  black ;  lower 
parts  plain  dull  white.  Eggs  buff  or  cream-color,  more  or  less  distinctly 
sprinkled  or  speckled  (more  rarely  spotted)  with  umber-brown. 
.   6'.  Tail  tipped  with  a  distinct  ash-gray  band. 

c\  Lighter  colored,  with  broader  tail-band  (.50-.80  wide  on  outermost 
feather),  distinct  whitish  space  on  side  of  neck,  and  throat  mostly 
white.  Adult  male :  Above  dark  slaty,  everywhere  finely  mottled 
with  gray  and  light  brownish,  the  hinder  scapulars  usually  with 
distinct  shaft-streaks  and  terminal  spots  of  white ;  tail-band  1.00- 
1.50  wide  on  middle  feathers,  .50-.80  wide  on  outermost.  Eggs  1.9-t 
X  1.39.  Hab.  Rocky  Mountains,  west  to  the  Wahsatch,  south  to 
New  Mexico  (San  Francisco  Mountains)  and  Arizona  (White  Moun- 
tains), north  to  South  Pass. 

297.  D.  obscurus  (Sat).  Dusky  Gronse. 
c*.  Darker  colored,  with  narroAver  tail-band  (not  more  than  .40  wide  on 
outermost  feather),  no  distinct  whitish  space  on  side  of  neck,  and 
throat  dusky,  bordered  with  white,  in  adult  male.  Adult  male : 
Above  sooty  blackish,  sometimes  nearly  uniform,  but  usually  more 
or  less  mottled  with,  brownish,  especially  on  wings ;  scapulars  usu- 
ally without  distinct  white  streaks  or  spots ;  tail-band  less  than  1.00 
(usually  about  .60)  wide  on  middle  feathers.  Adult  female  much 
darker  than  in  D.  obscurus,  the  upper  parts  sometimes  deeply  washed 


'<   '  }}. 


196 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


■with  dai'k  rusty.  Youitg  :  Similar  to  eorrespondini^  8tu.£?e  of  D.  oh- 
scwrMS,  but  darker  colored  and  more  rusty.  Eggs  1.89  X  1-36.  Hah. 
Mountains  near  Pacific  coast,  from  California  to  Sitka. 

297^.  D.  obscurus  fuliginosus  Eidqw.    Sooty  Orouse. 
6*.  Tail  without  a  distinct  terminal  band  of  gray.     In  other  respects  similar  to 
D.  obscurus,  but  tail-feathers  broader,  more  truncated  at  tip,  the  tail  more 
even.     Eggs  1.84  X  1-30.     Hab.  Northern  Rocky  Mountain?,  from  cen- 
tral Montana  northward. 

2976.  D.  obscurus  richardsonii  (Sab.).    Richardson's  Oronse. 
f.  Tail  of  16  feathers ;  no  obvious  air-sac  on  side  of  neck ;  wing  less  than  8.00 
(Subgenus  Canachites  Stejn.) 

Adtilt  males :  Above  transversely  varied  with  black  and  grayish  ;  beneath 
black,  with  a  white  border  to  the  throat,  and  broad  white  tips  to  man}'  of 
the  feathers,  the  sides  and  flanks  with  wedge-shaped  streaks  of  white  ;  tail 
black,  with  or  without  rufous  tip.    Adult femole:  Above  barred  with  black, 
gray,  and  ochraceous,  or  bufiy,  the  first  predominating;  beneath  whitish 
(more  bufly  or  ochraceous  anteriorly),  distinctly  and  broadly  barred  with 
black ;  flanks  and  scapulars  usually  streaked  medially  with  white.    Downy 
young  :  Pale  buff-yellow,  the  top  of  head,  back,  and  wings  pale  rusty,  or 
fulvous ;  stripe  on  side  of  head  (from  bill  to  end  of  ear-coverts),  two 
spots  on  crown,  and  transverse  spots  on  back  and  wings  black.    Length 
14.70-16.20,  wing  about  6.50-7.35,  tail  5.00-5.75.     Eggs  bufly  or  pale 
brownish,  more  or  less  speckled  or  spotted  with  deep  brown. 
6'.  Adult  male  with   tail  tipped  with   ochraceous-rufous,  the  upper  tail- 
coverts  without  white  tips.     Adult  female  with  tail-feathers  broadlj'' 
ochraceous  or  ochraceous-rufous  at  tips.     Downy  young :   Occiput, 
back,  and  rump  uniform  bright  rusty,  the  first  completely  encircled 
with  black,  and  the  last  sometimes  marked  with  two  stripes  of  the 
same ;  rest  of  plumage,  including  forehead,  fore-part  of  crown,  and 
broad  superciliary  stripe,  brownish  buff",  tinged  with  lemon-yellow 
on  lower  parts  ;  two  black  spots  on  middle  line  of  forehead,  and  a 
black  line  on  side  of  head,  sometimes  interrupted  in  front  of  eye. 
(To  be  immediately  distinguished  from  young  of  the  Ptarmigans  by 
naked   toes.)     Eggs  1.71  X  1-22.    Hab.  Northern   North   America, 
east  of  Eocky  Mountains,  from  northern  portions  of  New  England, 
New  York,  Michigan,  and  Min:  csota  to  Alaska  (I'eaching  coast  at 
Kadiak,  St.  Michael's,  etc.). 

298.  D.  canadensis  (Linn.).  Canada  Oronie. 
b*.  Adult  male  with  tail  black  to  extreme  tip  (or  else  tip  narrowly  mar- 
gined with  pure  white),  the  upper  tail-coverts  broadly  tipped  with 
pure  white.  Adult  female  with  tail-feathers  narrowly  white  at  tips. 
Eggs  1.68  X  1.24.  Hab.  Northern  Eocky  Mountains  (chiefly  north 
of  the  United  States),  and  west  to  the  coast  ranges. 

299.  D.  franklinii  (Douql.).    Franklin's  Oronse. 


BONASA. 


197 


Genus  BONASA  Stephens.    (Pago  180,  pi.  LVIII.,  fig.  1.) 


lin's  Orouse. 


Species. 

Adult  male :  Above  varied  with  black  and  different  shades  of  brown  or  graj', 
the  scapulars  and  wing-coverts  with  mesial  streak  of  buff  or  whitish,  the  rump  and 
upper  tail-coverts  with  cordate  or  oval  spots  of  pale  grayish  or  dull  butfy  ;  tail  gray 
or  rusty,  with  several  narrow,  irregular  bands  of  a  paler  shade,  each  immediately 
preceded  by  o.  narrower  zigzag  blackish  bar,  and  crossed  near  end  by  a  broad  sub- 
terminal  band  of  black  or  dark  brown,  succeeded  by  a  narrower  terminal  band  of 
mottled  light  grayish,  and  preceded  by  a  similar  band ;  neck-tufts  varying  from 
deep  black  to  light  rufous,  the  feathers  with  glossy  terminal  margins;  throat  butfy 
or  ochraceous,  sometimes  varied  with  dusky  ;  rest  of  lower  parts  mixed  white  and 
butfy  (the  latter  chiefly  beneath  the  surface),  marked  with  broad  bars  of  brown, 
broadest  and  darkest  on  flanks;  lower  tail-coverts  buffy,  broadly  tipped  with  white. 
Adult  female:  Essentially  similar  to  the  male  in  plumage,  but  smaller,  and  with  the 
neck-tufts  I'udimentary  or  obsolete.  Young  :  Scapulars,  wing-coverts,  and  feathers 
of  back  palo  brownish,  marked  with  large  black  spots  and  a  broad  median  stripe  of 
buff;  .oondaries,  including  tertials,  finely  mottled  palo  brown,  rather  indistinctly 
barreu,  at  rather  wide  intervals,  Avith  paler  buffy  brownish,  each  bar  of  this  color 
immediately  preceded  by  a  narrower  one  of  dusky,  the  outer  webs  of  the  tertials 
spotted  along  the  edge  with  black ;  quills  dull  grayish,  irregularly,  somewhat  ser- 
ratcly,  edged  with  dull  butfy ;  head  buffy  (chin  and  throat  almost  white),  spotted 
on  top  with  black,  the  ear-coverts  dusky,  streaked  with  pale  buffy  or  dull  whitish  ; 
chest  ochraceous-buff,  gradually  fading  into  white  on  breast  and  other  lower  parts, 
all  the  feathers  of  chest  and  breast  spotted  on  edges  with  blackish,  producing  a 
coarsely  and  irregularly  striped  appearance ;  sides  and  flanks  marked  with  larger 
spots  of  black ;  tail-feathers  mottled  grayish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  I'usty,  and 
crossed  by  several  broad  blackish  bars  separated  by  narrower  grayish  ones.  Downy 
young :  Above  chestnut-buff",  deepening  into  pale  chestnut  on  occiput,  fore-part  of 
wings,  lower  back,  and  rump ;  rest  of  plumage  very  pale  buff,  deeper  on  sides  of 
head,  which  are  marked  with  a  conspicuous  black  stripe  commencing  at  posterior 
corner  of  eye  and  extending  across  ear-coverts.  Length  15.50-19.00,  wing  7.00-7.50, 
tail  5.50-7.00.  Nest  on  ground  in  woods.'  Eggs  6-10  or  more,  buffy,  usually  plain, 
but  sometimes  slightly  speckled  with  brown. 

a'.  Paler,  with  brown  markings  on  lower  parts  rather  indistinct  (except  on  flanks), 
and  more  or  less  concealed  on  bi'east  and  belly  by  broad  whitish  tips  to  the 
feather",  these  brown  markings  usually  without  distinct  darker  edges ;  bars 
on  flanks  usually  clear  hair-brown. 
6'.  Upper  parts  mostly  or  entirely  rusty,  the  tail  usually  rusty  ochraceous. 
Eggs  1.58  X  1-18.    Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  west  to  edge  of  Great 
Plains  (?),  north  to  Massachusetts  (lowlands),  south  to   Georgia  (up- 
lands), Tennessee,  Arkansas,  etc. 

300.  B.  umbellus   (Linn.).    Raffed  OroQse. 


198  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

b\  Upper  parts  mostly  or  entirely  grayish,  the  tail  always  gray.  Eggs  1.59  X 
1.15.  Hab.  Kocky  Mountains  and  northward  to  Alaska  (Yukon  Valley), 
east  to  Manitoba. 

3006.  B.  umbellus  umbelloides  (Dougl.).    Gray  Ruffed  Grouse. 
a'.  Darker,  with  brown  markings  on  lower  parts  very  conspicuous,  everywhere  ex- 
posed, and  bordered  by  very  distinct  dusky  bars ;  bars  on  flanks  very  dark 
brown,  or  brownish  black. 
'  6'.  Upper  parts  with  more  or  less  of  gray,  often  mostly  grayish,  the  tail  usually 
gray  (sometimes  tinged  with  ochraceous).     Hab.  Eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  Territory,  east  to  Moose  Factory,  Nova  Scotia,  Maine,  etc., 
southward  on  mountains  of  New  England,  New  York,  etc. 

300a.  B.  umbellus  togata  (Linn.).    Canadian  Ruffed  Grouse. 
6".  Upper  parts  dark  rusty,  with  little  if  any  admixture  of  gray,  the  tail  usu- 
ally deep  rusty  (very  rarely  grayish).     Eggs  1.64  X  1-20.    Hab.  North- 
west coast,  from  northern  California  to  Bi-itish  Columbia. 

300c.  B.  umbellus  sabini  (Dougl.).    Oregon  Ruffed  Grouse. 


Genus  LAGOPUS  Brisson.    (Pago  185,  pi.  LVIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Winter  plumage  pure  white,  the  tail  black  in  most 
species,  and  sometimes  the  lores  black  also.  Summer  plumage  with  upper  parts 
(except  part  of  wings)  and  chest  varied  with  brown,  buffy,  or  grayish  and  black. 
Nest  on  ground  in  open  situations.  Eggs  about  10-16,  more  or  less  heavily  spotted 
or  marbled  with  dark  brown  or  black  on  a  buffy  or  light  rusty  ground. 

a\  Tail  black. 

b\  Bill  stout  (depth  at  base  .40  or  more)  ;  length  14.00-17.00,  wing  about  7.00- 
7.50,  bill,  from  nostril,  .40-.42,  depth  at  base,  .40-.45 ;  winter  plumage 
never  with  black  on  head, 
c^  Shafts  of  secondaries  white. 

Male  in  spring :  Head  and  neck  rich  chestnut,  usually  becoming 
darker  below  (sometimes  quite  blackish) ;  rest  of  plumage 
white,  the  back,  scapdlars,  and  rump  interspersed  with  feathers 
of  deep  brown  or  rusty,  barred  with  dusky.  Ifale  in  summer  : 
Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  (except  middle  of  belly,  anal 
region,  and  legs)  deep  cinnamon-rufoue,  uniform  on  throat, 
fore-neck,  and  chest,  barred  with  black  on  sides,  flanks,  and 
under  tail-coverts,  tinged  with  slaty  on  upper  belly ;  quills  and 
outermost  wing-coverts  white ;  rest  of  upper  parts  (continu- 
ously) irregularly  barred  with  tawny  brown  and  black,  most 
of  the  feathers  indistinctly  tipped  with  whitish..  Female  in 
summer:  Above  coarsely  and  irregulai'ly  barred  and  spotted 
with  black  and  ochraceous  or  buffy  (the  former  rather  predomi- 
nating), many  of  the  feathers  margined  terminally  with  white ; 


LAGOPVS. 


199 


iffed  Orouse. 


quills,  secondaries,  and  outermost  wing-coverts  white;  lower 
parts  varying  from  ochracoous  to  buffy  whitish,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  barred  with  black.  Young :  Above  coarsely  and 
irregularly  varied  with  black  and  ochraceous-buff,  the  latter 
mostly  on  or  near  margins  of  feathers ;  chest,  breast,  and  sides 
ochraceous-buff,  coarsely  barred  with  black  ;  other  lower  parts 
dull  white.  Downy  young :  General  color  olive-buff,  tinged  with 
sulphur-yellow  on  lower  parts,  and  with  rusty  on  chest  and 
upper  parts;  crown  chestnut,  bordered  all  round  by  a  black 
line,  which  is  continued  from  occiput  down  hind-neck  in  a 
broad  stripe;  two  more  or  less  distinct  blackish  stripes  on 
rump,  and  other  upper  parts  irregularly  varied,  more  or  less, 
with  black ;  a  black  sti-eak  on  side  of  head  (most  distinct  and 
continuous  behind  eye).  Eggs  1.74  X  1-22,  ground-color  varying 
from  pale  buffy  to  deep  brown,  more  or  less  speckled,  eiirinkled, 
spotted,  or  marbled  with  rich  brown  or  black.  Hab.  Northern 
portions  of  northern  hemisphere ;  south,  in  winter,  in  America, 
to  Sitka,  noi'thern  New  York,  etc. 

301.  L.  lagopus  (Linn.).    Willow  Ptarmigan, 
c*.  Shafts  of  secondaries  black,  and  quills  (sometimes  a  few  of  the  wing- 
covorts  also)  more  or  less  blotched  or  mottled  with  dusky.    (Sum- 
mer plumages  and  young  unknown.)    Ilab.  Newfoundland. 

301a.  L.  lagopus  alleni  Stejn.    Allen's  Ftannigan. 
6*.  Bill  small  and  slender  (depth  at  base  less  than  .40) ;  length  13.00-14.75, 
wing  about  7.00-7.50,  bill  from  nostril  about  .35,  depth  at  base  about 
.27-.35 ;  winter  plumage  with  lores  deep  black  in  male  (sometimes  in 
female  also), 
c^  Summer  males  with  upper  parts  coarsely  vermiculated,  the  back  and 
scapulars  with  large  black  blotches  (occupying  centi-al  portions  of 
feathers). 
Ground-color  of  upper  parts  in  summer  males  grayish  brown. 
c*.  Summer  male:    Above  grayish  brown  coarsely  vermiculated 
with  black,  the  vei-miculations  having  a  general  tendency 
to  form  irregu'.ar  zigzag  bars ;  scapulars  and  interscapulars 
largely  black  centrally,  producing  large  blotches  or  irregu- 
lar spots ;  outermost  wing-coverts,  quills,  and  secondaries 
(except  tertiais)  white ;  top  of  head  blackish,  the  feathers 
tipped  with  light  brownish  ;   lores   black ;   rest  of  head 
mixed  dusk^'  and   white,   the    latter   predominating    on 
cheeks,  chin,  and  throat ;  chest  and  upper  breast  regularly 
barred  with  blackish  and  light  umber-brown ;  sides  simi- 
larly marked,  but  bars  finer  and  more  confused ;  rest  of 
lower  parts  white,  the  lower  tail-coverts  with  concealed 
portion  dusky,  or  sooty  slate.     Summer  female :   Bright 
ochraceous,   irregularly  spotted  and  barred  above  with 


a". 


200 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


black,  beneath  more  regularly  and  distantly  barred  with 
the  same;  quills,  secondaries,  and  bend  of  wing  white. 
Fall  plumage :  Ground-color  of  upper  parts  pale  brownish, 
mixed  with  grayish,  very  minutely  freckled  and  more 
coarsely  verraiculated  with  dusky,  the  latter  having  a  ten- 
dency to  form  irregular  spots  and  coarser  bars  on  back  and 
scapulars ;  outermost  wing-coverts,  quills,  and  secondaries 
white;  head  and  neck  more  fulvous  and  more  distinctly 
barred  with  dusky ;  chest,  upper  breast,  sides,  and  flanks 
colored  and  marked  much  like  upper  parts,  but  vevmicula- 
tions  more  regular  (forming  distinct  bars  anteriorly),  and 
black  spots  wholly  wanting.  Fggs  1.69  X  l-l'J',  not  with 
certainty  distinguishable  from)  those  of  L.  lagopiis,  but 
usually  less  heavily  spotted,  or  less  densely  speckled,  the 
general  aspect  averaging  lighter  in  color.  Hab.  Arctic 
America  in  general,  except  northern  extremity  of  penin- 
sula of  Labrador  and  region  thence  northward,  Greenland, 
and  the  Aleutian  Islands;  southeastwai'd  to  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  (Anticosti). 

302.  L.  rupestris  (Gmel.).  Rock  Ptarmigan. 
e*.  Summer  male :  Similar  to  corresponding  stage  of  L.  rupestris, 
but  less  regularly  and  coarsely  barred  above.  Summer  fe- 
male :  Above  chiefly  black,  this  varied  irregularly  with 
pale  grayish  buff,  mostly  in  fin-m  of  borders  to  the  feathers 
and  spots  along  their  edges,  or,  occasionally,  imperfect 
bars,  these  latter  most  distinct  on  wings,  Avhere  the  two 
colors  are  in  about  equal  proportion ;  lower  parts  light 
grayish  buff,  everywhere  coarsely  bari'ed  with  black. 
Young :  Above  light  brown,  irregulai'ly  barred  and 
coarsely  blotched  with  black,  this  prevailing  on  back, 
scapulars,  and  tertials  ;  chest,  breast,  sides,  and  flanks 
with  ground-color  more  huffy,  this  more  regularly  and 
coarsely  barred  with  black ;  rest  of  lower  parts  dull  white. 
Downy  young :  Similar  to  same  stage  of  L.  htgopus,  and 
perhaps  not  always  distinguishable  with  certainty,  but 
usually  darker,  with  less  of  rusty  tinge  above,  chestnut  of 
crown  darker,  sides  of  head  more  strongly  tinged  with 
olive-grayish,  black  markings  behind  eye  bi-oadcr,  and 
usually  a  black  streak  or  spot  under  eye,  which  is  appar- 
ently wanting  in  L.  lagopus.  Eggs  1.65  X  1-17,  similar  in 
color  to  those  of  L.  rupestris.  Hab.  Greenland,  islands 
on  western  side  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  and  northern  ex- 
tremity of  Labrador  (Ungava) 302(T.  L.  rupestris 

reinhardti  (Brehm).    Oroenland  Ptarmigan, 
rf*.  Ground-color  of  upper  parts  in  summer  male  dark  brownish  gray. 


LAGOPVS. 


201 


Summer  male :  Above  dark  brownish  gray,  vermiculated  and 
coarsely  spotted  with  black,'many  of  the  feathers  tipped 
with  white ;  chest,  upper  breast,  and  sides  similar,  but 
without  the  black  central  blotches  to  the  feathers ;  head 
and  neck  more  coarsely  barred  with  black,  gi'ayish  white, 
and  pale  grayish  buff,  the  lores  entirely  black;  throat, 
wings  (except  tertials,  etc.),  belly,  and  lower  brea;-;t  white ; 
under  tail-coverts  dusky  grayish,  tipped  with  white.  Sum- 
mer female :  More  coarsely  bax'red  with  black  and  grayish 
white,  mixed  with  buff,  the  light  bars  on  chest  and  under 
tail-coverts  more  ochraceoua.    Ilab.  Newfoundland. 

303.  L.  welchi  Brewst.    Welch's  Ptarmigan. 

c^.  Summer  males  with  upper  parts  very  finely  and  densely  vermiculated, 

the  back  and  scapulars  usually  without  black  spots  or  blotches 

(never  with  these  very  conspicuous  ?). 

d}.  Summer  male :    Ground-color  of  upper  parts  deep  umber-brown ; 

chest  barred  with  bright  tawny  brown  and  black,  the  lower 

portion  frequently  interspersed  with  uniform  blackish  feathers. 

Summer  female :  Not  obviously  different  from  the  same  sex  of 

L.  rupestris.    Ilab.  Island  of  Unalashka,  Aleutian  chain. 

3026.  L.  rupestris  nelsoni  Stejn.  Nelson's  Ptarmigan, 
rf'.  Summer  male :  Ground-color  of  upper  parts  pale  raw-umber  brown, 
mixed  with  pale  grayish ;  chest  and  neck  barred  with  pale 
brownish  ochre  and  black,  the  lower  portion  of  the  former 
without  admixture  of  dusky  feathers.  Summer  female : 
Ground-color  of  upper  parts  ochraceous,  mixed  with  pale 
grayish  buff,  narrowly  and  irregularly  barred  with  black 
(but  with  very  little  of  black  spotting),  many  of  the  feathers 
tipped  with  white ;  sides  and  flanks  similar,  but  more  regularly 
barred,  and  without  traces  of  spots ;  chest  and  neck  coarsely 
barred  Avith  ochraceous  and  black.  Hah.  Island  of  Atkha, 
Aleutian  chain 302c.  L.  rupestris  atkhensis  (Turner). 

Turner's  Ptarmigan. 

Tail  white. 

Summer  male :  Above  pale  fulvous  or  dull  grayish  buff,  coarsely  ver- 
miculated, barred,  and  irregularlj'  spotted  with  black ;  chest,  upper 
breast,  sides,  and  flanks  very  heavily  spotted  (transversely)  and 
barred  with  black  on  a  whitish  ground,  usually  more  or  less  mixed 
with  feathers  having  a  pale  fulvous  ground  and  more  narrowly 
barred  with  black.  Summer  female :  Similar  to  male,  but  usually 
more  buffy(?).  Fall  male:  Ground-color  of  upper  parts  pale  fulvous 
or  tawny,  mixed  with  grayish,  finely  freckled,  vermiculated,  and 
irregularly  barred  with  black,  occasional  feathers  showing  largo 
irregular  spots  of  the  latter  color,  middle  tail-feathers  partly  or 
entirely   fulvous,   finely   i'rockled  (lud   vermiculated  with  dusky; 

20 


202  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

head  and  neck  more  coarsely  and  regularly  barred ;  chest,  breast, 
sides,  and  flanks  nearly  like  upper  parts.  Fall  female :  Similar  to 
male,  but  more  ochraeeous,  with  heavier  black  markings  (?). 
Young :  Above  light  brownish  gray,  or  grayish  brown,  densely 
vermiculated  with  black,  and  with  scattered  irregular  large  spots 
of  the  same  ;  two  outer  quills  partly  white,  four  innermost  ones 
entirely  white,  the  rest  dull  grayish  ;  tail-feathers  mottled  brownish, 
like  back ;  anterior  and  lateral  lower  parts  dull  buffy,  ii*regularly 
barred,  vermiculated,  and  spotted  with  black ;  rest  of  lower  parts 
plain  dull  grayish  buify  white.  Length  12.00-13.00,  wing  6.50-6.70. 
Eggs  1.68  X  1-15,  cream-color  or  buff,  speckled  with  dai'k  brown  and 
black.  Hab.  Alpine  summits  of  Eocky  Mountains,  south  to  Now 
Mexico,  north  into  British  America  (as  far  as  Fort  Ilalkett,  Liard's 
Eiver),  west  to  higher  ranges  of  Oregon,  "Washington  Territory, 
and  British  Columbia. 

304.  L..  leucurus  Swains.    White-tailed  Ptarmigan. 

Genus  TVMPANUCHUS  Gloger.    (Page  185,  pi.  LIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish,  barred  (sometimes  spotted  also)  with 
dusky  and  buff;  beneath  white  broadly  barred  or  banded  with  brown ;  quills 
brownish  gray,  their  outer  webs  spotted  with  buff  or  whitish ;  chin,  throat,  and 
checks  buff,  the  last  marked  with  a  cluster  of  brown  or  dusky  spots ;  a  dark  brown 
stripe  on  sido  of  head,  fi'om  corner  of  mouth  beneath  eye  and  across  upper  part  of 
ear-covercs ;  above  this  a  buff  stripe,  interrupted  above  the  ej^e.  Adult  male :  Sides 
of  neck  with  an  erectile  tuft  of  rather  stiff  elongated  feathers,  the  longest  of  which 
arc  2.50  or  more  in  length  ;  tail-feathers  without  bars  or  other  markings,  except  the 
narrow  whitish  tip.  Adult  female :  Neck-tufts  rudimentary,  the  longest  feathers 
not  more  (usually  much  less)  than  2.00  in  length ;  tail-feathers  with  numerous 
distinct  bars  of  light  brown  or  buffy.  Nest  on  gi*ound  in  meadows  or  other  open 
situations.  Eggs  8-12,  or  more,  light  drab,  olive,  or  dull  buffy,  usually  plain,  but 
sometimes  slightly  speckled  with  darker. 


a 


'   Darker  bars  of  back  and  rump  single,  very  broad,  solid  black ;  brown  bars  on 
sides  and  flanks  .30  or  more  wide,  unicolored;   wing  more  than  8.50  in 
adult  male,  usually  much  more  than  8.00  in  adult  female. 
b^.  Scapulars  without  conspicuous  whitish  terminal  spots  ;  neck-tufts  of  male 
composed  of   more  than   ten  parallel-edged    feathers,   with  obtusely 
rounded  or,  sometimes,  nearly  truncated  tips.     Young :  Above,  includ- 
ing tail,  light  brownish,  the  feathers  with  conspicuous  mesial  streaks 
of  white  and  largo  blotches  of  black ;  outer  webs  of  quills  spotted  with 
whitish ;   top  of  head  rusty  brownish,  with  a  median  black  patch  or 
stripe ;  a  dusky  patch  on  ear-coverts  ;  lower  parts  buffy  whitish,  with 
rather  Irregular  broad  bars  of  grayish  brown,  these  breaking  up  ante- 


PEDIOCJETES. 


203 


ay 


riorly  into  spots ;  chest  tinged  with  brownish.  Downy  young  :  Bright 
buff-yellow,  tinged  with  lemon-yellow,  washed  on  chest  and  sides  with 
pale  rusty ;  a  narrow  streak  behind  eye,  several  irregular  spots  on  crown 
and  occiput,  stripe  across  shoulder,  and  longitudinal  blotches  down  back 
and  rump,  black.  Male:  Length  about  18.00-19.00,  wing  8.60-9.40 
(9.04),  tail  4.00-4.30  (4.16).  Female  :  Length  about  17.50,  wing  8.60-8.75 
(8.65),  tail  3.60-4.00  (3.80).  Eggs  1.66  X  1-24.  Hab.  Prairies  of  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  south  to  Louisiana  and  Texas,  west  to  middle  Kansas, 
Nebraska,  and  Dakota,  north  to  Wisconsin,  east  to  Indiana  and  Kentucky. 

305.  T.  americanus  (Eeich.).  Prairie  Hen. 
f.  Scapulars  with  large  and  very  conspicuous  terminal  spots  of  buflfy  whitish  j 
neck-tufts  of  adult  male  composed  of  not  more  than  ten  lanceolate, 
pointed  feathers.  Male :  Wing  8.60,  tail  4.00.  Fejnalc :  Wing  8.00,  tail 
3.90.  Hab.  Island  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts.  (Formerly, 
also  Long  Island,  Now  Jersey,  eastern  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  etc.,  but 
now  apparently  extinct  except  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  there  in 

danger  of  extermination.) 306.  T.  cupido  (Linn.).    Heath  Hen. 

Darker  bars  of  back  and  rump  treble,  consisting  of  a  perfectly  continuous  brown 
bar  enclosed  between  two  narrower  black  bars ;  darker  bars  of  sides  ana  flanks 
.25,  or  less,  wide,  bicolored,  the  broader  light  brown  bar  being  enclosed  be- 
tween two  narrower  dusky  ones ;  wing  less  than  8.50  in  adult  male,  usually 
much  less  than  8.00  in  adult  female. 
Neck-tufts  of  adult  male  with  feathers  broad  and  rounded  at  tips,  as  in 
T.  americanus.     Male:  Wing  8.20-8.30,  tail  4.00-4.20.    Female:  Wing 
8.00-8.20,  tail  3.50-4.00.      Hab.    Eastern  border  of  Great  Plains,  from 
Nebraska  (?),   southwestern   Kansas,   southwestern    Missouri  (?),   and 
western  part  of  Indian  Territory  to  western  Texas. 

307.  T.  pallidicinctus  Eidqw.    Lesser  Prairie  Hen. 


Genus  PEDIOC^TES  Baird.    (Pago  185,  pi.  LIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  male :  Above  varied  with  irregular  spotting  and 
barring  of  black  and  brownish  ;  wing-coverts  with  largo  roundish  white  spots,  and 
scapulars  streaked  medially  with  same ;  outer  webs  of  quills  spotted  with  white ; 
beneath  white,  varied  with  mostly  V-shaped  marks  of  dusky,  chiefly  on  anterior 
and  lateral  portions.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  male,  but  somewhat  smaller,  and 
with  middle  tail-feathers  shorter.  Young :  Above  brownish,  spotted  and  barred 
with  black  and  conspicuously  streaked  with  white ;  outer  webs  of  quills  spotted 
with  white ;  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  the  chest,  breast,  sides,  and  flanks  spotted 
with  dusky.  Doxcny  young :  Bright  buflfy  yellow,  the  upper  parts  tinged  with  light 
rusty  and  coarsely  marbled  with  black ;  a  small  black  spot  on  middle  of  crown, 
and  several  larger  black  markings  on  occiput  and  hind-neck,  but  fore-part  of  head, 
all  round,  immaculate.    Length  15.00-19.00,  wing  8.60-9.00,  tail  4.00-6.50.    Nest 


204 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


on  ground  in  open  situations.    Eggs  about  6-12,  or  more,  varying  from  olive-buflfy 
to  deep  brown,  often  plain,  but  usually  more  or  less  speckled  with  dark  brown. 


a}.  Very  dark-colored,  with  black  or  dusky  largely  predominating  on  upper  parts,  the 
white  scapular  streaks  and  wing-spots  showing  in  strong  relief;  feathering  on 
legs  deep  brownish  gray.  Eggs\.12y^\.2-i.  Hab.  Interior  of  British  America, 
north  to  Fort  Simpson,  Fort  Kesolution,  and  Great  Slave  Lake,  south  to 
Moose  Factory,  Temiscamingue,  Lake  Winnipeg,  and  northern  shore  of  Lake 

Superior 308.  P.  phasianellus  (Linn.).    Sharp-tailed  Oronse. 

a-.  Lighter  colored,  the  general  color  of  upper  parts  buffy  grayish  or  light  brownish 

of  various  shades,  always  predominating  over  black  markings,  the  white 

markings  on  scapulars  and  wings  not  conspicuously  contrasted  with  the 

general  color ;  feathering  of  feet  pale  brownish  gray. 

1?.  Ground-color  above  buffy  grajush  or  pale  grayish  clay-color,  with  little  if 

any  rusty  tinge.    Eggs  1.70  X  1-23.    Hab.  Northwestern  United  States, 

south  to  northern  California,  Nevada,  and  Utah,  east  to  western  edge 

of  Great  Plains  in  Montana,  north,  chiefly  west  of  Eocky  Mountains  (?)  to 

Fort  Yukon,  Alaska 308fl.  P.  phasianellus  columbianus  (Ord). 

Columbian  Sharp-tailed  Oronse. 

V\  Ground-color  above  more  rusty  or  ochraceous.     Eggs  1.66  X  1-23.    Hab. 

Great  Plains  of  United  States,  north  to  Manitoba  (?),  east  to  Wisconsin 

and  northern  Illinois,  west  to  eastern  Colorado,  south  to  eastei'n  New 

Mexico 3086.  P.  phasianellus  campestris  Ridgw. 

Prairie  Sharp-tailed  Grouse. 

Genus  CENTROCERCUS  Swainson.    (Page  185,  pi.  LX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Above  mixed  grayish  and  buffy,  very  ii-regularly  varied  with 
black,  the  tertials  bordered  terminally  with  w^hite,  and  some  of  the  feathers  (especi- 
ally wing-coverts)  having  mesial  streaks  of  the  same ;  quills  brownish  gray,  some- 
times mottled  along  edges  with  paler ;  cheeks,  chin,  and  throat  spotted  black  and 
white,  the  former  usually  predominating  (sometimes  uniform  on  first) — this  blackish 
area  bordered  behind  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  white  crescent,  the  extremities  of 
which  reach  upward  to  the  eyes ;  fore-neck  black,  the  feathers  sometimes  bordered 
or  edged  with  grayish  white ;  below  this  (on  chest)  dull  grayish  or  whitish,  the 
feathers  with  very  stiff,  wiry  black  shafts;  belly  uniform  black,  the  surrounding 
portions  chiefly  white;  lower  tail-coverts  black,  broadly  tipped  with  white;  length 
about  26.00-30.00,  wing  12.00-13.00,  tail  11.00-13.00,  weight  4i  to  8  lbs.  Adult  fe- 
male :  Similar  to  male,  but  much  smaller,  the  chin  and  throat  entirely  white,  black 
patch  on  fore-neck  replaced  by  speckled  grayish,  etc. ;  length  21.60-23.00,  wing 
lOiit  10.50-11.00,  tail  8.00-9.00.  Young:  Somewhat  like  adult  female,  but  much 
'o>  owner  above,  black  abdominal  area  indistinct,  and  markings  of  lower  parts  gen- 
erally less  distinctly  defined.  Downy  young :  Above  brownish  gray,  coarsely  and 
irreguliiJ'ly  marbled  with  black,  these  markings  most  conspicuous  on  head.    Nest  on 


PHASIANUS. 


205 


ground.  Eggs  6-15,  2.19  X  1-48,  varying  from  pale  olive-buflf  to  light  olive-greenish, 
speckled,  sprinkled,  or  spotted  with  deep  brown.  Hab.  Artemisia  or  "  sage-brush" 
plains  of  the  Eocky  Mountain  plateau,  north  into  British  America,  south  to  New 
Mexico,  Utah,  and  Nevada 309.  C.  urophasianus  (Bonap.).    Sage  Qrouse. 


Family  PHASIANID<ffi.— The  Pheasants,  Turkeys,  etc.    (Page  184.) 


some- 


;e,  black 


Genera. 

a}.  Head  feathered,  except  sometimes  on  sides  (around  eyes) ;  tail  lengthened, 
graduated,  and  vaulted,  the  feathers  usually  tapering  to  a  point;  plumage 
of  sexes  entirely  different,  the  female  much  smaller  than  the  male,  and  with- 
out brilliant  coloring.     (Subfamily  Phasianince.)...  Phasianus.     (Page  205.) 

a}.  Head  naked,  the  skin  wrinkled  and  warted,  the  forehead  with  more  or  less  con- 
spicuous extensile  appendage  (smaller  in  females) ;  tail  moderately  length- 
ened, rounded,  not  vaulted,  the  feathers  broad  and  nearly  truncated  at  tips ; 
plumage  of  sexes  essentially  alike,  but  females  duller  in  color  than  males. 
(Subfamily  J/e^ea^irma?.) Meleagris.     (Page  206.) 

Genus  PHASIANUS  Linn^eus.^    (Page  205.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Form  elegant,  carriage  graceful,  and  plumage  hand- 
some (that  of  the  male  exquisite).  Adult  males  :  Adorned  with  rich  metallic  colors, 
variegated  by  handsome  markings  or  peneUlings.  Adult  females :  Brownish,  more 
or  less  mottled,  spotted,  and  otherwise  varied  with  dusky,  the  lower  parts,  however, 
chiefly  plain  buffy  brownish. 

fl'.  Adidt  males  with  neck  metallic  greenish  or  bluish  ;  sides  of  occiput  with  a  more 
or  less  conspicuous  tuft  of  elongated  feathers.    Adult  females  with  all  the 
tail-feathers  barred,  for  their  whole  length,  with  blackish  and  whitish  on  a 
mottled  brownish  ground. 
6'.  Adult  males  with  breast  (sometimes  sides  and  flanks  also)  rich  coppery  chest- 
nut, with  metallic  purple  and  coppery  reflections, 
c^  Adult  male  without  white  on  neck ;  length  about  2J  feet,  wing  9.50-10.50 
inches,  tall  17.50-20.00.     Adult  female :  Length  about  20.00-24.00, 
wing  8.50,  tail  11.00-12.00.     Young  male :  Similar  to  adult  female. 
Downy  young :   "  Sides  of  head,  throat,  and  under  parts,  yelloAvi.sh 
white;  forehead  dull  rusty  yellpwish,  with  a  dark  brown  central 
stripe,  which  broadens  towards  the  nape ;  behind  the  ear  is  a  black 
spot ;  upper  parts  generally  yellowish,  variegated  with  rusty  red 
and  brown,  and  with  blackish  brown  stripes."    (Dresser.)    Hab. 

»  Phattanut  LiiiN.,  S.  N.  ed.  10, 1. 1768, 168.    Type,  P.  colchteui  Link. 


206 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Europe  in  general,  except  colder  portions;  introduced  into  (and 
naturalized  in?)  eastern  United  States.  (Introduced  into  Europe 
from  western  Asia.) 

P.  colchicus  Linn.     Pheasant.^ 

c'.  Adult  male  with  white  collar  round  neck,  much  narrower  (sometimes 

interrupted)  before  and  behind ;    otherwise  closely  resembling  P. 

colchicus.    Hah.  China.    (Introduced  into  and  partially  naturalized 

in  western  Oregon  ?) 

P.  torquatus  Gmkl.     Ring-necked  Pheasant.* 
6'.  Adult  male  with  breast,  sides,  and  flanks  rich  dark  green. 

Length  about  24.00-27.00,  wing  9.60,  tail  16.00.  Adult  female  very  similar 
to  same  sex  of  P.  colchicus  and  P.  torquatus,  but  tail  more  numerously 
barred  and  with  more  reddish  or  purplish  ground-color;  length  about 
20.00,  wing  8.25,  tail  10.50.  Hab.  Japan ;  introduced  into  and  naturalized 
in  western  Oregon. 

P.  versicolor  Vieill.     Green  Pheasant.' 

a*.  Adult  male  with  neck  rich  chestnut,  with  coppery  red  and  purplish  reflections ; 

sides  of  occiput  without  tufts.    Adult  female  with  tail  (except  four  middle 

feathers)  uniform  chestnut,  tipped  with  white,  this  immediately  preceded  by 

a  subterminal  black  bar. 

Adult  male :  General  color  chestnut  and  rufous,  glossed  with  coppery  red 

and  purplish,  the  rump  broadly  streaked  with  white;  tail  light  rufous, 

crossed  at  wide  intervals  by  broad  bands  of  deep  chestnut,  each  of  these 

preceded  by  a  black  bar,  this  again  by  mottled  whitish ;  length  about 

36.00,  wing  9.00,  tail  28.00.     Female:  Length  about  18.00-20.00,  wing 

8.25,  tail  8.50.    Hab.  Japan  ;  introduced  into  and  naturalized  in  western 

Oregon. 

P.  soemmerringii  Temm.    Copper  Pheasant.* 


Genus  MELEAGRIS  Linnaeus.    (Pago  205,  pi.  LXI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Quills  slaty,  barred  with  white ;  secondaries  similar, 
but  with  more  white ;  tail  brown  or  gray,  barred  with  black ;  plumage  in  general 
more  or  less  brilliantly  metallic.  Nest  on  ground  in  woods.  Eggs  10-18,  or  more, 
light  buffy,  thickly  (but  sometimes  indistinctly)  speckled  or  sprinkled  with  brown. 

a^.  Tail  and  its  coverts  tipped  with  chestnui,  rusty,  or  whitish ;  ground-color  of 
tail  brown ;  feathers  of  lower  back,  rump,  and  lower  parts  metallic,  tipped 
narrowly  with  velvety  black ;  greater  wing-coverts  dull  copper-color,  tipped 
with  velvety  black.    Adult  males  with  a  conspicuous  beard-like  tuft  of  stiff 


1  Phaiianus  colchicua  LiNH.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  1758,  158. 

*  Phaiianna  torquatut  Omrl.,  8.  N.  i.  1788,  742. 

*  Phntianut  veriicolor  ViGtLL.,  Gal.  Ois.  ii.  1834,  2.3,  pi.  205. 

*  PhaeianuB  latmmtrringii  Tbmm.,  PI.  Col.  r.  1838,  82  livr.  pli.  487,  488. 


CRACIDM 


2or 


coarse  black  bristles  depending  from  centre  of  chest,  and  with  log-spur 
shorter  than  hind-toe,  conical,  and  blunt.     Adult  male :  Length  about  48.00- 
50.00,  wing  21.00,  tail  18.50,  weight  16-40  pounds.    Adult  female  considerably- 
smaller  (average  weight  about  12  pounds),  the  colors  duller. 
b^.  Tail  tipped  with  deep  rusty,  its  coverts  ant.  leathers  of  lower  rump  tipped 
with  rich  dark  chestnut.     Eggs  2.55  X 1-79.     Hab.    Eastern   United 
States,  north  to  southern  Canada,  south  to  Florida  and  eastern  Texas, 
west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains. 

310.  M.  gallopavo  (Linn.).    Wild  Tuikey. 

b*.  Tail,  tail-coverts,  and  feathers  of  lower  rump  tipped  with  buffy  whitish. 

Eggs  2.35  X  1-79.     Hab.  Table-lands  of  Mexico,  and  north  to  southern 

border  of  United  States  (western  Texas  to  Arizona) ;  south  to  Vera 

Cruz  (temperate  region). 

310a.  M.  gallopavo  mexicana  (Gould).  Mexican  Turkey. 
Tail  and  its  coverts  tipped  with  intensely  brilliant  metallic  copper  bronze ; 
ground-color  of  tail  ash-gray ;  feathers  of  lower  back  and  rump  rich  steel- 
blue,  those  of  lower  parts  bronzy  black — all  tipped  with  intensely  rich  metallic 
golden  and  coppery  bronze  ;  greater  wing-coverts  brilliantly  metallic  copper- 
bronze,  without  black  tips.  Adult  male  Avithout  beard-like  tuft  on  chest,  and 
with  leg-spur  longer  (in  older  birds  much  longer)  than  hind-toe,  thorn-shaped 
and  very  sharp.  Size  considerably  less  than  in  the  more  northern  species. 
Hab.  Yucatan  and  adjacent  portions  of  Honduras  (and  Gtiatemala?). 

M.  ocellata  Temm.    Ocellated  Turkey.* 


Pheasant.* 


Family  CRACID.^. — The  Curassows  and  Guans.    (Pago  184.) 

Genera. 

a*.  Cere  wholly  naked,  the  nostrils  exposed;    tarsi  entirely  naked.      (Subfamily 

Cracince.') 

V.  Bill  very  stout,  its  depth  through  base  equal  to  or  greater  than  chord  of 

culmen,  the  top  of  the  cere  elevated,  distinctly  arched;  feathers  of  crest 

recurved  at  tips ;  throat  mostly  feathered.    (Very  large :  length  2i  to  3 

feet.) Grax} 

f.  Bill  much  weaker,  its  depth  through  base  less  than  chord  of  culmen,  the  top 
of  cere  not  distinctly  elevated  nor  arched ;  feathers  of  crest  (if  any)  not 
recurved  at  tip ;  throat  naked,  except  a  median  narrow  strip. 
c*.  Larger  (length  about  2}  to  3  feet) ;  throat  with  a  more  or  less  distinct 
median  "  dewlap." 
<P.  Sexes  alike  in  color,  brownish  above,  striped  with  whitish  be- 
neath   Penelope.* 


>  Meleagri*  ocellata  Teuh.,  PI.  Col.  livT.  19,  1838,  pi.  112. 

»  Crax  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1768,  167.    Type,  C,  rubra  Linn.,  =  C,  globieera  Linn,  et  Acer. 

*  Penelope  Mbrrkh,  Aves  loon,  et  Desor.  ii.  1786,  40.    Type,  Meteagri*  orietata  Linn. 


208  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

cP,  Sexes  unlike  in  color ;  male  uniform  black,  female  black,  vermicu- 

lated  or  irregularly  barred  witb  rufous Penelopina} 

c*.  Smaller  (length  less  than  2  feet) ;  throat  without  median  "  dewlap" ;  plu- 
mage plain,  the  tail  with  whitish  or  rufous  tip.  Ortalis.     (Page  208.) 
a*.  Cere  densely  covered  with  erect  velvet-like  feathers,  concealing  the  nostrils; 
upper  part  of  tarsi  feathered  in  front  and  on  sides.    (Subfamily  Oreophasina'.) 
Male  with  a  tubercular  vertical  horn  on  top  of  head Oreophasis? 

Genus  ORTALIS  Merkem.    (Page  208,  pi.  LXI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters  (of  Mexican  and  Central  American  species). — Above  plain 
olive-brownish  or  olive-grayish,  the  tail  darker  and  with  a  distinct  greenish  or 
bluish  gloss ;  anterior  lower  parts  colored  like  upper  surface,  the  rest  of  lower  parts 
different  (chestnut-rufous,  light  brownish,  or  dull  whitish). 

fl\  Head  with  a  conspicuous  crest,  the  anterior  feathers  of  which  incline  forward, 
over  base  of  bill ;  posterior  lower  parts  and  tips  of  tail-feathers  chestnut- 
rufous;  length  about  2  feet  (or  more),  wing  9.50-10.50,  tail  11.00-12.00. 
Hob.  Western  Mexico,  north  to  Mazatlan. 

O.  wagleri  Gray.    Wagler's  Chachalaca.* 
fll  Head  not  conspicuously  crested,  all  the  feathers  reclining  backward ;  posterior 
lower  parts  and  tips  of  tail-feathers  pale  brownish,  light  ochraceous,  or 
whitish. 
6\  Quills  olive,  or  olive-grayish. 

c*.  Wing  not  more  than  8.50 ;  feathers  of  neck  blended ;  under  tail-coverts 
isabella-color,  or  buffy  brownish ;  tip  of  tail  varying  from  isabella- 
color  to  white. 
d}.  Belly  dull  light  brownish. 
e\  Tip  of  tail  white. 

f\  Belly  pure  white ;  length  about  16.50,  wing  7.30,  tail  8.00. 
Hab.  West  coast  of  Guatemala  and  Nicaragua. 

O.  leucogastra  (Gould).  White-bellied  Chachalaca.* 
/*.  Belly  dull  fulvous-brown,  or  isabella-color.  Adxdt :  Above 
plain  grayish  olive,  faintly  glossed  with  bronzy  green- 
ish, more  dull  slaty  on  head  and  neck ;  tail  dusky  bronzy 
greenish,  changing  to  dull  bluish,  broadly  tipped  with 
white,  except  middle  feathers ;  middle  line  of  throat 
blackish ;  lower  parts  generally  dull  brownish,  some- 
what paler  on  middle  of  belly,  but  deepening  into  more 
decided,  or  more  fulvous,  brownish  on  flanks  and  under 


1  Penelopina  Reich.,  Tauben.  1862,  162.  Type,  Penelope  nigra  Fbas. 
»  Orcophasit  Gray,  Uen.  B.  iii.  1 844,  495.  Type,  0.  derbianut  Gray. 
»  Ortalirla  xnagleri  GRAY,  List  Gallin.  Brit.  Mas.  1867,  11. 

*  Penelope  leuoogaater  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1843,  105.     Ortalida  leucogastra  Gray,  List  Gallin.  Brit.  Mas. 
1867,  13. 


ORTALIS. 


209 


tail-coverts;  length  19.75-24.00,  wing  7.50-8.60,  tail 
9.00-10.50.  Nest  in  trees  or  bushes,  usually  4-10  feet 
from  ground,  carelessly  constructed  of  sticks,  grasses, 
leaves,  etc.  Eggs  usually  3,  2.34  X  1-60,  creamy  white, 
with  very  hard,  distinctly  granulated  shells.  Hab. 
Northeastern  Mexico,  from  Vera  Cruz  north  to  lower 
Eio  Grande  Valley  (both  sides). 

311.  O.  vetula  maccalli  (Baird).    Chaohalaoa.* 

e".  Tip  of  tail  dull  buffy  brown,  or  isabella-color ;  colors  generally 

darker  than  in  maccalli,  and  size  decidedly  less  (length 

about  21.00,  wing  7.70,  tail  9.00).    Hab.  Guatemala  and 

southern  Mexico  (Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec). 

O.  vetula  plumbeiceps  Gray.    Guatemalan  Chachalaca.* 
cP.  Belly  dull  whitish. 

Tip  of  tail  brownish   white;    otherwise  like  maccalli,  but 
smaller  (size  of  plumbeiceps).     Hab.  Yucatan. 

O.  vetula  pallidiventris  Bidqw.  (subsp.  nov.). 
Yucatan  Chachalaca. 
c*.  Wing  9.00,  or  more ;  feathers  of  neck  distinctly  lanceolate ;  under  tail- 
coverts  deep  ochraceous,  tip  of  tail  pale  ochraceous. 

O.  poliocephala  Waol.    Gray-necked  Chachalaca.^ 
6".  Quills  chestnut. 

Otherwise  very  similar  to  0.  plumbeiceps,  but  much  browner  above. 

O.  cinereiceps  Gray.    Costa  Rican  Chachalaca.* 

.^It  is  possible  that  this  may  be  the  true  0.  vetula  of  Wagler  {Penelope  vetula  Wagl.,  Isis,  18.30,  1112), 
which  seems  to  agree  exactly  in  color  with  0.  maccalli  ;  but  the  size  is  much  smaller,  the  length  being  given 
as  18  inches,  the  tail  9.70.  The  locality  is  given  as  simply  "  Mexico,"  and  it  may  be  that  a  fourth  local  race,  to 
which  Wagler's  name  is  strictly  applicable,  may  exist  in  some  portion  of  Mexico  specimens  from  which  have 
not  come  under  my  observation. 

'  Ortalida  plumbeiceps  Gray,  List  Gallin.  Brit.  Mus.  1867,  11. 

'  Penelope  poliocephala  Wagl.,  Isis,  18.30,  1112.     Ortalida  poliocephala  Waol.,  Isis,  1832,  1227. 

*  Ortalida  cinereiceps  Oray,  List  Gallin.  Brit.  Mus.  1867,  12. 


27 


210 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Order  COLUMBiE. — ^The  Pigeons.    (Pago  2.) 

Families. 

(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Order) ..  Columbidse.     (Pago  210.) 

Family  COLUMBIDiE.— The  Pigeons  or  Doves.     (Page  210.) 

(^Nest  a  flat  frail  platform  of  sticks,  straws,  etc.,  usually  in  ti-ees.     Eggs  2,  plain 
white  or  bufEy  white.) 

Genera. 

a^.  Tarsus  shorter  than  lateral  toes.     (Subfamily  Columbines.) 

6'.  Tail  much  shorter  than  wing,  slightly  rounded,  the  feathers  broad  and 

rounded,  or  nearly  truncated,  at  tips Colutnba.     (Page  211.) 

b\  Tail  nearly  as  long  as  wing,  graduated,  the  feathers  narrow  and  pointed  at 

tips Ectopistes.    (Page  212.) 

a'.  Tarsus  longer  than  lateral  toes.    (Subfamily  Zejiaidince.) 
b^.  Front  of  tarsus  covered  by  transverse  scutellse. 
c*.  Wing  more  than  5.00. 

d}.  Terminal  portion  of  outer  quill  abruptly  narrowed. 

Engyptila.     (Page  214.) 
cP.  Terminal  portion  of  outer  quill  not  narrowed. 

e\  Outer  webs  of  only  second  and  third  quills  very  slightly  sinu- 
ated  (sinuation  scarcely  perceptible). 
f\  Tail-feathers  12 ;  tail  rounded,  less  than  three-fourths  as 
long  as  wing,  the  feathers  broad  and  rounded  at  tips. 
g^.  Culmen  longer  than  lateral  toes,  without  claws ;  tail 
nearly  three-fourths  as  long   as  wing;    a  white 
patch  covering  larger  wing-coverts. 

Melopelia.     (Page  214.) 

gr*.  Culmen  shorter  than  lateral  toes,  without  claws ;  tail 

^  barely  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing;  no 

white  patch  on  wing-coverts. 

Zenaida.     (Page  213.) 
/'.  Tail-feathers  14 ;  tail  graduated,  usually  more  than  three- 
fourths  (always  more  than  two-thirds)   as  long  as 
wing,  the  feathers  more  or  less  narrowed  at  tips. 

Zenaidura.    (Page  212.) 
e*.  Outer  webs  of  second  to  fifth  quills,  inclusive,  distinctly  sinu- 
ated  ;  tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing. 

Geotrygon.     (Page  216.) 


COLUMBA. 


211 


;o2.) 

igo  210.) 
s  210.) 
s  2,  plain 


road  and 
age  211.) 
lointed  at 
»age  212.) 


'age  214.) 

htly  sinu- 

burths  as 
I  at  tips, 
aws ;  tail 
a  white 

>age  214.) 
laws;  tail 
I  wing;  no 

'ago  213.) 
lan  threa- 
long  as 
tips. 

'age  212.) 
Ictly  sinu- 

>age  216.) 


c*.  Wing  less  than  4.00. 

(P.  Tail  as  long  as  or  longer  than  wing,  lateral  feathers  graduated  and 

narrowed  at  tips Scardafella.     (Pago  215.) 

(P.  Tail  much  shorter  than  wiug,  rounded,  the  feathers  broad  at  end;*. 

Columbigallina.    (Page  214.) 
b''.  Front  of  tarsus  covered  with  hexagonal  scutella). 

Otherwise  like  Geotrygon,  but  tarsi  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe, 
with  claw Starncenas.     (Page  217.) 

Genus  COLUMBA  Linnaeus.    (Pago  210,  pi.  LXII.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

a}.  Terminal  third  of  tail  abruptly  lighter  in  color  than  the  basal  portion,  the  two 
shades  (of  grayish)  separated  by  a  blackish  band ;  lower  tail-coverts  white. 
Above  plumbeous,  browner  on  back,  more  bluish  on  rump,  the  wing- 
coverts  paler  and  narrowly  edged  with  white;  quills  dusky.  Adult 
male :  A  narrow  half-collar  of  white  across  upper  portion  of  hind-neck, 
the  rest  of  the  hind-neck  dull  metallic  bronzy  green ;  head,  fore-neck, 
and  lower  parts  more  or  less  purplish,  or  glaucous-vinaceous,  or  violet, 
/  becoming  more  pinkish  on  belly  and  plumbeous  on  sides ;  bill  yellow  (in 
life)  with  black  tip.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  usually 
much  duller  m  color,  the  white  nuchal  bar  indistinct  or  even  obsolete, 
the  breast  grayer,  belly  whitish,  hind  neck  less  metallic,  and  size  rather 
less.  Young :  Somewhat  like  adult  female,  but  feathers  of  upper 
parts  narrowly  and  rather  indistinctly  margined  with  paler;  head  and 
neck  dull  plumbeous  (in  male)  or  light  grayish  brown  (in  female),  with 
Indistinct  paler  tips  to  feathers ;  no  trace  of  white  bar  on  nape,  and 
lower  parts  dull  grayish,  tinged  with  brown  on  breast.  Length  15.00- 
IG.OO,  wing  8.00-8.80,  tail  6.00-6.50.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  from 
Eoeky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  south  through  Mexico  to 
highlands  of  Guatemala 312.  C.  fasciata  Say.    Band-tailed  Pigeon. 

a\  Tail  of  a  uniform  shade  throughout ;  lower  tail-coverts  slate-gray. 

6'.  Neck  same  color  all  round,  and  entirely  destitute  of  metallic  gloss.  Adult 
male :  Head,  neck,  and  breast  purplish  chocolate,  or  vinaceous-chestnut, 
the  lesser  and  upper  middle  wing-coverts  similar,  but  brighter,  or  less 
vinaceous ;  back,  scapulai's,  and  tertials  grayish  brown  or  olivaceous ; 
rest  of  plumage  dark  plumbeous  or  slaty,  clearest  on  rump  and  flanks, 
paler  on  under  wing-coverts,  darker  on  tail.  Adult  female :  Similar,  but 
rather  smaller  and  color  duller.  Length  13.75-14.60,  wing  about  7.50- 
7.80,  tail  5.40-5.50.  Eggs  1.47  X  1-06.  Hab.  Mexico  and  Central  Amer- 
ica, south  to  Costa  Rica,  north  to  southern  Texas  and  Lower  California. 

313.  C.  flavirostris  Wagl.    Bed-billed  Pigeon. 

6'.  Hind-neck  ornamented  by  a  "  cape"  of  metallic  brassy  or  bronzy  green  or 

purplish,  each  feather  distinctly  bordered  with  velvety  black.    Adult 

(sexes  alike'):   Entire  top  of  head  white  or  pale  grayish  huffy;   upper 


212  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

part  of  hind-neck  dark  maroon ;  rest  of  plumage  uniform  dark  plumbe- 
ous; length  12.00-14.25,  wing  7.00-7.80,  tail  5.50-5.80.  Eggs  1.41  X  102. 
Hab.  Greater  Antilles,  Bahamas,  and  Florida  Keys ;  also,  Santa  Cruz, 
St.  -Tiartholomew,  and  coast  of  Honduras. 

314.  C.  leucocephala  Linn.    White-crowned  Pigeon. 

Genus  ECTOPISTES  Swainson.    (Page  210,  pi.  LXIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Tail  shading  from  dusky  on  middle  feathers,  thi'ough  gradually  lighter  shades 
of  gray,  to  white  on  outer  webs  of  lateral  pair,  the  inner  web  of  each  feather 
(except  middle  pair)  with  a  transverse  blackish  spot  preceded  by  one  of  rufous. 
Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  rump,  and  under  wing-coverts  uniform  plumbeous ;  other 
upper  parts  grayish  brown,  or  drab,  the  outermost  scapulars,  innex*most  wing- 
coverts,  and  tertials  spotted  with  black ;  nape  and  sides  of  neck  glossed  with 
changeable  metallic  reddish  purple  ;  chest  and  breast  deep  vinaceous-mifous,  pass- 
ing gradually  into  soft  pinkish  vinaceous  on  sides ;  belly  and  under  tail-coverts 
white.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  the  male,  but  head  brownish  gray,  gradually 
paler  toward  throat;  chest  and  breast  grayish  brown,  or  drab,  gradually  changing 
to  pale  brownish  gray  on  sides;  metallic  gloss  on  neck  less  distinct;  size  some- 
what less.  Young :  Somewhat  like  adult  female,  but  wing-coverts  and  scapulars, 
also  feathers  of  head,  neck,  and  chest  narrowly  tipped  with  whitish,  producing  a 
mottled  appcai'ance ;  rusty  margins  to  quills  more  distinct,  and  bordering  their 
tips.  Length  15.00-17.25,  wing  8.00-8.50,  tail  8.20-8.75,  the  female  somewhat 
smaller.  -Eggs  1.47  X  1-02.  Hab.  Deciduous  forest-region  of  eastern  North 
America,  west,  casually,  to  Washington  Territory  and  Nevada ;  Cuba. 

315.  E.  migratorius  (Linn.).    Passenger  Pigeon. 

Genus  ZENAIDURA  Bonaparte.    (Page  210,  pi.  LXIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters  (of  North  and  Middle  American  species). — Tail-feathers 
(except  middle  pair)  grayish,  paler  at  tips,  and  crossed  bjj-  an  irregular  subterminal 
band  of  dusky ;  upper  parts  plain  brownish,  the  tertials,  with  adjacent  wing-cov- 
erts or  scapulars,  or  both,  marked  with  a  few  roundish,  oval,  or  oblong  spots  of 
black  ;  axillars  and  under  wing-co  /erts  bluish  gray,  or  plumbeous. 

rt'.  Secondaries  not  tipped  with  white, 

b\  Lower  tail-coverts  light  creamy  buff.  Adult  male:  Occiput  light  bluish  gray, 
with  a  glaucous  "bloom";  rest  of  head  and  neck  vinacoous-cinnamon, 
paler  on  throat  and  forehead,  the  chin  whitish  ;  sides  of  neck  glossed 
with  changeable  metallic  purple;  a  spot  of  blue-black  beneath  ears; 
chest  and  breast  delicate  vinaceous,  changing  to  creamy  bulf  posteriorly, 
paler  on  lower  tail-coverts.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  head 
light  drab,  paler  on  throat,  and  whitish  on  chin,  the  occiput  scarcely 
if  at  all  bluish ;  breast  light  drab,  or  grayish  olive-brown,  changing  to 


ZENAIDA. 


213 


plumbe- 
1X102.  ' 
ita  Cruz, 

id  Pigeon. 

•) 


;er  shades 
h  feather 
of  rufoua. 
us;  other 
oat  wing- 
ssed  with 
foua,  pasa- 
ail-coverts 
gradually 
changing 
size  some- 
scapulara, 
•oducing  a 
ring  their 
somewhat 
jrn   North 

^er  Pigeon. 


lilfeathers 
ibterminal 
wing-cov- 
g  spots  of 


uish  gray, 
cinnamon, 
ck  glossed 
eath  ears; 
osteriorly, 
,  but  head 
scarcely 
langing  to 


pale  buffy  on  posterior  lower  parts ;  motallic  gloss  on  nock  less  distinct, 
the  black  ear-spot  smaller  and  duller.  Young :  Much  duller  in  color 
than  adult  female,  with  the  tints  more  brownish ;  feathers  of  upper 
parts,  head,  neck,  and  chest,  with  distinct  paler  tips  or  terminal  margins ; 
no  metallic  gloss  on  neck,  or  distinct  black  spot  beneath  ears.  Length 
11.00-13.00,  wing  5.70-6.10,  tail  5.70-6.50,  culmen  .50-.55.  Nest  vari- 
ously situated;  j%^s  1.10  X -84.  Hnb.  Whole  of  temperute  North  Amer- 
ica, north  to  Canada,  southern  Maine,  etc.,  south  to  Panama  and  West 

Indies 316.  Z.  macroura  (Linn.).    Mourning  Dove. 

fc'.  Lower  tail-coverts  cinnamon-color.  Yoxing  {adult  unknown) :  Much  darker 
in  color  than  Z.  macroura,  the  entire  lowor  parts,  including  under  tail- 
coverts,  uniform  deep  rusty  cinnamon.  Wing  about  6.00,  tail  4.80-5.00, 
culmen  .80.     Bab.  Socorro  Island,  western  Mexico. 

Z.  graysoni  Lawr.     Socorro  Dove.^ 
a'.  Outer  webs  of  secondaries  broadly  tipped  with  white. 

Adult  male  (Jemnle  and  young  unknown) :  Entire  lower  parts  uniform  deep 
vinaceous,  somewhat  paler  on  lower  tail-coverts.  (Plumage  exactly  that 
of  paler-colored  specimens  of  Zenaida  amabilis.)     Wing  6.00,  tail  4.80. 

Mab.  Yucatan  (Merida). 

Z.  yucatanensis  L.vwr.     Yucatan  Dove.' 

Genus  ZENAIDA  Bonaparte.    (Pago  210,  pi.  LXIII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  olive-browr.  or  russet,  the  tertials  and  adjacent 
wing-coverts  or  scapulars  spotted  with  black ;  head,  neck,  and  breast  cinnamon-color, 
reUevcd  by  a  spot  or  streak  of  blue-black  beneath  ear-coverts  and  reflections  of 
c'langeablo  metallic  purple  on  sides  of  neck;  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair) 
plumbeous  or  slaty,  broadly  tipped  with  a  lighter  shade  of  the  same,  and  crossed  by 
a  aubterminal  band  of  black  ;  outer  webs  of  secondaries  brcudly  tipped  with  white. 

a'.  Under  tail-coverts  deep  cinnamon ;  head  and  neck  purplish  cinnamon  or  deep 
vinaceous;  len-ll\  10.00 -11..50,  wing  6.00-6.25,  tail  4.00-4.40.  Eggs  1.19  X 
.92.  Hab.  Florida  Keys,  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  Santa  Cruz, 
Sombrero,  iiud  coast  of  Yucatan..  317.  Z.  zen-'da  (Bonap.).    Zenaida  Dove. 

a'.  Under  tad-coverts  whitish,  usually  sli-'htly  tin'-e  '  i-ith  vinaceous  or  grayish; 
head  and  neck  (especially  the  latter)  cinnatnon-''ufous ;  a  little  larger  than 
Z.  zenaida.  Hah.  Lesser  Antilles  (St.  Bartholomew,  St.  Vincent,  Barbuda, 
Antigua,  Guadeloupe,  Dominica,  Martinique,  Grenada,  St.  Euatatius,  etc.). 

Z.  castanea  (Waol.).    Antillean  Dove.* 


'  Zeimiuiira  grayfoni  LAWn.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1871,  17. 

*  Zennidura  yucctanensU  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  ix.  1860,  208.     (Perhnps  a  hybrid  botwoon  Z,  mnernu  . 
and  Zenaida  nmiihilin.) 

'  Cohimhn  cnnfrnni  Waot,.,  Pyst.  Av.  1827,  289,  Colut"'  .1   Sp.  77.     {Z.  martinicana  Br.  el  AucT.,  but  not 
Columba  martinica  Linn.) 


214 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  ENGYPTILA  Sundevall.    (Pr.ge  210,  pi.  LXII ,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Above  plain  olive-brownish,  the  occiput,  hind-neck,  and  sides  of 
neck  glossed  M'ith  metallic  reddish  purple;  top  of  head  bluish  gvay,  fjiding  into 
creamy  white  on  forehead  ;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  with  lower  parts,  pale  vinaceous, 
or  vinaceous-white,  deeper  on  chest  and  upper  part  of  breast,  the  chin,  belly,  and 
under  tail-coverts  pure  white,  the  sides  tinged  with  grayish  brown  or  olive;  axillara 
and  under  wing-coverts  chestnut-rufous;  middle  tail-feathers  like  back,  the  resu 
slaty  black,  broadly  tipped  with  white.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  the  male,  but 
colors  duller,  with  vinaceots  tints  less  pronounced,  and  metallic  gloss  on  hind-neck 
less  distinct.  Length  about  11.50-12.50,  wings  6.00-6.50,  tail  4.25-4.50.  Nest  in 
vines  or  bushes.  Eggs  1.17  X  87,  dull  buffy  white.  Hab.  Mexico  and  Guatemala, 
north  to  lower  Eio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas. 

318.  E.  albifrons  (Bonap.).    White-fronted  Dove. 

Genus  MELOPELIA  Bonaparte.    (Page  210,  pi.  LXIV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Two  middle  tail-feathers  grayish  brown,  the  rest  plumbeous  or  slaty,  with  the 
terminal  fourth  white  (tinged  with  gray  toward  middle  feathers),  the  plumbeous  or 
slate  of  basal  portion  darker  next  to  the  lighter  terminal  portion ;  secondaries 
broadly  edged  terminally  with  white  ;  larger  wing-coverts  Avhito,  producing  a  largo 
white  longitudinal  patch  on  wing.  Adult  male:  Above  grayish  brown  or  drab, 
grayer  on  wings,  more  plumbeous  on  rump ;  head,  neck,  and  chest  light  brownish 
gray,  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  vinaceous,  the  occiput  and  hind-neck  irr>lining 
to  glaucous  lilaceous ;  sides  of  neck  glossed  with  metallic  golden  green  changing  to 
purple;  a  spot  of  blue-black  immediately  beneath  oar-coverts;  other  lower  parts 
light  pearl-gray,  becoming  whitish  on  lower  tail-coverts.  Adult  female  :  Similar  to 
the  male,  but  colors  duller,  with  little  if  any  lilaceous  or  vinaceous  tinge  to  chest, 
etc.  Young :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  colors  still  duller,  the  feathers  of  upper 
parts  with  paler  tei'minal  margins,  and  the  chest  with  a  faint  rusty  tinge.  Ijongth 
11.00-12.25,  wing  6.30-6.80,  tail  4.80-5.25.  Nest  in  bushes  or  Ioav  trees.  Eggs  1.17 
X  .88,  very  light  creamy  buff  or  buffy  white.  Hab.  Mexico  and  Central  America, 
south  to  Costa  Rica,  north  to  southern  border  of  United  States  (Texas  to  Arizona 
and  Lower  California) ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica. 

319.  M.  leucoptera  (Linn.).    White-winged  Dove. 

Genus  COLUMBIGALLINA  Boie.    (Pago  211,  pi.  LXIL,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — AduU  males  with  top  of  head  bluish  gray,  or  tinged  with 
this  color,  rest  of  upper  parls  plain  grayish  brown  or  chestnut,  the  uppermost  wing- 
coverts  (sometiraeiit  scapulars  also)  moro  or  less  marked  with  steol-bluo  or  black ; 


COL  VMBIQALLINA. 


215 


sides  of 
ding  into 
Mnaeeous, 
belly,  and 
);  axillars 

the  res  I, 

male,  but 

hind-neck 

Nest  in 

uateraala, 

ited  Dove. 

,  Avith  the 

nbeous  oi' 

peondavies 

ig  a  largo 

or  drab, 

brownish 

irolining 

anging  to 

wer  parts 

Similar  to 

to  chest, 

of  upper 

licngth 

Eijgs  1.17 

America, 

)  Arizona 

gred  Dove. 

4) 


ged  with 
oat  wing- 
er black ; 


inner  webs  of  quills  rufous ;  tail  (except  middle  feathers)  blackish ;  lower  parts 
chiefly  vinaceous.  Adult  females  much  duller,  the  lower  parts  dull  light  vinaceous- 
grayish,  or  light  brownish. 

ft'.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  chestnut-rufous. 

Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  pinkish  vinaceous,  the  feathers 
of  the  breast  dufeky  grayish  brown  centrally,  and  those  of  head  and  neck 
margined  with  a  darker  shade  of  the  ground-color;  occiput  and  napo 
bluish  gray,  or  glaucous ;  upper  parts  in  general  plain  grayish  brown, 
the  innermost  v/ing-coverts  (which  are  often  vinaceous,  like  lower 
parts)  mai'ked  with  small  spots  of  dark  metallic  violet.  Adult  female : 
Similar  to  male,  but  colors  much  duller,  the  vinaceous  replaced  by  light 
brownish  gray  (sometimes  slightly  vinaceous).  Young :  Somewhat  like 
adult  female,  but  still  duller,  or  more  gi'ajnsh,  the  feathers,  especially  of 
upper  parts,  narrowly  margined  terminally  with  whitish.  Length  6.00- 
7.00,  wing  3.10-3.60,  tail  2.60-2.80,  exposed  culmen  .41-.48,  tarsus  .60- 
.66.  Eggs  .84  X  -64.  Hab.  Whole  of  Middle  America,  West  Indies,  and 
northern  South  America ;  north  to  southern!  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States 
(casually  to  District  of  Columbia),  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and 
Lower  California 320.  C.  passerina  (Linn.).    Oround  Dove. 

rt'.  Axillars  and  most  of  under  wing-coverts  black. 

Adidt  male:  Above  vinaceous-chestnut,  becoming  bluish  gray  on  top  of 
head,  and  light  vinaceous  on  forehead  ;  lower  parts  plain  deep  vinaceous, 
paler  on  chin.  Adult  female :  Above  dull  bi-ownish,  sometimes  tinged 
with  rusty;  lower  parts  plain  grayish  brown,  or  brownish  gray.  Wing 
about  3.50-3.70.  Hab.  Middle  America  and  northern  South  America, 
north  to  Orizaba  and  Colima,  Mexico. 

C.  rufipennis  (Boxai'.).     Rufous  Ground  Dove.* 

Genus  SCARDAFELLA  Bon.\parte.    (Page  211,  pi.  LXII.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters.— Grayish  bi'own  above,  each  feather  with  a  terminal 
hofder  or  crescentic  bar  of  dusky ;  inner  web  of  quills,  except  terminal  portion, 
iuA.'!^  ,  under  wing-coverts  partly  black  ;  lower  parts  pale  grayish  vinaceous,  pass- 
ing into  white  or  buff  posteriorly,  marked  like  upper  parts ;  lateral  tail-foathers 
with  terminal  half  white,  the  i-est  black. 

fit*.  Larger  wing-coverts,  belly,  and  lower  tail-covorts  white ;  breast  distinctly  squa- 
mated  with  dusky ;  wing  about  4.00,  tail  4.00.  Hab.  South  America  (Brazil, 
Venezuela,  eastern  Ecuador,  etc.). 

S.  squumosa  (Tumm.).     Scaled  Dove.* 


'  Tnlpaeotia  niflpennin  BoifAP.,  Conjp.  ii.  J'iiil,  79. 

»  Columba  squamota  Temm.,  Pfg.  et  Oal.  i.  1811,  pi.  89.    Scrtrdc{/e(la  iqunmota  BoNAP.,  Consp.  il.  1864,  86. 


216 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


rt*.  Larger  wing-coverts  pale  brownish  gray,  like  rest  of  coverts ;  belly  and  lower 
tail-coverts  buff;  breast  very  indistinctly  bquamated;  wing  3.75  or  less,  tail 
more  than  4.00, 
Adult:  Lower  parts  j>alo  grayish  vinaceous  anteriorly  (neai'ly  white  on 
chin),  passing  into  buff  on  belly,  flanks,  and  lower  lail-coverts;   chin, 
throat,  and  upper  part  of  chest  immaculate,  but  feathers  of  other  por- 
tions tipped  with  blackish,  these  bars  broadest  on  flanks ;  upper  parts, 
including  all  the  wing-coverts,  grayish  brown,  each  feather  tipped  with 
a  crescentic  bar  of  blackish.     Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  less  pinkish 
beneath,  and  grayish  brown  of  upper  parts  somewhat  mottled  by  occa- 
sional whitish  tips  to  feathers.     Length  about  8.00,  wing  3.70-3.75,  tail 
4.00-4.40.      Eggs   .82  X  64.      Hab.   Mexico  and  Guatemala,   north  to 
Bouthern  border  of  United  States  (southern  Texas  to  southern  Arizona.) 

321.  S.  inca  (Less.).    Inoa  Dove. 


Genus  GEOTK  rGON  Gosse.    (Page  210,  pi.  LXIV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  mainly  uniform  chestnut,  the  back  (some- 
times other  portions  also)  with  more  or  less  of  metallic  gloss ;  lower  parts  plain 
dull  whitish,  ochi'aceous  or  huffy,  deepening  into  brownish  or  vinaceous  on  chest. 

a}.  Quills  rufous,  on  both  webs,  in  adult  (partly  rufous  in  young) ;  feathers  of  neck 
blended, 
ft*.  Belly  and  under  tail-coverts  whitish,  or  very  pale  uuffy;  back  brilliantly 
metallic. 

Afhdt:  Forehead  and  lores  dull  chestnut;  res*^  of  upper  head  with 
hind-nock  dull  metallic  bronzy  green,  changing  to  purplish ;  back 
brilliantly  metallic  rsddish  purple ;  rest  of  upper  parts  mainly  dull 
chestnut,  more  or  less  glossed  with  metallic  pui-ple,  especially  on 
rump  and  lesser  wing-covert^;  a  broad  wKitish  malar  stripe,  extend- 
ing back  to  occiput,  across  ear-coverts ;  beneath  this  a  narrower  and 
less  distinct  stripe  of  brown  or  chestnut ;  anterior  lower  parts  pale 
vinaceous,  becoming  whitish  on  chin  and  throat;  posterior  lower 
parts  dull  white,  or  ve.y  pale  huffy  ;  length  10.60-11.75,  wing  6.00- 
6.60,  tail  4.20-5.75.  Hab.  Haiti,  Cuba,  Bahamas,  and  Florida  Keys. 
322.  G.  martinica  (Gmel.).  Key  West  Qaail-dove. 
b*.  Belly  and  under  tail-coverts  deep  ochraceous ;  back  not  brilliantly  metallic. 
Adult:  Above  deep  purplish  chestnut,  with  metallic  reflections  (of 
purplish  red)  only  in  certain  lights  ;  chin  and  throat  huffy  whitish ; 
bordered  along  each  side  by  a  dark  purplish  chestnut  stripe,  with  a 
buffy  malar  stripe  above  it — neither  very  sharply  defined ;  fore-neck 
and  chest  vinaceous  or  vinaceous-brown ;  rest  of  lower  parts  deep 
ochraceous-buff  or  ochraceous.  Young:  Above  deep  sepia-brown 
(with  an  olive  oast  in  some  lights),  the  wing-coverts  sometimes 


STARNCENAS. 


217 


d  lower 
less,  tail 

;rhite  on 
9;  chin, 
her  por- 
er  parts, 
>ed  with 
pinkish 
by  occa- 
3.75,  tail 
lorth  to 
Irizona.) 
Lca  Dove. 


ik  (some- 
rts  plain 
chest. 

J  of  neck 

•illiantly 

sad  with 

ih ;  back 

|inly  dull 

ially  on 

extcnd- 

iwer  and 

irts  pale 

ir  lower 

ig  6.00- 

la  Keys. 

lail-dove. 

etallic. 
ions  (of 

hitish ; 

I,  with  a 

ire-neck 

•ts  deep 

brown 

letimes 


mixed  with  rusty ;  forehead,  chest,  etc.,  dull  cinnamon-brown ;  rest 
of  under  parts  brownish  huffy ;  quills  mainly  dusky,  but  inner  webs 
broadly  edged  with  rufous,  especially  toward  base.  Wing  5.30-6.00, 
tail  3.10-3.60.  Hab.  Tropical  America  in  general  (including  West 
Indies),  north  to  Cuba  and  eastern  Mexico  (Miradoi*). 

G.  tnontana  (Linn.).  Ruddy  Quail-dove.* 
a\  Quills  entirely  dusky,  on  both  webs ;  feathers  of  neck  very  distinctly  outlined. 
Adult :  Top  of  head  slaty  or  plumbeous,  becoming  paler  (sometimes  whitish 
or  pale  vinaceous)  on  forehead ;  hind-neck  dull  greenish  bronze ;  rest  of 
upper  parts  nearly  uniform  dark  chestnut,  slightly  glossed  with  violet- 
purple  on  back ;  chin  and  throat  pale  buffy  or  butfy  whitish  ;  chest  vary- 
ing from  dull  brownish  to  buffy  vinaceous  or  even  grayish  brown  ;  rest 
of  lower  parts  buffy,  deeper  on  sides  and  flanks;  length  (skin)  about  9.50- 
11.00,  wing  5.80-6.20,  tail  3.50-4.40.  Hab.  Guatemala  and  southern 
Mexico,  north  to  Mirador. 

G.  albifacies  Scl.    Mexican  Quail-dove.' 

Genus  STARNCENAS  Bonaparte.    (Pago  211,  pi.  LXIV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult:  General  color  plain  olive-brown  above  and  dull  rusty  beneath,  the 
breast  sometimes  with  a  glaucous-purplish  tinge ;  top  of  head  dull  cobalt-blue,  bor- 
dered below  by  black ;  a  wide  white  stripe  running  from  chin  beneath  eye  to 
occiput;  throat  and  chest  black,  bordered  below  by  a  semicircular  line  of  pure 
white,  the  feathers  of  the  upper  and  lateral  portions  of  the  black  area  tipped  with 
blue;  length  10.75-12.50,  wing  5.40-5.70,  tail  4.00-4.25.  Hab.  Cuba  and  Florida 
Keys 323.  S.  cyanocephala  (Linn.).    Blue-headed  Ctnail-dove. 

•  Coinmba  montana  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  163.     Oeotryijon  monlana  Bonap.,  Consj).  ii.  lSo4,  72. 
»  Oeotrygon  albi/acies  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1858,  98. 


S8 


218 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Order  RAPTORES.— Birds  of  Prey. 


(Pago  2.) 


Families. 


i}.  Head  entirely  nakeu,  or  else  only  partially  covered  with  down  (in  young)  ;  nos- 
trils longitudinal ;  a  distinct  web  between  inner  and  middle  toes,  at  base ; 
hind-toe  short,  elevated,  the  feet  wholly  unfit  for  grasping,    (Suborder  Sar- 

corhamphi.) Cathartidse.    (Page  218.) 

J*.  Head  entirely  feathered  or  only  partially  naked ;  nostrils  vertical  or  roundish  ; 

no  web  between  inner  and  middle  toes ;  hind-toe  well  developed,  with  large, 

sharp  claw,  inserted  at  the  same  level  with  anterior  toes,  the  feet  specially 

adapted  for  grasping. 

&'.  Eyes  lateral,  not  surrounded  by  disks  of  radiating  feathers ;  cere  exposed ; 

outer  toe  not  reversible  (except  in  Pandion).     (Suborder  Falcones.) 

Falconidae.    (Page  222.) 
i*.  Eyes  directed  forward,  surrounded  by  disks  of  radiating  feathers  ;  cere  con- 
cealed by  lora!  and  frontal  bristle-like  feathers;  outer  toe  reversible. 
(Suborder  Sfriges.) 
c\  Inner  too  as  long  as  middle  too ;  inner  edge  of  middle  claw  pectinated ; 
feathers  -jv.  liinuur  part  of  tarsus  recurved,  or  pointed  upwai'd;  first 
quill  longer  than  third,  none  of  the  quills  with  inner  webs  sinuated 

or  emarginatcd Strigidse.     (Pago  255.) 

c".  Inner  toe  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  too ;  inner  edge  of  middle  claw 
not  pectinated ;  feathers  on  hinder  part  of  tarsus  (if  present)  pointed 
downwai'd ;  first  quill  shorter  than  third,  and  at  least  one  (one  to 
six)  quill  with  inner  web  sinuated  or  emarginated. 

Bubonidse.    (Pago  255.) 

Family  CATHARTIDSE.— The  American  Vultures.  (Pago  218.) 

Genera. 

i\  Cere  decidedly  shorter  than  the  upper  mandible ;  bill  very  strong,  with  all  its 
outlines  decidedly  convex.     Adult  males  with  a  fleshy  "comb"  or  lobo  sur- 
mounting the  top  of  the  cere. 
6'.  Plumage  of  adult  commencing  on  the  neck  with  a  very  distinct  collar  of 
whito  cottony  down ;    primaries  decidedly  longer  than  secondaries ; 
throat  with  a  median  "  dewlap" ;  "  comb"  of  adult  male  extending  from 
near  anterior  border  of  cere  to  middle  of  the  crown ;  sexes  very  different, 
the  female  lacking  entirely  tho  "comb"  or  other  fleshy  appendages  to 
the  head;  very  large  (wing  30.00,  or  more) Sarcorhamphus.^ 


i  Sarcoihamphu*  Duii£ril,  Zool.  Anal.  1800,  32.    Type,  by  vilmination,  Vultur  gryphut  Lixk. 


GVPAGUS. 


219 


ft'.  Plumage  commencing  on  neck  with  broad,  normally  developed  feathers; 
primaries  not  longer  than  secondaries ;  throat  without  any  "  dewlap" ; 
"  comb"  of  adult  male  attached  only  to  middle  of  cere,  above  nostril ; 
sexes  alike;  size  medium  (wing  less  than  25.00). 

Gypagus.    (Pago  219.) 
a'.  Cere  decidedly  longer  than  upper  mandible;  bill  comparatively  weak.    Adult 
males  without  fleshy  "  comb"  or  lobe  surmounting  cere. 
b^.  Entire  neck  bare  of  feathers ;  plumage  commencing  abruptly  with  lanceo- 
late or  penicillate  feathers,  these  continued  over  breast  and  belly ;  head 
much  elongated,  the  upper  outline  of  the  cere  elevated  posteriorly  above 
the  level  of  the  flattened  forehead ;  very  large  (wing  30.00,  or  more). 
Nostril  very  small,  occupying  not  more  than  the  basal  third  of  the 
nasal  fossro,  its  anterior  end  acute ;   bill  small,  the  mandibles  de- 
cidedly broader  than  deep,  the  lower  as  deep  as  the  upper ;  skin  of 
head  and  neck  smooth  ;  tail  even....  Pseudogryphus.     (Pago  220.) 
b\  Head  only,  or  with  only  upper  part  of  neck,  naked ;  plumage  commencing 
gradually  on  upper  part  or  middle  of  neck  with  broad,  normal  feathers, 
those  of  the  breast  and  belly  broad  and  blended ;   foi-ehcad  elevated 
above  the  upper  outline  of  cere;  bill  stronger,  with  hook  of  upper  man- 
dible well  developed ;  much  smaller  (wing  less  than  25.00). 
c^  Nostrils  very  largo  and  broad,  occupying  the  whole  of  the  nasal  fossa), 
both  ends  broadly  rounded  ;  wing  lengthened,  the  quills  reaching  to 
or  beyond  tip  of  the  n..  'ch  rounded  tail...  Cathartes.     (Page  220.) 
c*.  Nostrils  small  and  narrow,  occupj'ing  only  the  posterior  half  of  the 
nasal  fossae,  the  anterior  end  pointed ;   wing  short,  rounded,  the 
quills  scarcely  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  even  or  slightly  emar- 
ginated  tail Catharista.    (Pago  221.) 

Genus  GYPAGUS  Vieillot.    (Page  219,  pi.  LXIV.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Upper  neck  ("  ruff")  plumbeous,  the  feathers  white  at  base ;  tertials, 
secondaries,  quills,  gi*eater  and  primaiy  coverts,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail, 
black,  the  secondaries  grayish  exteriorly  and  edged  with  white ;  rest  of  plumage 
deep  vinaceous-buff  or  pinkish  cream-color  above,  white  beneath  ;  naked  skin  of  head 
and  upper  neck  very  brilliantly  colored  in  life  with  yellow,  orange,  red,  blue,  etc.; 
iris  white ;  bill  dull  red  in  dried  skins,  said  to  bo  orange  and  black  in  life.  Yovng : 
Entirely  plain  blackish  brown,  the  bill  and  naked  skin  of  head  dusky.  Length 
27.00-34.00,  wing  19.00-20.00,  tail  9.50-10.00,  culmen  1.30-1.'.),  tarsus  3.60-3.65, 
middle  too  3.00-3.30.  Eggs  3.70  X  2.65,  plain  white.  Hah.  Whole  of  tropical  America, 
except  West  Indies,  north  to  southern  Arizona  ? 

Q.  papa  (L:nn.).    King  Vulture." 


I  Vulture  pppa  Link.,  8.  N.  od.  10,  i.  1758,  86.     Oj/pagut  papa  Vieill.,  Nouv.  Diet,  xxxvi.  1819,  456. 


220 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  PSEUDOGRYPHUS  Eidgway.    (Page  219,  pi.  LXIV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Dull  black,  the  outer  webs  of  greater  wing-coverts  and  secondaries 
hoary  grayish,  the  foi-mer  tipped  and  the  latter  edged  with  white ;  axillars  and 
under  wing-coverts  pure  white ;  bill  whitish  or  pale  yellowish,  and  naked  skin  of 
head  and  neck  yellowish  or  orange  in  life.  Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  feathers 
of  upper  parts  more  distinctly  bordered  with  brownish  (producing  a  squamate  ap- 
pearance), the  outer  webs  of  greater  wing-coverts  and  secondaries  dusky,  and  with- 
out any  white  on  axillars  or  under  wing-coverts ;  bill  and  naked  skin  of  head  and 
neck  dusky,  the  latter  more  or  less  covered  with  soft  sooty  grayish  down.  Downy 
young :  Dull  white,  the  naked  skin  of  head  and  neck  dull  yellow.  Length  44.00- 
55.00  inches,  extent  8J  to  nearly  11  feet,  weight  20  to  25  pounds,  wing  30.00-35.00 
inches,  tail  15.00-18.00,  culmen  1.50,  tarsus  4.40-5.00,  middle  toe  4.00-4.50.  Nest  a 
cavity  or  recess  among  rocks  or  a  hollow  in  stump,  log,  or  tree-trunk.  Eggs  1-2, 
4.46  X  2.48,  elongate-ovate,  plain  pale  dull  grayish  green  or  dull  greenish  white. 
Hub.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States,  north  to  the  Columbia ;  southern  Utah  ?  (Now 
much  reduced  in  numbers,  and  extinct  in  many  localities  where  formerly  abun- 
dant.)   324.  P.  californianus  (Shaw).    California  Vulture. 


Genus  '  ATHARTES  Illiger.    (Page  219,  pi.  LX.,  fig.  2 ;  pi.  LXIV.,  figs.  6,  8.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — General  color  black,  uniform  on  lower  parts  (sometimes 
on  upper  parts  also) ;  bill  white,  and  naked  skin  of  head  reddish  or  yellowish  in 
adult,  both  dusky  in  young. 

a}.  Upper  portion  of  neck,  all  round,  naked ;  wing  20.00,  or  more. 

b^.  Plumage  of  upper  parts  grayish  brown,  the  feathers  glossy  blackish  cen- 
trally, the  secondaries  edged  with  grayish  or  whitish ;  naked  skin  of 
head  (in  adult)  livid  crimson  in  life. 
Adult :  Neck  and  lower  parts  uniform  dull  black ;  upper  parts  black- 
ish, with  a  greenish  and  violet  gloss,  the  feathers  of  the  back,  the 
scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  with  margins  broadly  (but  not  abruptly) 
light  grayish  brown ;  edge  of  secondaries  light  grayish  brown,  vary- 
ing to  light  ashy ;  shafts  of  quills  and  tail-feathers  pale  brown,  vary- 
ing to  yellowish  white ;  bill  chalk-white ;  iris  grayish  brown ;  naked 
skin  of  head  and  upper  neck  (in  life)  dull  livid  crimson,  brightening 
to  lake-red  on  cere,  the  lores  and  top  of  head  sometimes  with  whitish 
wart-like  papillro.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  bill  blackish,  and 
naked  skin  of  head  and  neck  livid  dusky,  and  the  brownish  margins 
to  wing-coverts,  etc.,  less  distinct.  Doiony  young:  Covered  with 
pure  white  cottony  down,  the  head,  however,  naked,  and  sallow 
dusky.    Length  26.00-32.00,  extent  about  6  feet,  wing  20.00-23.00 


CATHARISTA. 


221 


inches,  tail  11.00-12.00,  culmen  1.00,  tarsus  2.25-2.30,  middle  toe 
2.50.  Nest  a  cavity  among  rocks  or  in  hollow  of  a  log,  stump, 
or  tree-trunk,  without  additional  material.  Eggs  2,  2.74  X  1-89, 
ovate  or  broadly  elliptical  ovate,  white,  buffy  white,  or  greenish 
white,  more  or  less  spotted  or  blotched  with  rich  brown  (madder  or 
burnt-umber)  and  purplish  gray.  Hub.  Nearly  the  whole  of  temper- 
ate and  tropical  America,  including  West  Indies ;  south  to  Falkland 
Islands  and  Patagcaia,  north,  more  or  less  regularly,  to  southern 
New  England,  New  York,  the  Saskatchewan,  and  British  Columbia. 

325.  C.  aura  (Linn.).    Turkey  Vulture. 
6'.  Plumage  of  upper  parts  entirely  uniform  dull  black ;  naked  skin  of  head 
and  upper  neck  of  adult  yellow  in  life. 
Wing  20.00,  tail  12.00,  culmen  .82,  tarsus  2.50,  middle  toe  2.40.    Hab. 
Amazonian  region  of  South  America  (Guiana  to  eastern  Peru). 

C.  pemigra  (Sharpe).  Amazonian  Turkey  Vulture.* 
a*.  Upper  part  of  hind-neck  feathered  quite  to  the  occiput ;  wing  less  than  20.00. 
Adult :  Entirely  uniform  black  (as  in  C.  pemigra),  the  shafts  of  the  quills 
white ;  "  bill  and  cere  reddish  white ;  crown  and  lower  side  of  head  pale 
violet  or  sky-blue ;  side  of  head,  neck,  and  throat  beautiful  gray-oi'ange ;" 
iris  red ;  bill  white.  Immature :  "  Iris  blackish  gray ;  head  in  very 
young  birds  reddish  gray,  whitish  on  crown  and  over  the  eye ;  neck 
bluish,  subsequent  to  which  the  head  becomes  reddish  violet,  with  a 
whitish  blue  patch  on  the  occipital  region."  (Gtjrney.)  Doivny  young : 
"  The  down  is  light  rufous ;  the  bill,  the  lower  part  of  the  face,  and  the 
cheeks,  are  black ;  the  rest  of  the  head  light  rufous  washed  with  brown ; 
the  iris  chocolate  ;  the  feet  flesh-color,  with  blackish  scales."  *  Length 
about  22.00-25.00,  wing  18.00-18.50,  tail  8.50-9.00,  culmen  .80-.90,  tar- 
sus 2.10-2.40,  middle  toe  2.15-2.25.  Hab.  Eastern  tropical  America 
(except  West  Indies),  from   Brazil  to  eastern  Mexico  (Vera  Cruz) ; 

southern  Texas? 

C.  burrovianus  Cass.     Burroughs's  Turkey  Vulture.' 


black- 

ick,  the 

ruptly) 

,  vary- 

,  vary- 

naked 

toning 

(vhitish 

h,  and 

argins 

d  with 

sallow 

^23.00 


Genus  CATHARISTA  Vieillot.    (Page  219,  pi.  LXIV.,  fig.  7.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Entire  plumage  uniform  dull  black,  the  quills  grayish  basally  (hoary 
whitish  on  under  surface),  their  shafts  pure  white ;  bill  dusky  with  yellowish  or 
whitish  tip ;   naked  skin  of  head  and  fore-neck  dusky.      Young  :   Not  obviously 

1  (Ennpt  pemigra  Sharpb,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mu8.  i.  1874,  26.  Oathartea  pemigra  Ridow.,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn. 
Club,  V.  1880,  83. 

*  Professor  A.  Dugds,  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  in  letter.  I  refer  somewhat  doubtfully  the  bird  which  he  de- 
scribes to  O.  bitrrovianug,  for  the  reason  that  it  certainly  is  not  0.  awa  nor  Catharitta  atrata,  and  no  other 
species  besides  these  and  G.  burrovianui  is  Itnown  to  inhabit  Mexico.  Drawings  went  by  Professor  Dugga,  rep- 
resenting both  the  bird  under  consideration  and  the  corresponding  stage  of  Catharitta  atrata,  show  conclusively 
that  it  is  a  true  Cathartet. 

*  Ciithartet  burrovianui  C<iss.,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ii.  1845,  212, 


99*? 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


different  from  the  adult  (?).  Length  23.00-27.00 ;  extent  about  54.00 ;  wing  16  50- 
17.50,  tail  7.50-8.50,  culmen  .90-.95,  tarsus  3.00,  middle  toe  2.90.  Nest  a  hollow  in 
stump,  log,  or  tree-trunk,  or  secluded  spot  among  undergrowth  of  woods.  Eggs 
1-2,  3.09  X  2.01,  ovate  or  broadly  elliptical-ovate,  similar  in  coloration  to  those  of 
Cathartes  awra,  but  usually  more  sparsely  marked.  Hub.  Whole  of  tropical  and 
warm-temperate  America,  south  to  Argentine  Eepublic  and  Chili,  north  regularly 
to  North  Carolina  and  lower  Mississippi  Valley,  irregularly  or  casually  to  Maine, 
New  York,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Dakota,  etc.  (Apparently  wanting  in  western 
Mexico  and  California) 326.  C.  atrata  (Bartr.).    Black  Vnlture. 


Family  FALCONID.^. — Vultures,  Falcons,  Hawks,  Eagles,  etc. 

(Page  218.) 

Genera. 

a}.  Outer  toe  not  reversible ;  claws  graduated  in  size  from  the  largest  (that  of  hind- 
toe)  to  the  smallest  (that  of  outer  toe),  broader  and  (except  in  Elanus) 
grooved  on  under  side. 
6^  Nosti'il  not  circular,  nor  linear  and  oblique,  with  the  upper  end  the  posterior 
one,  nor  with  central  bony  tubercle.    (Subfamily  Accipitrince.) 

cK  Tail  deeply  forked Elanoides.     (Page  224.) 

c\  Tail  not  deeply  forked. 

(P.  Wing  not  more  than  18.00. 
c*.  Tarsi  naked  in  front. 

/'.  Front  of  tarsi  covered  with  minute  roundish  scales ;  claws 

not  grooved  beneath Elanus.     (Page  224.) 

/'.  Front  of  tarsus  covered  with  large  transverse  scutellte; 
claws  grooved  beneath. 
g^.  Cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  notched. 

Ictinia.    (Page  225.) 
g^.  Cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  not  notched. 

h}.  Tip  of  upper  mandible  produced  into  a  conspicu- 
ous lengthened  hook. 

Rostrhamus.    (Page  225.) 
h*.  Tip  of  upper  mandible  not  pi-oduced  into  a  con- 
spicuous lengthened  hook. 
I*.  Face  encircled  by  a  "ruff"  of  short,  stiffened, 
compact  feathers,  as  in  the  Owls. 

Circus.    (Page  226.) 
P.  Face  not  encircled  by  a  ruff. 

/.  Tail  decidedly  more  than  two-thirds  as 
long  as  wing. 
A*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  not  decidedly 
less  than  chord  of  culmen ;  mid- 
dle toe  equal  to  or  longer  than 


FALCONID^. 


223 


naked  portion  of  tarsus  in  front; 
lores  densely  feathered. 

Accipiter.  (Page  227.) 
A*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  decidedly  less 
than  chord  of  culmen ;  middle 
toe  much  shorter  than  naked 
portion  of  tarsus  in  front ;  lores 
nearly  naked. 

Parabuteo.     (Page  228.) 

p.  Tail  not  more  than  two-thix'ds  as  long  as 

wing. 

A'.  Primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by 

less  than  length  of  naked  portion 

of  tarsus  in  front. 

Urubitinga.    (Page  238.) 

k\  Primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by 

much  more  than  length  of  naked 

portion  of  tarsus  in  front. 

IK  Wing  less  than  four  times  as 

long  as  tarsus. 

Asturina.    (Page  239.) 
P.  "Wing  more  than  four  times  as 
long  as  tarsus. 

Buteo.     (Page  229.) 
e*.  Tarsi  densely  feathered  in  front  and  on  sides,  down  to  base  of 

toes Archibuteo.     (Page  240.) 

<P.  Wing  more  than  18.00. 

e^  Tarsus  densely  feathered,  all  round,  down  to  base  of  toes. 

Aquila.    (Page  2'41.) 
e*.  Tarsus  naked,  all  round,  for  lower  third,  or  more. 

p.  Wing  much  rounded  (fifth  to  seventh  quills  longest,  the 
first  shortest),  the  secondaries  very  largo  and  broad, 
reaching  nearly  or  quite  to  tips  of  quills ;  tail  nearly 
as  long  as  wing ;    occiput  conspicuously  crested ;  feet 

enormously  developed Thrasaetus.     (Page  242.) 

/*.  Wing  pointed  (third  to  fifth  quill  longest,  the  first  longer 
than  ninth),  the  secondaries  only  moderately  devel- 
oped, their  ends  falling  ft;  ^i  ort  of  tips  of  quills;  tail 
less  than  two-thirds  as  1  ug  as  wing;  occiput  not 
crested ;  feet  moderately  developed. 
g\  Tail  rounded,  consisting  of  12  feathers. 

Haliaeetus.    (Page  242.) 
g*.  Tail  graduated,  or  wedge-shaped,  consisting  of   14 

feathers Thalassoaetus.    (Page  243.) 

6*.  Nostril  small,  circular,  with  a  conspicuous  central  bony  tubercle,  or  else 


224 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


narrow,  obliquely  vortical,  with  the  upper  end  the  posterior  one.    (Sub- 
family Falconinoe.') 
c'.  Nostril  circular ;  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  with  a  strong  tooth- 
like  projection,  separated  from  the  strongly  hooked  tip  by  a  distinct 

notch Falco.     (Page  244.) 

c".  Nostril  linear,  obliquely  vertical,  the  upper  end  posterior  to  the  lower ; 
cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  without  distinct  tooth  or  notch. 

Polyborus.     (Pago  253.) 

a}.  Outer  toe  reversible ;  claws  all  of  the  same  length,  narrower  and  rounded  on 

underside Pandion.     (Page  ''^^.^ 


Genus  ELANOIDES  Gray.    (Pago  222,  pi.  LXV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Head,  neck,  entire  lower  parts  (including  under  wing-coverts  and  basal  half  of 
secondaries,  underneath),  and  band  across  rump,  pure  white ;  back,  wings,  and  tail 
plain  polished  blackish;  tertials  white,  with  blackish  tips.  Adult:  White  of  head 
and  neck  immaculate ;  back,  scapulars,  and  lesser  wing-coverts  with  a  soft  velvety 
gloss  of  dark  bronzy  purplish,  the  other  black  portions  Avith  a  glaucous  or  chalky 
cast.  Young :  Head  and  neck  narrowly  streaked  with  dusky ;  the  black  of  back, 
etc.,  less  glossy,  more  brownish,  and  with  greenish  instead  of  bronzy  purjilo  reflec- 
tions ;  quills,  tail-feathers,  and  primary  coverts  narrowly  bordered  at  tips  Avith 
Avhito.  Length  19.50-25.50,  Aving  15.40-17.70,  outer  tail-feathers  12.50-14.50,  cul- 
men  0.70-0.80,  tarsus  1.00-1.30,  middle  too  1.00-1.20.  Nest  in  tops  of  tall  t-  , 
usually  near  water-courses.  Eggs  2-3,  1.87  X  149,  white  or  buffy  white  l 
spotted  or  blotched,  chiefly  round  larger  end,  Avith  hazel-broAvn,  chestnut,  or  a.ou 
madder-brown.  Hab.  Tropical  and  warm-temperate  portions  of  continental 
America,  north  in  the  interior  regularly  to  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Illinois,  etc.,  along 
Atlantic  coast  casually  to  Pennsylvania  and  southern  New  England ;  accidental  in 
England 327.  E.  foriicatus  (Linn.).    Swallow- tailed  Kite. 


Genus  ELAN  US  Savignt.    (Page  222,  pi.  LXV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Above  plain  pale  bluish-gray,  becoming  gradually  white  on  head  and 
tail,  with  a  large  patch  of  uniform  deep  black  covering  lesser  wing-covert  region ; 
loAver  parts  entirely  pure  white ;  a  black  spot  in  front  of  and  partly  surrounding 
eye.  Young :  SomoAvhat  like  adult,  but  tinged  with  rusty,  and  with  indistinct 
dusky  streaks,  on  upper  parts,  the  wing-feathers  narrowly  tipped  with  white ;  tail 
with  an  indistinct  subterminal  band  of  dusky;  breast  stained,  or  indistinctly, 
blotched  or  streaked,  with  yellowish  rusty.  Length  15.15-16.75,  wing  11.50-13.30, 
tail  5.90-7.40,  culmen  .65-.80,  tarsus  1.20-1.50.  Nest  on  trees,  near  wator.  Eggs 
2-3,  1.71  X  1-31,  handsomely  marbled  or  clouded  with  various  shades  of  rich  mad- 
der-brown on  a  paler  (sometimes  whi+ish)  ground.    Hab.  Tropical  and  subtropical 


ICTLXIA. 


225 


(Sub- 


America  (except  "West  Indies),  north  to  South  Carolina,  southern  Illinois  (I'ssual  ?), 
and  central  California 328.  E.  leucurus  (Vieill.)-    White-tailed  Kite. 

Genus  ICTINIA  Vieillot.    (Pago  222,  pi.  LXV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults:  Uniform  plumbeous,  becoming  lighter  (whitish) 
on  head  and  darker  (blackish)  on  quills  and  tail ;  inner  webs  of  quills  partly  rufous. 
Young :  Lower  parts  whitish,  striped  with  brown ;  upper  parts  varied  with  whitish 

and  brown ;  tail  crossed  by  several  narrow  whitish  bands. 

• 

fl*.  Adult :  Wings  lighter  than  tail,  the  secondaries  hoary  whitish ;  inner  webs  of 
quills  with  indistinct  spots  of  rufous,  and  outer  webs  with  verj'-  indistinct 
stripe  of  the  same  ;  tail  without  white  markings.  Young  :  Head,  neck,  and 
lower  parts  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  buff  (especially  on  thighs),  longi- 
tudinally spotted  or  striped  with  brown ;  upper  parts  blackish  brown,  the 
feathers  margined  terminally  with  whitish,  and  with  concealed  spots  of  the 
same ;  tail  blackish,  crossed  by  several  (about  three  exposed)  narrow  bands 
of  dusky  grayish,  this  changing  to  white  on  inner  webs  ;  under  wing-coverts 
buffy,  spotted  with  rusty.  Length  13.00-15.50,  wing  10.60-12.30,  tail  6.00- 
7.00.  Nest  in  tops  of  trees,  usually  near  rivers.  Uggs  2-3, 1.63  X  1-32,  white 
usually  sparsely  and  very  faintly  marked  (adventitiously  stained  ?)  with  pale 
brownish.  Hab.  More  southern  united  States,  east  of  Kocky  Mountains, 
north  regularly  to  Georgia,  southern  Illinois,  Kansas,  etc.,  casually,  or  irregu- 
larly, to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa ;  south,  through  eastern  Mexico, 
to  Guatemala 329.  I.  mississippiensis  (Wils.).    Mississippi  Kite. 

a'.  Adult :  Wing  concolor  with  the  tail,  the  secondaries  black ;  inner  webs  of  pri- 
maries almost  wholly  rufous,  the  outer  webs  with  only  a  trace  of  this  color; 
tail  with  about  three  narrow  bands  of  white,  across  inner  webs.  Young  : 
Above  blackish,  the  feathers  bordered  terminally  with  white;  head,  neck, 
and  lower  parts  whitish,  striped  with  blackish.  Wing  10.50-12.20,  tail  5.60- 
6.80.  Hab.  Tropical  America  (except  West  Indies),  north  to  southern 
Mexico,  south  to  Paraguay. 

I.  plutnbea  (Omei..).    Plumbeous  Kite.^ 


'im 


Genus  ROSTRHAMUS  Lesson.    (Page  222,  pi.  LXV.,  f  g.  4.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Uniform  slate-color,  becoming  nearly  black  on  quills  and  tail,  the  wing- 
coverts  inclining  to  brownish  gray,  the  head  and  neck  with  more  or  less  of  a  glau- 
cous or  chalky  cast,  the  fonner  nearly  black  anteriorly ;  tail-coverts  and  base  of  tail 
white ;  tip  of  tail  light  grayish  brown ;  bill  black ;  cere  and  feet  rich  orange  or 
orange-red,  and  iris  crimson,  in  life.     Young :  Tail  much  as  in  adult.    Upper  parts 

1  Faleo  plumbeuB  Omkl.,  S.  N.  i.  1788,  283.     Tctinia  plumbea  Vikill.,  Nouv.  Diet.  1816,  24. 

29 


■ft, 
■'('■ 


226 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


blackish  brown,  each  feathor  tipped  or  bordered  terminally  with  rasty  or  ochra- 
cecus ;  head  and  neck  streaked  with  the  same ;  superciliary  stripe  and  lower  parts 
ochraceous  (vai'ying  to  buffy  whitish),  spotted  or  striped  with  dusky.  Length 
16.00-18.00,  extent  44.00-46.00,  wing  12.90-14.25,  tail  7.20-8.50,  oulmen  1.00-1.10. 
Nest  built  on  top  of  bushes  or  tall  rank  grasses  in  open  marshes.  Eggsi  usually  2, 
1.70  X  i-43,  blotched,  marbled,  and  stained  with  various  shades  of  brown  on  a  paler 
(sometimes  bluish  white)  ground-color.  Hab.  Whole  of  tropical  America,  except 
part  of  West  Indies ;  south  to  Argentine  Eepublic  and  Ecuador,  north  to  Florida 
and  Atlantic  coast  of  Mexico 330.  R,  sociabilis  (Vieill.).    Everglade  Kite. 


Genus  CIRCUS  LACfipiDE.    (Page  222,  pi.  LXVII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  chest,  and  upper  parts  uniform  light  bluish  gray,  the 
occiput  darker  and  streaked  with  whitish,  tinged  with  rusty ;  longer  quills  blackish 
toward  tips ;  upper  tail-coverts  plain  white ;  tail  bluish  gray,  mottled  with  white 
toward  base,  narrowly  tipped  with  white,  crossed  near  end  by  a  broad  blackish 
band,  and.  anterior  to  this,  by  five  to  seven  narrower  and  less  distinct  dusky 
bands ;  the  inner  webs  whitish,  with  the  bands  more  distinct,  and  sometimes  tinged 
with  rusty ;  under  surface  of  wing  (except  terminal  third,  or  more,  of  quills),  and 
lower  parts  from  breast  backward,  white,  the  larger  under  wing-coverts  and  lower 
parts  with  more  or  less  numerous  transverse  (usually  cordate)  apots  oT  rusty  or 
brown.  Adult  female :  Above  dusky  brown,  the  head  and  neck  stniaked,  the  lesser 
wing-coverts  spotted,  and  feathers  of  rump  edged,  with  rusty ;  upper  tail-coverts 
plain  white;  tail  brown,  paler  at  tip,  and  crossed  by  six  or  fieven  very  regular  and 
distinct  bands  of  blackish  ;  the  brownish  spaces  becoming  graduallj' paler  and  more 
rusty  to  outer  feathers,  which  are  more  ochraceous ;  sides  of  head  light  dull  buffy, 
with  a  dusky  stripe  behind  oyo ;  feathers  of  "  facial  disk"  bufl',  each  with  a  median 
streak  of  dark  brown ;  chin,  throat,  and  lower  parts  generally,  dull  buffy  whitish, 
varying  to  deeper  dull  buff'y,  striped  (oxcopt  on  chin  and  throat)  with  brown,  the 
stripes  becoming  gradually  much  'narrower  posteriorly.  Young :  Above  blackish 
brown,  the  head  and  neck  streaked  and  lesser  wing-coverts  spotted  with  deep 
rusty;  upper  tail-covorts  white,  tinged  more  or  less  with  ochraceous;  tail  crossed 
by  four  broad  bands  of  black,  the  interspaces  boing  dark  brown  on  middle  feathers, 
changing  gradually  to  ochraceous  on  outer  fea^iers ;  eai'-coverts  uniform  rich  davk 
brown;  feathers  of  "facial  disk"  dark  bro\vn,  broadly  edged  with  rufous;  lower 
parts  rich  rusty  ochraceous,  gror;ing  gradually  paler  posteriorly,  the  bi'east  and 
sides  narrowly  and  (usually)  indi.stinotly  streaked  with  darker,  but  elsewhere  im- 
maculate. Downy  young :  Entirely  pale  cinnamon-buffy,  tinged  with  grayish  on 
back,  and  becoming  almost  white  on  lower  parts.  Length  19.50-24.00,  wing  12.90- 
16.00,  tail  8.80-10,50,  tarsus  2.85-3.25,  midUe  too  1.20-1.56.  Nest  on  ground,  in 
meadows,  usually  near  ponds  or  ma^-'shos.  Eggs  3-8,  1.80  X  l'4i,  white,  or  bluish 
white,  usually  plain,  but  often  more  or  less  spotted  or  blotched  with  pale  brown. 
Bab.  Whole  of  North  America;  south,  in  winter,  to  Panama,  Bahamas,  and  Cuba. 

331.  C.  hudsonius  (Linn.).    Marsh  Hawk. 


ACCIPITER. 


227 


Genus  ACCIPITER  Brisson.    (Page  223,  pi.  LXVI.,  figs.  1-3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults  uniform  bluish  gray  above,  the  top  of  the  head 
darker,  feathcs  of  occiput  pure  white  beneath  surface;  tail  crossed  by  several  bands 
of  blackish  and  narrowly  tipped  with  white ;  lower  parts  white,  the  breast,  sides, 
and  flanks  barred  with  grayish,  dusky,  or  rufous.  Young :  Dusky  brown  above, 
more  or  less  spotted  with  lighter,  the  feathers  bordered  with  rusty ;  tail  grayish 
brown,  banded  with  blackish,  and  narrowly  tipped  with  white ;  lower  parts  white 
or  huffy,  striped  with  brown  or  dusky. 

rt*.  Bare  portion  of  tarsus  in  front  longer  than  middle  toe ;  wing  less  than  12.00. 
(Subgenus  Accipiter.) 
b^.  Tail  even  or  slightly  emarginate ;  wing  not  more  than  8.80 ;  top  of  head  in 
adult  not  conspicuously  different  in  color  from  back.  Adult  male :  Above 
bluish  gray,  the  top  of  the  head  darker  but  not  inclining  to  black ;  sides 
of  head  light  lasty,  streaked  with  darker;  breast,  sides,  etc.,  mixed 
vinaceous-rufous  and  white,  in  transverse  spots  and  bars,  the  first  with- 
out ashy  tinge  laterally;  length  10.00-11.50,  wing  6.10-7.10  tail  5.80-6.10, 
tarsus  1.90-2.05.  AduU  female :  Similar  in  color  to  the  male,  but  upper 
parts  less  bluish,  white  of  lower  parts  less  pure  and  rufous  spotting  of  a 
less  vinaceoue  tint ;  length  12.50-14.00,  wing  7.80-8.80,  tail  6.60-8.20, 
tarsus  2.00-2.25.  Young:  Dusky  brown  above,  the  feathers  bordered 
with  rusty  and  more  or  less  mixed  with  white  spotting  (mostly  con- 
cealed); lower  parts  white,  often  tinged  with  buff,  striped  with  clear 
brown  or  dusky,  the  sides,  flanks,  and  thighs  transversely  spotted  with 
same.  Nest  very  variable  in  situation  and  character,  but  usually  in 
trees — often  in  hollowp  among  rocks  or  in  trees.  Eggs  2-5,  1.47  X  116, 
white,  gi'eenish  white,  or  bluish  white,  usually  very  heavily  blotched 
with   brown.    Hab.   Whole   of  North   America;   south,  in   winter,  to 

Guatemala 332.  A.  velox  (^V'ILs.).    Sharp-shinned  Hawk. 

6*.  Tail  decidedly  rounded  ;  wing  not  less  than  8.85  ;  top  of  head  in  adult  black, 
in  marked  contrast  with  bluish  gray  of  back.  Adult  male:  Similar  in 
plumage  to  corresponding  stage  of  A.  vclo.r,  but  top  of  head  blackish, 
sides  of  head  more  or  less  washed  with  bluish  gray,  and  sides  of  breast 
tinged  with  the  same ;  length  14.00-17.00,  wing  8.85-9.40,  tail  7.80-8.30, 
tarsus  2.30-2.60.  Adult  female :  Colors  duller  than  in  male,  the  upper 
parts  less  bluish,  the  hind-neck  and  sides  of  head  washed  with  dull 
rusty,  top  of  head  duller,  more  brownish,  black,  and  sides  of  breast 
without  ashy  tinge;  length  18.00-20.00,  wing  10.10-11.00,  tail  9.00-10.50, 
tarsus  2.60-2,85.  Young:  Similar  to  corresponding  stage  of  A.  velox, 
but  rather  less  broadly  striped  beneath,  with  much  less  of  transvorso 
.spotting  on  flanks,  etc.  Downy  young:  Uniform  white.  Nest  usually  in 
high  trees  (often  a  deserted  crow's  nest).    Eggs  1.93  X  l-BO,  usually  plain 


228  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

bluish  white,  rarely  faintly  spotted  with  pale  brownish.     Hab.  "Whole 
of  temperate  North  America,  including  greater  part  of  Mexico. 

333.  A.  cooperi  (Bonap.).    Cooper's  Hawk. 
a*.  Bare  portion  of  tibia  in  front  shorter  than  middle  toej  wing  more  than  12.00. 
(Subgenus  Astur  Lacj^pIide.) 

6*.  Adult :  Above,  including  whole  back,  clear  bluish  gray,  or  plumbeous,  with 
blackish  shaft-stroaks ;  top  of  head  deep  black,  the  feathers  pure  white 
beneath  surface ;  tail  bluish  gray,  crossed  by  about  four  dusky  bands, 
these  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  on  upper  surface ;  lower  parts  white, 
the  breast,  belly,  sides,  and  flanks  thickly  zigzagged  or  irregularly 
barred  with  slaty  grayish,  the  feathers,  especially  on  breast,  often  with 
dusky  mesial  streaks.  Young :  Above  dusky  gr«^  'sh  brown,  more  or  less 
spotted  with  pale  buff  or  whitish,  the  feathers  margined  with  buff',  those 
of  head  and  neck  edged  or  streaked  with  same ;  tail  ligh  ayish  brown, 
narrowly  tipped  with  white,  and  crossed  by  four  distinc.  jands  of  dusky, 
with  a  fifth,  less  stronglj-  marked,  concealed  by  upper  coverts ;  lower 
parts  whitish,  or  pale  buff',  with  distinct  narrow  stripes  of  blackish,  those 
more  tear-shaped  on  belly,  broader  and  more  spot-like  on  sides  and 
flanks.  Male:  Length  about  22.00,  wing  12.00-13.25,  tail  9.50-10.50, 
tarsus  2.70-3.05.  Female:  Length  about  24.50,  wing  13.50-14.25,  tail 
11.50-12.75,  tarsus  2.70-3.05.  Nest  in  trees.  Eggs  2-3,  2.31  X  1-74, 
white,  or  glaucous-white,  sometimes  very  faintly  marked  with  pale 
brownish.  Hah.  Northern  and  eastern  North  America,  bi'ceding  chiefly 
north  of  the  United  States,  except  in  higher  mountains;  west  to  and 
including  Rocky  Mountains,  where  breeding  as  far  south  as  Colorado. 

334.  A.  atricapillus  (Wils.).    American  Goshawk. 

6*.  Adult :  Above  dark  plumbeous,  the  back  inclining  to  sooty  blackish  ;  other- 
wise like  A.  atricapillus,  but  markings  on  lower  parts  much  heavier,  and 
darker  in  tint.  Young  :  Above  brownish  black,  this  color  predomi- 
nating largely  over  the  lighter  markings ;  stripes  on  lower  parts  much 
broader  than  in  A.  atricapillus,  and  deep  black,  the  thighs  with  large, 
often  cordate,  spots  of  the  same.  Eggs  2.34  X  1-79.  ffab.  Pacific  coast, 
north  to  Sitka,  and  breeding  southward  to  at  least  30°  in  Sierra  Nevada. 
334^;.  A.  atricapillus  striatulus  Eidow.    Western  Goshawk. 


Genus  PARABUTEO  Eidgwat.     (Pago  223,  pi.  LXVL,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters.— "Wing  11.65-14.60,  tail  9.00-11.00,  culmon  0.82-1.10, 
tarsus  2.78-3.75,  middle  too  1.52-2.00.  Adult:  Prevailing  color  dark  chocolate- 
brown,  or  sooty,  sometimes  uniform,  sometimes  varied  by  whitish  or  ochraceo.is 
spotting;  lesser  wing-coverts,  and  tibiee,  deep  rufous;  tail-coverts  white;  tail  black, 
with  white  base  and  tip.  Young:  Plumage  greatly  variegated.  Above  dusky 
brown,  the  feathers  edged  with  rusty,  head  and  neck  streaked  with  ocbraceous ; 
lower  parts  pale  ocbraceous,  or  bufiy  whitish,  the  breast  and  belly  with  longitudinal 


b.  Whole 

r'sHawk. 

an  12.00. 

0U8,  with 
ure  white 
ky  bands, 
rts  white, 
•regularly 
ften  with 
ore  or  less 
buff,  those 
ish  brown, 
( of  dusky, 
rts;  lower 
kish,  these 

sides  and 
9.50-10.50, 
-14.25,  tail 
!.31  X  1-74, 

with  pale 
ling  chiefly 
lest  to  and 

dorado. 
Qoshawk. 

sh ;  other- 

avier,  and 
predomi- 

nrts  mu(jh 
ith  largo, 

cific  coast, 

Ira  Nevada. 
Qoshawk. 

I) 


0.82-1.10, 
I  chocolato- 
achracoo  is 

tail  black, 
bve  dusky 
jihracoous ; 
Ingitudinal 


m 


BVTEO. 


229 


ovoid  spots  of  blackish;  tibisB  with  transverse  bars  of  dark  rusty j  lower  tail- 
coverts  with  black  shaft-streaks;  lesser  wing-covert  region  merely  washed  with 
rufous;  tail  grayish  brown,  whitish  at  tip,  and  crossed  by  numerous  (about  19) 
narrow  bands  of  dusky. 

a}.  Adult  never  with  the  darker  portions  of  the  plumage  uniform,  but  more  or  less 
broken,  especially  on  lower  parts,  with  whitish  and  buffy  spotting  and  streak- 
ing; tibiae  barred  with  ochraceous;  wing  11.65-14.60,  tail  9.00-10.50,  culmen 
.82-1.02,  tarsus  2.78-3.40,  middle  toe  1.52-2.00.  Hah.  South  America,  as  far 
as  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Eepublie. 

P.  unicinctus  (Temm.).    One-banded  Hawk.> 

a}.  Adult  with  the  darker  portions  of  the  plumage  perfectly  uniform ;  prevailing 
color  uniform  dark  sooty  brown ;  lesser  wing-coverts,  under  wing-coverts, 
and  thighs  plain  rich  chestnut-rufous  ;  middle  wing-coverts  dusky  medially, 
rufous  on  edges ;  tail  black,  the  base  and  a  broad  band  at  tip,  white ;  tail- 
coverts  white,  the  upper  sometimes  with  blackish  shaft-streaks.  Immature : 
Similar  to  adult,  but  the  blackish  above  broken  by  ochraceous  edgings,  the 
head  and  neck  thickly  streaked  with  the  same;  lower  pai'ts  ochraceous,  striped 
or  longitudinally  spotted  with  dusky ;  thighs  narrowly  barred  with  rusty  and 
dark  brown ;  tail  as  in  adult,  but  white  band  at  tip  narrower  and  less  sharply 
defined,  and  inner  webs  of  feathers  more  or  less  distinctly  barred  with  dusky, 
grayish  brown,  and  white.'  Downy  young :  Above  pale  chestnut-bufFy,  paler 
(almost  dull  whitish)  across  hind-neck;  lower  parts  entirely  dull  whitish, 
tinged,  more  or  less,  with  dull  brownish  buff.  Male :  Length  17.50-21.00, 
wing  12.35-13.75,  tail  9.80-10.20,  culmen  .90-.95,  tarsus  3.15-3.20,  middle  toe 
1.65-1.70.  Female:  Length  21.00-24.00,  wing  14.25-14.50,  tail  10.80-11.00, 
culmen  1.08-1.10,  tarsus  3.40-3.75,  middle  toe  1.90-2.00.  Nest  on  bushes  or 
low  trees.  £ggs  2-3,  2.11  X  1-61,  white,  glaucous-white  or  buffy  white,  usu- 
ally more  or  less  marked  with  light  brownish.  Hab.  Middle  America,  north 
to  southern  border  of  LTnited  States  (Louisiana  to  Lower  California). 

335.  P.  unicinctus  harrisi  (Aud.).    Harris's  Hawk. 


Genus  BUTEO  Covier.    (Page  223,  pi.  LXVIIL,  figs.  2-5;  pi.  LXXIL,  fig.  8.) 

Species. 

a*.  Tail  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing ;  tarsus  much  loss  than  half  as  long  as  tail ; 
primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by  much  less  than  length  of  tail. 
6'.  Wing  more  than  13.60. 

c'.  Outer  webs  of  quills  without  white,  buffj%  or  ochraceous  spots, 
rf*.  Four  outermost  quills  with  inner  webs  distinctly  emarginated. 


ri 


i 
I  -I 


1  Faleo  unieinctu*  Tkhm.,  PI.  Col.  i.  1824,  pi.  .tl.t.     Parabufeo  unioinctut  RiDOW.  in  B.  B.  &,  R.  Hist.  N. 
Am.  B.  iii.  1874,  249. 

*  In  this  stage  uiucli  resembling  the  adult  of  P,  unieinetut. 


230 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


^.  Middle  toe  decidedly  longer  than  bare  portion  of  tarsus  in 
front ;  length  of  cere  on  top  less  than  depth  of  bill  at  an- 
terior edge  of  cere. 
/'.  Outer  webs  of  quills  (in  adult)  plain  hoaiy  grayish,  paler, 
or  more  ashy,  at  tips ;  naked  portion  of  tarsus,  in  front, 
2.00. 
Adult :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  white,  the  first 
streaked  with  dusky,  these  streaks  more  crowded 
across  cheeks,  where  forming  a  rather  distinct 
"  mustache" ;  throat  very  narrowly  streaked,  the 
sides,  flanks,  and  lower  part  of  belly  (sparsely), 
more  broadly  streaked  with  dusky,  and  sides  of 
breast    with    broader,  somewhat    wedge-shaped, 
markings  of  the  same ;  thighs  tinged  with  buffy 
or  ochraceous;  under  wing-coverts  white,  with  a 
large  dusky  patch  covering  anterior  portion  of 
lesser  covei't  region  ;  upper  parts  in  general  dark 
slaty  brownish,  tinged  here  and  there  ashy  and 
somewhat    broken    by    irregular    admixture   of 
whitish,  especially  on  scapulars  and  larger  wing- 
coverts  ;  rump  blackish  ;  upper  tail-coverts  white, 
tinged  with    rufous,   and    crossed  by   irregular, 
distant  bars  of  dusky;  tail  mostly  light  rufous, 
but  this  much  broken  by  ii'regular  longitudinal 
washes  and  "  daubs"  of  ashy,  and  darker  longitu- 
dinal mottlings  or  interrupted  streaks,  on  both 
webs ;  crossed  near  end  by  an  irregular  but  dis- 
tinct band  of  blackish,  the  tip  white,  and  the  basal 
portion  whitish ;  length  about  21.60,  wing  15.75, 
tail  9.10,  culmen  1.05,  tarsus  3.25,  middle  toe  1.70. 
Hab.  California  (Santa  Clara) ;  only  one  example 
known.  — .  B.  cooperi  Cass.    Cooper's  Hi^nhawk. 
/'.  Outer  webs  of  quills  grayish  brown,  marked  with  quad- 
rate dusky  spots,  producing  bands;  bare  portion  of 
tarsus  in  front  less  than  2.00. 
g^.  Middle  toe  usually  more  than  1.60  (minimum  1.50, 
maximum  1.95) ;  tail  of  adult  usually  with  much 
of  rufous,  with  or  without  darker  bands ;  young 
with  tail  grayish  brown,  crossed  by  nine  or  ten 
distinct  narrow  bands  of  dusky. 
A*.  Head  and  neck  uniform  dark  sooty  brown   or 
blackish,  or  else  streaked  with  white  (very 
rarely,  if  ever,  streaked  with  buffy  or  ochra- 
ceous".      Adult:   Tail  confusedly  or  irregu- 
larly mottled  with  grayish,  rusty,  white,  and 


BUTEO. 


231 


'  tarsus  in 
bill  at  an- 

rish,  paler, 
LS,  in  front, 

;e,  the  first 
•e  crowded 
er  distinct 
•eaked,  the 
(sparsely), 
id  sides  of 
Ige-shaped, 
with  huffy 
ite,  with  a 
portion  of 
ineral  dark 
I  ashy  and 
lixture  of 
irger  wing- 
erts  white, 

irregular, 
jht  rufous, 
)ngitudinal 
er  longitu- 
on  both 
ir  but  dis- 
the  basal 
ring  15.76, 

e  toe  1.70. 
10  example 

Eonhawk. 
vith  quad- 
portion  of 

mum  1.50, 
vith  much 
ids;  young 
ine  or  ten 

brown  or 
hite  (very 
or  ochra- 
or  irrcgu- 
whiiQ,  and 


dusky,  either  color  predominating  (except 
the  last)  according  to  the  individual,  crossed 
near  end  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  fibter- 
minal  band,  and  tipped  with  whitish ;  upper 
parts  chiefly  (sometimes  entirely)  dark  sooty 
brown  or  blackish  (varying  to  deep  black) ; 
lower  parts  varying  from  entirely  deep  sooty 
brown  or  black  to  pure  white,  but,  if  the  lat- 
ter, always  more  or  less  streaked  and  spotted, 
especially  across  belly  and  on  sides  of  breast, 
with  dusky.  Young :  Tail  banded  with  gray- 
ish brown  and  dusky,  the  two  colors  of  about 
equal  extent;  otherwise,  much  like  adult. 
Male :  Length  20.00-21.00,  wing  14.25-16.10, 
tail  8.80-10.00,  culmen  .98-1.00,  tarsus  2.75- 
3.50,  middle  toe  1.50-1.70.  Female:  Length 
22.00-23.50,  wing  15.75-16.50,  tail  9.10-10.00, 
culmen  .98-1.10,  tarsus  2.85-3.50,  middle  toe 
1.60-1.80.  Hab.  Gulf  States  and  lower  Missis- 
sippi  Valley,  north,  casually,  to  Kansas,  Iowa, 
Illinois,  and  Pennsylvania,  east  to  Georgia. 
338.  B.  harlani  (Aud.).  Harlan's  Hawk. 
/tV  Feathers  of  head  and  neck  more  or  less  distinctly 
edged  with  ochraceous  or  rusty.  Adult :  Tail 
rufous,  paler  at  tip,  usually  crossed  near  end 
by  a  narrow  band  or  bar  of  blackish  (rarely 
with  more  Oi  'ess  distinct  narrow  bands,  or 
indications  of  bands,  anterior  to  the  subter- 
minal  band) ;  upper  parts  chiefly  or  entirely 
dusky  grayish  brown,  sometimes  irregularly 
broken  by  admixture  of  whitish  and  brownish 
gray  ;  lower  parts  varying  from  entirely  pure 
white  (usually  with  dusky  streaks  across 
belly)  to  wholly  sooty  blackish,  with  or  with- 
out rusty  on  breast.  Young :  Tail  grayish 
brown,  varying  to  dull  ochraceous,  crossed  by 
nine  or  ten  well-defined  narrow  bands  of 
blackisli ;  otherwise  much  like  adult,  but 
usually  with  much  loss  of  tawny  or  ochra- 
ceous. Male :  Length  about  19.00-22.50,  ex- 
tent of  wings  49.00-53.00,  wing  13.50-16.50, 
tail  8.50-10.00,  culmen  .95-1.08,  tarsus  2.40- 
3.20,  middle  toe  1.60-1.70,  weight  2-3  pounds. 
Female:  Length  23.00-26.00,  extent  64.00- 
67.50,  wing  16.26-17.76,  tail  9.60-10.50,  cul- 


232 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


men  1.00-1.15,  tarsus  3.15-3.40,  middle  toe 
1.60-1.70,  weight  3-4  pounds.    Nest  usually 
in  tall  trees.    Eggs  2-4,  2.30,  or  more,  X  1-80, 
or  more,  dull  white  or  bluish  white,  usually- 
more  or  less  spotted  or  blotched  with  brown. 
,  Tail  of  adult  always  (?)  with  a  subterminal 
black  bar,  or  else  prevailing  color  of  plu- 
mage white. 
/.  Plumage  never  chiefly  blackish. 

A*.  Deeper  colored,  with  dusky  and 
grayish  brown  prevailing  on 
upper  parts,  the  lower  parts 
more  or  less  buflfy,  especially 
posteriorly ;  adult  with  tail  deep 
rusty  rufous.  Eggs  2.38  X  1-81. 
Mab.  Eastern  North  America, 
west  to  border  of  Great  Plains ; 
occasional  in  eastern  Mexico; 
Panama  (casual  ?). 

337.  B.ljorealis  (Gmel.). 
Red-tailed  Hawk. 
A*.  Lighter  colored,  with  much  white 
en  upper  parts,  tail  pale  rufous 
(usually  without  the  dusky  sub- 
terminal  bar),  the  lower  parts 
entirely  pure  white,  or  pale 
buffy  only  on  thighs,  etc.,  with 
little  if  any  spotting  across  belly. 
Eggs  2.31  X  180.  Ilab.  Great 
Plains,  from  Minnesota  to  Texas ; 
east,  irregularly  or  casually,  to 
Iowa  and  northern  Illinois. 

337a.  B.  borealis  kriderii 
HooPEs.    Erider's  Hawk. 
f.  Plumage  often  chiefly  blackish,  some- 
times entirely  sooty,  except  tail  and 
its  upper  coverts. 

Adult :  Varying,  individually,  from 
a  light  extreme  which  is  scarcely 
distinguishable  from  true  B.  bo- 
realis to  a  uniform  dark  sooty 
brown,  through  every  conceiva- 
ble intermediate  plumage;  some 
melanistio  specimens  have  the 
whole  chest  and  breast   rusty 


BUTEO. 


233 


ruBty 


or  rufous  (corresponding  to  the 
white  area  of  very  light-colored 
birds),  but  this  is  wholly  obliter- 
ated in  the  complete  melanism. 
Young :  Darker  throughout  and 
more  heavily   spotted    beneath 
than  in  true  B.  borealis,  the  plu- 
mage sometimes  wholly  dusky 
(except  the  tail),  as  in  the  adult. 
Tail  of  adult  always  with  a 
black  subterminal  bar,  and 
frequently     with     several, 
more  or  less  complete,  ad- 
ditional bars.     Eggs  2.31  X 
1.80.    Hub.  Western  North 
America,  south  into  Mexico, 
east    to   Eocky  Mountains 
(casually  to  Illinois). 
3376.  B.  borealis  calurus 
(Casp.).    Western  Red-tail. 
t"".  Tail  of  adult  without  any  black  bars ;  other- 
wise, much  like  B.  borealis  calurus.    Hab. 
Cape  St.  Lucas. 

337c.  B.  borealis  lucasanus  Eidow. 
St.  Lucas  Red-tail. 
g^.  Middle  toe  not  more  than  1.55;  tail  of  adult  (and 
young)  grayish  brown,  sometimes  slightly  touched 
with  rufous,  crossed  by  an  indefinite  number  (but 
varying  from  about  10  to  13)  of  narrqvv  bands  of 
dusky,  which  become  gradually  indistinct  and 
finally  obsolete  towai'd  base. 

Plumage  exceedingly  variable,  but  usually  a 
mixture  of  sooty  brown  and  whitish,  in  vari- 
able relative  quantity;    sometimes  entirely 
dusky  (except  tail)  and  raroly  almost  entirely 
white ;  length  about  20.00-23.00,  wing  15.50- 
16.60,  tail  8.80-10.00,  culmen  .85-.96,  tarsus 
3.00-3.50,  middle  too  1.40-1.55.  Hab.  Northern 
portions  of  eastern  hemisphere ;  accidental  in 
Michigan  ? 
336.  B.  buteo  (Linn.).    European  Bnzsard. 
(?,  Middle  toe  not  decidedly  longer  than  bare  portion  of  tarsus  in 
front ;  length  of  cere  on  top  greater  than  depth  of  bill  at 
anterior  edge  of  cere. 
Plumage  uniform  black,  or  blackish  brown,  the  feathers 
80 


234 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


puro  white  at  bases;  tail  grayish  brown  or  grayish, 
more  or  less  banded  with  black,  the  inner  webs,  how- 
ever, chiefly  white.  Adult:  Tail  black,  crossed  by 
three  broad  zones,  which  are  ash-gray  on  outer  webs 
and  pure  white  on  inner.  Young :  Tail  dark  grayish 
brown  (the  inner  webs  partly,  sometimes  entirely, 
white),  crossed  by  numerous  narrow,  oblique  bands  of 
black.  Male :  Length  18.50-19.60,  extent  49.50,  wing 
15.00-15.60,  tail  8.50-9.15,  culmen  .73-.88,  tarsus  2.40- 
2.70,  middle  toe  1.60-1.65.  Female :  Length  20.85-21.50, 
extent  53.10,  wing  16.50-17.40,  tail  9.00-10.75,  culmen 
.90-1.00,  tarsus  2.70-2.80,  middle  toe  1.80-1.85.  Eggs 
2-4,  2.19  X  1-72,  dull  white,  usually  spotted  or  speckled, 
chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  umber-brown.  Hab.  Mid- 
dle America,  north  to  southern  California,  Arizona, 
Texas,  etc.,  south  to  northern  South  America. 

340.  B.  abbreviatus  Cab.    Zone-tailed  Hawk. 
<P.  Only  three  outer  quills  with  inner  webs  distinctly  emarginated. 

Tail  grayish  brown,  or  brownish  gray,  sometimes  with  a  hoary 
tinge,  crossed  by  an  indefinite  number  (about  9  or  10)  of  nar- 
row dusky  bands,  which  toward  base  of  tail  become  gradually 
indistinct  and  finally  obsolete.  Adult  male,  normal  plumage : 
Above  nearly  uniform  grayish  brown;  forehead,  chin,  and 
throat  white,  usually  abruptly  defined  and  forming  a  distinct 
patch  ;  chest  and  upper  part  of  breast  usually  plain  rufous 
or  cinnamon  (rarely  mixed  or  broken  with  whitish) ;  rest  of 
lower  parts  bufiy  whitish,  sometimes  immaculate,  but  usually 
more  or  less  barred  or  spotted  with  brownish ;  length  19.50- 
20.00,  extent  48.00-50.50,  weight  li-2}  pounds,  wing  14.40- 
16.00,  tail  8.00-9.00,  culmen  .80-.90,  tarsus  2.30-2.75,  middle 
toe  1.40-1.60.  Adult  female,  normal  plumage :  Similar  to  the 
male,  but  chest-patch  grayish  brown  instead  of  rufous,  or 
cinnamon ;  length  21.00-22.00,  extent  50.50-56.00,  weight  2^ 
3J  pounds,  wing  14.75-17.25,  tail  9.00-10.00,  culmen  .80-.95, 
tarsus  2.50-2.90,  middle  toe  1.60-1.65.  Melanistic  phase,  both 
sexes :  Whole  plumage  uniform  sooty  brown,  the  under  tail- 
coverts  sometimes  spotted  or  barred  with  rusty  or  whitish. 
(Note. — In  different  individuals  may  be  seen  every  possible 
intermediate  condition  of  plumage  between  this  complete 
melanism  and  the  light-colored  normal  plumage  described 
above.)  Young:  Tail  as  in  adult;  above  blackish  brown  varied 
with  buffy  or  ochraceous ;  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  creamy 
buff  (deeper  in  younger,  paler  in  older  individuals),  the  lower 
parts  usually  more  or  less  spotted  with  blackish,  the  head  and 
neck  streaked  with  same.    JVest  on  bushes  or  low  trees,  some- 


BVTEO. 


235 


and 


times  among  rocks.  Eggs  2-4,  2.23  X  1-73,  white,  dull  glau- 
cous white,  01"  buify  white,  usually  more  or  less  spotted  with 
brown.  Hah.  "Western  North  America,  north  to  Alaska  and 
•western  side  of  Hudson's  Bay,  east  to  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and 
Arkansas  (casually  to  Massachusetts),  and  south  through  Mid- 
dle America  and  greater  part  of  South  America  to  Argentine 

Bepublic 242.  B.  swainsoni  Bonap.    Swainaon's  Hawk. 

Wing  less  than  13.50. 
c*.  Middle  toe  longer  than  bare  portion  of  tarsus  in  front.    (Subgenus 
Buteola  Bonaparte.) 
Adult :  Above  sooty  blackish  or  blackish  brown,  the  feathers  of 
occiput  pure  white  beneath  surface,  and  the  frontlet  usually 
more  or  less  conspicuously  whitish  ;  tail  slaty  g  .'ayish,  varying 
to  grayish  brown,  very  narrowly  tipped  with  white,  and  broadly 
banded  with  black,  the  black  bands  sometimes  wider  than  the 
grayish  interspaces,  the  latter  5-7  in  number.     Young  with 
tail  more  narrowly  banded,  the  grayish  brown  bands  usually 
broadest,  and  8-9  in  number. 

d}.  Lower  parts  black,  or  dark  sooty  brown,  like  the  upper; 
young  with  feathers  much  spotted,  beneath  surface  with 
white,  the  lower  parts  sometimes  slightly  varied  with 
white  and  ochraceous,  the  under  wing-coverts  sometimes 
spotted  with  same.  Male:  Wing  11.20-11.70,  tail  7.00- 
7.30,  culmen  .70-.75,  tarsus  2.05-2.25,  middl  toe  1.35-1.40. 
Female:  Wing  11.90-13.10,  tail  7.50-8.00,  culmen  .78-.85, 
tarsus  2.50-2.65,  middle  toe  1.50-1.60.  Hab.  Tropical 
America  in  general,  except  West  Indies,  north  to  north- 
ern Mexico  and  (casually  ?)  southwestern  Florida. 

— .  B.  fuliginosus  Scl.  Little  Black  Hawk.' 
d*.  Lower  parts  white.  Adult  male:  Forehead,  anterior  portion 
of  lores,  fore-part  of  malar  region,  and  lower  parts  gen- 
erally, immaculate  pure  white ;  sides  of  chest  with  a 
patch  of  rufous  or  cinnamon,  the  feathers  with  dusky 
shaft-streaks;  wing  10.50-12.00,  tail  G.00-7.00,  culmen 
.68-.75,  tarsus  2.05-2.30,  middle  toe  1.35-1.40.  Adult 
female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  sides  of  chest  grayish 
brown  instead  of  rusty.  Wing  12.70,  tail  7.20,  tarsus 
2.30,  middle  toe  1.65.  Young :  Above  dull  brownish,  the 
scapulars,  wing-coverts,  etc.,  usually  margined  with  buffy 
or  light  fulvous,  the  top  and  sides  of  head  and  neck 
streaked  with  same;  lower  parts  white,  sometimes 
streaked  with  brownish,  the  sides  of  chest  without  brown 
or  rusty  patch.  Hah.  Tropical  America  in  general  (except 


i 


i 


:l    i 


I  Buteo  fuliginotui  ScL.  P.  Z.  S.  1868,  860.     (Said  to  be  the  black  phase  of  B.  brachjfurui  VieiLL.) 


I'l 


236 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


"West  Indies),  north  to  eastern  Mexico  and  (casually?) 
Florida  (Palatka). 

344.  B.  brachyurus  Yieill.    Short>tailed  Hawk. 
<?.  Middle  toe  shorter  than  naked  poi-tion  of  tarsus  in  front.    (Subgenus 
Buteo,  part.) 

Only  three  outer  quills  with  inner  webs  emarginated.  Adult: 
Tail  blackish,  crossed  by  2-4  broad  bands  of  light  brownish 
gray  or  brownish  white,  and  nan'owly  tipped  with  whitish ; 
upper  parts  nearly  uniform  dusky  brownish,  darker  on  back ; 
beneath  brownish  (varying  to  dull  rufous  or  rusty)  anteriorly, 
usually  more  or  less  broken  by  white  transverse  spotting ;  pos- 
terior lower  parts  white,  barred  or  transversely  spotted  with 
dull  rufous.  Young:  Tail  grayish  brown,  crossed  by  5-7  narrow 
bands  of  dusky,  and  tipped  with  whitish ;  sides  of  head  and 
entire  lower  parts  dull  white,  or  buffy,  marked  longitudinally 
with  blackish  or  dusky,  on  breast,  sides,  etc.,  the  cheeks  with  a 
rather  distinct  "  mustache"  of  dusky  streaks.  Male :  Length 
about  13.25-15.00,  wing  9.85-10.70,  tail  6.50-7.00,  culmen  .70, 
tarsus  2.15-2.80,  middle  toe  1.20-1.38.  Female:  Length  about 
16.00-18.00,  wing  11.00-11.40,  tail  7.00-8.00,  culmen  .70-.80, 
tarsus  2.20-2.70.  Nest  in  trees  (often  a  deserted  crow's  nest). 
Eggs  2-4,  1.93  X  1-56,  bufify  whitish,  variously  spotted  and 
blotched  with  brown.  Hab.  Eastern  Noi'th  Amei'ica,  north  to 
Now  Brunswick  and  the  Saskatchewan,  west  to  edge  of  Great 
Plains,  south  (in  winter  only?)  through  Middle  America  and 
West  Indies  to  northern  South  Amei*ica. 

343.  B.  latissimus  (Wils.).  Broad-winged  Hawk. 
Outer  webs  of  primaries  distinctly  spotted  with  white,  buffy,  or  ochraceous. 
Tail  narrowly  banded  with  white,  buffy,  or  ochraceous,  lesser  wing- 
coverts  more  or  less  rusty.  Av.,*^?^;  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  more 
or  less  rusty,  or  cinnamon,  the  first  two  streaked  with  dusky,  the 
posterior  lower  parts  more  or  less  barred  or  transversely  spotted  with 
whitish ;  quills  and  tail  black,  the  former  spotted  on  outer  webs  with 
white,  the  latter  crossed  by  about  six  narrow  bands  of  and  tipped  with 
the  same.  Young :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  buffy  or  dull  whitish, 
streaked  and  striped  or  longitudinally  spotted  with  dark  brownish ; 
quills  and  tail  dusky,  the  former  extensively  spotted  on  basal  portion 
of  outer  webs  with  buffy  or  ochraceous,  the  latter  crossed  by  numer- 
ous narrow  bands  of  dull  buffy  or  pale  grayish  brown  (the  more  ante- 
rior ones  more  ochraceous).  Downy  young:  Uniform  dull  grayish 
white.  Nest  in  large  or  tall  trees.  Eggs  2-4,  white,  glaucous-white, 
buffy  white,  or  pale  brownish,  variously  marked  (spotted,  blotched,  or 
stained)  with  various  shades  of  brown. 
c\  Adult  with  head  and  neck  distinctly  rusty. 

d}.  Adult :  Eufous  or  rusty  of  anterior  lo^wer  parts  (chest  and  breast) 


BUTEO. 


237 


usually  distinctly  barred  or  transversely  spotted  with  white. 
Young :  Lower  parts  usually  with  whitish  predominating,  and 
basal  half  of  outer  webs  of  quills  extensively  ochraceous,  buffy, 
or  whitish.  3Iale :  Length  17.50-19.50,  wing  11.25-13.50,  tail 
8.00-9.70,  culmen  .75-.90,  tarsus  2.70-3.25,  middle  toe  1.30-1.50. 
Female :  Length  19.00-22.00,  wing  13.35-14.25,  tail  9.00-10.00, 
culmen  .80-.90,  tarsus  3.10-3.20,  middle  toe  1.35-1.50.  Eggs 
2.13  X  1-69.  JIab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Nova 
Scotia  and  Canada,  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains. 

339.  B.  lineatus  (Gmel.).  Red-shouldered  Hawk. 
d*.  Adult :  Rufous  or  rusty  of  anterior  lower  parts  (chest  and  breast) 
usually  (always?)  unbroken.  Young:  Lower  parts  with  deep 
brownish  or  dusky  prevailing;  butfy  or  ochraceous  spots  on 
outer  webs  of  quills  much  reduced  in  extent.  Male :  Wing 
12.00-12.50,  tail  8.00-9.00,  culmen  .78,  tarsus  2.90,  middle  too 
1.40-1.52.  Female:  Wing  13.00,  tail  9.50,  culmen  .90,  tarsus 
3.00-3.12,  middle  too  1.50.  Eggs  2.19x1-71.  Hab.  Pacific 
coast  of  United  States  (and  south  into  Mexico  ?). 

3396.  B.  lineatus  elegans  (Cass.).    Eed-breasted  Hawk. 
c*.  Adult  with  head  and  neck  grayish,  with  little  if  any  rufous  tinge. 

Adidt :  Head  and  neck  brownish  gray,  the  feathers  with  dusky 
shaft-streaks ;  those  of  occiput  white,  with  dusky  tips ;  back  and 
scapulai's  dull  ash-gray,  the  feathers  with  large  terminal  or  sub- 
terminal  spots  of  dusky  (occupying  most  of  exposed  portion  of 
each  feather) ;  lower  parts  (including  breast)  barred  with  white 
and  pale  ochrey  rufous.  Young :  Similar  to  corresponding  stage 
of  B.  lineatus,  but  smaller  and  darker  in  color.  Wing  10.90-12.75, 
tail  7.70-8.50,  culmen  .80-.90,  tarsus  2.90-3.20,  middle  toe  1.25-1.45. 

Hab.  Florida 339a.  B.  lineatus  alleni  Ridgw. 

Florida  Red-shotildered  Hawk, 
a*.  Tail  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing;  tarsus  about  half  as  long  as  tail ;  primaries 
exceeding  secondaries  by  nearly  the  length  of  the  tail.    (Subgenus  Tachy- 
triorchis  Kaup.') 

Only  three  outer  quills  with  inner  webs  distinctly  emarginated.  Adult 
male:  Above  (except  rump)  plain  bluish  gray  (varying  to  slaty  or  even 
dusky),  the  anterior  lesser  wing-coverts  rufous,  the  longer  scapulars 
much  tinged  with  the  same;  tail  white,  crossed  near  end  by  a  broad 
band  of  black,  anterior  to  which  are  numerous  narrow  bars  or  lines  of 
slate-gray  or  plumbeous,  or  dusky ;  rump  and  lower  parts  pure  white, 
the  throat  sometimes  dusky  or  grayish  ;  flanks,  rump,  and  under  wing- 
coverts  usually  faintly  barred  with  ashy,  dusky,  or  rufous.  Adult  female: 
Similar  to  adult  male,  but  rufous  patch  on  lesser  wing-coverts  more 


»  Taehytriorchia  Kaup,  Class.  Siug.  u.  V6g.  1844, 123. 

ViBILL. 


Type,  Falco  pterooht  Tmuu.,  =  F.  albicaudatui 


288 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


extended,  and  colors  generally  darker.  Young:  Tail  hoary  grayish, 
growing  gradually  darker  terminally,  passing  narrowly  into  dull  whitish 
or  rusty  at  tip,  and  crossed  by  numerous  narrow  and  very  indistinct  bars 
of  darker,  these  becoming  gradually  obsolete  towai'd  base  of  tail ;  gen- 
eral color  of  plumage  brownish  black,  the  lower  parts  more  or  less  varied 
with  whitish,  huffy,  or  ochraceous.  Downy  young :  Upper  half  of  head 
dark  sooty  brown,  becoming  nearly  black  around  eyes ;  hind-neck,  upper 
back,  and  wings  lighter  sooty  brown,  fading  gradually  into  dull  brownish 
buff  on  posterior  upper  parts  and  huffy  whitish  on  lower  parts.  Male : 
Wing  14.50-16.75,  tail  7.50-9.00,  tarsus  3.30-3.60,  middle  toe  1.55-1.80. 
Female :  Wing  17.00-17.75,  tail  8.25-10.30,  culmeu  .95-1.05,  tarsus  3.30- 
3.70,  middle  toe  1.60-1.80.  ]\^est  on  low  trees  or  bushes  (usually  a 
yucca).  Fggs  2-4,  2.37  X  1-89,  white,  more  or  less  blotched  with  reddish 
brown.  Hab.  Whole  of  Middle  America,  north  to  southern  Texas ;  por- 
tion of  eastern  South  America. 

341.  B.  albicaudatus  Yieill.    White-tailed  Hawk. 

Genus  URUBITINGA  Lesson.    (Page  223,  pi.  LXX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Adults,  uniform  plumbeous-black,  the  upper  tail-cov- 
erts, band  across  tip  of  tail,  and  other  white  bands  on  tail,  pure  white.  Young : 
Above  varied  with  blackish  brown  and  ochraceous,  the  former  prevailing ;  lower 
parts  ochraceous  or  pale  buffy,  striped  with  dusky,  the  thighs  barred  with  the 
same ;  tail  crossed  by  numerous  narrow  bands  of  blackish  and  light  grayish,  mixed 
with  white. 

a\  Tarsus  4.30  or  more ;  upper  tail-coverts  in  adult  plain  white. 

h^.  Tail,  of  adult,  with  only  two  to  three  white  bands,  the  broadest  one  more 
than  2.50  (2.60-4.50)  wide  ;  thighs  often  without  white  bars,  these  when 
present  never  (?)  conspicuous ;  under  wing-coverts  destitute  of  white 
markings,  or  else  merely  speckled  with  white;  wing  16.50-18.00,  tail 
11.75-12.00,  culmen  1.30,  tarsus  4.90-5.00,  middle  toe  1.90-2.10.  Hab. 
Ti'opical  America,  north  to  Costa  Rica  (and  Nicaragua  ?),  south  to  Chili, 
Paraguay,  and  the  Argentine  Popublic. 

U.  urubitinga  (Gmel.).     Brazilian  Urubitinga.* 

6'.  Tail,  of  adult,  with  three  to  four  (usually  three)  white  bands,  the  broadest 
one  not  more  (usually  much  less)  than  2.00  (1.20-2.00)  wide;  thighs 
always  marked  (usually  conspicuously  barred)  with  white;  under  wing 
coverts  always  (?)  barred  or  speckled  with  white;  wing  15 
10.50-11.50,  culmen   1.10-1.35,  tarsus  4.30-4.85,  middl 
Hab.  Guatemala  and  southern  Mexico,  north  to  Vera 
pec,  and  Mazatlan.  U.  ridgwayi  Gurnet.    Mexi^ 


"•>-!'    )0,tail 

.0-1.90. 

.  i'ehuanto- 


n  Urubi    ngaJ 


*  Falco  urubitinga  Qmel.,  S.  N.  i.  1788,  265.  Falco  zonuru$  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool,  vii.  1809,  62.  [  ubitinga 
tonura  ScL.,  Trans.  Zool.  Soo.  Lend.  1858,  262, 

»  Urubitinga  xonura  p. ?  RiDow.,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  ii.  No.  2, 1876, 169.     Urubitinga 

ridguiayi  QuRNEr,  List  Diurn.  B.  Prey,  1884,  77, 148. 


ASTVRINA. 


239 


Tarsus  3.50  or  less ;  upper  tail-coverts  in  adult  black  barred  or  tipped  with  white. 
Adult:  Uniform  black,  with  a  chalky  or  glaucous  cast  in  certain  lights; 
upper  tail-coverts  narrowly  tipped  with  white ;  tail  black,  the  tip  and 
base  white,  and  crossed  at  about  the  middle  by  a  broad  band  of  white  of 
variable  width.  Young  :  Above  brownish  black,  varied  by  ochraceous  or 
rusty  edgings  and  spots ;  head,  neck,  and  lower^parts  pale  ochraceous, 
striped  with  brownish  black ;  thighs  barred  Avith  the  same ;  tail  crossed 
by  about  seven  narrow  oblique  bands  of  black  and  whitish,  of  variable 
relative  width.  Downy  young  :  "  Covered  with  dense  woolly  down,  nearly 
white  on  head  and  breast,  passing  into  grayish  posteriorly  upon  the  head, 
throat,  sides  of  breast,  tibiae,  and  back."  (Mearns.)  Male:  Length 
about  21.50;  wing  13.15-14.90,  tail  7.90-9.75,  culmen  1.00-1.05,  tarsus 
3.20-3.40,  middle  toe  1.60-1.70.  Female:  Length  about  22.50,  wing 
14.25-16.00,  tail  9.25-11.00,  culmen  1.05-1.10,  tarsus  3.00-3.50,  middle 
toe  1.65-1.80.  Nest  in  large  trees.  Eggs  2-3,  2.10  X  1-75,  plain  white. 
Hub.  Tropical  America  in  general,  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

345.  U.  anthracina  (Light.).    Mexican  Black  Hawk. 


Genus  ASTURINA  Vieillot.    (Page  223,  pi.  LXVIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

a*.  Adult  with  upper  parts  very  indistinctly  barred,  or  almost  uniform.  Young, 
with  thighs  distinctly  barred  with  dusky,  and  lighter  tail-bands  grayish 
brown. 

Adult:  Above  deep  ash-gray,  the  top  of  head  and  hind-nock  with  fine 
blackish  shaft-streaks,  the  wing-coverts  with  indistinct  paler  bars;  upper 
tail-coverts  plain  white ;  tail  black,  tipped  with  gray'^h  or  white,  and 
crossed  by  two  to  three  narrow  bands  of  white,  the  anterior  one  nar- 
rower and  more  or  less  interrupted ;  quills  black,  margined  at  tips  with 
whitish ;  lower  parts  white,  everywhere,  except  on  lower  tail-coverts, 
very  regularly  barred  with  deep  cinereous,  these  bars  narrower,  and  the 
white  interspaces  correspondingly  wider,  on  fianks  and  abdomen.  Young : 
Above  dark  brown,  the  head  and  neck  streaked,  the  middle  wing-coverts 
and  greater  portion  of  outer  webs  of  scapulare  irregularly  spotted,  with 
ochraceous  or  buffy  (usually  of  a  pinkish  cast) ;  upper-tail-coverts  white, 
marked  near  tips  with  one  or  two  small  spots  of  dusky ;  tail  grayish 
brown,  tipped  with  paler  (the  extreme  tip  usually  whitish),  and  crossed 
by  six  or  seven  narrow  bands  of  black,  these  becoming  gradually,  but 
decidedly,  smaller  toward  the  base;  lower  parts  white,  more  or  less 
tinged  (especially  on  sides  and  under  wing-coverts)  with  pinkish  buff, 
the  breast,  belly,  and  sides  with  largo  tear-shaped  or  wedge-shaped 
stripes  or  longitudinal  spots  of  blackish,  the  thighs  narrowly  barred 
with  the  same.  Length  about  16.00-18.00,  wing  9.50-11.70,  tail  6.70- 
8.20,  culmen  .75-1.00,  tarsus  2.50-2.85,  middle  too  1.35-1.75.  JVest  in 
trees.    Eggs  2-3,  1.99  X  1-59,  white,  usually  very  faintly  and  sparsely 


m 


240 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


(adventitiously?)  stained  with  pale  brownish.  Hah.  Middle  America, 
south  to  Panama,  north  to  southern  border  of  United  States,  straggling 
as  far  as  southern  Illinois. 

346.  A.  plagiata  Schleg.    Mexican  Ooshawk. 
a*.  Adult  with  upper  parts  (including  head  and  neck)  very  distinctly  barred  with 
grayish  white.     Young  with  thighs  plain  white  or  buffy,  and  lighter 
tail-bands  v-hitish. 

A.  nitida  (Lath.).    South  American  Goshawk.* 

Genus  ARCHIBUTEO  Brehm.    (Pago  223,  pi.  LXIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Sj/ecies. 

a'.  Bill  small  and  weak,  the  width  of  gape  (from  corner  to  corner  of  mouth)  only 
1.35-1.45. 
Adult,  normal  phase:  Head  and  neck  whitish,  streaked  with  dusky;  rest 
of  upper  parts  irregularly  varied  with  white,  grayish,  and  dusky  (the 
lighter  tints  predominating),  usually  mixed,  more  or  less,  with  rusty  or 
ochraceous ;  rump  with  dusky  prevailing ;  upper  tail-coverts  and  basal 
portion  of  tail  (more  or  less  extensively — sometimes  for  more  than  half 
its  length)  white ;  terminal  portion  of  tail  crossed  by  a  broad  subter- 
minal  band  of  grayish  or  dusky,  und,  anterior  to  this,  usually  by  several 
narrower,  irregular,  or  sometimes  broken  bands ;  quills  dusky  grayish, 
more  or  less  distinctly  banded  with  darker,  their  inner  webs,  however, 
immaculate  anterior  to  their  crnargination ;  lower  parts  chiefly  whitish, 
but  this  spotted  or  otherwise  varied,  chiefly  on  breast,  by  dusky,  the 
thighs  sometimes  tinged  with  ochraceous  or  rusty.  Young,  normal 
pkas,'- :  Very  much  like  adult,  but  terminal  or  subterminal  portion  of 
tail  plain  graj'ish  brown,  the  basal  portion  plain  whitish ;  lower  parts 
whitish  or  bulfy,  ct'ossed  over  belly,  flanks,  and  anal  region  by  a  very 
broad  bolt  or  transverse  area  of  unifoi-m  deep  brownish  or  duskj''. 
Downy  young :  Plain  grayish  white.  Male :  Length  about  19.50-22.00, 
wing  15.75-16.80,  tail  9.00-10.00.  Female:  Length  about  21.50-23.60, 
wing  16.15-18.00,  tail  9.00-11.00. 

6'.  Averaging  lighter  in  color,  with  loss  (often  with  none)  of  ochraceous 
or  rusty ;  rarely  melanistic.  Ilab.  Northern  portions  of  eastern 
hemisphere. 

A.  lagopua  (BrVnn.).  Rough-legged  Hawk.* 
b*.  Averaging  darker  in  color,  with  more  of  ochraceous  or  rusty ;  fre- 
quently melanistic,  some  specimens  being  entirely  deep  black,  with 
the  exception  of  forehead,  inner  webs  of  quills  (anterior  to  emar- 
ginations),  and  more  or  loss  distinct,  usually  broken,  narrow  bands 
across  basal  portion  of  tail,  which  are  whitish.    (Note. — This 

>  FaUo  nilidut  Latr.,  Index  Orn.  i.  1790,  40.     A§tHrina  nilida  BoifAP.,  Conip.  1.  1850,  30. 
*  So  far  as  evidence  to  date  tenda  to  show,  the  typical  form  of  this  Rpooios,  if  a  distinctively  American  race 
be  rooogniied,  must  be  expunged  from  the  list  of  North  American  birds. 


AqUILA. 


241 


condition  affects  both  old  and  young,  and  is  connected  with  the 
normal  plumage  by  a  scries  of  specimens  possessing,  in  every  pos- 
sible degree,  intermediate  characters.)  JVest  variously  situated. 
Eggs  2-3,  2.31  X  1-74,  white,  buflPy  white,  or  pale  buffy,  usually 
more  or  less  marked  (sprinkled,  spotted,  or  blotched)  with  brown. 
Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  breeding  chiefly  north  of  United 

States 347a.  A.  lagopus  sancti-johannis  (Gmel.). 

Amerioan  Songh-legged  Hawk. 
«".  Bill  much  larger  and  stronger,  and  broader  at  base,  the  width  of  gape  (measured 
from  corner  to  corner  of  mouth)  1.70-1.90. 

Adult,  normal  phase :  Upper  parts  generally  and  thighs  ferruginous,  the 
former  streaked,  the  latter  barred,  with  dusky ;  secondaries  and  quills 
plumbeous,  the  latter  with  a  hoary  cast ;  tail  white,  washed  with  palo 
ash-gray,  more  or  less  stained,  usually  longitudinally,  chiefly  along  edges 
of  feathers,  with  light  rusty,  and  sometimes  crossed  near  tip  bj'  an  in- 
distinct subterminal  bar  or  narrow  band  of  dusky ;  lower  parts  (except 
thighs)  pure  white,  sometimes  slightly  streaked  with  dusky.  Young : 
Above  grayish  brown,  the  feathers  edged  with  rusty  or  ochraceous ; 
thighs  white,  more  or  less  spotted  with  dark  brownish  or  dusky;  tail 
with  basal  third  (appi'oximatcly)  white  (inner  webs  wholly  white),  the 
rest  brownish  gray,  usually  with  several,  more  or  loss  distinct,  darker 
narrow  bands.  Melanistic  phase  {adult) :  General  color  deep  chocolate- 
brown,  more  or  less  varied  above  by  rusty  spotting  and  edgings ;  lower 
parts  mixed  rusty  and  chocolate,  either  tint  prevailing;  tail  as  in  nor- 
mal pha.so.  Male :  Length  about  22.50,  wing  15.90-17.00,  tail  9.50-10.50. 
Female:  Length  about  24.00,  wing  17.00-18.80,  tail  10.50-11.00.  Nest 
usually  in  trees.  Eggs  2-3,  2.42  X  1.88,  white,  or  bulfy  white,  usually 
more  or  less  spotted,  blotched,  or  clouded  with  brown  or  grayish  purple 
(or  both).  Hah.  Western  United  States,  east  to  across  Great  Plains 
(occasionally  to  Illinois),  north  to  the  Saskatchewan,  south  into  Mexico. 
348.  A.  ferrugineus  (Light.).    Ferfuginons  Rough-leg. 


Genus  AQUILA  Brisson     (Page  223,  pi.  LXIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Nearly  uniform  dark  brown,  the  lanceolate  feathers  of  hind-neck  and 
feathers  of  tarsus  of  a  paler  or  rioro  tawny  hue ;  quills  black ;  tail  blackish,  more 
or  loss  clouded,  or  very  irregularly  banded,  with  grayish.  Young :  Similar  to 
adult,  but  basal  half  to  two-thirds  of  the  tail  plain  white,  the  feathers  of  breast, 
etc.,  white  beneath  surface,  and  feathers  of  tarsi  paler  (sometimes  nearly  white). 
Male:  Length  about  30.00-36.00,  extent  about  6J-7  foot;  wing  23.00-24.70,  tail 
14.00-15.00,  culmon  1.50-1.02,  tarsus  3.G5-3.80,  middle  toe  2.40-2.80.  Female: 
Length  about  35.00-40.00.  extent  about  7-7}  feet,  wing  26.00-27.^0,  tail  15.00-16.00, 
culmon  1.68-1.86,  tarsus  4.15-4.26.  middle  too  2.55-2.80.  Nest  usually  on  cliff's,  but 
Bomotimes  on  trees.    Eggs  2-3,  2.93  X  2.34,  oval  or  roundod-ovato,  whitieh,  usually 

U 


242 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


1 


speckled,  spotted,  blotched,  or  clouded  with  brown  and  purplish  gray  (rarely  im- 
maculate). Hah.  Northern  portions  of  northern  hemisphere,  chiefly  in  mountain- 
ous regions 349.  A.  chrysaetos  (Linn.).    Golden  Eagle. 

Genus  THRASAETUS  Gray.     (Page  223,  pi.  LXX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Prevailing  color  of  upper  parts,  with  chest,  black,  the  upper  parts 
usually  more  or  less  mottled  or  marbled  with  gray;  head  and  neck  grayish, 
darker  on  the  crest,  paler  on  throat ;  tail  broadly  banded  with  black  and  mottled 
ashy,  the  bands  of  the  latter  color  about  four  in  number ;  lower  parts,  posterior  to 
chest,  pure  white,  the  thighs,  and  sometimes  other  portions,  narrowly  barred  with 
black.  Young :  Above  light  ash-gray,  marbled  with  black,  this  forming  about  five 
broken  bands  on  middle  tail-feathers,  but  confused  on  other  rectrfces;  quills  mottled 
with  dusky;  head,  neck,  and  entire  lower  parts  white,  the  longer  crest-feathers 
and  the  chest  tinged  with  ash-gray.  Male:  Wing  about  21. "0,  tail  16.00,  culmen 
1.80,  tarsus  4.50,  middle  toe  2.85,  hind  claw  2.25.  Female:  Length  about  40.00, 
extent  about  7  feet,  wing  24.50,  tail  18.50,  culmen  2.20,  tarsus  5.00,  middle  toe  3.80, 
hind  claw  3.00.  Sab.  Tropical  America  in  general,  south  to  Bolivia  and  Paraguay, 
north  to  Mexico,  or,  rarely,  oven  to  the  mouth  of  the  Eio  Grande  (and  in  Louisiana?). 

350.  T.  harpyia  (Linn.).    Harpy  Eagle. 

Genus  HALI-ffiETUS  Savigny.    (Page  223,  pi.  LXXI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Adults  uniform  dusky  brown  (the  feathers  with  paler 
margins),  the  tail  white;  head  and  neck  also  white,  or  else  much  lighter  colored 
than  body ;  bill,  cere,  and  feet  deep  yellow ;  iris  pale  yellow  (except  sometimes  in 
H.  albicilla).  Young :  Prevailing  color  duskj^,  mixed  more  or  less  with  brown  and 
whitish,  according  to  age ;  bill  and  cere  black ;  iris  deep  brown. 

rt'.  Adult  with  head  and  nock  light  grayish  brown,  or  brownish  gray,  and  tail-coverts 
d'lsky.  Young  with  plumage  largely  light  cinnamon-brown  or  isabolla-color. 
Adtdt:  Head  and  neck  light  grayish  brown,  grayish  fulvous,  or  brownish 
gray,  not  abruptly  lighter  than  the  body  ;  tail  white ;  rest  of  plumage 
dusky  grayish  brown  (margins  of  feathers  paloi),  the  quills  nearly  black. 
Young :  Prevailing  color  above  light  umber-brown,  cinnamon-brown,  or 
isabella-color,  each  feather  with  a  median  streak  and  terminal  spot  of 
blackish  brown ;  breast  broadly  striped  with  brownish  black  on  a 
brownish  white  and  isabolla-colored  ground  ;  rest  of  lower  parts  nearly 
plain  dull  isabelia-brown,  each  feather  with  a  median  streak  and  ter- 
minal spot  of  blackish,  the  thighs  darker  and  more  uniform.  Doicny 
young :  *'  Covered  all  over  with  dull  sooty  down,  with  long  tufts  of 
whitish  down  shooting  through  .  .  .  hero  and  there."  (Dresser.) 
Male:  Length  31.00-34.00,  wing  23.00-2G.00,  tail  11.50-12.00,  culmen 
2.06-2.20,  tarsus  3..S0-3.80,  middle  too  2.50-2.85.  Fnmde :  Length  36.00- 
40.00,  wing  27.80-28.00,  tail  14.00-10.00,  culmen  2.20-2.46,  tarsus  3.50- 


THALASSOAETUS. 


243 


arcly  im- 
nountain- 
ien  Eagle. 


per  parts 
grayish, 
I  mottled 
sterior  to 
rred  with 
ibout  five 
Is  mottled 
t-feathcrs 
0,  culmen 
)ut  40.00, 
>  toe  3.80, 
*araa;uay, 
uisiana?). 
py  Eagle. 

I 

ith  paler 
colored 
Jtimes  in 
•own  and 


il-coverts 
lla-color. 
)rowni8h 
plumage 
ly  black, 
rown,  or 
spot  of 
ck  on  a 

nearly 
and  ter- 

Downy 
tufts  of 

RESSER.) 

culmen 
h  36.00- 
us  3.50- 


,8 


3.G5,  middle  toe  2.95-3.50.  Nest  on  cliffs  near  sea-ehore.  Eggs  2-3,  3.00 
X  2.30,  plain  dead  white.  Hab.  Northern  jjortions  of  eastern  hemi- 
sphere, and  southeastern  Greenland. 

351.  H.  albicilla  (Linn.).  Gray  Sea  Eagle. 
a*.  Adult  with  head  and  neck  pure  white,  in  abrupt  contrast  with  color  of  body ; 
tail-coverts  also  white.  Young  with  plumage  blackish,  grayish  brown,  and 
white,  without  cinnamon-brown  or  isabella-color.  Adult :  Head,  neck,  tail- 
coverts,  and  tail  entirely  white ;  rest  of  plumage  dusky  grayish  brown,  varying 
to  brownish  black  (the  margins  of  the  feathers  usually  paler).  Immature  (sec- 
ond or  third  year) :  Head  and  neck  blackish,  the  lanceolate  feathers  of  hind- 
neck  tipped  with  pale  brownish,  all  the  feathei*8  pure  white  beneath  surface ; 
upper  parts  mixed  grayish  brown  and  blackish,  usually  with  more  or  less 
admixture  of  whitish  ;  tail  blackish,  the  inner  webs  of  feathers  more  or  less 
blotched  or  "  spattered"  with  whitish  ;  lower  parts  mixed  white  and  dusky, 
either  color  predominating,  according  to  the  individual.  Young,  first  year  : 
Whole  plumage  nearly  uniform  black,  the  feathers  of  lower  parts,  however, 
with  their  bases  white,  this  more  or  less  concealed  in  places,  producing  a 
somewhat  spotted  or  blotched  appearance.  Downy  young :  Uniform  sooty 
gray.  Nest  on  tall  trees,  usually  near  lakes  or  rivers,  sometimes  on  cliffs. 
Male:  Length  30.00-35  00,  extent  about  7  feet,  wing  20.00-25.90,  tail  11.00- 
15.25,  culmen  1.85-2.25,  tarsus  2.65-3.40,  middle  too  2.35-2.90,  hind  claw 
1.68-1.90.  Female:  Length  34.00-43.00,  extent  about  7  to  8  feet,  wing 
23.50-28.00,  tail  12.50-16.00,  culmen  1.90-2.35,  tarsus  3.25-3.70,  middle  toe 
2.55-3.10,  hind  claw  1.60-2.00.  Nest  usually  on  large  trees.  Eggs  2-3,  2.90 
X  2.27,  plain  white.  Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  and  across  Aleutian 
chain  to  Commander  Islands,  Kamtschatka. 

352.  H.  leucocephalus  (Linn.).    Bald  Eagle. 

Genus  THALASSOAETUS  Kaup.'    (Pago  223,  pi.  LXXI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 
Adult :  General  color  dark  grayish  brown,  the  forehead,  lesser  and  middle  wing- 
coverts,  thighs,  rump,  tail-coverts,  and  tail,  pure  white  ;  lanceolate  feathers  of  hind- 
neck  pale  grayish  brown,  with  lighter  edges;  bill,  cere,  and  feet  intense  yellow  in 
life;  iris  pale  yellow.  Ynung  :  Entirely  dusky  brownish,  or  with  more  or  less  ad- 
mixture of  white,  according  to  age,  on  those  poi'tions  which  are  white  in  adult; 
bill  more  or  loss  obscured  with  dusky.  Male :  Length  37.60-38.00,  extent  87.50, 
wing  23.25,  tail  13.60  (gra<luatod  for  4.10),  culmen  2.45.  Female:  Length  about 
41.00,  extent  93.00,  wing  24.00-26.00,  tail  14.25,  culmen  2.60-2.76,  hind  claw  1.95. 
Downy  young :  Uniform  smoky  brownish  gray.  Hab.  Sea-coasts  and  larger  rivers 
of  Kamtschatka  and  borders  of  Okhotsk  Sea,  south,  in  winter,  to  Japan  ;  occasional 

or  accidental  in  Aleutian  Islands? 

T.  peUgicuB  (Pam..).     Kamttchatkan  Sea  Eagle.' 

>  Thaln»tnalilu»  Kaiip,  ClnM.  Fttug.  VI)(?.  1844,  12:».     Typo,  Aqiiila  pelagica  Pali,. 

*  Aqnilit  pelagica  Fall.,  Zuug   Ruwo-Ai.  i.  1826,  343,  pi.  1,     ThalattoaMttu  ptlagicui  Kaup,  Hui.  Sonck. 
Hi.  1840,  301. 


''i; 


H 


2U 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


% 

,'#' 


1 


Genus  FALCO  LiNNiEus.    (Page  224,  pi.  LXXII.,  figs.  1-5 ;  pi.  LXXIII.,  figs.  1-3.) 

Species. 

a^.  Only  one  quill  (the  outermost)  with  inner  web  emarginated  near  tip ;  first  quill 
longer  than  fourth. 
6'.  Tarsus  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe  (without  claw) ;  first  quill  shorter 
than  third, 
c*.  Tarsus  densely  feathered  in  front  and  on  sides  for  the  upper  two- 
thirds,  the  edges  of  the  feathering  meeting  on  the  posterior  side. 
Ifest  usually  on  cliff's.     Eggs  2-4,  about  2.30  X  l-TS,  varying  from 
pale  cinnamon  or  tawny  to  huffy,  more  or  less  distinctly  sprinkled, 
speckled,  or   marbled  with    deeper    cinnamon-brown — sometimes 
almost  uniformly  cinnamon-color.     (Subgenus  Hierofalco  Cuvier.) 
d}.  Lower  tail-coverts  immaculate  white,  the  thighs  also  usually  im- 
maculate ;  prevailing  color  of  whole  plumage  white.     Adult : 
Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  usually  narrowly  streaked  with 
dusky,  but  often  immaculate ;  rest  of  upper  parts  more  or  less 
barred,  or  transversely  spotted,  with  slate-dusky;  lower  parts 
usually  immaculate,  or  without  well-defined  markings.     Young: 
Upper  parts  with  longitudinal  spots  or  stripes  of  dusky  (this 
less  slaty  than  in  adult)  ;  lower  parts  usually  distinctly  striped. 
Male:  Length  about  21.00-22.50,  wing  14.00-14.75  (14.49),  tail 
8.50-9.50  (8.94).  culmen  .90-.98  (.92),  tarsus  2.30-2.50  (2.43), 
middle  too  1.95-2.05  (1.98).    Female :  Length  about  23.00-24.00, 
wing  15.50-16.50  (16.00),  tail  9.00-10.00  (9.49),  culmen  .95-1.08 
(1.03),  tarsus  2.30-2.50  (2.47),  middle  toe  2.05-2.15  (2.09).    Eggs 
2.26  X  1-27.    Hab.  Circumpolar  regions,  breeding  in  Greenland, 
northeastern  (and  other?)  portions  of  Arctic  America,  Com- 
mander Islands,  etc. 

353.  F.  islandus  BrUnn.    White  Oyrfalcon. 
d*.  Lower  tail-coverts  always  more  or  loss  marked  with  dusky ;  upper 
parts  with  little  if  any  white,  except,  sometimes,  on  top  of  head 
and  hind-nock.     Adult  with  upper  parts  banded  with  dusky 
and  bluish  gray  (sometimes  uniform  dusky  anteriorly),  the 
flanks  and  thighs  barred,  banded,  or  transversely  spotted  with 
dusky.     Young  without  transverse  bars  on  upper  parts  (ex- 
cept sometimes  on  tail),  and  lower  parts  with  all  the  markings 
longitudinal, 
e'.  Lighter  colored  :  Top  of  head  much  streaked  with  white,  often 
with  white  prevailing,  the  lighter  tail-bands  usually  whitish 
and  nearly  as  broad  as  the  darker  interspaces.     Adult,  with 
anterior  upper  parts  everywhere  more  or  less  distinctly 
barred  with  very  pale  grayish,  grayish  white,  or  buffy 
whitish,  those  lighter  bars    sometimes  nearly  equal  in 


FALCO. 


245 


figs.  1-3.) 

first  quill 

11  shorter 

per  two- 
rior  side, 
ing  from 
;prinklcd, 
ometimcs 

UVIER.) 

lually  im- 
Adult : 
kt'd  with 
•e  or  less 
v^er  parts 
Yoimg: 
sky  (this 
y  striped. 
4.49),  tail 
)0  (2.43), 
00-24.00, 
.95-1.08 
9).  Eggs 
reenlnnd, 
ca,  Com- 

yrfaloon. 

upper 
)  of  head 

dusky 
•ly),  the 
ted  with 
arts  (ex- 
nark  ings 

ito,  often 
whitish 
ult,  with 
istinctly 
or  huffy 
}qual  in 


width  to  the  darker  ones ;  darker  and  lighter  bands  on  tail 
usually  very  sharply  contrasted,  the  former  often  slate- 
gray,  the  latter  pale  ash-gray  or  dull  whitish ;  flanks  and 
thighs  never  very  heavily  banded  or  spotted  with  slaty, 
but  always  more  or  less  marked  with  this  color.  Young  : 
Dark  stripes  of  lower  parts  usually  decidedly  narrower  than 
white  interspaces;  upper  parts  in  general  usually  much 
spotted  with  whitish  or  light  buffy,  in  addition  to  the 
lighter  margins  (often  conspicuous)  to  the  feathers ;  outer 
webs  of  quills  more  or  less  distinctly  spotted  with  whitish 
toward  base.  Male:  Length  about  20.00-21.00,  wing 
13.40-15.00  (14,10),  tail  8.00-9.30  (8.51),  culmen  .88-.98 
(.90),  tarsus  2.10-2.65  (2.40),  middle  toe  1.80-2.20  (1.96). 
Female:  Length  about  22.00-24.50,  wing  15.25-16.50 
(15.76),  tail  9.10-10.50  (9.72),  culmen  .95-1.10  (1.01),  tar- 
sus 2.30-260  (2.46),  middle  toe  1.98-2.15  (2.08).  Eggs 
3.37  X  1-72.  Hab.  Extreme  northern  portions  of  Europe 
(except  Scandinavia),  Asia,  and  North  America,  including 
Iceland  and  southern  Greenland ;  south,  in  winter,  to 
northern  border  of  United  States. 

354.  F.  rusticolus  (Linn.).    Gray  Gyrfalcon. 
Darker  colored:  Top  of  head  usually  with  dusky  prevailing, 
often  uniform  dusky,  lighter  tail-bands  bluish  gray,  and 
usually  narrower  than  dusky  interspaces.    Adult  with  an- 
terior upper    parts  (back,   scapulars,   and   wing-coverts) 
rather  indistinctly  barred  with  bluish  gray,  often  nearly 
plain  dusky ;  flanks  heavily  banded  or  spotted  with  dusky, 
and  thighs  heavily  barred  with  slaty  (the  white  ground- 
color tinged  with  bluish  gray  posteriorly).     Young  :  Dark 
stripes  of  lower  pai'ts  usually  about  equal  in  width  to 
white  interspaces,  sometimes  much  broader  (under  parts 
sometimes  plain  dusky) ;  upper  surface  of  tail  never  (?) 
continuously  banded  with  whitish,  sometimes  almost  plain, 
or,  if  barred  at  all,  the  bars  interrupted,  much  narrower 
than  the  dark  interspaces,  and  never  (?)  approaching  white 
in  color;   upper  parts  usually  plain  grayish  brown,  the 
feathers  more  or  less  distinctly  margined  with  paler,  but 
usually  with  little  if  any  whitish  spotting. 
/'.  Lower  parts  with  white  prevailing,  or  at  least  equal  in 
extent  to  the  dusky.    Male  .•  Wing  13.75-14.25  (13.97), 
tail  8.00-8.75  (8.26),  culmen  .90-.92  (.96),  tarsus  2.80- 
2.50  (2.36),  middle  toe  1.90-2.00  (1.96).    Female:  Wing 
15.26-16.00  (15.52),  tail  9.00-10.50  (9.82),  culmen  1.00- 
1.10  (1.03),  tarsus  2.26-2.65  (2.48),  middle  to-^  2.06-2.16 
(2.10).    Egga  2.31  X  1-76.    Hab.  Northern  Europe  and 


246 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Arctic  America,  from  northern  Labrador  and  coasts 

of  Hudson's  Bay  to  Alaska 354rt.  F.  rusticolus 

gyrfalco  (Linn.).  Oyifalcon. 
/*.  Lower  parts  with  dusky  prevailing,  sometimes  entirely 
dusky,  except  on  lower  tail-coverts,  which  are  always 
(?)  spotted  with  white.  Male:  Wing  14.00-14.60 
(14.20),  tail  14.75-16.25  (15.89),  culmen  .98-1.05  (1.02), 
tarsus  2.40-2.70  (2.47),  middle  toe  2.05-2.15  (2.11). 
Female:  Wing  14.75-16.25  (15.89),  tail  9.60-10.00 
(9.85),  culmen  .98-1.05  (1.02),  tarsus  2.55-2.70  (2.62), 
middle  toe  2.05-2.15  (2.11).  Eggs  2.26  X  1.77.  Hah. 
Coast  of  Labrador;  south,  in  winter,  to  Maine,  Canada, 

and  New  York' 3546.  F.  rusticolus  obsoletus 

(Gmel.).  Black  Gyrfalcon. 
Tarsus  feathered  for  not  more  than  upper  half,  the  posterior  side 
almost  wholly  naked.  (Subgenus  Gennaia  Kaup.*) 
Top  of  head  grayish  brown,  streaked  with  dusky ;  outer  web  of 
tail-feathers  without  distinct  lighter  spots  (usually  quite  plain), 
and  outer  webs  of  quills  without  trace  of  spots ;  secondaries 
with  lighter  spots  on  outer  webs ;  under  parts  and  nuchal  collar 
white,  the  flanks  heavily  spotted  or  blotched  with  dusky,  the 
under  tail-coverts  sparsely  spotted  with  same.  Adult  male: 
Above  pale  grayish  brown  (usually  tinged  more  or  loss  with 
rusty),  indistinctly  but  broadly  barred  with  wale  clay-color  or 
dull  grayish  huffy  anteriorly  nnd  pale  bluish  gray  posteriorly. 
Adult  (f)  female:  Above  grayish  brown,  without  distinct  or 
well-defined  lighter  bars,  but  feathers  margined  with  pale 
rusty  brown  or  dull  whitish,  both  the  ground-color  and  these 
edgings  paler  on  posterior  portions;  tail  tipped  with  buffy 
whitish,  the  feathers  edged  with  a  paler  tint  of  the  ground- 
color. Young  {both  sexes)  :  Above  grayish  brown,  the  feathers 
distinctly  margined  with  light  rusty ;  lower  parts  pale  buffy  or 
buffy  whitish,  with  broader  dusky  streaks,  the  dusky  flank- 
patch  larger  and  more  uniform  than  in  the  adult,  and  the  ax- 
illars  unbroken  dusky.  Young  in  first  summer :  Similar  to  the 
preceding  stage,  but  ground-color  above  darker,  with  rusty 
margins  to  feathera  more  distinct,  the  ground-color  of  the  lower 
parts  light  ochraceous  or  creamy  buff.  Male :  Length  about 
17.00-18.00  (weight  about  IJ  pounds),  wing  11.60-12.50,  tail 
6.40-f.50,  culmen  .70-.75,  tarsus  1.85-2.15,  middle  toe  1.60- 
2.00.  Female :  Length  about  18.50-20.00  (weight  sometimes  4} 
pounds),  wing  13.26-14.30,  tail  8.00-9.00,  culmen  .85-.90,  tarsus 
2.05-2.40,  middle  toe  1.85-2.15.    iVesf  usually  on  cliffs.   Eggs  2-5, 


1  Oennaia  Kaup,  IsU,  1847,  69.    Type,  Falcojugger  Gray. 


FALCO. 


247 


,nd  coasts 
asticolus 
Qyifalcon. 

9  entirely 
re  always 
4.00-14.60 
.05  (1.02), 
15  (2.11). 
9.60-10.00 
70  (2.62), 
77.  Hah. 
3,  Canada, 
tbsoletus 
Qyrfalcon. 
erior  side 

er  web  of 

ite  plain), 

(condaries 

3hal  collar 

iusky,  the 

\ult  male: 

less  with 

^-color  or 

)steriorly. 

istinct  or 

vith   pale 

md  these 

ith  buffy 

)  grouud- 

)  feathers 

)  buffy  or 

ky  flank- 

d  the  ax- 

ar  to  the 

th  rusty 

;ho  lower 

th  about 

2.50,  tail 

oe   1.60- 

jtimes  4} 

0,  tarsus 


2.06  X  1-60,  creamy  white,  vinaceous-white,  or  pale  vinaceous- 
buffy,  sprinkled,  speckled,  or  irregularly  spotted  with  madder- 
brown.  Hah.  Western  United  States,  east  to  eastern  border 
of  Great  Plains  (occasionally  to  Illinois),  south  into  Mexico. 

355.  F.  mexicanus  Schleq.    Prairie  Falcon. 
Tarsus  not  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe  (without  claw),  often  shorter; 
first  quill  longer  than  third, 
c*.  First  and  second  quills  equal  and  longest;    second  with   inner  web 
slightly  sinualed  near  tip ;  adult  and  young  very  different  in  color, 
the  latter  with  stripes  instead  of  bars  beneath,  and  without  bars  on 
upper  parts.    Nest  on  cliffs  or  in  hollows  of  giant  trees.    Eggs  3-4, 
2.20,  or  less,  X  1-70,  or  less,  varying  in  color  from  buffy  to  deep  cin- 
namon- and  hazel-brown,  usually  more  or  less  broken  into  spotting 
or  blotching,  but  sometimes  nearly  plain ;  spots  varying  from  hazel- 
to  rich  madder-brown.     (Subgenus  Bhynchodon  Nitzsch.) 
d'.  Adult  with  top  of  head  sooty  black,  or  deep  black,  appreciably  or 
decidedly  darker  than  back ;  chest  creamy  buff,  buffy  white,  or 
pure  white,  often  immaculate,  never  very  heavily  spotted  with 
blackish.     Young  with  lower  parts  ochraceous  or  buffy  striped 
with  dusky,  the  feathers  of  upper  parts  bordered  with  buffy, 
ochraceous,  or  rusty.    Male:  Length  15.50-18.00,  wing  11.30- 
13.00,  tail  6.00-7.60,  oulmen  .75-.80,  tarsus  1.60-1.90,  middle  toe 
1.78-2.05.    Female:  Length  about  18.00-20.00,  wing  13.00-14.75, 
tail  6.90-9.00,  culmen  .85-1.00,  t '  ms  1.95-2.20,  middle  too  1.95- 
2.30. 
e'.  Adult  with  chest  usually  distinctly  streaked  with,  or  marked 
with  tear-shaped  spots  of,  blackish.      Young  paler,  with 
ground-color  of  lower  parts  pale  buffy  or  buffy  whitish. 
Hah.  Europe  and  portions  of  Asia. 

F.  peregrinuB  Tdnbt.    Peregrine  Falcon.* 

e*.  Adult  with  chest  usually  immaculate.      Young  more  deeply 

colored,  with  ground-color  of  lower  parts  frequently  deep 

ochraceous.     Eggs  2.10  X  1-60.    Hah.  Whole  of  America, 

south  as  far,  at  least,  as  Chili ;  eastern  Asia? 

356.  F.  peregrinus  anatum  (Bonap.).  Dnok  Hawk. 
d\  Adult  with  top  of  head  dark  slaty,  or  plumbeous-slate,  uniform 
with  back;  chest  heavily  spotted  with  blackish,  and  dusky 
bars  of  remaining  under  parts  very  broad.  Young  with  lower 
parts  sooty  black,  streaked  with  pale  buffy  or  buffy  white,  the 
feathers  of  upper  parts  without  rusty  margins.  Male:  Wing 
12.90-13.00  (12.96),  tail  6.60-6.90  (6.75),  culmen  .80  -.88  (.84), 
tarsus  1.88-2.00  (1.94),  middle  toe  1.88-1.95  (1.91).  Female: 
Wing  14.60-14.75  (14.66),  tail  7.70-8.00  (7.84),  culmen  .96-1.00 
(.96),  tarsus  2.00-2.25  (2.16),  middle  toe  2.06-2.21  (2.13).    Hab. 


>  Faleo peregrinui  TuNBT.,  Orn.  Brit.  1771,  1. 


248  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Aleutian  Islands,  west  to  Commander  Islands,  and  south  along 
Pacific  coast  to  Oregon. 

356a.  F.  peregrinus  pealei  Eidqw.    Feale's  Falcon. 
c*.  Second  quill  longest,  but  first  longer  than  third;    second  with  inner 
web  not  appreciably  sinuated  near  tip ;  adult  and  young  not  very 
different  in  plumage,  the  latter  not  distinctly  striped  beneath ;  size 
small  (wing  not  exceeding  12.00 — usually  much  less).     (Subgenus 
Neofalco  Ridgw.') 
d}.  Wing  9.50,  or  more;  under  tail-coverts  ochraceous,  or  white  and 
rufous,  with  large  transverse  spots  of  black ;  upper  tail-coverts 
barred  with  white  or  pale  ashy.     Adult:   Above  plumbeous 
black,  distinctly  bordered  with  bluish  plumbeous ;  throat  and 
chest  immaculate  white  centrally  and  anteriorly,  rufous  later- 
ally and  posteriorly  ;  thighs  plain  rufous.     Young :  Above  uni- 
form dull  black,  the  feathers  sometimes  slightly  margined  with 
rusty ;  throat  and  chest  varying  from  white  to  ochraceous  or 
rufous,  this  always  deepest  laterally  and  posteriorly;  thighs 
sometimes  thickly  spotted  transversely  with  blackish.     Male: 
Length  about  12.50,  wing  9.50-9.90,  tail  5.40-5.50,  culmen  .72, 
tarsus  1.40-1.55,  middle  toe  1.75.    Female:  Length  about  15.00, 
wing   10.90-12.00,  tail  6.00-6.25,  culmen  .90,  tarsus  1.50-1.60, 
middle  toe  1.86-2.10.     Hob.  Tropical  America  in  general  (ex- 
cept West  Indies),  north  to  southern  Mexico. 

F.  deiroleucus  Tkmm.  Temminck's  Falcon.* 
d}.  Wing  not  more  than  9.00 ;  under  tail-coverts  deep  rufous,  usually 
immaculate,  but  sometimes  slightly  barred  with  white  and 
dusky ;  upper  tail-coverts  indistinctly  barred  with  plumbeous. 
Adult :  Above  plumbeous-black,  the  feathers  with  bluish 
plumbeous  tips  and  edges,  and,  on  rump,  etc.,  more  or  less 
distinctly  barred  with  same;  throat  and  chest  buffy  whitish, 
becoming  deeper  buffy  or  ochraceous  posteriorly.  Young : 
Similar  to  adult,  but  upper  parts  without  plumbeous  bars  or 
tips,  and  sometimes  having  a  slight  brownish  cast,  the  feathers 
usually  with  indistinct  rusty  margins ;  throat  and  chest  deep 
ochraceous,  the  latter  usually  with  a  few  dusky  streaks.  Male : 
Length  about  9.50-10.00,  wing  7.20-8.80,  tail  5.00-5.50,  culmen 
.58,  tarsus  1.25-1.60,  middle  toe  1.15-1.30.  Female:  Length 
about  11.00,  wing  8.50-9.00,  tail  5.00-5.50,  culmen  .58,  tarsus 
1.48-1.55,  middle  toe  1.30-1.40.  Hab.  Tropical  America  in 
general  (except  West  Indies),  north  to  northern  Mexico  (Nuevo 
Leon  and  Mazatlan). 

P.  albigularis  Daud.    White-throated  Falcon.* 

>  New  Rubgenus;  type,  Fnlco  albigularii  Daud. 
'  Falco  doiruleucm  TiCHM.,  PI.  Col.  i.  1825,  pi.  .348. 
1  Fulco  albujulnrii  Daud.,  Traits,  ii.  1800,  131. 


FALCO. 


249 


uth  along 

»'s  Falcon. 

ith  inner 

not  very 

sath;  size 

Subgenus 

rhite  and 
il-coverts 
lumbeous 
iroat  and 
bus  later- 
bove  uni- 
ined  with 
iceous  or 
';  thighs 
I.  Male: 
ilmen  .72, 
)ut  15.00, 
1.50-1.60, 
leral  (cx- 

}  Falcon.' 

1,  usually 

aite   and 

inibeous. 

bluish 

or  less 

whitish, 

Young  : 

bars  or 

feathers 

est  deep 

Male : 

culmen 

Length 

\,  tarsus 

srica  in 

(Nuovo 

Falcon.* 


a*.  Two  outer  quills  with  inner  webs  emargiaatod  near  tip  ;  first  quill  shorter  than 
fourth.  • 

J*.  Tarsus  not  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe ;  basal  segment  of  toes  covered 
with  small  hexagonal  or  roundish  scales. 
Adult  males:  Bluish  gray  above,  with  blackish  shaft-streaks;  hind- 
neck  spotted  or  mixed  with  whitish  and  huffy  or  ochraceous ;  quills 
dusky ;  tail  crossed  by  a  greater  or  less  number  of  blackish  bands, 
and  tipped  with  whitish;  lower  parts  whitish,  huffy,  or  light  rusty,- 
striped  with  brownish  or  dusky.  Adult  females :  Brownish  above, 
the  tail  usually  with  a  greater  or  less  number  of  lighter  (usually 
narrow)  bands ;  top  of  head  streaked  with  blackish,  and  feathers  of 
back  and  rump  with  shaft-streaks  of  the  same;  lower  parts  much  as 
in  the  male,  but  without  rusty  tinge.  Young  (both  sexes) :  Much  like 
adult  female,  but  darker,  or  else  much  tinged  above  with  ochraceous 
or  rusty.  (Subgenus  Msalon  Kaup.) 
c'.  Middle  tail-feathers  of  adult  male  crossed  by  about  six  imperfect,  mostly 
concealed,  blackish  bands,  besides  the  broad  and  continuous  subter- 
minal  one;  that  of  adult  female  and  young  crossed  by  about  eight 
light  bands,  including  terminal  band.  Adult  male  with  closed  tail 
showing  one  black  band,  this  a  broad  subterminal  one ;  inner  web 
of  longest  quill  with  about  ten  white  spots;  hind-neck,  breast,  and 
sides  more  deeply  rusty  than  thighs;  dark  markings  on  breast 
linear,  and  streaks  on  cheeks  crowded  into  a  distinct  "mustache"; 
length  about  11.00,  wing  7.60-8.00,  tail  5.10-5.30,  culmen  .45-.50, 
tarsus  1.35-1.45,  middle  too  1.15.  Adult  female :  Tail  with  about 
eight  narrow  pale  bands  (more  on  lateral  feathers),  the  first  two 
or  three  concealed,  however,  by  upper  coverts ;  upper  parts  usually 
much  spotted  with  a  lighter  tint  than  ground-color;  length  about 
12.00-14.00,  wing  8.G0-9.00,  tail  6.00-6.30,  culmen  .52-.55,  tarsus 
1.45-1.47,  middle  toe  1.20-1.25.  Young :  Similar  to  adult  female, 
but  more  or  less  tinged  with  rusty,  the  lighter  spots  on  upper  parts 
more  distinct.    Hab.  Europe,  etc. ;  accidental  at  sea  near  coast  of 

Greenland. 

F.  regulus  Pall.    Merlin.' 

c*.  Middle  tail-feathers  of  adult  male  crossed  by  not  more  than  four  black- 

ish  bands  besides  the  broad  subterminal  one,  that  of  female  and 

young  never  with  more  than  six  light  bands,  including  terminal  one. 

Adult  males  with  closed  tail  showing  more  than  one  black  band ; 

inner  web  of  longest  quill  with  less  than  ten  white  spots ;  hind-neck, 

breast,  and  sides  less  tinged  with  rusty  than  thighs ;  markings  on 

breast  broad,  stripe-like,  and  streaks  on  cheeks  not  crowded  into  a 

distinct  "mustache." 

d}.  Middle  tail-feathers  with  not  more  (altogether)  than  four  blackish 

or  five  lighter  bands. 


>  Fiiho  regulun  Pall.,  Rcis.  Russ.  Reiohs.  ii.,  Anhang,  1773,  707. 

82 


250 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


*: 


e*.  Inner  webs  of  quills  distinctly  barred  or  transversely  spotted 
with  whitish  ;  tail-bands  distinct,  in  both  sexes,  at  all  stages; 
outer  webs  of  quills  destitute  of  distinct  grayish,  buffy, 
or  ochraceous  spots,  and  general  color  of  plumage  darker. 
Adult  female  and  young  with  whitish  or  huffy  ]>revailing  on 
lower  parts.  Male:  Length  about  10.00-11.00,  wing  7.40- 
7.80  (7.65),  tail  4.65-5.20  (4.87),  culmen  .48-.50,  tarsus  1.30- 
1.40,  middle  toe  1.15-1.25.  Female :  Length  about  12.50- 
13.25,  wing  8.35-8.00  (8.50),  tail  5.30-5.50  (5.38),  culmen 
.55-.60,  tarsus  1.55-1.60,  middle  too  1.35.  Nest  very  va- 
riously situated  (in  cavity  of  cliff  or  in  hollow  of  tree, 
on  branches  of  trees,  etc.).  Eggs  2-4,  1.59  X  1-23,  usually 
more  or  less  spotted  or  blotched  with  deep  rustj'^  brown, 
hazel-brown,  or  cinnamon,  on  a  paler  (sometimes  buffy 
whitish)  ground-color.  Ilab.  Whole  of  North  America, 
breeding  chiefly  north  of  United  States;  south,  in  win- 
ter, to  West  Indies,  Middle  America,  and  northern  South 

America 357.  F.  columbarius  Linn.    Pigeon  Hawk. 

e'.  Inner  webs  of  quills  not  distinctly  barred  or  spotted,  and  tail- 
bands,  except  whitish  tip,  indistinct,  or  obsolete.  Adult 
female  and  young  :  Above  plain  blackish  brown  ;  lower  parts 
very  heavily  marked  with  dusky.  (^Adult  male  unknown.') 
Male :  Wing  7.35-7.70,  tail  5.25-5.60,  culmen  .48-.50,  tarsus 
1.30-1.45,  middle  toe  1.20.  Female:  Wing  8.25-8.50,  tail 
6.70-5.80,  culmen  .55-.60,  tarsus  1.50-1.60,  middle  too  1.35- 
1.40.  Hab.  Northwest  coast,  from  northern  California  (in 
winter)  to  Sitka. 

357a.  F.  columbarius  suckleyi  Eidqw.  Black  Merlin, 
rf'.  Middle  tail-feathers  crossed  by  (altogether)  five  darker  and  six 
lighter  bands;  outer  webs  of  quills  distinctly  spotted  with  light 
grayish  in  adult  male,  and  buffy  or  ochraceous  in  adult  female 
and  j^oung,  and  general  plumage  paler.  Adult  male:  Above 
pale  bluish  gray  (top  of  head  usually  more  or  less  tinged  with 
light  rusty  or  ochraceous)  ;  tail  crossed,  on  middle  feathers,  by 
five  blackish  and  six  light  bluish  gray  (or  five  bluish  gray  and 
one  white — terminal)  bands,  the  lighter  ones  often  clouded  or 
mixed  with  white ;  outer  webs  or  quills  distinctly  spotted  with 
light  grayish ;  wing  7.70-8.05  (7.94),  tail  4.90-5.30  (5.11),  culmen 
.50-.60,  tarsus  1.42-1.55,  middle  toe  1.20-1.30.  Adult  female: 
Above  rather  light  earthy  brown,  more  or  less  distinctly  barred 
or  transversely  spotted  with  a  lighter  shade ;  tail  crossed,  on 
middle  feather,  by  six  very  distinct  and  entirely  continuous 
narrow  bands  of  buffy  whitish ;  secondaries  distinctly  banded 
with  ochraceous,  and  outer  webs  of  quills  distinctly  spotted 
with  a  lighter  tint  of  the  same;  length  about  12.00-13.50,  wing 


FALCO. 


251 


8.80-9.10  (8.95),  tail  5.70-6.30  (5.92),  culmen  .55-.60,  tarsus 
1.30-1.40,  middle  toe  1.15-1.25.  Young  (both  sexes)  :  Similar  to 
adult  female,  but  more  decidedly  buffy  below,  and  upper  parts 
more  or  less  tinged  with  rusty.  Egg  (single  specimen)  1.52  X 
1.22,  buffy  white,  handsomely  marbled  and  irregularly  spotted 
with  madder-brown.  Hab.  Interior  of  North  America,  breed- 
ing from  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  (?)  northward,  and 
straggling  west  to  Pacific  coast ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Texas  and 
Arizona  (pi-obably  into  Mexico). 

358.  F.  richardsonii  Bidow.    Richardson's  Merlin. 
b*.  Tarsus  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe ;  basal  phalanx  of  toes  with  trans- 
verse scutellfB. 
c'.  Bill  robust,  the  length  of  the  cere  on  top  equal  to  about  one-third 
the  culmen;    transverse  scutelliu  on   basal   phalanx  of  toes  largo 
and  almost  uninterrupted;    second  and  third   quills   longest,  first 
equal  to  or  shorter  than  fourth ;   sexes  essentially  alike  in  color, 
and  young  not  very  different  from  adults  ;  size  medium  (wing  more 
than  9.00).    (Subgenus  Rhynehofalco  Eidqw.) 

Adult :  Above  plain  bluish  gray  or  plumbeous,  the  secondaries 
broadly  tipped  with  whitish ;  tail  darker  towards  end,  tipped 
with  white,  and  crossed  by  about  eight  narrow  bands  of  the 
same ;  a  broad  stripe  behind  eye,  middle  of  car-coverts,  with 
entire  chin,  throat,  and  chest,  immaculate  white,  the  postocular 
stripe  changing  to  orange-rufous  on  occiput,  where  the  two  of 
opposite  sides  are  confluent ;  sides  and  flanks  slaty  blackish, 
narrowly  ban-ed  with  white  ;  thighs  and  lower  tail-coverts 
light  rufous,  or  rusty  ochraceous.  Young :  Similar  to  adult, 
but  colors  duller,  the  gray  above  less  bluish,  rufous  or  ochra- 
ceous of  thighs,  etc.,  paler,  the  chest  more  or  less  buffy  and 
striped  with  dusky.  Male:  Length  about  15.00,  wing  9.20- 
10.70,  tail  6.30-8.00,  culmen  .60-.68,  tarsus  1.70-1.85,  middle 
toe  1.35-1.50.  Female:  Length  about  17.00-18.00,  wing  11.00- 
11.60,  tail  7.80-8.80,  culmen  .71-80,  jtarsus  1.80-2.00,  middle  too 
1.55-1.70.  Nest  on  low  trees  or  bushes  (usually  yuccas  or 
cacti).  Eggs  2-4(?),  1.78x1-57,  dull  white  or  buffy  white, 
thickly  speckled  and  irregularly  spotted  with  vandyke-brown. 
Hab.  Tropical  America  in  general  {except  West  Indies),  north 
to  southern  Texas  and  Now  Mexico. 

359.  F.  fusco-ccerulescens  Yieill.  Aplomado  Falcon. 
c*.  Bill  small,  the  length  of  the  cere  on  top  less  than  one-fourth  the  chord 
of  the  culmen ;  transverse  scutellaj  interrupted  at  extreme  lower 
part  of  tarsus  and  extreme  base  of  toes ;  tarsus  much  longer  than 
middle  toe  (without  claw)  ;  sexes  very  different  in  color,  and  young 
of  both  sexes  (in  American  species)  essentially  like  adults.  Nest  in 
holes,  usually  in  dead  trees.    Eggs  2-5,  1.45,  or  less,  X  116,  or  less, 


rt.! 


hJ 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


varying  from  pure  white,  with  few  markings  (very  rarely  quite  im- 
maculate), to  deep  cinnamon-buff  (usually  an  intermediate  shade) 
more  or  less  sprinkled,  speckled,  spotted,  or  blotched  with  rusty 
brown  or  cinnamon.     (Subgenus  Tinnunculus  Vieill.) 
Adult  males  with  tail  chestnut-rufous,  crossed  by  a  broad  subter- 
minal  black  band  (sometimes  with  more  or  less  distinct  nar- 
rower bands  anterior  to  this,  especially  on  lateral  feathers),  and 
tipped  with  whitish  or  rufous;  wing-coverts  grayish  blue,  or 
plumbeous,  usually  more  or  less  spotted  with  black ;  sides  of 
head  with  one  or  two  (usually  two)  black  obliquely  vertical 
stripes,  the  enclosed  space  whitish ;  lower  parts  varying  from 
pure  white  (the  throat  and  under  tail-coverts  always  white), 
through  shades  of  buff  and  ochraceous,  to  deep  rufous,  with 
or  without  black  spots.      Young  males  similar  to  adults,  but 
feathers  of  upper  surface   more   or  less   distinctly  margined 
with  whitish,   the  colors  generally  more  suffused.     Adult  fe- 
males :  Tail  rusty,  crossed  by  numerous  narrow  bands  or  bars 
of  dusky ;  wingcoverts  also  ferruginous,  barred  with  dusky, 
like  back  and  scapulars ;  head  marked  as  in  male.     Young  fe- 
male:   Similar  to  adult,  but  colors  softer,  deeper,  and  more 
blended, 
rf'.  Back  always  entirely  rufous  or  rusty,  with  or  without  black  bars 
or  spots ;  breast,  etc.,  varying  from  white  to  deep  ochraceous 
with  or  without  dusky  markings;   forehead  and  ear-coverts 
distinctly  whitish, 
e'.  Inner  webs  of  quills  barred  entirely  across  with  white  and 
dusky ;  "  mustache"  across  t<heeks  always  conspicuous ;  no 
distinct  white  superciliary  sti'ipe. 

Top  of  head  varying  from  bluish  gray  to  dark  slate,  the 
crown  with  or  without  a  rufous  patch.  Male :  Length 
about  8.75-10.60,  wing  6.55-8.05  (7.16),  tail  4.20-5.45 
(4.73),  culmen  .50,  tarsus  1.26-1.55,  middle  toe  .95. 
Female:  Length  9.50-12.00,  wing  6.90-8.15  (7.57),  tail 
4.50-5.60  (5.14),  culmen  .50-.55,  tarsus  1.40-1.45, 
middle  toe  .90-1.00.  Eggs  1.38  X  l.H.  Sab.  Whole 
of  temperate  North  America,  and  south  (in  winter 
only?)  through  Middle  America  to  northern  South 
America. 

360.  F.  sparverius  Linn.   American  Sparrow  H&wk. 
e*.  Inner  webs  of  quills  white,  merely  serrated  along  the  shaft 
with  dusky;  "mustache"  across  cheeks  indistinct  or  quite 
obsolete ;  a  conspicuous  white  superciliary  stripe. 

Otherwise  like  F.  sparverius,  but  scapulars  and  wing- 
coverts usually  with  fewer  black  markings,  and  lower 
parts  usually  immaculate  white  in  male,  stained  or 


POLYBORUS. 


268 


tinged  with  orango-rufous  or  salmon-color.  Male: 
Wing  6.80-7.30,  tail  4.90-5.20,  culmon  .46-51,  tarsus 
1.30-1.45,  middle  too  .90.  Female:  Wing  7.00-7.60, 
tail  4.70-5.60,  eulmcn  .50-.52,  tarsus  1.40,  middle  too 
.91.    Hab.  Cuba  and  Haiti. 

F.  dominicensis  Gmkl.     Haitien  Sparrow  Hawk.* 
fiack  rufous  only  in  the  female  and  young  male,  plumbeous  or 
dark  bluish  gray  in  adult  male;    breast,  etc.,  deep  rusty  or 
rufous ;  forehead  and  ear-coverts  dusky. 
Adult  male :  Above,  except  tail,  entirely  dark  plumbeous,  or 
slate-gray,  or  else  chiefly  of  this  color;  a  blackish  collar 
across  hind-neck  ;  breast  and  sides  deep  rufous,  sometimes 
inclining  to  chestnut ;  throat  grayish  white,  or  light  gray- 
ish ;  inner  webs  of  quills  grayish,  transversely  clouded  or 
mottled  with  dusky.     Young  male :  Similar  to  adult,  but 
back  and  scapulars  mixed  with  more  or  less  of  rufous, 
rusty  of  breast  paler,  etc.      Adult  female :    Lower  parts 
deep  rusty ;  inner  webs  of  quills  rusty,  marked  with  about 
twelve  transverse  bars  or  narrow  spots  of  dusky.     Male: 
Wing  6.90-7.10,  tail  4.80-5.10,  culmen  .50,  tarsus  1.45-1.48, 
middle  too  .90.     Female:    Wing  7.00-7.50,   tail  5.00-5.15, 
culmen   .50,  tarsus   1.35-1.40,  middle  too   .88-.90.      Hab. 
Cuba  and  Haiti ;  accidental  or  casual  in  southern  Florida. 
361.  F.  sparverioides  Via.    Cuban  Sparrow  HawL 


Genus  POLYBORUS  Vieillot.    (Page  224,  pi.  LXYII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Tail  dull  white,  or  pale  isubella-color,  narrowly  barred 
with  grayish  or  dusky,  and  crossed  at  end  by  a  broad  band  of  dark  brown  or  black- 
ish. Adult :  Whole  top  of  head,  together  with  greater  portion  of  body  and  wings, 
blackish,  or  dark  brown ;  cheeks,  neck,  chest,  and  tail-coverts  dull  white  or  pale 
Isabella-color;  nape,  back,  and  breast  (sometimes  wing-coverts  and  belly  also) 
barred  with  whitish  (or  palo  isabella-color)  and  dusky.  Yoking:  Plumage  striped 
with  dull  brownish  and  dull  whitish  or  dull  bulfy,  the  pileum  plain  dull  brownish ; 
tail  as  in  adult. 

rt'.  Eump  and  upper  tail-coverts,  in  adult,  white  (with   or  without  bars) ;   tail 

white,  the  narrow  bars  grayish,  the  terminal  dark  band  2.00,  or  more, 

wide. 

6'.  Scapulars,  breast,  belly,  and  middle  wing-covorts  barred  with  blackish  and 

whitish  in  adult,  striped  in  young;  tail-coverts  ban-ed;  wing  16.00-17.70, 


1  Falco  domiiiicentii  Omel.,  S.  N.  i.  1788,  285. 


254 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


tail  10.00-11.00,  culmen  1.20-1.41,  taraus  3.70-4.70.    Ilab.  South  America, 
except  northern  portions.  p.  tharus  (Mol.).    Caracara.> 

t'.  Scapulars,  sides,  belly,  and  middle  wing-coverts  plain  black  in  adult,  plain 
dull  browni.sh  in  young;  tail-coverts  plain  white.  Adult:  Upper  half 
of  head,  scapulars,  wings,  lower  back,  rump,  belly,  sides,  flanks,  and  anal 
region  plain  dull  black,  or  brownish  black ;  upper  back  and  breast  black, 
barred  with  white ;  lower  portion  of  head,  neck  (all  round),  chest,  and 
tail-coverts  soiled  white,  the  chest  transversely  spotted  with  black  ;  basal 
two-thirds  (or  more)  of  tail  white,  crossed  by  about  13-14  narrow  bars 
of  dusky,  these  growing  less  distinct  basally ;  terminal  zone  of  tail  uni- 
form black.  Young  :  IJlack  of  adult  replaced  by  dull  brownish,  darkest 
on  top  of  head  ;  white  and  dusk}'  areas  gradually  blended,  those  portions 
which  are  barred  in  the  adult  being  striped  with  the  tw^o  colors;  tail  rfs 
in  adult.  Length  20.50-25.00,  wing  14.60-16.50,  tail  8.80-10.00,  culmen 
1.20-1.48,  tarsus  3.20-3.75.  ^''est  on  trees,  bushes,  or  cliffs.  Eggs  2-4, 
2.30x1-74;  ground-color  cinnamon,  pale  umbor,  brownish  white,  or 
walnut-brown,  variously  marked  (usually  blotched  or  stained)  with 
deeper  brown  (burnt-umber,  ch'^stnut,  or  clarct-brown).  Hab.  Middle 
America  and  northern  Soulli  A  nerica,  south  to  Guiana  and  Ecuador, 
north  to  .southern  border  of  United  States  (Florida  to  Lower  California). 

362.  P.  chcriway  (Jacq).    Andabon'B  Caraoara. 

a*.  Hump  and  upper  taii-coverls  dull  brownish  btiff,  or  light  isabeila-color,  broadly 

barred  with  dull  brown  ;  tail  brownish  buff,  or  pale  isabella-color,  with  broad 

bars  of  grayish  i)rown  bordered  by  narrower  zigzag  bars  or  lines  of  dusky, 

the  terminal  dark  band  less  than  2.00  wide. 

Adult:  Upper  half  of  head,  lesser  wing-coverts,  secondaries,  primary  cov- 
erts, terminal  portion  of  primaries,  under  side  of  wing  (including  axillars), 
and  terminal  zone  of  tail,  plain  blackish  brown;  ear-coverts,  cheeks,  and 
throat  plain  dirtj'  whitish  or  pale  brownish  buffy ;  rest  of  plumage 
barred  with  dusky  lirownish  and  dull  brownish  buff  or  dirty  brownish 
white.  Young:  Quills,  tail,  tail-coverts,  head,  and  lesser  wing-coverts 
much  as  in  adult;  rest  of  ])lumage  more  or  less  distinctl}'  striped  with 
dull  brown  and  dirty  brownish  white  or  dull  buffy,  the  former  prevail- 
ing, and  sometimoH  nearly  uniform,  on  upper  parts.  Downy  young: 
Light  brownish  buff,  with  a  brown  patch  covering  arm-wing  and  scapu- 
lar region,  an<l  another  covering  top  of  head.  Wing  15,00-16.40,  tail 
10.50-11.05,  culmen  1.25-l.:r..  tarsus  3,50-3.75.  J[,iIk  Guadalupe  Island, 
Lower  California 'M>'^.  P.  lutosus  Uinow.    Guadalupe  Caraoara. 

fJENrs  PANDIGN  S.wiony.     (Page  224,  pi.  LXX.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 
Adult  male:  Above  plain  dusky  grayish  brown,  the  tail  more  grayish,  narrowly 
tipped  with  white,  and  crossed  by  about  six  or  seven  narrow  bands  of  dusky ;  head, 

>  Fiiku  Ihttrif  MoL.,  8p.  Cliil.  1782,  Mi,  Ui.     J'<,li/l,orut  ihiuut  Stiuckl.,  Orn.  Syu.  1855,  1U. 


STRIX. 


265 


neck,  and  entire  lower  parts  pure  white,  the  chest  sometimes  slightly  blotched  or 
spotted  with  brown,  but  usually'  immaculate ;  sides  of  head  with  a  dusky  stripe 
from  lores  across  ear-coverts,  and  top  of  head  usually  more  or  less  marked  with 
dusky.  Adult  female  :  SimHar  to  the  male,  but  c'-est  much  more  heavily  spotted  or 
blotched  with  brown  (never  immjtculate).  Young:  Above  blackish  brown,  each 
feather  distinctly  bordered  terminally  with  white  or  buify;  otherwise  like  adult, 
the  sexes  differing  in  same  manner.  Dovny  young:  Dull  sootj' grayish  or  dusky 
above,  more  or  less  mixed  or  tinged  with  rusty  or  fulvous,  relieved  by  a  broad 
whitish  stripe  down  middle  of  back  and  rump;  a  dusky  stripe  on  sides  of  head,  and 
three  others  on  top  of  head,  separated  bj'-  whitish  stripes;  hinder  portion  of  wing 
whitish,  anterior  poi'tion  dusky;  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  the  chest  brownish  or 
dusky.  Length  20.75-25.00,  extent  about  65.00,  wing  17.00-21.00,  tail  7.00-10.00, 
culmen  1.20-1.45,  tarsus  1.95-2.40.  \'id  on  trees  near  water,  very  bulky,  composed 
of  largo  sticks,  etc.  Eggs  2-A,  2.J  ?•  X  ^.77,  the  ground-color  varying  from  liuffy 
white  through  various  shades  of  buti*  to  pale  cinnamon,  boldly  spotted  or  blotched 
with  rich  chestnut  or  madder-bnjwn  and  purplish  gray.  Hnb.  Temperate  and 
tropical  America  in  general,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Alaska. 

3G4.  P.  haliaetus  carolinensis  (Gmel.).    American  Osprey. 

Family  STRIGIDiE.— The  Barn  Owls,    (rage  218.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Strix.     (Page  255.) 

Genus  STRIX  LiNNyrcns.     (Page  255,  pi.  LXXiV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Ground-color  of  upper  parts  ochraceous-yellow,  this  overlaid,  more  or  less  con- 
tinuously, 1>3'  a  grayish  HU])orfi('ial  tint,  finely  mottled  and  speckU'd  with  dusky  and 
white;  quills  and  tail-feathors  with  more  or  less  distinct,  distant,  dusky  hands,  of 
variable  numi a/  ;  lower  parts  varying  from  plain  snowy  white  to  bright  tawny, 
speckled  w.th  dusky;  face  varying  from  pure  white  to  tawny;  lengtli  ir).00-'Jl.(IO, 
wing'ri50-ll.(M),  tail  5.70-7.50,  culmen  .90-1.00.  tarsus  2.2.)-3.00.  middle  toe  1.25, 
or  more,  y^.^^  in  IkiIIdw  trees,  in  towers,  bi'Ifries,  e!".  Eggs  3-10,  l.fi5  X  131, 
ovate,  phvi!i  white.     JLih.   United  States  generally  (rarer  nortln\  :ir<l)  ;ni'l    >rc.\ico. 

3G5.  S.  pratincola  Honai*.    American  Barn  Owl. 


Family  BUBONID.^. — Tiil:  Horned  Owl.s,  etc.    (Page  218) 

(Rggs  invariably  plain  white,  usually  oval,  or  broadly  oval,  sometimes  nearly 
spherical.) 

Genera. 
rt'.  Wing  more  than  10.00. 

l>^.   Length  of  eon'  along  top  equal  to  or  exceeding  chord  of  culmen,  the  upper 
uutlinu  decidedly  arched  toward  I'aso. 


256  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Ear-oponing  immeneo,  extending  almost  the  entire  height  of  the  Bkull, 

the  two  ears  conspicuously  asymmetrical Asio.     (Page  257.) 

b*.  Length  of  cere  along  top  less  than  chord  of  culmen,  the  upper  outline  uot 

arched. 

c*.  Ear-opening  very  large,  with  a  distinct  anterior  operculum  or  "  flap," 

the  two  ears  conspicuously  asymmetrical.     (No  ear-tufts.) 

d".  Smaller  (wing  12.00-15.00,  tail  less  than  10.00) ;  bill  larger,  more 

exposed  ;  at  least  the  terminal  scutclla  of  each  toe  exposed  ; 

eyes  larger,  with  irides  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  ;  feet  larger, 

and  facial  disk  relatively  smaller Syrnium.     (Pago  258.) 

d\  Larger  (wing  16.00-18.00,  tail  12.00  or  more) ;  bill  relatively  much 
smaller,  and  nearly  hidden  by  feathers;  toes  entirely  covered 
with  feathers;  eyes  I'elatively  much  smaller,  with  irides  yellow  ; 
feet  relatively  much  smaller;  and  facial  disk  much  broader. 

Scotiaptex.     (Page  250.) 

c'.  Ear-opening  small,  without  anterior  operculum,  or  ■  Ila]»,"  the  two  ears 

not  distinctly  asymmetrical. 

d\  Ear-tufts  very  conspicuous;    tail  reaching  beyond  tip  of  longest 

lower  coverts  ;  two  or  three  outer  quills  with  inner  webs  emur- 

giiuUed;  toes  covered  with  short  but  dense  f'eatbors,  the  claws 

wholly  exposed  ;  bill  exposed Bubo.     (Page  262.) 

(P.  Ear-tufts  rudimentary  ;  tail  not  reaching  beyond  tips  of  longest 
lower  coverts;  four  outer  (juills  with  inner  webs  emarginated  ; 
toes  covered  with  long  hair  like  feathers,  partly  or  wholly  con- 
cealing the  claws;  bill  nearly  concealed   by  the  loral  featheix. 

(Very  large;  wing  17.(H»  to  19.00.) Nyctea.     (Page  204.) 

a'.  Wing  less  than  10.00. 

b^.  Tarsus  less  than  twice  as  long  as  middle  toe,  and  much  les^  than  half  as  long 
as  tail, 
c'.  Tail  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing.  graduate<l.     (No  ear-tutls; 

wing  about  0.00.) Surnia.     (Page  264.) 

H.  Tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing,  i-ven,  or  slightly  rounded. 
tIK  Ear-opening  very  large  (lu'arly  equal  to  height  of  skull).  witli»unto- 
rior  operculum  or  flap,  the  two  earscons{>ii  uously  uhymiiu't  rical. 

(No  ear-tufts ;  wing  5,25-7.20.) Nyctala.     (Pi>_c  20(>.) 

(/*.  Ear-opening  small,  without  anterior  operculum,  the  two  ears  sym- 
metrical, 
c'.  Nostril  large,  oval,  opening  in  anterior  edge  of  cere;  ear-tufls 
conspicuous;  small  (wing  5,40-7.80). 

Megascops.     (Pag«'  260.) 
c*.  Nostril  small,  cirrular.  opening  nt^ar  tlu<  mid<ll«'  of  tin-  inflated 
cere;  no  ear-tnfts;  very  snutll  (wing  .'1.50-4,40). 
/'.  Tarsus  not  longer  than  middle  (oe.  densely  feathered;  tail 
mure  than  half  as  lung  as  wing,  rounded. 

Glaucidium.     (Page  266.) 


ASIO. 


257 


/'.  Tarsus  longer  tbun  middlo  toe,  scantily  haired;   tail  lesa 
than  half  as  long  as  wing,  even. 

Micrath^fie.    (Page  266.) 

6'.  Tarsus  more  than  twice  as  long  as  middle  toe,  and  about  half  as  long  as  tail. 

(Wing  6.15-7.50) Speotyto.     (Page  265.) 


Genus  ASIO  Brisson.    (Page  256,  pi.  LXXIV.,  figs.  2,  3.) 

Species. 

n\  Ear-tufts  very  conspicuous ;  upper  parts  finely  mottled  or  vormiculated  with 
dusUy,  buffy,  and  grayish  white,  the  first  predominating;  lower  parts  buffy, 
overlaid,  more  or  less  continuously,  with  whitish,  and  marked  with  ragged, 
or  "  herring-l)f)no,"  stripes  of  duslc}'.     (Subgenus  Asio.) 
b\  Ends  of  all  the  quills  normal;  toes  feathered;  face  ochraceous. 

c".  Dusky  of  u])per  parts  disposed  in  broad  stripes,  contrasting  more  or  less 
conspicuously  with  the  paler  ground-color;  lower  parts  ochraceous, 
conspicuously  striped,  l)ut  not  distinctly  barred,  with  dusky.  (Size 
of  .1.  wilsonionufs.)     Hub.  Northern  parts  of  eastern  hemis])hcr('. 

A.  otuH  (Linn.).  Long-eared  Owl.> 
c*.  Dusky  of  upper  parts  in  form  of  confused  mottling,  not  contrasting  con- 
spicuously with  the  paler  ground-color;  lower  parts  whitish  (ochra- 
ceous ln'ueath  surface),  nuirked  with  irregular  dusky  bars  which  are 
much  broader  than  the  mesial  streaks  with  which  they  are  confiu- 
ent  ;  length  1:100-16.00,  wing  11.50-12.00,  tail  6.00-6.20,  culmcn  .65, 
tarsus  1.20-1.25.  Nest,  usuall.y  the  deserted  one  of  u  crow,  heron, 
magpi--,  or  other  bird  of  similar  size.  E<}(js  3-6,  1.66  X  1-28.  ovate 
or  ovoid.  Hah.  Whole  of  temperate  North  America,  south  to  table- 
lands of  Mexico. 

366.  A.  wilsonianus  (Less.).    Amerioan  Longp*eared  Owl. 
V    Enrl**  of  longer  quillx  narrow,  ilmt  of  tlu'  first  almost  I'alcate ;  toes  naked; 
liM'c  (iDiky  or  with  dull  grayish  prevailing. 

Aiiovc  <iu'*Uy,  slightly  broken  i)y  sparse  mottling  of  yellowish  white; 
low-  r  |i;ii'tM  grayish  white,  coarsely  barred  and  irregidarly  striped 
with  duf^ky ;  wing  about  13.00,  tail  6.80,  culmcn  .90,  tarsus  1.55. 
Hitb.   Kiistern  tropical  America,  north  to  eastern  Mexico  ami  Culia. 

A.  Btygius  Waoi..     Stygian  Owl.' 

^f   tm-  I         it.ttry :  color  (above  ami  below)  ochraceous  or  bully  whitish, 

■  >i      ;rre(|,  with  dark  brown.     (Sid)genus  Hi'iwhyotu!*  ({ori.n  ) 

jt  (tlor  varyinu:  (iuilivldually)  Ironi  bri;;;it  tawny  ochraceous 

il  111  .  this  r"li»«ved  by  conspicuous  stri|Kvi  <  f  dark  brown,  those 

ot     iic  l.wrer  parts  growing  gnulually   narrower  ])osteriorly,  and   dis- 

ing  altogether  on  legs  and  lower  tall-coverts;  wings  irregularly 


•  .Vfrtr  ..»H»  !*»»..>*.  N.  WJ    t*.  «.  lf»»,  #1.     y4»t(.  ..fu«  LRU)..,  Miin,  .I'f.      .  1.  IS2H,  lift. 
>  SyrutUtfui  <«yyi»«  WAai...  1«L«,  IMK  ttfl.    Aiiu  ot^ijiut  Stiucki..,  Urn.  \&yn,  i.  \^t>i>,  207. 

38 


258  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

varied  with  dusky  and  ochraceous,  tho  quills  with  large  (often  partially 
confluent)  spots  of  the  latter;  tail  ochraceous  or  buffy,  paler  on  outer 
feathers,  and  crossed  with  about  five  dusky  bands ;  face  blackish  around 
eyes,  the  eyebrows  whitish.  Young :  Above  dark  sepia-brown,  tho 
feathers  broadly  tipped  with  ochraceous-buff;  face  uniform  brownish 
black;  lower  parts  wholly  plain  pale  dull  bufty,  tinged  with  smoky 
grayish  anteriorly.  Length  13.80-1G.75.  wing  11.80-13.00,  tail  5.80- 
fi.lO,  cnlmen  .60-.65,  tarsus  about  1.75.  Neat  on  ground,  in  open  situa- 
tions, usually  among  bushes  or  tall  grasses.  Eggs'H-fi,  1.59  X  123.  ITab. 
Entire  western  hemisphere,  except  Galapagos  and  part  of  West  Indies ; 
also,  nearly  throughout  eastern  hemisphere,  excepting  Australia,  etc. 

367.  A.  accipitrinus  (Pall.).    Short-eared  Owl. 

Genus  SYRNIUM  Savigny.     (Page  256,  pi.  LXXYII.,  fig.  2.) 

S2)ccies. 

Common  Ciiahacters. — Above  deep  umbor-  or  sepia-brown,  barred  or  spotted 
with  huffy  or  Avhitish  ;  face  dull  grayish  or  dingy  grayish  white,  usually  with  nar- 
row darker  concentric  rings;  quills  s))otted  with  ])ale  brown  and  whitish,  and  tail 
crossed  by  about  six  to  eight  narrow  bands  of  the  same;  lower  parts  whitish  (huffy 
or  ochraceous  beneath  surface),  barred  and  striped,  or  spotted,  with  b''own ;  iris 
bi'ownish  black  ;  bill  yellowish. 

(/'.  Head,  neck,  and  breast  broadly  barred  with  deep  brown  and  whitish,  or  huffy; 

sides,  flanUs,  ami  other  posterior  lower  parts  striped  with  deep  brown. 

6'.  Top  of  toes  feathered,  except  on  tcrmimxl  portion. 

Face  without  darker  concentric  rings;  colors  deep  sepia-brown  and 

grayish  white,  tho  latter  with  little  or  none  of  ochraceous  on  lower 

parts,  where    the  stripes  are  very  dark,  almost   blackish,  brown ; 

wing  14.80,  tail  9.00,  culmen  .95.     Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  (Mirador, 

etc.). 

S.  nebulosum  sartorii  Kinow.     Mirador  Barred  Owl.^ 

Face  with  more  or  loss  distinct  darker  concentric  rings;  colors  deep 

umber-brown  and  huffy  whitish  (deeper  buff,  or  ochraceous,  beneath 

surface).       Young:    Head,    neck,    !\r.d    entire   lower   parts   broadly 

barred  with  rather  light  umber-brown  and  jiale  buff'y  and  whitish, 

the  brown  and  lighter  bars  about  equal  in  width ;  back,  scapulars, 

and  wiiig-eoverts  similarly  marked,  hut  the  bars  broader,  tho  brown 

ones  of  a  deeper  lint,  and  the  terminal  portion  of  each  feather 

broatllj'  white,  producing  a  spotted  appearance;  quills,  socDudarios, 

and  tail-feathers  (when  grown  out)  as  in  ad\ilt.    Length  19.75-li4.00, 

wing  about  13.00-14.00,  tail  about  9.00.     Nest  in  trees  (usually  in 

hollows).     Eggs  2-3,  1.94  X  1<>5.     Hab.   Eastern  North  America, 


c\ 


>  •Vyrnt'iim  ncbiilo'iim,  var,  I'lrturii,  Ribuw.,  in   Ili't.  N.  Aiu.  D.  iii.  I^'i,  20.     (Tliii!  \*  ]niMih\y  n  distinct 
tpoclos  from  S.  uvhulomim.) 


SCOTIAPTEX. 


2S9 


north  to  more  southern  British  Provinces;  south  to  Geoi'gia  and 

northern  Texas 3G8.  S.  nebulosum  (Forst.).    Barred  Owl. 

6'.  Top  of  toes  naked,  except  a  small  pointed  strip  on  outer  side  of  basal  joint 
of  middle  toe. 
Plumage  essentially  as  in  S.  nebulosum,  but  averaging  slightly  darker. 
Mab.  Gulf  States,  from  Florida  (and  lower  Georgia?)  to  Texas. 

3G8a.  S.  nebulosum  alleni  Kidqw.    Florida  Barred  Owl. 
Head  and  neck  deep  brown,  marked  with  roundish  white  spots;  whole  of  lower 
parts  barred  and  transversely  spotted  with  brown. 

Length  about  19.00,  wing  12.00-13.50,  tail  8.50-9.00,  culmen  .90.  Egg  2.05 
X  1.80.  Hab.  Highlands  of  Mexico,  north  to  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
California,  and  Lower  California. 

3G9.  S.  occidentale  Xantus.    Spotted  Owl. 


Genus  SCOTIAPTEX  Swainson.'    (Pago  256,  pi.  LXXVII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Dusky  grayish  brown  and  grayish  white,  the  former 
prevailing  above,  the  latter  predominating  beneath ;  the  upper  surface  varied  by 
irregular  markings  having  a  trauHverso  tendency,  the  lower  parts  with  the  dark 
markings  in  the  Ibrm  of  ragged  longitutlinal  stripes,  giving  way  to  transverse  bars 
on  the  flanks;  face  grayish  white,  with  narrow  concentric  rings  of  dusky;  bill  palo 
yellow;  iris  yellow;  toes  very  densely  clothed  with  hairlike  feathers;  length 
25.00-30.00,  extent  54.00-GO.OO,  wing  about  lG.00-18.00,  tail  11.00-12.50,  culmen 
1.00. 

<<'.  Plumage  with  dark  sooty  tints  predominating,  liie  inner  webs  of  primaries  with- 
out a  distinct  wbitisii  patch  on  basal  portion.  Nest  usvsally  in  trees.  Eggs 
2-3,  2.16  X  171.  ILib.  Northern  North  America,  breeding  far  northward; 
south,  in  winter,  to  northern  border  ol'  T'oitod  States. 

370.  S.  cinereum  (Gmel.).    Great  Gray  Owl. 

d'.  Plumage  with  light  mottled  brownish  gray  and  grayish  white  prevailing,  the 
inner  webs  of  quills  with  distinct  whitish  patch  on  basal  portion.  Downy 
young:  "Upper  jiarts  very  inmli  darker  than  in  the  adult,  dull  (almost 
sooty)  chocolate-browii ;  the  head  covered  with  close  dark  feathers  very 
slightly  tipjjcd  wiili  whitish  brown;  upi)er  ])arts  very  little  nuirked  with 
■white;  facial  disk  scarcely  detined  ;  under  parts  sooty  brown  closely  barred 
with  dull  white ;  wings  anil  tail  iiuicli  darUcr  than  in  the  adult,  the  outer 
prinmries  only  indistinctly   burred  with  dull  grayish  brown."     (Dresser.) 


•  SrolitMplrjr  SWAIX*.,  ClaMlf,  B,  H.  18.17,  217.     Ty|>0,  Stii.r  riNfffn  Umri.. 

NoTK. — Tho  Huli!itituti'>n  of  Vtiln  Cxv.  for  .SVuli'n^/i  .r  Swams.  i\s  the  nnmc  for  ♦hl«  urniis  wim  «n  error. 
StrU  Hr<ile»ti»  Pali,.,  the  typo  <>f  Vliil't,  I  mil  flrtVT  oonvincoil,  from  rccont  tcry  oft^o^^l  rxniiiinntion  nml  ooin- 
parinon  wil'i  hoth  .V.  .-itt^rw  tii<i  !^i.r  •friV/n/n  l,i?()c.  (tho  iHttcr  hcinn  '''i*  '.V|ie  of  tho  ({(•huj'  .Vyrni'um  fAVlfl.v.), 
IB  mu.'ih  iiiori''  ncKrly  relntivl,  KlriiotiiriiRx  and  utherwi»«,  lo  the  Inttor, — lu  much  m^  iM  fitut,  thatrVti/ri  can  raak 
nt  ra<»«  oily  M  a  <uhgo»«»  of  Sgrninm. 


260  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Hab.  Nortbem  portions  of  Eurojje  and  Asia,  straggling  to  western  Alaska 
(shores  of  Norton  Sound). 

370a.  S.  cinereum  lapponicum  (Eetz.).    Lapp  Owl. 

Genus  NYCTALA  Brehm.     (Page  256,  pi.  LXXV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. —  Adults:  Above  brown,  more  or  less  spotted  w^ith 
white;  beneath  white,  broadly  striped  with  brown.  Young:  Above  plain  brown, 
the  wings  and  tail  as  in  adults;  face  plain  dusky,  the  "eyebrows"  white,  in  con- 
spicuous contrast;  lower  parts  plain  brownish  anteriorly,  plain  ochraceous  pos- 
teriorly. 

a}.  Wing  6.50,  or  more,  tail  more  than  4.00. 

6'.  Smaller  and  paler;  legs  whitish,  usually  without  spots;  lower  tail-coverts 
with  narrow  brown  mesial  streaks  or  shaft-streaks ;  wing  6.50-6.90 
(6.74),  tail  4.20-4.40  (4.27).  Hab.  Northern  portions  of  eastern  hemi- 
sphere. 

N.  tengmalmi  (Gmkl.).  Tengmalm's  Owl.i 
fc'.  Larger  apd  darker;  logs  and  feet  usually  buff}',  more  or  less  (sometimes 
thickly)  spotted  with  brown ;  lower  tail-coverts  with  broad  mesial 
stripes  of  brown;  length  9.00-12.00,  wing  6.60-7.40  (7.12),  tail  4.10-4.70 
(4.42).  JS^est  in  trees.  Egrjs  2-4,  1.35  X  114.  Hnb.  Northern  North 
America ;  south,  in  winter,  to  northern  border  of  United  States. 

371.  N.  tengmalmi  richardsoni  (Bonap.).  Richardson's  Owl. 
a'.  Wing  less  than  6.00,  tail  less  than  3.50.  Plumage  much  as  in  JV.  richardsoni,  but 
with  less  white  on  top  of  head  and  hind-neck,  stripes  on  lower  parts  more 
reddish,  and  feet  always  (?)  plain  whitisli  or  bufFy ;  length  7.25-8.50,  wing 
6.2.5-5.90  (5.58),  tail  2.80-3.25  (3.02).  Nest  in  holes  in  trees  or  in  deserted 
nests  of  other  birds.  Eggs  3-5,  1.19  X  LOO.  Hab.  Northern  United  States 
and  British  Provinces,  rarely  south  of  40°  in  eastern  portions,  but  in  moun- 
tainous western  districts  south  to  southern  Mexico. 

372.  N.  acadica  (Gmel.).    Saw-whet  Owl. 

Genus  MEGASCOPS  Kaup.    (Page  236,  pi.  LXXV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Outer  w(d)s  of  outermost  scapulars  mostly  whitish, 
buffy,  or  pale  rusty,  with  blackish  terminal  bonier,  producing  a  more  or  less  con- 
spicuous liglit-colored  stripe  along  each  side  ol'  bucl. ;  feathers  of  jiluinage  in  general 
with  blackish  shaft-streaks,  or  bro.ider  mesial  streaks,  the  latter,  especially  on  lower 
parts,  usually  throwing  off  narrow  transverse  bars ;  outer  webs  of  quills  with  con- 
spicuous, largo,  more  or  loss  quadrate  whitish  or  buf^y  sjiots.  and  tail  niore  or  less 
distinctly  (never  sharply)  banded  with  a  paler  lint  than  the  ground-color;  ground- 

'  Strix  tengmalmi  Ovr.i,.,  8.  N.  i.  1788,  201.     N^ctala  tenijmulmi  UoNAr.,  Ooog.  A  Conip.  List,  1838,  7. 


MEGASCOPS. 


261 


color  of  upper  surface  in  general  usually  more  or  less  broken  by  lighter  and  darker 
vormieuiations.  Young,  with  whole  plumage,  excepting  remigcs  and  tail-feathers, 
simply  barred  or  narrowly  banded  with  dull  grayish  or  whitish,  the  longitudinal 
and  other  markings  being  wholly  absent.  Nestling  :  Entirely  white.  Nest  in  holes 
in  trees.     Hggs  2-6. 


aK  Toes  more  or  less  distinctly  feathered  or  bristled  on  upper  side. 

6'.  Dichromatic ;  the  plumage  presenting  two  totally  distinct  phases,  one  gray- 
ish, the  other  bright  rufous,  which  have  no  relation  to  sex,  age,  or  season. 
(Eastern  races.) 
c'.  Larger,  the  wing  averaging  more  than  6.00. 

Length  7.50-10.00,  wing  6.00-7.10  (6.43),  tail  3.05-3.50  (3.26). 
Eggs  1.42  X  1-19'  ^«6.  Eastern  United  States  and  British 
Provinces,  except  lower  portions  of  South  Atlantic  (and  Gulf?) 
States,  west  to  Groat  Plains. 

373.  M.  asio  (Linn.).    Soreeoh  Owl. 
c\  Smaller,  the  wing  averaging  less  than  6.00. 

d\  Much  darker  than  M.  asio,  with  markings  on  lower  parts  more 
numerous  and  more  extended.  Gray  phase,  deep  grayish 
brown,  varying  to  decided  umber-brown,  above ;  legs  usually 
deep  brownish,  thickly  barred  with  darker.  Rufous  phase, 
more  richly  colored  than  corresponding  plumage  oi  M.  asio,  the 
legs  usually  bright  rusty.  Wing  5.60-6.40  (5.98),  tail  2.65-3.20 
(3.00).  Eggs  1.30  X  1.10.  Hub.  Lower  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  and  whole  of  Florida. 

373a.  M.  asio  floridanus  Ridgw.    Florida  Soreeoh  OwL 
d\  Slightly  darker  than  M.  asio,  with  light  mottlings  on  upper  parts 
(in  both  phases)  much  coarser  and  more  conspicuous.     Rufous 
phase  with  rufous  predominating  on  lower  parts.     Length  6.50- 
9.00,  wing  5.60-6.30  (5.96),  tail  3.10-3.40  (3.28).     Eggs  1.34  X 
1.17.     Hah.  Soutiiern  Texas  and  eastern  Mexico,  south  to  Gua- 
temala... 3736.  M.  asio  mccallii  (Cass.).    Texan  Soreeoh  Owl. 
I?.  Monochromatic ;  the  plumage  presenting  in  all  individuals  essentially  the 
same  character,  corresponding  to  the  grayish  phase  of  the  eastern  races. 
(Western  races.) 
c'.  Smaller,  the  wing  averaging  loss  than  6.75. 

d\  Plumage  nearly  pure  ash-gray  above,  the  usually  broad  blackish 
mesial  streaks  in  conspicuous  contrast;  blackish  bars  on  lower 
parts  very  numerous,  narrow;  black  border  to  face  without 
admixture  of  brown,  and  black  spots  on  breast  usually  without 
distinct  brown  exterior  suffusion  ;  length  about  6.50-8.00,  wing 
6.10-7.00  (6.41),  tail  3.10-3.70  (3.44V  Eggs  1.31  X  Ml-  Hub. 
Northwestern  Mexico  and  contiguous  border  of  United  States,  in 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  north  to  Colorado  (Colorado  Springs). 
373/.  M.  asio  trichopsis  (Waql.).    Mezioan  Soreeoh  Owl. 


262 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


cP.  Plumage  grayish  brown,  or  decidedly  brownish  gray,  above,  the 
blackish  mesial  streaks  usually  narrower  and  less  conspicuously 
contrasted  ;  bars  on  lower  parts  coarser  and  less  crowded  ;  black 
border  to  face  usually  with  distinct  admixture  of  brown,  and 
black  spots  on  breast  with  distinct  brown  exterior  suffusion  ; 
length  about  8.50-10.00,  wiug  6.30-7.20  (6.G0),  tail  3.30-3.90 
(3.58).    Eggs  1.34  X  1-16.     Hab.  California. 

373c.  M.  asio  bendirei  (Brewst.).    California  Screech  Owl. 
c*.  Larger,  the  wing  averaging  more  than  6.75. 

d\  The  grayer  specimens  hardly  distinguishable  in  plumage  from  M. 
asio  bendirei,  but  size  decidedly  greater;  plumage  varying  to 
deep  umber-brownish  (especially  in  specimens  from  Pacific 
coast  district);  wing  6.92-7.80  (7.25),  tail  3.65-4.60  (4.26). 
Eggs  1.50  X  1-27.  Hab.  Northwest  coast,  from  Oregon  to 
Sitka,  and  cast  to  northern  Montana  (Ilellgate). 
373^/.  M.  asio  kennicottii  (Elliot).  Kennicott's  Screech  Owl. 
d*.  Very  light-colored,  pure  white  largely  predominating  on  lower 
parts,  the  upper  parts  varying  from  pale  huffy  grayish  to  pale 
dull  grayish  cinnamon,  with  the  white  spots  on  outer  webs  of 
exterior  scapulars  and  quills  larger  than  in  other  forms,  the 
latter  sometimes  more  or  less  confluent ;  wing  6.70-7.50 
(6.91),  tail  3.30-4.00  (3.66).  Jlob.  Higher  Rocky  Mountains, 
from  Colorado  to  eastern  ^Montana  (Fort  Custer)..  373t'.  M.  asio 
maxwelliee  (Hiduw.).  Becky  Mountain  Screech  Owl. 
Toes  entirely  naked,  to  extreme  base. 

Adult :  Above  finely  mottled  grayish,  relieved  by  irregular  blackish  mesial 
streaks  ;  outer  webs  of  outermost  scapulars  bright  ochraceous  or  orange- 
rufous  (white  beneath  surface)  ;  outer  webs  of  lower  middle  wing-coverts 
white,  forming  conspicuous  spots;  lower  parts  whitish,  marked  with 
very  distinct  broad  mesial  streaks  and  naiTower  bars  or  transverse  lines 
of  blackish  ;  face  and  throat — sometimes  whole  upper  parts — sometimes 
more  or  less  tinged  or  washed  with  orange-rufous.  Young:  Above 
mottled  transversely  with  grayish  and  whitish,  but  without  any  longi- 
tudinal markings  ;  lower  parts  similarly  but  more  coarsely  and  regularly 
barred.  Wing  5.10-5.60,  tail  2.60-3.00.  Eggs  about  1.13  X  .96.  Ifab. 
Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico,  and  northward  to  Colorado  and 
northern  California  (Fort  Crook). 

374.  M.  fiammeolus  (Kaup).    Flammulated  Screech  Owl. 


Genus  BUBO  DuMfRiL.    (Page  256,  pi.  LXXVL,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Plumage  irregularly  varied  with  buffy,  tawnj',  or  whitish 


(or  all  together),  and  dusky,  in  variable  relative  extent, 
deserted  hawk's  or  crow's  nest).     Eggs  2-3. 


Nest  in  trees  (often  a 


BUBO. 


263 


a' 


Lower  parts  barred  with  dusky,  but  without  stripes ;  anterior  upper  parts  des- 
titute of  stripes ;  iris  bright  yellow.     (Subgenus  Bubo.) 

Adult:   Above  vermiculated  with  blackish  on  a  dull  graj'ish  or  grayish 

brown  ground-color  (sometimes  almost  white),  the  outer  webs  of  quills 

marked  with  quadrate  spots  of  lighter  and  darker,  and  tail  crossed  by 

about  seven  narrow  bands  of  mottled  dusky ;  eyebrows  and  lores  whitish ; 

part  of  throat  and  middle  of  chest  white ;  rest  of  lower  pai'ts  more  or 

less  ochraceous  or  tawny  (tips  or  exposed  portion  of  feathers  usually 

whitish),  the  sides,  flanks,  etc.,  distinctly  and   regularly  bai'red  with 

dusky.     Young :   Quills  and  tail-feathers  as  in  adult ;   rest  of  plumage 

dull  buffy  or  ochraceous,  everywhere  barred  with  dusky.    Male:  Length 

18.00-23.00,  extent  about  49.00-52.00,  wing  about  14.50-15.25,  tail  8.25, 

weight  about  3i  pounds.    Female:   Length  22.00-25.00,  extent  about 

57.00,  wing  16.00,  tail  9.00. 

I}.  Darker  colored,  with  dusky  markings  more  extensive  or  more  numerous  (or 

both),  the  plumage  usually  with  much  mixture  of  tawny  or  ochraceous. 

c'.  Moderately  dark-colored,  the  face  usually  more  or  less  rusty,  and  the 

plumage  usually  with  an  excess  of  ochraceous  or  tawny  rufous. 

E(j<js  2.12  X  1-81.    Hab.   Eastern  North   America,  south  through 

eastern  Mexico  to  Costa  Rica. 

375.  B.  virginianus  (Gmel.).    Great  Horned  Owl. 

c*.  Extremely  dark-colored,  the  face  usually  sooty  brownish,  mixed  with 

grayish  white,  the  plumage  usually  without  excess  of  ochraceous 

or  tawny — sometimes  Avith  none.     Egg  (single)  2.24  X  1-90-     Hab. 

Northwest  coast,  from  Oregon  north  to  Alaska ;  Lal)rador. 

375o.  B.  virginianus  saturatus  Ridqw.    Dnaky  Homed  Owl. 
i'.  Lighter  colored,  with  the  light  grayish  and  buffy  tints  of  the  ground-color 
largely  prevailing  over  the  darker  markings,  the  lower  parts  purer  white, 
c'.  General  aspect  of  plumage  above  grayish,  with  more  or  less  of  buffy 
admixture ;  dark  markings  of  lower  parts  distinct.     Eggs  2.13  X  1-78. 
Hah.  Western  United  States  (except  northwest  coast),  eastward  across 
Great  Plains  (straggling  to  northern  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  western 
Canada),  north  to  Manitoba,  south  over  table-lands  of  Mexico. 
375<7.  B.  virginianus  subarcticus  (Hoy).    Western  Homed  Owl. 
c'.  General  aspect  of  plumage  above  white,  through  fading  of  the  ground- 
color and  restriction  of  dark  markings;  beneath  pure  white,  with 
dark  markings,  usually  much  restricted.     Eggs  2.19  X  1-91.     Hab. 
Arctic  America,  chiefly  in  the  interior;  south,  in  winter,  to  northern 
Rocky  Mountains  and  Great  Plains  (Dakota,  Montana,  etc.). 

3756.  B.  virginianus  arcticus  (Swains.).    Arotiu  Homed  Owl. 
Lower  parts  striped  with  black,  but  without  bars;  anterior  upper  parts  also 
striped  with  black  (the  ground-color,  both  above  and  below,  ochraceous)  ;  iris 
deep  brown.    (Subgenus  Rhinoptynx  Kaup.') 


>  Ithinoptjjtxx  Kaup,  Contr.  Orn.  1852,  114.    Type,  Strix  mtxicana  Ombl. 


264 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Wing  11.20-12.00,  tail  6.00-6.50.    Hob.  Tropical  America  in  general  (except 
West  Indies),  north  to  Mexico. 

B.  mexicanus  (Gmel.).    Striped  Horned  Owl.> 


I 


Genus  NYCTEA  Stephens.    (Pago  256,  pi.  LXXVI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Plumage  pure  white,  sometimes  almost  immaculate,  but  usually 
marked  more  or  less  with  transverse  spots  or  bars  of  clear  slaty  brown  on  top  of 
head,  back,  and  scapulars,  the  quills  and  tail-feathers  with  dusky  spots  near  ends; 
lower  parts  usually  marked  more  or  less  on  belly,  sides,  and  flanks  with  narrow 
bars  of  clear  slaty  brown,  but  those  markings  sometimes  altogether  wanting; 
length  about  20.00-23.00,  wing  15.50-17.30,  tail  9.00-9.70,  culmon  1.00.  Adult  fe- 
male: Much  darker  colored  than  the  male,  only  the  face,  fore-neck,  middle  of 
breast,  and  feet  being  immaculate,  other  portions  being  heavily  barred  with  dusky, 
the  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  spotted  with  the  same ;  length  23.00-27.00,  wing 
17.30-18.70,  tail  9.70-10.30,  culmon  1.10,  Downy  young:  Uniform  dusky  brown,  or 
deep  sooty  grayish,  paler  on  legs  and  feet.  Nest  on  ground.  £(jgs  5-10,  2.24  X 
1.76.  Hab.  Extreme  northern  portions  of  northern  hemisphere  in  summer,  mi- 
grating southward  in  winter  (in  North  America  almost  across  the  United  States, 
and  even  reaching,  accidentally,  the  Bermudas). 

376.  N.  nyctea  (Linn.).    Snowy  Owl. 


Genus  SURNIA  Dum£ril.    (Page  256,  pi.  LXXIIL,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult:  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  spotted  with  white 
and  blackish,  or  dark  brown,  in  vaiying  relative  proportion  ;  a  patch  of  uniform 
blackish  or  dark  brown  on  each  side  of  hind-neck,  and  another  across  hinder  por- 
tion of  oar-coverts ;  rest  of  upper  parts  brown,  the  scapulars  heavily  s])ottod  or 
blotched,  wings  more  or  loss  spotted,  upper  tail-coverts  broadly  and  distinctly 
barred,  and  tail  narrowly  and  indistinctly  barred,  with  white ;  face  and  lower 
parts  white,  the  lower  breast,  belly,  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail-coverts  very  regu- 
larly barred  with  brown.  Young:  Upper  parts  dark  sepia-brown,  the  feathers 
of  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  tipped  with  dull  grayish  butt",  which  constitutes  the 
prevailing  color;  feathers  of  back,  and  scapulars,  indistinctly  tipped  with  dull  gray- 
ish buff;  lores  and  car-coverts  plain  brownish  black,  rest  of  face  dull  whitish  ;  lower 
parts  dull  whitish,  deeply  shaded  across  chest  with  dark  sooty  brownish,  other 
portions  being  bn  .ally  but  rather  indistinctly  barred  with  brown,  these  markings 
narrower  and  more  confused  anteriorly,  and  on  logs.  Length  about  14.75-17.50, 
wing  about  9.00,  tail  6.80-7.00. 


'  Strix  mexicana  Qmel.,  S.  N.  i.  1789,  288.     Bubo  mexicnniit  Riuow.,  in  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  ili.  1874,  01. 


SPEOTYTO. 


265 


a*.  Light-colored,  with  white  largely  prevailing  on  top  of  head,  hind-neck,  and 
scapular  region ;  dark  markings  of  head  usually  dark  brown,  nuieh  reduced 
in  size;  bars  on  lower  parts  narrow,  rather  light  brown.  Hah.  Northern 
portions  of  eastern  hemisphere,  from  Xorway  to  Kamtschatka  and  moro 
northern  Asiatic  shores  of  Bering's  Sea  (Plover  Bay)  ;  accidental  in  western 
Alaska  (St.  Michael's)  ? 377.  S.  ulula  (Linn.).    Hawk  Owl. 

a*.  Dark-colored,  with  black  or  brownish  black  prevailing  on  top  of  head  and  hind- 
nock,  and  deep  brown  on  scapular  region — the  brown  of  back,  etc.,  usually 
much  darker  than  in  S.  ulula ;  dark  patches  on  sides  of  head,  etc.,  more  ex- 
tensive, and  deep  black  or  brownish  black  ;  bars  of  lower  parts  much  broader, 
and  (usually)  darker.  Nest  on  pine  or  spruce  trees.  Hggs  2-6,  1.51  X  1-23. 
JIab.  Northern  North  America ;  south,  lu  winter,  to  northern  border  of 
United  States;  British  Islands? 

377a.  S.  ulula  caparoch  (Mt)LL.).    American  Hawk  Owl. 


Genus  SPEOTYTO  Glooer.    (Page  257,  pi.  LXXVIL,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults:  Above  brownish,  spotted,  ban'od,  and  some- 
times otherwise  varied  with  white  or  buify ;  lower  parts  white  or  bufty,  broadly 
barred,  or  transversely  spotted,  with  brown ;  eyebrows,  chin,  and  space  on  middle 
of  chest  plain  white;  a  collar  of  mixed  brown  and  buffy  across  throat;  legs  plain 
white  or  buffy.  Young :  Above  plain  brown,  except  wings  and  tail,  which  are 
marked  as  in  adults;  upper  tail-coverts,  and  large  space  on  wing-covert  area,  with 
lower  parts,  plain  buff;  anterior  lesser  wing-coverts  darker  brown  than  back ;  upper 
throat,  and  broad  space  across  chest,  plain  Avhito.  Nest  at  extremity  of  hole  or 
burrow  in  ground.    £(jgs  3-11. 


a'.  Lower  parts  with  ground-color  distinctly  buffy  or  much  tinged  with  buff,  the 
lower  tail-coverts  never  (?)  spotted ;  upper  parts  earthy  brown,  with  buffy 
spotting  and  barring;  length  9.00-11.00,  wing  5.80-7.20  (6.69),  tail  3.15- 
3.50  (3.3-4),  culmen  .55-.60  (.58),  tarsus  1.70-1.92  (1.80).  Eggs  1.27  X  103. 
Hab.  Western  North  America,  north  to  or  beyond  northern  boundary  of 
United  States,  east  to  Great  Plains,  south  to  Guatemala ;  accidental  in  New 
York  (city)  and  Massachusetts. 

378.  S.  cunicularia  hypogaea  (Bonap.).    Burrowing  Owl. 

n*.  Lower  parts  nearly  pure  white,  with  little  if  anj"-  buff  tinge,  except  on  thighs 
and  lining  of  wings ;  upper  parts  clear  sepia-brown,  with  nearly  pure  white 
spotting  and  barring;  wing  6.30-6.70  (6.47),  tail  3.00-3.50  (3.15),  culmen 
.58-.68  (.61),  tarsus  1.65-1.80  (1.75).  Eggs  1.2-t  X  1-02.  JIab.  Florida  and 
adjacent  Bahama  Islands  (New  Providence). 

378a.  S.  cunicularia  iloridana  IIidqw.    Florida  Bnrrowing  Owl. 

84 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


m 
m 

IIM 

m 

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NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


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Genus  GLAUCIDIUM  Boie.    (Page  257,  pi.  LXXV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  grayish,  brownish,  or  rufous,  the  wings 
and  scapulars  more  or  less  spotted  with  whitish,  the  tail  barred  with  white  or 
rufous,  the  top  of  the  head  (in  adults)  streaked  or  speckled  with  whitish  (plain  in 
young) ;  lower  parts  whitish,  sti-iped  with  blackish,  brown,  or  rufous ;  eyebrows 
whitish ;  face  encircled  by  a  dusky  border. 


a' 


a\ 


Sides  of  breast  and  fore-part  of  sides  brownish,  more  or  less  distinctly  spotted 
with  paler  (spots  sometimes  indistinct,  or  partly  concealed);  tail-bands 
always  white,  the  interspaces  blackish  ;  top  of  head  speckled  or  dotted  with 
whitish  in  adult,  plain  plumbeous  or  slaty  in  young ;  lower  parts  striped 
with  blackish ;  color  of  back  varying  from  slaty  graj'ish  to  deep  umber-  or 
sepia-brown ;  length  6.50-7.50,  wing  3.40-4.00,  tail  2.40-2.80.  Egg  (single 
specimen,  identification  somewhat  doubtful)  1.17  X  -88.  Hab.  Western 
North  America,  north  British  Columbia,  east  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico, 
and  south  through  highlands  of  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

379.  G.  gnoma  Waql.    Pygmy  Owl. 

Sides  of  breast  and  forepart  of  sides  plain  brown  or  rufous,  without  trace  of 
lighter  markings;  tail-bands  varying  from  white  to  rufous,  the  intei spaces 
varying  from  grayish  brown  to  blackish  or  dark  rusty  ;  top  of  head  narrowlj'' 
streaked  with  whitish  or  pale  rusty  in  adult,  plain  in  young ;  lower  parts 
striped  with  brown  or  rufous ;  color  of  back,  etc.,  varying  from  grayish 
brown  to  bright  rufous ;  length  6.50-7.00,  wing  3.50-4.60,  tail  2.20-3.50.  Hab. 
Whole  of  tropical  America  (except  West  Indies),  north  to  southwestern  bor- 
der of  United  States  (southern  Texas  to  Arizona). 

380.  G.  phalsenoides  (Daud.).    Ferruginous  Pygmy  Owl. 


Genus  MICRATHENE  Coues.    (Page  257,  pi.  LXXV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  grayish  or  brownish,  finely  mottled  with  darker, 
and  indistinctly  speckled  with  pale  rustj'' ;  an  interrupted  whitish  collar  across  hind- 
neck  ;  outer  webs  of  outermost  scapulars  white ;  wings  spotted  with  whitish  and 
pale  rusty ;  tail  brownish,  crossed  by  6-6  narrow,  usually  interrupted,  bands  of  pale 
brownish  or  rusty;  eyebrows,  lores,  and  "cnivat"  under  chin  white;  lower  parts 
white,  marked  with  ragged,  rather  longitudinal,  blotches  of  pale  brownish  or  rusty, 
finely  mottled  with  darker. 

a*.  Prevailing  tint  grayish,  or  grayish  brown ;  bands  on  tail  narrower,  always  (?) 
interrupted  on  middle  feathers;  length  5.50-6.26,  wing  4.00-4.40,  tail  1.90- 
2.30.    Neat  in  hole  of  giant  cactus.   Egga  3-4,  1.01  X  'S?.  Hab.  Southwestern 


MICRATHENE. 


267 


United  States  (southern  Arizona  and  southeastern  California)  and  Lower 
California,  south  to  southern  Mexico  (Puebla  and  Guanajuato). 

381.  M.  whitneyi  (Cooper).    Elf  OwL 
Prevailing  tint  deep  brownish,  the  spots  and  bands  more  decidedly  rusty ;  bands 
on  tail  broader,  not  interrupted  on   middle  feathers;  wing  4.05-4.25,  tail 
1.90-2.20.    Hab.  Socorro  Island,  western  Mexico. 

M.  graysoni  RiDow.     Socorro  Elf  Owl.i 


1  Micrathene  graysoni  Ridgw.,  Auk,  iii.  July,  1886,  333. 


■  ■ 


268 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


.li 


Order  PSITTACI. — The  Parrots,  Macaws, 
Paroquets,  etc.    (Page  2.) 

Families. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Order)  ...  Psittacidae.     (Page  268.) 
Family  PSITTACIDiE.    (Page  268.) 


North  and  Middle  American  Genera. 

a^.  Tail  graduated,  the  feathers  narrowed  toward  tips. 

6*.  Cheeks  naked;  tail  longer  than  wing,  graduated  for  more  than  half  its 

length;  very  large  (wing  more  than  12.00) Ara} 

b^.  Cheeks  densely  feathered  ;  tail  shorter  than  wing,  graduated  for  less  than 
half  its  length  ;  small  or  medium  (wing  not  more  than  12.00). 
c'.  Wing  more  than  3.50 ;  upper  mandible  very  little  if  any  broader  than 
high  at  base. 
d^.  Second  or  third  quill  longest. 

e'.  Tail  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing ;  wing  more  than 
5.00. 
/'.  Bill  very  large,  much  compressed,  the  tip  of  lower  man- 
dible much  produced,  truncated,  and  flattened ;  gonys 
flattened ;  tail  graduated  for  only  about  one-third  its 
length ;  cere  densely  feathered,  concealing  the  nostrils ; 

wing  8.00,  or  more Rhynchopsitta.     (Page  269.) 

/'.  Bill  smaller,  less  compressed,  with  tip  of  lower  mandible 
less  produced,  and  gonys  rounded ;  tail  graduated  for 
much  more  than  one-third  its  total  length  ;  cere  naked 
in  some  species,  densely  feathered  in  others;  wing  less 
than  8.00  in  all  North  American  species. 

Conurus.    (Page  269.) 
e'.  Tail  less  than  twcJ-thirds  as  long  as  the  wing ;  wing  less  than 
5.00. 

Core  naked  on  top Brotogeris.* 

d\  First  quill  longest. 

Tail  (in  northern  species)  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as 

1  Ara  BniasoN,  Om.  iv.  1760,  184.  Type,  A.  bratiliennii  BnK»,,  =  A.  chlornptera  Qray.  For  synopsis  of 
Mexican  species,  see  Appendix. 

»  lirotogerit  Via.,  Zool.  Jour.  ii.  1826,  400.     Type,  Puittacm  pyrrhnptcnm  LiNS. 

One  Mexican  and  Central  Amorioan  species,  /?.  ^oii'  (LiNS.) ;  color  uniform  green,  paler  bolow,  upper  wing- 
oovorts  olivo-brownish,  and  spot  on  chin  orange ;  length  about  6.50  inches. 


"  ■ 


RHYNCHOPSITTA. 


269 


;aws. 


'age  268.) 


I  half  its 

Ara} 

less  than 

ider  than 


lore  than 

(ver  man- 
d;  gonys 
-third  its 
)  nostrils ; 
'age  269.) 
mandible 
mated  for 
ere  naked 
wing  less 

>age  269.) 
less  than 

^rotogeris? 

>)  long  as 

r  BynopsiB  of 
upper  wing- 


wing;  wing  (in  northern  species)  less  than  5.00;  top  of 

cere  feathered Myiopsitta} 

c*.  Wing  not  more  than  3.50;  upper  mandible  very  much  broader  than 
high  at  base ;  tail  scarcely  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing ;  cere 

feathered  on  top Psittacula} 

a'.  Tail  slightly  rounded,  the  feathers  broad  at  ends. 

Third  or  fourth  quill  longest ;  cere  always  naked,  with  nostrils  exposed. 

Amazona? 

Genus  RHYNCHOPSITTA  Bonap;>rte.    (Page  268,  pi.  LXXIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Forehead,  fore-part  and  sides  of  crown,  lores,  and  anterior  lesser  wing- 
coverts,  poppy-red ;  under  primary  coverts  lemon-yellow ;  under  surface  of  quills, 
secondaries,  and  tail  olivaceous  dusky ;  rest  of  plumage  uniform  grass-green,  rather 
paler  and  duller  on  lower  parts,  but  much  brighter  on  sides  of  head ;  bill  entirely 
blackish.  Younger:  Similar  to  adult,  but  bill  whitish,  with  a  triangular  dusky 
space  on  each  side  (extending  upward  from  cutting-edge  about  half-way  to  culmen 
and  anteriorly-  as  fur  as  the  notch) ;  red  of  forehead  not  extending  over  eye ;  red 
on  thighs  and  along  edge  of  wing  interrupted  and  very  inconspicuous.  {Young  in 
first  plumage  probably  without  any  red,  the  plumage  entirely  green,  except  on  under 
surface  of  wing  and  tail,  and  bill  probably  entirely  whitish.)  Length  16.00-16.75, 
wing  8.50-10.50,  tail  6.30-7.00,  graduated  for  2.25-2.35,  culmen  1.45-1.55,  height  of 
bill  at  base  1.65-1.75.  Hab.  Northern  and  central  Mexico  (pine  region) ;  south- 
western Texas  and  southern  New  Mexico.* 

— .  R.  pachyrhyncha  (Swains.).    Thick>billed  Parrot. 

Genus  CONURUS  Kuhl.    (Page  268,  pi.  LXXVII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters  (of  North  American  and  Mexican  spocids). — Prevailing 
color  uniform  green ;  adults  with  or  without  yellow  or  orange  on  head. 

a}.  Cere  and  nostrils  entirely  concealed  by  dense  feathering ;  culmen  rounded. 

Adult:  Head  and  upper  neck  pure  gamboge-yellow,  the  forehead,  lores,  and 
cheeks  deep  orange  or  orange-red;  upper  parts  rich  parrot-green,  the 
tcrtials,  tips  of  greater  wing-coverts,  and  basal  portion  of  outer  webs 


1  Myinpsiiia  BoNAP.,  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  1854.  150.    Typo,  Ptittacus  murinm  Gmf.l. 
One  Mexican  nnd  Central  American  species,  M.  lineola  (Cass.)  ;  color  uniform  green,  lighter  beneath,  more 
or  less  distinctly  borred  above  and  along  sides  with  blacltish;  length  about  6.00  inches. 

*  Psittacula  Bniss.,  Orn.  iv.  1760,  382.    Typo,  P.  brasilieniii  Bmsa.,  =  P»iltacu»  pnnerimis  Link. 

One  species  found  in  western  Mexico  as  far  north  as  Maaiatlan  (P.  eynnopyga  SouANcfi)  is  uniform  green, 
lighter  beneath,  the  male  with  rump  and  some  of  the  under  wing-oovorts  fine  light  blue;  length  about  4.50 
inches. 

'  Amatona  Less.,  Traitfi,  1331, 189.  Typo,  Piittacui  pulvervilentu*  Ghel.  For  aynopiis  of  Mexican  species, 
100  Appendix. 

*  Dr.  R.  W.  SauFELDT,  V.S.A.,  tn  tpiit. 


270 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


of  quills  yellowish  green  or  greenish  yellow  ;  rest  of  quills  dark  bluish ; 
lower  parts  clear  light  yellowish  green;  edge  of  wing  and  thighs  tinged 
with  orange.  Immature :  Similar  to  adult,  but  head  and  neck  entirely 
green,  except  forehead  and  lores,  which  are  dull  orange-red.  Young 
(first  plumage):  Similar  to  preceding,  but  with  little  if  any  orange  on 
forehead  or  lores.  Length  11.35-14.00,  wing  7.00-7.60,  tail  6.40-7.10. 
JVest  in  hole  of  large  tree  (usually  cypress  or  sycamore).  Eggs  1.39  X 
1.07,  ovate,  short  ovate,  or  rounded  ovate,  pure  white.  Hab.  Formerly, 
entire  Mississippi  Valley,  Gulf  States,  and  southern  Atlantic  States,  north 
(casually  ?)  to  Michigan,  Marjdand,  or  even  to  Albany,  New  York,  regu- 
larly to  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Nebraska,  etc.,  west  to  eastern  Colora  lo 
and  Texas;  now  nearly  exterminated,  and  existing  only  in  compara- 
tively restricted  and  isolated  localities  in  lower  Mississippi  Valley  and 

Gulf  States 382.  C.  carolinensis  (Linn.).    Carolina  Paroquet. 

Cere  partly  naked,  the  nostrils  exposed ;  culmen  flattened. 
6*.  Wing  6.50,  or  more ;  quills  and  secondaries  green.     (Color  unifonn  grass- 
green,  including  quills,  paler  on  lower  parts ;  under  surface  of  quills  and 
tail-feathers  yellowish  olive.) 
c\  Eather  smaller,  with  weaker  bill,  relatively  larger  feet,  and  more  yel- 
lowish green  lower  parts  ;  wing  6.70-7.00  (6.87),  tail  5.40-6.30  (5.96), 
culmen  1.00-1.10  (1.03),  depth  of  upper  mandible  at  base  .50-.60 
(.55),  width  .55-.65  (.60),  tarsus  .66-.75  (.71),  middle  toe  .85-1.00  (.91). 
Hab.  Southern  Mexico  to  Nicaragua. 

C.  holochlorus  Scl.  Green  Parakeet.' 
c'.  Eather  larger,  with  stouter  bill,  relatively  weaker  feet,  and  more  deeply 
green  lower  parts ;  wing  6.50-6.70  (6.59),  tail  6.10-6.50  (6.29),  culmen 
1.00-1.12  (1.07),  depth  cf  upper  mandible  at  base  .57-.61  (.59),  width 
.61-.65  (.63),  tarsus  .70-.72  (.70),  middle  too  .85-.89  (.86).  Hab. 
Socorro  Island,  western  Mexico. 

C.  holochlorus  brevipes  Baird.    Socorro  Parakeet.' 
6'.  Wing  5.50,  or  less ;  quills  and  secondaries  partly  blue. 

c*.  Bill  horn-colored,  the  ends  of  both  mandibles  whitish  ;  throat  and  chest 
dull  olive  or  olive-brownish ;  belly  dull  yellowish  olive  or  olive-yel- 
lowish, in  contrast  with  bright  green  of  sides  and  flanks ;  top  of 
head  entirely  green  ;  wing  5.00-5.40,  tail  4.60-5.10.  Hab.  Southern 
Mexico,  and  south  to  Nicaragua.  C.  aztec  SouANcfi.  Aztec  Parakeet." 
c*.  Bill  buffy  whitish  (sides  of  lower  mandible  horn-colored  in  young); 
throat  and  chest  yellowish  olive ;  belly  clear  yellowish  green,  like 
sides  and  flanks ;  top  of  head  dull  verditei-bluo,  the  forehead  bufly 
orange  in  adult;  wing  6.10-5.50,  tail  4.20-4.80.  Hab.  Southern 
Mexico,  from  Orizaba  and  Mazatlan  south'  to  Costa  Eica. 

C.  petzii  (Wagl.).    Petz's  Parakeet.* 

>  Conurug  holochhnit  ScL.,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  1869,  224. 

*  Oonunti  holochlorut  var.  brevipei  Baird,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  1871,  H. 
•■•  Cotturut  attec  SouAf.cfi,  Rov.  et  Mug.  Zool.  1857,  97. 

*  Sittace  petMti  Waol.,  Mod.  Piitt.  1832,  650.     Conurus  peltii  Gray,  Qen.  B.  ii.  1845,  413,  sp.  13. 


c  bluish ; 
i8  tinged 
entirely 
Young 
•ange  on 
.40-7,10. 
s  1.39  X 
ormerly, 
es,  north 
rk,  regu- 
Coloralo 
L'orapara- 
illoy  and 
Paroquet. 

m  grass- 
[uills  and 

noro  yel- 
30  (5.96), 
0  .50-.60 
l.OO  (.91). 

Parakeet.! 

•e  deeply 
culmen 
9),  width 
1).    Hab. 

Parakeet.' 

ind  chest 
)live-yel- 
top  of 
Southern 
Parakeet.' 
young) ; 
eon,  like 
ad  buffy 
Southern 

?arakeet.* 


p.  13. 


CUCULID^. 


271 


Order  COCCYGES. — The  Cuckoos,  etc. 

(Page  3.) 
Families. 

a}.  Toes  2  before,  2  behind. 

¥.  Bill  as  long  as  head,  compressed,  with  cutting-edges  smooth  ;  nostrils  ex- 
posed ;  no  distinct  I'ictal  bristles ;  tarsus  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  longest 
anterior  toe  (sometimes  longer),  naked  for  greater  part  of  its  length ; 
anterior  toes  separated  to  extreme  base;  plumage  without  bright  or 
metallic  colors.    (Suborder  Cmcm^j.) Cuculids.     (Page  271.) 

6*.  Bill  much  shorter  than  head,  thick  and  broad  at  base,  with  cutting-edges 
serrated ;  nostrils  concealed  by  antrorse  bristles ;  gape  with  strong  bris- 
tles ;  tarsus  much  shorter  than  longest  anterior  too,  chiefly  or  entirely 
feathered;  anterior  toes  united  for  basal  half;  plumage  with  bright  or 
metallic  colors  (except  in  young).    (Suborder  Trogones.) 

Trogonidae.    (Page  275.) 
a'.  Toes  3  before,  1  behind.    (Suborder  Alcyones.) 

6'.  Bill  not  longer  than  head,  the  culmen  gently  but  decidedly  curved,  the  cut- 
ting-edges serrated;  tail  (ir^  typical  genus)  much  longer  than  wing,  with 
middle  pair  of  feathers  much  longer  than  the  rest,  and  usually  with  the 
webs  interi'upted  near  end  ;  tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe. 

Momotidse.    (Pago  277.) 

bK  Bill  longer  than  head,  with  straight  outlines,  the  cutting-edges  smooth  (in 
all  American  species) ;  tail  much  shorter  than  wing,  with  middle  feathers 
(in  American  species)  not  longer  than  the  rest;  tarsus  only  about  half  as 
long  as  middle  toe Alcedinidae.     (Pago  278.) 

Family  CUCULID^.— The  Cuckoos,  Anis,  etc.    (Page  271.) 

Genera. 

a\  Tail-feathers  8 ;  bill  nearly  as  deep  as  long,  the  culmen  elevated  into  a  much 
compressed  convex  crest ;    plumage  (in   typical   genus)   uniform  blackish. 

(Subfamily  Crotophagina:.) Crotophaga.     (Pago  272.) 

a*.  Tail-feathers  10;  bill  less  than  half  as  deep  as  long,  the  culmen  not  elevated  nor 

compressed  ;  plumage  more  or  loss  varied.     (Subfamily  Coccygina'.) 

b^.  Bill  longer  than  head,  straight  to  near  the  rather  abruptly  decurved  tip ; 

loral  feathers  stiff,  bristly,  and  plumage  generally  coarse  or  harsh  ;  tarsus 

much  longer  than  outer  pxiterior  toe,  with  claw ;  very  Inrge  (wing  more 

than  6.00,  tail  12.00  or  more"),  and  plumage  much  striped. 

Geococcyx.    (Pago  272.) 

b*.  Bill  not  longer  than  head,  the  culmen  gently  curved  for  the  greater  part  of 

its  length ;  loral  feathers  and  general  plumage  soft  and  blended ;  tarsus 


272 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


shorter  than  outer  anterior  toe,  with  claw ;    small   (wing  less  than 
6.00,  tail  less  than  8.00),  and  plumage  without  stripes. 

Coccyzus.     (Page  273.) 

Gencs  CROTOPHAGA  Linn^us.    (Page  271,  pi.  LXXIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Plumage  entirely  dull  black,  the  feathers  of  head,  neck, 
and  body  edged  or  bordered  with  dull  metallic  bluish,  greenish,  or  bronzy ;  wings 
and  tail  faintly  glossed  with  metallic  bluish  or  violet.  Young,  uniform  dull  sooty 
black.  Nest  usually  on  trees  (sometimes  in  reedy  marshes),  composed  of  sticks, 
etc.,  lined  usually  with  loaves.  Eggs  5-8 — sometimes  numerous  -  (evidently  de- 
posited by  several  birds) — dull  glaucous-blue,  but  this  usually  covered  by  a  super- 
ficial white  chalky  crust. 

a}.  Upper  mandible  smooth,  or  with  a  few  transverse  wrinkles  ;  length  12.00-15.00, 
wing  5.50-6.00,  tail  7.50-8.30.  Eggs  1.35  X  101.  Hah.  West  Indies  and 
eastern  South  America ;  rare  or  casual  in  southern  Florida  and  Louisiana, 
and  accidental  near  Philadelphia 383.  C.  ani  Linn.    Ani. 

a*.  Upper  mandible  with  several  distinct  longitudinal  grooves,  parallel  with  the 
culmen  ;  length  12.00-14.50,  wing  5.50-6.50,  tail  7^30-8.30.  Eggs  1.26  X  ■^^^ 
Hab.  Middle  Amei'ica  (both  sides)  from  lower  Eio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas 
and  Lower  California  to  Peru. 

384.  C.  sulcirostris  Swains.    Groove-billed  Ani. 


Genus  GEOCOCCYX  Waqler.    (Page  271,  pi.  LXXIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Plumage  conspicuously  striped  with  dull  whitish  or 
buflFy  and  bronzed  brown,  the  latter  glossed  with  green ;  naked  skin  before  and 
behind  eye  brightly  colored  (blue,  white,  and  red,  or  orange)  in  life. 

c. 

a}.  Wing  more  than  6.00,  tail  more  than  itf^O;  throat  and  chest  light  brownish, 
streaked  with  dusk}' ;  above  glossy  blue-black  anteriorlj*  and  metallic  green- 
ish brown  postoriorlj'^,  the  feathers  broadly  edged  Avith  whitish  ;  lower  parts 
whitish,  the  chest  and  fore-neck  tinged  with  pale  brownish  or  dull  ochraceous, 
and  streaked  with  blackish ;  tail-feathers  (except  two  middle  pairs)  broadly 
tipped  with  white,  the  outer  webs  glossy  blue-black,  the  inner  webs  greenish  ; 
length  2'?.00-24.00,  wing  6.50-7.00.  tail  11.50-12.00.  Nest  in  bushes  or  low 
trees,  rudely  constructed  of  sticks,  grasses,  etc.  Eggs  2-12,  1.54  X  1-17,  ovate, 
white,  or  bulfy  white.  Hab.  Northern  Mexico  and  contiguous  portions  of 
United  States,  north  to  western  Indian  Territory  and  Kansas,  southern 
Colorado,  and  California;  Lower  California. 

385.  G.  californianus  (Less.).    Road*rDimer. 


coccvzus. 


273 


less  than 
:*age273.) 

1) 


ead,  neck, 
y;  wings 
lull  sooty 
of  sticks, 
ently  de- 
r  a  super- 

.00-15.00, 
idies  and 
jouisiana, 
NN.  Ani. 
with  the 
.26  X  ■9'4. 
in  Texas 

lilled  Ani. 


hitish  or 
sfore  and 


)rownish, 
lie  green- 
flT^or  parts 
hraceous, 
)  bi'oadly 
greenish  ; 
8  or  low 
17,  ovate, 
rtions  of 
southern 

d-ranner. 


a'.  Wing  less  than  6.00,  tail  less  than  11.00;  throat  and  chest  plain  buff  or  buflfy 
whitish ;  above  metallic  bi'onzy  brown,  becoming  blue-black  anteriorly, 
each  feather  broadly  edged  with  whitish ;  beneath  buflfy  whitish  or  buff, 
including  throat,  fore-neck,  and  chest,  the  sides  of  the  latter  streakedwith 
black ;  two  middle  tail-feathers  bronzy  brown,  the  rest  metallic  greenish, 
broadly  tipped  with  white ;  wing  about  5.50,  tail  about  10.30.  Hab.  Guate- 
mala and  southern  Mexico,  north  to  Yucatan,  Vera  Cruz,  and  Mazatlan. 

G.  affinis  Haktl.    Mexican  Road-runner.* 

Genus  COCCYZUS  Vieillot.    (Page  272,  pi.  LXXX.,  fig.  1.) 

* 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown,  with 
more  or  less  of  a  faint  bronzy  lustre,  the  color  usually  becoming  more  grayish  on 
head,  on  side  of  which  (over  ear-coverts)  is  a  darker  stripe ;  lower  parts  plain 
whitish,  buflfy,  or  ochraceous ;  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly tipped  with  whitish.  Nest  a  slight  flat  structure  of  sticks,  etc.,  usually  on 
small  trees  or  lower  branches  of  larger  trees. 

a}.  Basal  half,  or  more,  of  lower  mandible  yellow ;  adult  with  tail-feathers  (except 
middle  pair)  black,  broadly  and  abruptly  tipped  with  white ;  young  with  tail- 
feathers  grayish  dusky,  broadly,  but  not  sharply,  tipped  with  dull  white. 
6*.  Inner  webs  of  quills  chiefly  rufous,  the  outer  webs  more  or  less  tinged  with 
same  toward  base ;  lower  parts  white  tinged  with  pale  ashy  on  fore-neck, 
chest,  and  thighs. 
d.  Smaller,  with  proportionally  smaller  and  weaker  bill;    length  11.00- 
12.70,  wing  5.40-5.80  (5.61),  tail  6.00-6.15  (6.07),  exposed  culmen 
.97-1.01  (.99),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .32-.34  (.33).    Eggs  2-4,  1.21  X 
.88,  dull  pale  glaucous-green   or  glaucous-white.      Hab.    Eastern 
North  America,  north  to  New  Brunswick,  Canada,  etc.,  west  to 
edge  of  Great  Plains,  south,  in  winter,  to  West  Indies,  eastern 
Mexico,  and  Costa  Rica. 

387.  C.  americanus  (Linn.).  Yellow-billed  Cuckoo. 
c'.  Larger,  with  proportionally  larger  and  stouter  bill ;  length  12.30-13.50, 
wing  5.50-6.00  (5.84),  tail  6.10-6.90  (6.59),  culmen  1.02-1.08  (1.05), 
depth  of  bill  through  base  .37-.40  (.39).  Hab.  Western  United  States, 
north  to  Oregon,  east  to  New  Mexico  and  Colorado,  south  over  table- 
lands of  Mexico — .  C.  americanus  occidentalis  Eidqw. 

Californian  Cnokoo.* 

b\  Quills  without  rufous  on  either  web ;  lower  parts  buffy  or  ochraceous,  paler 
anteriorly. 
c\  Larger,  with  lower  parts  much  more  deeply  colored ;  lower  parts  deep 


'  Geoeoceyx  affinis  Hartlaud,  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  216. 
'  Xew  gubspeoies. 

86 


274 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ochniceous,  often  including  even  the  throat ;  wing  4.95-6.05  (5.40), 
tail  6.45-7.95  (6.98),  exposed  culmen  1.00-1.22  (1.10),  depth  of  bill 
near  base  .35-.47  (.40).  Hab.  West  Indies  in  general  (except  Ba- 
hamas) and  borders  of  Caribbean  Sea,  from  Guiana  to  Honduras ; 
Key  AVest ;  coast  of  Louisiana. 

386.  C.  minor  (Gmel.).  Mangrove  Cuckoo.' 
c*.  Smaller  and  with  lower  parts  much  paor  in  color;  posterior  lower  parts 
buff  (sometimes  quite  pale,  and  never  approaching  the  deep  ochra- 
ceous  tint  of  C.  minor) ;  anterior  lower  parts  (chin,  throat,  and 
chest)  pale  ashy,  or  grayish  white,  paler  anteriorly,  the  throat  usu- 
allj^  more  or  less  tinge(^with  buff;  length  11.75-12.25,  wing  5.05- 
5.35  (5.23),  tail  6.25-6.90  (6.65),  exposed  culmen  0.98-1.15  (1.06), 
depth   of   bill   near  base   0.33-0.40   (0.36).      Hab.    Bahamas    and 

Florida  Keys — .  C.  maynardi  Ridgw.    Maynard's  Cuckoo.' 

a*.  Bill  without  any  yellow  (basal  portion  of  lower  mandible  leaden  bluish  in  life) ; 
adult  with  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  grayish  brown  (with  bronzy 
green  lustre  on  upper  surface),  narrowly  tipped  with  white,  this  preceded 
by  a  less  distinct  subterminal  bar  of  dusky;  young  with  white  tips  to  tail- 
feathers  narrower  and  less  distinct,  the  dusky  subterminal  bar  obsolete. 
Adult :  Above  bronzy  grayish  brown,  with  an  olivaceous  cast,  becoming 
grayish  on  forehead  and  lores ;  chin  and  throat  pale  huffy  grayish  (some- 
times more  distinctly  huffy)  ;  rest  of  lower  purts  white,  faintly  tinged  on 
breast  and  sides  with  grayish  ;  naked  eyelids  bright  red  in  life.     Young  : 
Above  dull  brown,  with  a  coppery  bronze  lustre,  becoming  more  gray- 
ish or  olivaceous  on  tail,  but  more  rusty  on  Avings,  especially  on  quills ; 
lower  parts  much  as  in  adult;    naked  eyelids  pale  yellowish  in  life. 
Nestling :  Feathers  of  upper  parts  tipped  with  whitish.     Length  about 
11.00-12.70,  wing  5.12-5.05,  tail  6.25-7.00.    Eggs  2-4,  1.11  x  .78,  deep 
glaucous-green  or  verditer-blue.     Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to 
Labrador  and  Manitoba,  w^est  to  Eocky  Mountains,  south,  in  winter,  to 
West  indies,  Middle  America,  and  northern  South  America. 

388.  C.  erythrophthalmus  (Wils.).    Black-billed  Cuckoo. 


*  Pure  synonymes  of  this  species  are  lenieulug  Lath.,  hclviventrU  Cab.,  dominicus  Set.  (nee  Linn,),  and  «e»i- 
otes  Cad.  Coccyziu  eenicuhta  of  Audubon  also  belongs  here,  the  supposed  Floridan  specimen  given  him  by  Mr. 
Ilarris,  and  now  before  me,  being  this  species  and  not  the  Bahama  one  (C.  maynardi),  which  raises  the  suspicion 
that  it,  like  the  specimens  of  Lampornit  "mango"  {i.e.,  violicauda)  obtained  from  the  same  source,  probably 
came  from  Guiana.  C.  minor  is  divisible  into  several  more  or  less  strongly  characterized  local  races,  but  I 
shall  not  attempt  such  subdivision  here. 

*  Dedicated  to  Mr.  C.  J.  Maynard,  the  accomplished  author  of  the  "Naturalist's  Guide"  and  "Birds  of 
Eastern  North  America,"  whose  valuable  descriptions  of  the  birds  of  Florida — his  special  field  of  investigation — 
include  an  interesting  account  of  the  peculiar  haunts  of  this  species. 


TROQON. 


275 


(5.40), 
I  of  bill 
opt  Ba- 
oduras ; 

Cuckoo.' 

er  parts 
1  ochra- 
)at,  and 
oat  usu- 
ig  5.05- 
)  (1.06), 
las    and 
Cnckoo.' 
in  life) ; 
,  bronzy 
preceded 
}  to  tail- 
ete. 

)ecoming 
ih  (some- 
inged  on 
Young  : 
>re  gray- 
n  quills; 
in  life. 
1  about 
78,  deep 
north  to 
dnter,  to 

I  Cuckoo. 

),  and  nesi- 
hira  by  Mr. 

e  suspicion 
je,  probably 
races,  but  I 

"Birds  of 
Bstigation — 


Family  TROGONIDiE.— The  Trogons.    (Pago  271.) 

Genera. 

rt'.  Middle  wing-coverts  and  upper  tail-coverts  normally  developed,  blended ;  head 

not  crested  nor  "horned" Trogon.     (Page  275.) 

rt'.  Middle  wing-coverts  and  upper  tail-coverts  unusually  developed,  more  or  less 
lanceolate  or  falcate,  with  very  distinct  outlines ;  head  crested  or  "  horned." 

6'.  Head  with  a  bushy  or  compressed  crest Pharomachrus} 

b^.  Head  with  slender  ear-tufts Euptilotis? 

Genus  TROGON  Linn^us.    (Page  275,  pi.  LXXXI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males:  Back,  scapulars,  rump,  and  middle  tail- 
feathers  metallic  green,  sometimes  varied  with  blue  or  coppery,  the  middle  tail- 
feathers  tipped  with  opaque  black ;  wing-coverts  grayish,  in  some  species  finely 
undulated  with  white ;  breast,  belly,  and  under  tail-coverts  fine  red  or  yellow,  bor- 
dered anterioi'ly  by  a  white  band  across  breast.  Adult  females  similar  to  males,  but 
metallic  hues  of  back,  etc.,  replaced  by  plain  grayish  or  brownish. 

a^.  Under  parts  red ;  females  and  young  brown  above. 

I?.  Inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  chiefly  white,  more  or  less  barred  with 
dusky  or  black,  in  both  sexes, 
c'.  Adult  male :  Crown,  occiput,  hind-neck,  back,  scapulai's,  rump,  and  upper 
tail-coverts  rich  metallic  bronzy  green,  varying  to  golden  or  coppery 
bronze  (the  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  always  more  green  than 
the  back — sometimes  pure  green)  ;  middle  tail-feathers  deep  metallic 
bronze,  varying  to  rich  copper-color,  broadly  tipped  with  black ; 
wings  (except  primaries)  delicatelj'  undulated  with  white  and  black, 
the  two  colors  in  nearly  equal  amount ;  quills  dusky,  with  outer 
webs  chiefly  grayish  white ;  forehead,  lores,  sides  of  head,  chin,  and 
throat,  dull  opaque  black ;  chest  metallic  greenish  or  coppery  bronze, 
like  back;  a  pure  white  band  across  breast;  behind  this,  all  the 
lower  parts  pure  scarlet-vermilion ;  exposed  portion  of  outer  tail- 
feathers  white,  with  a  broad  terminal  space  immaculate,  but  rest, 
on  both  webs,  irregularly  and  narrowly  barred,  or  marked  with 
zigzag  lines,  of  blackish.  Adidt  female :  Metallic  colors  of  male 
replaced  by  light  grayish  brown,  becoming  more  rufescent  (some- 
times cinnamon-rufous)  on  middle  tail-feathers ;  forehead,  sides 
of  head,  and  throat,  dull  grayish ;   outer  tail-feathers  much  more 

1  Pharomachrut  Db  la  Llavb,  Registro  Trimcstre,  i.  num.  1,  18.32,  48.     Type,  P.  mocinno  Db  la  Llate. 
One  Mexican  species  {P.  mocinno),  tlie  magnificent  Quetcal,  or  royal  bird  of  the  Aztecs. 
*  Euplilotit  QouLD,  Mon.  Trog.  pt.  i.  1868,  pi.  vi.    Type,  Trogon  neoxtnu*  Gould. 


276 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


coarsely  and  regularly  barred  with  black.  Young  male :  Head,  neck, 
and  chest  dull  brownish  gray,  paler  on  chin,  browner  on  chest  and 
occiput,  almost  black  on  lores,  beneath  eyes,  and  terminal  portion 
of  ear-coverts;  an  orbital  ring  (interrupted  on  middle  portion  of 
upper  eyelid  and  anterior  half  of  lower  lid),  and  broad  oblique  bar 
across  middle  portion  of  ear-coverts,  white;  back  and  scapulars 
grayish  brown,  becoming  more  russet  on  lower  back,  rump,  and 
upper  tail-coverts ;  middle,  and  many  of  lesser,  wing-coverts  buffy 
white,  bordered  with  black,  producing  conspicuous  large  spots ; 
greater  wing-coverts  and  tertials  pale  grayish  brown,  finely  sprinkled 
with  dusky,  and  tipped  with  a  large  spot  of  buffy  white  ;  lower  parts 
grayish  white,  the  breast  and  upper  belly  coarsely  spotted  or  mottled 
with  brownish  gray ;  tail  much  as  in  adult  female.  Length  about 
11.25-12.00,  wing  5.10-5.50,  tail  6  50-7.20.  JTab.  Central  and  northern 
Mexico,  north  to  southern  Texas  (lower  Eio  Grande  Vallej-)  and 
southern  Arizona. 

389.  T.  ambiguus  Gould.    Coppery-tailed  Trogon. 

c*.  Adult  male :  Similar  to  same  sex  of  T.  ambiguus,  but  upper  parts  bronzy 
green,  the  middle  tail-feathers  golden  green,  wings  more  coarsely 
undulated,  with  white  exceeding  the  blackish  lines  in  width  (?),  and 
outer  tail-feathers  more  broadly  and  regularl}-  barred  with  black. 
Adult  female :  With  black  bars  on  outer  tail-feathers  broader  and 
less  numerous  (?).  Length  about  12.00,  wing  5.00-5.30,  tail  7.  Hab. 
Guatemala,  southern  Mexico,  and  Salvador  (Libertad). 

T.  elegans  Gould.    Elegant  Trogon.' 
P.  Inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  uniform  black,  or  black  naiTowly  barred 
with  white,  in  adult  males,  destitute  of  bars  (except  sometimes — in  T. 
puella — a  terminal  white  and  narrower  subterminal  black  bar). 

c*.  Adult  viale :  Upper  parts  and  chest  pure  metallic  green,  more  bi'onzy 
on  back ;  wings  very  minutely  zigzagged  and  freckled  with  white, 
the  markings  hardly  distinguishable  at  a  little  distance ;  quills  with- 
out whitish  edgings ;  outer  tail-feathers  entirely  black,  except  the 
very  broad  and  abrupt  white  tip.  Adult  female.  ~*uter  web  of  outer 
tail-feathers  broadly  barred  with  black  and  white,  the  inner  web 
chiefly  uniform  black,  without  any  bars.  Length  about  12.00,  wing 
5.50-6.00,  tail  7.40-7.50.     Hab.  Guatemala  and  southern  Mexico. 

T.  tnexicanus  Swains.     Mexican  Trogon.* 

c*.  Adult  male :  Upper  parts  and  chest  bronzy  green,  as  in  T.  mexicanus ; 
wings  very  distinctly  undulated  with  white,  the  quills  edged  with 
the  same ;  outer  tail-feathers  distinctly  but  narrowly  barred  across 
both  webs  with  white,  and  rather  narrowly  tipped  with  the  same. 
Adult  female :  Outer  web  of  outer  tail-feathers  plain  white,  some- 


1  Trogon  elegana  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.  1834,  26. 

*  Trogon  mexieanut  Swains.,  Philos.  Mag,  n.  8.  i.  1827,  440. 


MOMOTUS. 


277 


times  minutely  and  indistinctly  freckled  with  grayish ;  inner  web 
chiefly  plain  dusky  grayish,  with  white  tip  and  dusky  subterminal 
bar.  Length  about  10.50-11.50,  wing  5.10-5.50,  tail  5.50-6.50.  Hub. 
Central  America,  south  to  Veragua,  north  to  tierra  caliente  of  eastern 
Mexico  (Vera  Cruz). 

T.  puella  Gould.    X&lapa  Trogon.^ 
a*.  Lower  parts  yellow ;  females  slate-color  or  plumbeous  above. 

6'.  Outer  web  of  outer  tail-feathers  uniform  black,  except  broad  and  abrupt 
white  tip.  Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  and  chest  dull  black ;  back,  scapu- 
lars, and  middle  tail-feathers  metallic  green ;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts 
metallic  blue,  sometimes  inclining  to  violet.  Adult  female :  Head,  neck, 
chest,  and  entire  upper  parts  uniform  deep  slate.  Length  about  11.00, 
wing  5.50-5.75,  tail  5.80-6.00.  Hab.  Central  America,  north  lo  Yucatan, 
south  to  Costa  Eica. 

T.  melanocephalus  Gould.  Black-headed  Trogon.' 
6'.  Outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  white,  except  at  base.  Adult  male :  Head, 
neck,  and  chest  slate-gray  or  plumbeous,  glos«.->)d  (except  anteriorly) 
with  metallic  green;  back  and  scapulars  bri^jhL  metallic  green,  tinged 
with  golden  ;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  n:otallic  grceri  ii  blue  ;  middle 
tail-feathers  metallic  green.  Adult  female  :  Head  nowk,  chest,  and  entire 
u.>pr..  parts  uniform  slate-gray.  Length  about  10.00-12.00,  wing  5.40- 
5.70,  tail  about  6.00.    Hab.  Southwestern  Mvj.v:i<o,  north  to  Mazatlan. 

T.  citreolus  Qould.    Citreoline  Trogon.^ 


Family  MOMOTID-ffi.— The  Motmots.    (Page  271.) 


Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) ...  Momotus.     (Page  277.) 
Genus  MOMOTUS  Brisson.*    (Page  277,  pi.  LXXXI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — General  color  plain  gi*eenish,  thiged  more  or  less  with 
olive;  rather  lengthened  and  stiffened  ear-coverts  chiefly  black,  but  partly  blue;  a 
narrow  tuft  of  rather  lengthened  and  somewhat  stifl'ened  black  feathers  (sometimes 
edged  with  blue)  in  middle  of  chest ;  lengthened  and  (usually)  spatulate  middle 
tail-feathers  verditer-blue  toward  ends,  their  tips  black. 

a'.  Top  of  head  bright  blue  or  green,  encircled  with  deep  black ;  lores  deep  black  ; 
lower  parts,  including  flanks,  anal  region,  and  under  tail-coverts,  olive-green- 


»  Trogon  puella  Gould,  P.  Z.  8.  1845,  18. 

>  Trogon  melanocephalut  GocLD,  Mon.  Trog.  1838,  pi.  12. 

»  Trogon  citreolus  Oocld,  P.  Z.  S.  1835,  30. 

*  Momotui  Briss.,  Orn.  iv.  1760,  465.    Type,  Ramphattot  momota  Linn. 


278 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ish,  sometimes  tinged  with  russet ;  ear-coverts  black,  bordered  above  by  a 

line  of  bright  light  greenish  blue  or  bluish  green  (this  sometimes  almost 

obsolete). 

¥.  Whole  top  of  head  bright  verdLter-blue,  varying  to  verdigi'is-green,  duller 

centrally  ;  length  about  14.20-15.00,  wing  5.30-5.70,  middle  tail-feathers 

8.80-9.15,  exposed  culmen  1.40-1.55,    Hab.  Eastern  Mexico,  north  to 

Eio  Grande  Valley  (Nuevo  Leon). 

M.  csenileiceps  Gould.     Blue-crowned  Motmot.^ 
6*.  Top  of  head  deep  black  centrally,  this  entirely  surroun^ded  by  bright  verditer- 
blue,  the  latter  bordered  exteriorly,  from  eyes  backward,  by  rich  pur- 
plish ultramarine-blue ;  size  about  the  same  as  in  M.  cceruleiceps.    Hab. 
Central  America,  from  Veragua  to  southern  Mexico. 

M.  lessonii  Less.  Lesson's  Motmot.* 
a*.  Whole  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  uniform  rufous ;  lores  dull  grayish,  mixed 
with  dusky ;  lower  parts  pale  glaucous-green  (sometimes  tinged  with  buffy 
anteriorly),  changing  to  dull  whitish  on  flanks,  anal  region,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  ;  a  large  spot  of  purplish  smalt-blue  underneath  eye,  on  malar  region, 
and  ear-coverts  usually  largely  ultramarine-  or  smalt-blue;  length  about 
12.00-13.00,  wing  4.50-5.00,  middle  tail-feathers  6.50-7.50,  exposed  culmen 
1.40-1.60.    Mab.  Southwestern  Mexico,  north  to  Mazatlan. 

M.  mexicanus  Swains.    Rufous-crowned  Motmot.* 


Family  ALCEDINID^.— The  Kingfishers.    (Page  271.) 

Genera. 

(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Ceryle.     (Page  278.) 

Genus  CERYLE  Boie.    (Page  278,  pi.  LXXX.,  figs.  2,  3.) 

(Nest  at  extremity  of  horizontal  burrow  in  earth-banks.    Eggs  usually  6,  ovate 
or  oval,  pure  white,  with  smooth,  somewhat  glossy  surface.) 


av 


Species. 

Wing  6.00,  or  more ;  tai'sus  about  as  long  as  hind-toe,  much  shorter  than  inner 
anterior  toe ;  plumage  without  metallic  gloss.  (Upper  parts  plumbeous-blue, 
or  bluish  plumbeous,  more  or  less  streaked  with  black,  especially  on  top 
of  head,  the  tail-feathers  transversely  spotted  with  white,  these  markings 
usually  more  or  less  hidden  in  closed  tail ;  chin,  throat,  and  collar  round  hind- 
neck  pure  white.)  (Subgenus  Streptoceryle  Bonap.) 
6'.  Wing  more  than  7,00,  culmen  more  than  3.00 ;  belly,  sides,  and  flanks  uni- 


1  Momotui  cmndeictp*  Qould,  P.  Z.  S.  1836,  18. 

*  Momotui  lettonii  Lb88.,  Rev.  Zool.  June,  184S,  174  (ReaIc|jo,  Nicaragua). 

>  Momotui  mexicanui  Swains.,  Philos.  Mag.  n.  s,  i.  1827,  443. 


ove  by  a 
is  almost 

en,  duller 
l-feathers 
north  to 

I  Motmot.^ 
verditer- 
rich  pur- 
OS.    Hah. 

I  Motmot.* 
ih,  mixed 
rith  buffy 
nder  tail- 
ir  region, 
;th  about 
d  culmen 

i  Motmot.> 


fl) 


•age  278.) 


Y  6,  ovato 


lan  inner 
50UB-blue, 
Y  on  top 
markings 
ind  hind- 
inks  uni- 


CERYLE. 


279 


form  rufous;  outer  webs  of  quills  without  white  spotting  at  base. 
Adult  male :  Lower  tail-coverts  and  anal  region  pure  white,  and  rufous 
of  belly  covering  breast,  and  reaching  to  white  of  throat.  Adult  female: 
Lower  tail-coverts  and  anal  region  rufous ;  breast  plumbeous-blue,  usu- 
ally bordered  behind  by  white.  Length  about  15.50-17.00,  wing  about 
7.50.  Hab.  Tropical  America  in  general  (except  West  Indies),  north  to 
southern  Mexico. 

C.  torquata  (Linn.).  Great  Rufous-bellied  Kingfisher.' 
6*.  Wing  less  than  7.00,  culmen  less  than  3.00;  belly  white ;  outer  webs  of  quills 
spotted  with  white  toward  base.  Adult  male :  Above  bluish  plumbeous, 
the  tail  transversely  spotted  with  white,  and  baeul  hnlf  of  primaries 
coarsely  spotted  with  same ;  a  white  spot  on  sides  of  forehead,  above 
lores;  lower  parts  pure  white,  interrupted  by  a  broad  band  of  bluish 
plumbeous  across  breast ;  white  of  throat  encircling  hind-neck.  Adult 
female:  Similar  to  the  male,  but  sides  and  flanks,  and  a  more  or  less 
strongly  indicated  (never  complete  ?)  band  across  belly,  rufous.  Young : 
Similar  to  adult,  but  the  male  with  the  breast-band  and  sides  tinged  with 
rusty.  Length  11.00-14.50,  wing  6.00-6.50,  tail  3.80-4.30,  culmen  2.00, 
or  more.  Eggs  1.36  X  1-05.  Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  and  south 
to  Panama  and  the  West  Indies. 

390.  C.  alcyon  (Linn.).    Belted  Kingfisher, 
a*.  Wing  less  than  4.00;  tarsus  longer  than  hind-toe,  and  almost  as  long  as  inner 

anterior  toe;    plumage  metallic  greenish  above.      (Subgenus   Chloroceryle 

Kaup.) 
Adult  male :  Above  dark  metallic  bottle-green,  interrupted  by  a  white  collar 
across  hind-neck,  the  secondaries,  primaries,  and  tail  spotted  with  white, 
in  transverse  series ;  lower  parts  pure  white,  interrupted  by  a  band  of 
dark  metallic  green  across  breast;  sides  spotted  with  dark  greenish, 
these  spots  continued  as  an  interrupted  band  across  belly.  Adult  female : 
Similar  to  the  male,  but  green  band  across  breast  replaced  by  one  of  deep 
rufous ;  no  green  spots  across  belly.  Young  male :  Similar  to  adult,  but 
breast  more  or  less  tinged  with  rusty.  Length  6.75-8.50,  wing  3.40- 
3.50,  tail  2.70-2.75,  exposed  culmen  1.65-1.85.  Eggs  .96  X  .75.  Hab, 
Middle  America  and  northwestern  South  America,  north  to  south- 
western border  of  United  States  (southern  Texas  to  Arizona),  south  to 
western  Feru 391.  C.  cabanisi  (Tschudi).    Texan  Kingfisher. 


i  Alctdo  torqnaia  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  12,  i.  1766, 180. 

86 


Ceryle  torquata  fiONAP.,  P.  Z.  S.  1S37,  108. 


280 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS, 


Order  PICI. — The  Woodpeckers,  Wrynecks,  etc. 

(Page  3.) 
Faviilies. 

(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Order) Picidae.    (Page  280.) 

Family  "PICIDJE. — The  Woodpeckers.    (Page  280.) 

Genera. 

a}.  Outer  hind-toe  longer  than  outer  anterior  toe. 
h^.  Two  hind-toes. 

c'.  Conspicuously  crested,  and  size  very  large  (wing  7.00,  or  more). 

Campephilus.    (Page  281.) 
c*.  Without  crest,  and  size  small  (wing  not  more  than  5.00). 

d}.  Nasal  groove  extending  nearly  to  tip  of  bill ;  terminal  half  of  bill 
not  distinctly  compressed, 
c'.  Tongue  greatly  extensile ;  plumage  much  varied  with  black 
(or  brown)  and  white,  the  latter  prevailing  on  lower  parts. 

Dryobates.    (Page  281.) 
e*.  Tongue  very  slightly  extensile ;  plumage  uniform  black,  with 
white  head  and  white  spotting  on  basal  portion  of  quills. 

Xenopicus.    (Page  286.) 

d*.  Nasal  groove  running  out  on  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible,  about 

half-way  to  tip ;  terminal  portion  of  bill  distinctly  compressed. 

Tongue  scarcely  extensile Sphyrapicus.     (Page  288.) 

6*.  Only  one  hind- toe. 

Bill  bi'oad  and  much  flattened Picoides.     (Page  286.) 

a'.  Outer  hind-toe  not  longer  than  outer  anterior  toe. 

6*.  Head   conspicuously  crested;   large    (wing    not   less   than  7.25 — usually 

much  more) Ceophlccus.     (Page  289.) 

6*.  Head  not  crested ;  small  or  medium  (wing  less  than  7.25 — usually  much 
loss). 
c*.  Upper  mandible  with  a  distinct  lateral  ridge  and  nasal  groove,  the  tip 
more  or  less  truncated ;  plumage  of  lower  parts  without  spots,  the 
under  surface  of  quills  and  tail-feathers  without  yellow  or  red. 

Melanerpes.    (Page  290.) 

c*.  Upper  mandibie  without  distinct  lateral  ridge  or  nasal  groove,  the  tip 

scarcely  or  not  at  all  truncated ;  plumage  of  lower  parts  spotted 

with  black ;  under  surface  of  quills  and  tail-feathers  chiefly  yellow 

or  reddish,  the  shafts  brighter  yellow  or  red. 

Colaptes.    (Page  295.) 


CAMPEPHILUS. 


281 


295.) 


Genus  CAMPEPHILUS  Gray.    (Page  280,  pi.  LXXXII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 
Common    Characters  (of  North  American   species). — Bill   ivoiy-yellow   or 
whitish ;  plumage  mainly  black,  with  a  white  scapular  stripe  and  other  markings, 
the  occipital  crest  scarlet  or  glossy  black. 

a\  Plumage  glossy  black,  with  scapulars,  secondaries,  ends  of  shorter  primaries, 
and  under  wing-coverts  pure  white;  cx*est  of  female  entirely  glossy  blue- 
black. 
6\  A  white  stripe  down  each  side  of  neck ;  nasal  tufts  white. 

c^  White  neck-stripe  not  extending  to  the  bill ;  black  feathers  of  crown  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  underlying  scarlet  ones  of  crest ;  length  (fresh) 
19.75-21.00,  extent  of  wings  30.00-32.00,  wing  9.00-10.00,  tail  6.25- 
6.80,  culmen  2.60-2.80.  Eggs  1.31  X  -86.  Hab.  Formerly,  southern 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  and  lower  Mississippi  Valley,  north  to 
North  Carolina,  eastern  Missouri,  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana, 
and  west  to  eastern  Texas ;  now  apparently  confined  to  restricted 
localities  in  Gulf  States  (including  Florida)  and  lower  Mississippi 

Valley 392.  C.  principalis  (Linn.).    Ivory-billed  Woodpecker. 

c*.  White  neck-stripo  continued  to  base  of  bill;  black  feathers  of  crown  not 
reaching  to  tip  of  scarlet  crest ;  wing  9.50-9.70,  tail  6.50-7.00,  ex- 
posed culmen  2.30-2.40.     Ifab.  Cuba. 

C.  principalis  bairdi  (Cass.).     Cuban  Ivory-billed  Woodpecker.* 

il  No  white  stripe  on  side  of  neck  ;  nasal  tufts  black ;  length  about  23.00- 

24.00,  wing  11.70-13.20,  tail  8.00-9.50,  exposed  culmen  2.70-3.60.    Jfab. 

Western  Mexico,  north,  along    Sierra  Madre,  nearly  if   not  quite  to 

United  States  boundary ;  southeastern  Arizona  ? 

C.  imperialis  (Gould).     Imperial  Woodpecker.* 

a*.  Plumage  chiefly  dull  brownish  black,  the  low^er  parts,  except  breast,  barred  with 

black  and  pale  fulvous;  crest  of  female  bright  red  (whole  head  red  in  male). 

Length  about  12.00-13.00,  wing  7.50-8.00,  tall  4.80-5.20,  exposed  culmen 

1.85-2.20.    Hab.  Southern  Mexico,  and  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

C.  guatemalensis  (Hartl.).     Guatemalan  Ivory-billed  Woodpecker.* 

Genus  DRYOBATES  Boie.    (Page  280,  pi.  LXXXIII.,  figs.  1-2;  pi.  LXXXVL, 

fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common    Characters. — Above   black   or   brown,    more   or   less   spotted    or 
otherwise  varied  with  white;   lateral  tail-feathers  white,  with  or  without  black 

1  CampephiluK  bairdi  CA8S.,  Proa.  Ao.  Nat.  Sol.  Phila.  1863,  322.     0,  principalit,  var.  bairdi  B.  B.  <l  R. 
Ui8t.  N.  Am.  B.  ii.  1874,  496. 

*  Pictia  imperialii  QouLn,  P.  Z.  8.  II.  1832,  140.     Campephilut  imperialis  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  83. 

*  Picus  guatemaleH»i§  Hartl.,  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  214.     Camptphilui  guaiemalen*ii  ScL.,  Cat.  Am.  B.  1863, 
331. 


282 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


bars;  sides  of  head  striped  with  black  and  white;  lower  parts  whitish  (some- 
times stained  a  light  brownish  or  smoky  tint),  usually  more  or  less  varied  with 
dusky.  Adult  male  with  more  or  less  of  red  on  head,  usually  on  occiput.  Adult 
female  without  any  red  on  head.  Young  with  crown  more  or  less  extensively 
red  or  yellow. 

a}.  Back  varied  with  white. 

6'.  Back  striped  or  marked  longitudinally  with  white ;   lower  parts  without 
black  markings,  except  scraetimes  on  sides  of  breast  or,  more  rarely, 
on  flank, 
c'.  Lateral  tail-feathers  without  black  bars;  culmen  1.00,  or  more;  wing 
usually  more  than  4.00. 
rf'.  Middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  and  tertials  conspicuously  spotted 
with  white, 
c*.  Lores  partly  or  entirely  black,  the  white  superciliary  stripe 
being  thus  cut  off  from  the  white  or  pale  brownish  of  the 
nasal  tufts. 
p.  Wing  more  than  5.00,  culmen  1.40,  or  more. 

Length  aboiit  10.00-11.00,  wing  5.02-5.40  (5.25),  tail 
3.60-3.80  (3.70),  culmen  1.40-1.62  (1.49).  Hab. 
Northern  North  America,  west  to  Alaska  and 
British  Columbia,  south,  in  winter,  to  northern 
border  of  United  States. 

393a.  D.  villosus  leucomelas  (Bodd.). 
Northern  Hairy  Woodpecker. 
/*.  Wing  not  more  than  5.00;  culmen  not  more  than  1.35. 

g^.  Larger:  Length  about  8.50-9.00,  wing  4.50-5.00 
(4.70),  tail  3.10-3.60  (3.37),  culmen  1.18-1.35 
(1.24).  Eggs  .93  X  -69.  Hah.  Eastern  United 
States,  except  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 
393.  D.  villosus  (Linn.).  Hairy  Woodpecker. 
g*.  Smaller:  Length  about  8.00-8.75,  wing  4.40-4.80 
(4.51),  tail  3.00-3.20  (3.04),  culmen  1.12-1.24 
(1.14).  Hab.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States, 
north  to  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 

3936.  D.  villosus  audubonii  (Swains.). 

Sonthern  Hairy  Woodpecker. 

c'.  Lores  chiefly  or  entirely  white,  thus  connecting  the  white 

superciliary  stripe  with  the  white  or  light  brownish  of  the 

nasal  tufts. 

Length  about  7.00-8.00,  wing  3.95^.35  (4.12),  tail  2.85- 
3.10  (2.96),  culmen  1.00-1.22  (1.10).    Hab.  Bahamas. 
D.  villosuB  maynardi  Ridow.     Bahaman  Hairy 

Woodpecker.* 


» Picut  iniularit  Maymard,  The  Nat.  in  Florida,  i.  No.  4,  1886;  not  of  Gould,  1862. 


DRYOBATES. 


283 


(P.  "Wing-coverts  and  tertials  plain  black,  or  else  with  very  little  of 
white  spotting, 
e*.  Larger,  with  lower  parts  usually  white  (frequently  pure 
white,  rarely  smoky  grayish);  length  about  9.00-10.00, 
wing  4.70-5.30  (5.00),  tail  3.20-3.75  (3.43),  culmen  1.12-1.40 
(1.26).  Eggs  .96  X  -75.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  east 
to  Eocky  Mountains,  south  to  table-lands  of  Mexico. 

393c.  D.  villosus  harrisii  (Aud.). 
Harris's  Woodpecker. 
e'.  Smaller,  with  lower  parts  usually  deep  smoky  brown  (rarely 
smoky  gray) ;  length  about  7.00-8.00,  wing  3.80-4.90 
(4.24),  tail  2.45-3.20  (2.75),  culmen  .95-1.18  (1.00).  Hab. 
Central  America,  south  to  Veragua,  north  to  eastern 
Mexico  (Puebla  and  Vera  Cruz). 

D.  villosus  jardinii  (Malh.).    Jardine's  Woodpecker.* 
c".  Lateral  tail-feathers  with  a  greater  or  less  number  of  black  bai's ;  cul- 
men not  more  than  .80 ;  wing  usually  less  than  4.00, 
d}.  Middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  conspicuously  spotted  with  white ; 
length   about   6.25-7.00,  wing   3.40-4.05   (3.72),  tail   2.25-2.90 
(2.51),  culmen  .68-.82  (.73).     Eggs  .77  X  -58.    Hab.  Northern 
and  eastern  North  America,  and,  sporadioally,  western  North 
America  (Colorado,  California,  etc.)  also. 

394.  D.  pubescens  (Linn.).  Downy  Woodpecker. 
d*.  Middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  plain  black,  or  else  but  slightly 
spotted  with  white;  length  about  6.25-7.00,  wing  3.55-4.15 
(3.76),  tail  2.30-2.70  (2.51),  culmen  .70-.80  (.75).  Eggs  .74  X 
.56.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  east  to  Rocky  Mountains, 
north  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  New  Mexico. 

394a.  D.  pubescens  gairdnerii  (Attd.). 

Oairdner's  Woodpecker. 

h*.  Lack  barred  with  white;  sides  and  flanks  spotted  or  streaked  (or  both) 
with  black. 
c\  Ear-coverts  entirely  white ;  lores  black ;  male  with  a  narrow  (usually 
concealed)  streak  of  red  along  each  side  of  occiput. 
Length  about  7.50-8.50,  wing  4.50-5.00,  tail  3.20-3.50,  exposed 
culmen  .75-.85.    Eggs  .91  X  -68.    Hab.  Southeastern  United 
States,  north  regularly  to  North   Carolina  and   Tennessee 
(irregularly  to  New  Jersey),  west  to  Indian  Territory  and 
eastern  Texas. 

395.  D.  borealis  (Vieill.).    Red-cookaded  Woodpecker. 
c\  Ear-coverts  black  or  brown,  bordered  above  and  below  by  a  white 
stripe;  lores  whitish,  dull  grayish,  or  dusky;  adult  males  with  a 
patch  of  red  extending  entirely  across  the  occiput. 


284 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


d}.  Back  barred  with  black  and  white;    wings  black,  spotted  and 
barred  with  white ;  middle  lino  of  breast  unspotted, 
e*.  Forehead  smoky  brownish,  like  nasal  tufts  (the  ground-color 
sometimes  nearly  hidden,  however,  by  whitish  spotting) ; 
crown  often  speckled,  but  not  streaked,  with  white ;  lateral 
tail-feathers  with  inner  web  (sometimes  outer  web  also) 
barred  for  entire  length,  or  at  least  for  all  of  exposed  por- 
tion ;  ground-color  of  lower  parts  usually  smoky  white,  or 
pale  smoky  brownish.     Adult  male  with  whole  crown  red, 
or  spotted  with  red  (unless  the  red  tips  to  feathers  happen 
to  be  worn  off),  the  red  immediately  preceded  by  a  white 
speck  or  spot. 
/*.  Outer  tail-feathers  barred  regularly  with  black,  on  both 
webs,  for  whole  length. 
/.  Smaller    (length    about   6.00-6.75,   wing    less    than 
3.90). 
hK  Wing  3.80-3.85  (3.82),  tail  2.30-2.40  (2.33),  ex- 
posed culmen  .70-.79  (.74) ;  black  stripes  on 
side  of  head  narrower,  the  malar  stripe  usu- 
ally whitish  anteriorly ;  black  bars  on  back 
usually  appi'eciably  narrower  than  the  white 
ones  ;  scarlet  on  head  of  male  lighter,     ffab. 
Southeastern    Mexico  (Vera    Cruz,   Puebla, 
etc.). 

D.  scalaris  (Waql.).     Ladder-backed 

Woodpecker.^ 
h\  Wing  3.30-3.55  (3.44),  tail  2.10-2.20  (2.14),  ex- 
posed culmen  .60-.75  (.69) ;  black  stripes  on 
sides  of  head  broader,  the  malar  stripe  usu- 
ally dusky  or  blackish  anteriorly  ;  black  bars 
on  back  usually  a  little  broader  than  the 
white  ones ;  scarlet  on  head  of  male  darker. 
Hab.  Yucatan. 

D.  scalaris  parvus  (Cabot).    Cabot's  Ladder- 
backed  Woodpecker.* 
g\  Larger  (length  7.00-7.75,  wing  3.90-4.25). 

Wing  3.90-4.25  (4.06),  tail  2.45-2.75  (2.59),  ex- 
posed  culmen  .83-.93  (.87);  in  coloration 
not  constantly  different  from  true  scalaris, 
except  that  the  black  stripes  on  sides  of 
head  are  usually  broader,  the  lower  one 
usually  more  extended  toward  sides  of 
breast.      Eggs   .80  X  -62.     Hab.   Table-lands 


'  Picui  tcalarit  Waol.,  IbIb,  1829,  611. 

*  Pioui  parvtti  Cabot,  Boat.  Jour.  N.  I'  v.  1849,  90. 


DRYOBATES. 


285 


of  Mexico,   and  southern  border  of  United 
States,  from  Texas  to  Arizona. 

396.  D.  scaiaris  bairdi  (Scl.). 
Texan  Woodpecker.^ 
/'.  Outer  tail-feather  barred  with  white  only  on   terminal 
half  or  less,  except  sometimes  on  inner  web. 
g^.  Primary  coverts  with  at  least  one  row  of  small  white 
spots. 
h}.  Larger,  with  slenderer  bill  and  much  broader 
black  bars  on  back  (bars  about  .15-.20  wide); 
length  about  7.25-7.75,  wing  3.95-4.10  (4.02), 
tail  2.70-2.90  (2.81),  exposed  culmen  .91-.94 
(.93).    Hah.  Southern  portion  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia   396a.  D.  scaiaris  lucasanus 

(Xantus).  Saint  Lucas  Woodpecker. 
A".  Smaller,  with  stouter  bill  and  much  narrower 
black  bars  on  back  (bars  only  about  .10  wide); 
length  about  6.25-6.50,  wing  3.70-3.75  (3.72), 
tail  2.20-2.40  (2.30),  culmen  .70-.80  (.75).  Hab. 
Western  Mexico  (vicinity  of  Mazatlan). 

D.  scaiaris  sinaloensis  Ridow.     Mazatlan 

Woodpecker;' 

g^.  Primary  coverts  plain  dusky,  without  trace  of  white 

on  outer  webs ;  black  bars  on  back  broad,  as  in  D. 

lucasanus;  length  about  6.75-7.00,  wing  3.80-3.95 

(3.88),  tail  2.45-2.55  (2.50),  exposed  culmen  .74-.88 

(.82).    Hab.  Tres  Marias  Islands,  western  Mexico. 

D.  scaiaris  graysoni  Baird.     Grayson's  Woodpecker.* 

e".  Forehead  deep  black,  abruptly  defined  against  the  white,  smoky 

white,  or  dull  buff  of  nasal  tu^ts ;  crown  often  streaked, 

but  not  speckled,  with  white ;  lateral  tail-feathers  with  not 

more  than  two  di.stinct  black  bars,  these  near  end  (a  third 

occasionally  indicated) ;  ground-color  of  lower  parts  nearly 

pure  Avhite ;  adult  male  with  whole  crown  black,  or  black 

streaked  with  white,  the  red  being  confined  to  occiput  and 

nape. 

Lencrth  about  7.00,  wing  3.90-4.20  (4.06),  tail  2.60-3.05 
(2.78),  exposed  culmen  .77-.82  (.80).  Eggs  .82  X  -61. 
Hab.  California.' 

397.  D.  nuttallii  (Gamb.).    NuttaU's  Woodpecker. 

<P.  Back  and  wings  broAvn,  the  former  barred  or  transversely  spotted 

with  white,  and  primaries  spotted  with  same;  whole  breast 


^ 


I 


» Picm  bairdi  "  (Sclatek)"  Malh.,  Mon.  Plo.  i.  1861,  118,  pi.  27,  flgs.  7,  8. 

*  New  subspeoies. 

•  Picui  icalarii  var.  grayioni  Baird,  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  ii,  1874,  615  and  617  (in  text). 


286 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


spotted  or  broadly  streaked  with  dark  brown.     Hah.  South- 
eastern  Mexico  (Jalapa,  etc.). 

D.  stricklandi  (Malh.).    Strickland's  Woodpecker.* 
a'.  Back  without  any  white.    Upper  parts  plain  brown  or  light  sepia,  the  quills, 
also  inner  webs  of  secondaries,  spotted  with  white;  whole  breast  and  sides 
spotted  with  dark  brown,  the  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  barred  or  trans- 
versely spotted  with  the  same.     Adult  males  with  a  rather  narrow  occipital 
band  of  red,  as  in  D.  villosus  and  D.  pubescens ;    young  males  with  nearly 
whole  top  of  head  red. 
b\  Larger:  Length  7.40-8.40,  wing  4.40-4.65  (4.49),  tail  2.55-2.95  (2.81),  exposed 
culmen  .90-1.05  (.98).    Hab.  Southern  Arizona  and  adjacent  portion  of 
northwestern  Mexico. 

398.  D.  arizonsB  (Hargitt).    Arizona  Woodpecker.* 
6*.  Smaller;  Length  6.25,  wing  4.10,  tail  2.60,  exposed  culmen  .78.    Hab.  South- 
western Mexico  (Sierra  Madro  of  Colima). 

D.  arizonse  fraterculus  Einaw.    Colima  Woodpecker.^ 

Genus  XENOPICUS  Baird.    (Page  280,  pi.  LXXXIV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Head,  neck  (except  hinder  part),  upper  part  of  chest,  and  basal 
portion  of  quills  white ;  occiput  with  a  transverse  patch  or  broad  band  of  bright 
red ;  rest  of  plumage  uniform  black.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  with- 
out any  red  on  head.  Young  ni.ile:  Similar  to  adult,  but  black  of  a  duller  shade, 
and  red  of  head  consisting  of  a  squarish  patch  on  middle  of  crown,  instead  of  a 
band  across  occiput.  Length  about  8.90-9.40,  wing  5.00-5.10,  tail  4.00^.05.  Eggs 
.94  X  -70.  Hab.  Mountains  of  Pacific  coast,  including  Sierra  Nevada  (both  slopes), 
from  Washington  Territor}'  to  southern  California. 

399.  X.  albolarvatus  (Cass.).    White-headed  Woodpecker. 

Genus  PICOIDES  Lac^pede.     (Page  280,  pi.  LXXXII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  black  (head  glossed  with  bluish),  the  quills 
spotted  with  white  (back  also  varied  with  white  in  some  species) ;  a  broad  white 
stripe  on  side  of  head  beneath  eye  and  ear-coverts,  and  beneath  this  a  more  or  less 
distinct  black  stripe ;  lower  parts  white,  the  sides  and  flanks  barred  with  black ; 
lateral  tail-feathers  white  (without  distinct  bars  in  American  species) ;  adult  male 
with  yellow  patch  on  crown. 


•  Picut  (Leuconotopicui)  ttricklandi  Malh.,  Rev.  Zool.  viii.  1845,  373.  (Not  Dryobalet  ttricklandi  o{  tho 
A.  0.  U.  Check  List,  No.  398.) 

«  Picut  arixonx  HAnoiTT,  Ibis,  April,  1886, 115  (  =  No.  398,  "  Dryohatei  ttricklandi  Malh."  of  the  A.  0.  U. 
Check  List,  but  not  Picus  Hrieklandi  Malh.). 

>  New  subspecies ;  type,  No.  30106,  9  ad.,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Sierra  Nevada  of  Colima,  April,  1863,  J.  Xantus. 


PICOIDES. 


287 


a}.  No  white  on  back  noi*  on  top  of  head. 

Length  about  9.50-10.00,  wing  4.85-5.25,  tail  3.60,  eulmen  1.40-1.60.  Eggs 
.95  X  -^l.  Hab.  Northern  North  America,  south  to  northern  border  of 
United  States,  and  farther  on  high  mountain  ranges,  especially  westward, 
where  breeding  on  Sierra  Nevada  south  to  at  least  39°. 

400.  P.  arcticus  (Swains.).    Arctic  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 
fl'.  Back  (especially  along  middle  line)  varied  with  white,  and  top  of  head  also  usu- 
ally more  or  less  mixed  with  white. 
b^.  Back  with  detached  white  bars,  always  less  in  width  than  the  black  inter- 
spaces ;  white  postocular  streak  or  stripe  usually  indistinct,  black  bars 
on  sides  usually  broader,  and  adult  female  frequently  with  whole  top  of 
head  solid  black — never  very  conspicuously  varied  with  white. 

Wing-coverts  always  unifoi'm  black;  length  about  9.00,  wing  4.40- 
4.60  (4.37),  tail  3.10-3.75  (3.34),  eulmen  1.10-1.25  (1.17).  Eggs  .92 
X  .70.  Hab.  Northern  North  America  east  of  Rocky  Mountains ; 
south,  in  winter,  to  northern  border  of  United  States. 

401.  P.  americanus  Brghm.    American  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 

fc*.  Back  with  more  or  less  confluent  white  bars,  always  broader  than  black 

interspaces,  or  else  longitudinally  blotched  or  striped  with  white;  white 

postocular  streak  usual!}'  broader  and  more  conspicuous ;  black  bars  on 

sides  usually  narrower,  and  adult  female  usually  with  top  of  head  much 

varied  with  white. 

c*.  Back  usually''  distinctly  barred  with  black  (rarely  continuously  whita 

along  middle  line),  secondaries  more  distinctly  spotted  with  white 

(sometimes  wing-coverts  also  spotted,  more  or  less  numerously,  Avith 

white),  white  spots  on  quills  larger,   and  female  sometimes  with 

white  prevailing  on  top  of  head  :  length  about  9.50,  wing  4.50-4.70 

(4.58),  tail  3.10-3.7&  (3.41),  eulmen  1.10-1.25  (1.22).    Hab.  Alaska, 

north  of  the  mountains,  south  to  Nushagak,  and  eastward  through 

arctic  British  America  to  Foi-t  Reliance,  Great  Slave  Lake. 

401a.  P.  americanus  alascensis  (Nelson).    Alaskan 

Three-toed  Woodpecker, 
c*.  Back  continuously  white  along  the  middle  line,  with  fcAv  if  any  black 
bars,  the  markings  being  mostly  longitudinal ;  secondaries  less  dis- 
tinctly spotted  with  white,  white  spots  on  quills  smaller,  wing 
coverts  never  (?)  spotted  or  speckled  with  white,  and  adult  female 
never  (?)  with  much  white  streaking  on  top  of  head ;  length  about 
9.50,  wing  4.65-5.00  (4.93),  tail  3.20-3.65  (3.49),  eulmen  1.1.^-1.30 
(1.26),  the  bill  more  slender  than  in  alascensis.  Hab.  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, north  to  Fort  Liard,  Fort  Simpson,  Fort  Kenai,  and  Kadiak, 

south  to  New  Mexico 4016.  P.  americanus  dorsalis  Baird. 

Alpine  Three-toed  Woodpecker. 


288 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  SPHYRAPICUS  Baird.    (Page  280,  pi.  LXXXIII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Belly  plain  yellowish  or  white ;  upper  parts  black,  more 
or  less  varied  with  white,  the  inner  webs  of  middle  pair  of  tail-feathers  largely  or 
chiefly  white. 

a}.  Eump  mixed  black  and  white ;  belly  pale  sulphur-yellow,  or  whitish  ;  sexes  not 
very  different  in  color. 
b^.  Chest  with  a  black  patch,  and  sides  of  head  with  white  stripes  in  adult. 
Advlt  male  with  crown,  forehead,  chin,  and  throat  crimson -red.     Adult 
female  with  chin  and  at  least  part  of  throat  (entire  throat  in  S.  varius) 
white,  the  forehead  and  crown  sometimes  (in  individuals  of  S.  varius) 
glossy  black, 
c'.  Nape  brownish  white.    Adult  male  with  red  of  throat  separated  from 
the  white  stripe  on  cheeks  by  a  distinct  and  continuous  black  malar 
stripe,  connecting  with  the  black  patch  on  chest.    Adult  female  with. 
chin  and  throat  entirely  white,  and  red  sometimes  wanting  on  top 
of  head.     Young  :  Black,  red,  and  white  of  head,  neck,  and  chest 
nearly  or   quite   wanting,   the   general   color  being   a   dull    light 
mottled  brownish  tint,  the  pattern  of  the  adult  but  faintly  indi- 
cated.    Length  7.75-8.75,  Aving  (male)  4.80-5.00  (4.92),  tail  2.90- 
3.20  (3.07),  culmen  1.00-1.08  (1.04).     Eggs  .86  X  -66.     ITab.  North- 
ern and  eastern   North  America,  breeding  from  northern  United 
States  northward ;  south,  in  winter,  to  West  Indies,  Mexico  (both 
coasts),  and  Guatemala. 

402.  S.  varius  (Linn.).  Yellow-bellied  Sapsaoker. 
c*.  Nape  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  (often  with  a  distinct  red  band  or 
transverse  patch).  Adult. male  with  red  of  throat  extending,  in 
middle  portion,  quite  to  the  white  cheek-stripe,  the  black  malar 
stripe  being  thereby  obliterated,  except  at  extremities.  Adult 
female  with  lower  part  of  throat  (sometimes  nearly  whole  throat) 
red.  Length  8.00-8.75,  wing  (male)  4.92-5.10  (5.03),  tail  3.10-3.40 
(3.26),  culmen  .95-1.02  (.99).  Eggs  .87  X  -65.  Hab.  Rocky  Moun- 
tain district  of  United  States,  west  to  eastern  slope  of  Sierra  Nevada 
and  Cascade  ranges,  south  into  mountains  of  Mexico. 

402a.  S.  varius  nuchalis  Baird.    Ked-naped  Sapsucker. 
ft*.  Chest  without  black  patch,  and  sides  of  head  without  white  stripes. 

Adult  (sexes  alike)  :  Head,  neck,  and  chest  uniform  red,  or  with  white 
markings  and  black  chest-patch  of  S.  varius  and  S.  nuchalis  showing 
indistinctly  through  the  plumage.  Young :  Similar  to  same  stage 
of  S.  varius  and  8.  nuchalis,  but  darker,  the  head,  etc.,  usually  with 
a  pronounced  dull  purplish  red  suffusion.     Length  about  8.50-9.25, 


CEOPHLCEUS. 


289 


wing  (male)  4.70-5.05  (4.88),  tail  3.10-3.50  (3.28),  culmen  1.00-1.08 
(1.03).  Eggs  .94  X  -^0.  Hub.  Pacific  coast  district,  south  to  Fort 
Tejon,  California,  north  to  southern  Alaska. 

403.  S.  ruber  (Gmel.).    Red-breasted  Sapsncker. 
a}.  Kiimp   plain  white;   belly  bright   sulphur-yellow  or  lemon-yellow  (except   in 
young) ;  sexes  extremely  dissimilar  in  plumage. 

Adult  male:  General  color  glossy  black  (with  blue  gloss,  except  on  wings 
and  tail),  relieved  by  two  white  stripes  on  side  of  head,  a  large  white 
patch  covering  middle  and  greater  wing  coverts,  and  small  white  spots 
on  quills ;  throat  with  a  median  stripe  of  bi'ight  red.  Young  male : 
Similar  to  adult,  but  black  duller  and  everywhere  without  gloss,  belly 
whitish,  or  very  faintly  yellowish,  and  throat-stripe  white.  Adult 
female:  Head  nearly  uniform  light  brown,  the  throat  sometimes  (but 
rarely)  with  a  red  stripe  ;  sides,  flanks,  and  upper  parts  regularly  barred 
with  black  and  white ;  no  white  patch  on  wing-coverts ;  chest  usually 
with  more  or  less  of  a  black  patch.  Young  female:  Similar  to  adult,  but 
mai'kings  less  8hai*ply  defined,  colors  duller,  the  belly  whitish,  and  chest 
Avithout  black  patch.  Length  9.00-9.75,  wing  5.25-5.50,  tail  3.80-3.90, 
culmen  1.00-1.20.  Eggs  .96  X  -06.  Hah.  Western  United  States,  from 
(and  including)  Rocky  Mountains  to  Pacific  coast. 

404.  S.  thyroideus  (Cass.).    WilliamBon's  Sapsncker. 


Gentts  CEOPHLCEUS  Cab.4nis.    (Pago  280,  pi.  LXXXIY.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — General  color  dull  brownish  black,  or  dark  sooty  slate, 
the  under  wing-coverts,  throat,  and  one  or  more  stripes  on  side  of  head  (including 
one  down  side  of  neck)  whitish ;  male  with  whole  top  of  head,  including  occipi- 
tal crest,  and  a  broad  malar  stripe,  bright  red ;  female  with  only  the  crest  red,  the 
forehead,  crown,  and  malar  stripe  being  brownish  or  dusky. 


a'.  No  white  scapular  stripe ;  lower  parts  uniform  dusky,  the  flanks  usually  indis- 
tinctly barred  with  whitish ;  wing  8.90,  or  more. 

Adult  male:  Uniform  dull  dusky  slate,  varying  to  sooty  blackish,  the  chin 
and  throat,  two  stripes  on  side  of  head,  one  on  side  of  neck,  under 
wing-coverts,  and  basal  half  of  quills,  white,  more  or  less,  especially  on 
hidden  portions,  tinged  with  sulphur-yellow ;  whole  top  of  head,  including 
occipital  crest,  and  a  broad  malar  stripe,  bright  red.  Adult  female :  Sim- 
ilar to  the  male,  but  malar  stripe,  forehead,  and  crown  brownish  gray 
or  grayish  brown.  Length  about  15.15-19.00,  extent  of  wings  25.00- 
29.25,  wing  8.90-10.00,  tail  6.60-7.40,  culmen  2.10-2.65.  Eggs  1.27  X  -96. 
Ilab.  Whole  of  North  America,  in  heavily-wooded  districts. 

405.  C.  pileatus  (Linn.).    Pileated  Woodpecker. 
a}.  A  white  scapular  stripe ;  lower  parts,  posterior  to  breast,  barred  with  blackish 

87 


( 


290  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

and  pale  fulvous,  or  brownish  white ;  wing  less  than  7.50.     Hah.  Central 
America  and  Mexico,  north  to  Mirador  and  Mazatlan,  south  to  Panama. 

C.  scapularis  (Via.).    Delattre's  Woodpecker.* 


Genus  MELANERPES  Swainson.    (Page  280,  pi.  LXXXV.,  figs.  1-3.) 

Species. 

Back,  scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  plain  glossy  blackish  (grayish,  indistinctly 

barred  with  dusky  in  young  of  M.  erythroccphalus). 
b\  Lower  parts,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  white ;  plumage  of  neck  and 
lower  parts  soft,  blended  ;  wing  less  than  6.00.     (Subgenus  Melanerpes.) 
c^.  Adult  male :  Whole  head,  neck,  and  chest  uniform  rich  crimson,  bordered 
below,  against  white  of  breast,  by  black  (this  sometimes  concealed)  ; 
wing-coverts,  back,  and  scapulars  glossy  blue-black ;    lower  back, 
rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  lower  parts,  and  whole  exposed  portion  of 
secondaries  uniform  pure  white,  the  belly  usually  tinged  with  oi'ange 
or  reddish.     Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  with  inner  secon- 
daries more  or  less  spotted,  in  ti'ansverse  series,  with  black,  and  black 
collar  between  white  of  breast  and  crimson  of  chest  more  conspicu- 
ous.    Young :  Head,  neck,  and  chest  brownish  gray,  streaked  with 
dusky ;  secondaries  crossed  near  ends  by  one  or  more  black  bands ; 
wing-coverts,  scapulars,  and  back  dull  grayish,  barred  with  dusky. 
Length  about  9.25-9.75,  wing  5.30-5.70,  tail  3.60-3.75.     Eggs  .97  X 
.75.     Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  west  to  Rocky  Mountains  (occa- 
sionally still  farther  westward)  ;  rare  or  casual  east  of  Hudson  River. 
406.  M.  erythrocephalus  (Linn.).    Red-headed  Woodpecker. 
c'.  Adult  male :  Upper  parts  in  general,  eai'-coverts,  and  broad  band  across 
chest,   glossy   greenish   blue-black ;    feathers   round   base   of   bill, 
including  chin  and  upper  part  of  throat,  dull  black ;  lower  parts 
generally,  rump,  tail-coverts,  patch  on  base  of  primaries,  forehead, 
and  thence  to  lower  part  of  throat,  white,  the  last  more  or  less 
tinged  with  sulphur-yellow    (sometimes   brightly   of  this   color); 
crown  and  occiput  crimson-red.     Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male, 
but  fore-part  of  crown  glossy  blue-black.     Youmj  :  Similar  to  adults, 
with  same  sexnal  difference  in  color  of  crown,  but  colors  duller. 
d}.  Width  of  white  or  yellow  frontal  patch  and  black  crown-patch 
in  female  together   decidedly  greater  than  width  (longitudi- 
nallj^)  of  red  occipital  patch  ;  white  or  yellow  frontal  band  not 
loss  than  .30  wide  ;  wing  averaging  decidedly  more  than  5.50. 
e*.  Greater  part,  or  whole,  of  chest  streaked  with  white ;  wing 
5.30-5.90   (5.54),   tail   3.10-3.60   (3.42),   culmen,    1.10-1.22 
(1.16).     Hab.  Central  America  and  Southeastern  Mexico, 


1  Picui  scapularis  ViG.,  Zool.  Jour.  iv.  1828-29,  364. 


MELAXERPES. 


291 


Aving 


south  to'  Co8ta  Eiea,  north  to  Jalapa,  Cordoba,  Tchuanto- 
pec,  etc. 

M.  formicivorus  (SwAtN.s.).    Striped-breasted  Woodpecker.' 
e*.  Greater  part  of  chest  uniform  glossy  black,  the  white  streaks 
being  confined   to   posterior   half,    or   less ;    length  about 
8.50-9.50,  wing  5.30-G.OO  (5.G1),  tail  3.00-4.00  (3.64),  cul- 
men    1.00-1.40    (1.16).      IJggs   .91  X  -71.      Mab.    Central, 
northern,  and  western  Mexico  and  contiguous  border  of 
United  States,  from  western  Texas  to  California,  and  north 
along  Pacific  coast  to  British  Columbia ;    south,  through 
western  3Iexico,  to  Jalisco  (Tonila)  and  Sierra  Nevada  of 
Coliraa(?);  northern  Lower  California 407.  M.  formi- 
civorus bairdi  Eidqw.    Califomian  Woodpecker. 
(P.  Width  of  white  or  yellow  frontal  band  and  black  crown  band  in 
female  together  decidedly  loss  than  width  (longitudinally)  of 
red  occipital  patch;  white  or  yellow  frontal  band  less  than  .30 
wide ;  wing  averaging  decidedly  less  than  5.50. 

Greater  part  of  chest  streaked  with  white ;  throat  usually 
decidedly  brighter  sulphur-yellow  than  in  other  forms ; 
length  about  8.25-9.00,  wMng  5.20-5.55  (5.38),  tail  3.30-3.50 
(3.37),  culmen  1.15-1.25  (1.20).  Hab.  Southern  portion  of 
Lower  California....  407^.  M.  formicivorus  angustifrons 

Baiud.    Narrow-fronted  Woodpecker. 
h*.  Lower  parts  chiefly  pinkish  red  (in  adult)  or  grayish  (in  young),  rump  and 
upper  tail-coverts  glossy  blackish  ;  plumage  of  lower  parts  harsh,  hair- 
liko ;  wing  more  than  6.00.     (Subgenus  Asyndesmus  Coues.) 

Adi  It  (sexes  alike) :  Upper  parts,  lower  tail-coverts,  and  thighs  uni- 
form dark  metallic  greenish,  or  greenish  black ;  fore-part  of  head, 
including  cheeks,  dark  crimson ;  chest  and  collar  round  hind-neck 
light  hoary  grayish  ;  breast,  belly,  sides,  and  flanks  pinkish  red, 
lighter  anteriorly.  Young:  No  red  on  head,  which  is  dull  blackish 
above  and  on  cheeks,  and  dusky  grayish  on  throat ;  client  dirty 
light  grayish  ;  sides  dusky ;  belly  dull  reddish.  Length  10.50-11.50, 
wing  6.50-6.80,  tail  4.40-4.70.  Eggs  1.08  X  .79.  Hab.  Western 
United  States,  east  to  Black  Hills  and  Rocky  Mountains. 

408.  M.  torquatus  (Wilson).    Lewis's  Woodpecker. 

Back,  scapulars,  and  wings  barred  with  white.     (Subgenus  Centurus  Swainson.) 

6'.  Sides  distinctly  oarred  with  blackish  ;  lesser  wing-coverts  not  varied  with 

white.    Hab.  Central  America,  north   to  southern  Mexico,   south  to 

Veragua. 

M.  pucherani  (Malh.).    Pucheran's  Woodpecker.^ 

b*.  Sides  without  bars ;  lesser  wing-coverts  varied  with  white. 


: 


i 


109. 


•  PicuB  formicivorus  SwAiNS.,  Philos.  Mng.  i.  1827,  439.    Melanerpet  formicxvorut  Bonap.,  P.  Z.  S.  1837, 

*  Zehrapicus  pucherani  Malh.,  Rev.  Zool.  1849,  542;  Mou.  Pio.  ii.  1862,  227,  fl.  103,  figs.  1,  2. 


292  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

c*.  A  blackish  patch  above  or  surrounding  eye,  or  else  (in  female  of  M. 
hypopolius)  entire  occiput  and  hind-ueck  smoky  brownish  gray. 
d}.  Hind-neck  red  or  yellow ;  middle  of  belly  red  or  yellow. 
e\  Middle  of  belly  yellow. 

Adult  male :  Crown  and  occiput  bright  red,  the  hind-neck 
rich  orange  or  yellow;  orbits  surrounded  with  black, 
broader  above  and  behind  the  eye ;  rest  of  head  smoky 
grayish,  more  or  less  tinged  anteriorly  with  bright 
yellow.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  red  of 
crown  and  occiput  replaced  by  grayish,  sometimes  mixed 
with  black  posteriorly.  Wing  4.50-4.90,  tail  3.10-3.60, 
culmen  .95-1.10.  Hab.  Southern  and  western  Mexico, 
from  Puebla  north  to  Mazatlan. 

M.  elegans  (Swains.).     £Iegant  Woodpecker.' 
e*.  Middle  of  belly  red. 

/'.  Larger  (wing  5.50  or  more) ;  plumage  much  tinged  or 
stained,  above  and  below,  with  ochraceous-yellow. 
Hab.  Cuba. 

M.  superciliaris  (Temm.).     Superciliary  Woodpecker.' 
/'.  Smaller  (wing  less  than  5.50) ;   plumage  not  distinctly 
stained  with  ochraceous-yellow. 
g^.  Darker,  the  forehead  dull  white  or  pale  smoky  gray- 
ish or  brownish,  the  nasal  tufts  only  partly  red- 
dish or  yellowish,  the  white  bars  of  back,  etc., 
stained  with  pale  brownish.     Mab.  Abaco  Island, 
Bahamas. 

M.  blakei  Kidqw.    Blake's  Woodpecker.* 

y*.  Paler,  the  forehead  pure  white,  the  nasal  tufts  wholly 

bright  red,  white  bars  of  back,  etc.,  very  slightly 

if  at  all  tinged  with  brownish,  lower  parts  paler, 

etc.     Hab.  Watling  Island,  Bahamas. 

M.  nyeanus  Kidqw.    Nye's  Woodpecker.* 
d*.  Hind-neck  soft  smoky  bi'ownish  gray;  middle  of  belly  whitish. 

Adult  male  with  a  patch  of  red  on  crown  and  a  tinge  of  red 
on  cheeks ;  adult  female  without  red  on  crown,  and  with 
red  on  cheeks  more  distinct.  Hab.  Southern  Mexico  (Pu- 
ebla, etc.). 

M.  h}rpopolius  (Waol.).    Gray-breasted  Woodpecker.* 
c'.  No  black  over  or  around  eye. 
dK  Middle  of  belly  red. 


lis. 


>  Picui  elegant  SwAiita.,  Phiios.  Mag.  i.  1827,  439.     Ccnlurtm  elegant  Gray,  Qen.  B.  ii.  1840,  442. 

'  Picut  itiperciliarit  Tbmm.,  PI.  Col.  livr.  73,  1827,  pi.  433.     Cen«urut  tiiperciliarit  Bonap.,  Consp.  i.  1850, 

3  Centurnt  blakei  Rtdow.,  Auk,  lil.  July,  1886,  337. 

*  Centurut  nyennui  Riuow,,  Auk,  iii.  July,  1886,  336. 

*  Pictti  hjfpopoitut  Waol.,  Ibis,  1820,  614.     Centurut  hjfpopoliut  Light.,  Nomenol.  1854,  76. 


MELANERPES. 


293 


bright 


e'.  Larger  (wing  4.85  to  more  than  5.00) ;  frontlet  (nasal  tufts) 
red. 
p.  Middle  tail-feathers  varied  with  white ;  red  of  crown  in 
male  confluent  with  that  of  nasal  tufts ;  belly  paler 
red,  or  pinkish  red.  Adult  male :  Whole  top  of  head 
and  hind-neck  bright  red.  Adult  female:  Similar  to 
male,  but  crown  ash-gray.  Young :  With  colors  much 
duller  than  in  adult,  and  all  the  markings  less  sharply 
defined ;  the  red  of  the  head  indistinct,  that  of  the 
belly  often  replaced  by  dull  buffy.  Length  (fresh) 
9.00-10.10,  wing  4.85-5.50,  tail  3.50-3.95,  culmen  1.00- 
1.20.  Eggs  .96  X  -71.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States, 
west  to  eastern  base  of  Eockj'  Mountains,  south  to 
Florida  and  central  Texas ;  x'are  or  accidental  east  of 
Hudson  Kiver. 

409.  M.  carolinus  (Linn.).    Bed-bellied  Woodpecker. 

/'.  Middle  tail-feathers  entirely  uniform  black;   white  bars 

of  back,  etc.,  very  much  narrower  than  black  ones ; 

red  of  crown  in  adult  male  separated  from  that  of 

nasal  tufis  by  a  white  band ;  middle  of  belly  intense 

red. 

g^.  Eump  and   upper    tail-coverts    immaculate   white; 

lower  parts  paler.    Hab.  Yucatan. 

M.  dubius  (Cabot).     Uxmal  Woodpecker.^ 
<7*.  Rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  more  or  less  barred  or 
otherwise  marked  with  black;  lower  parts  darker. 
Hab.  Cozumel  Island,  Yucatan. 

M.  leei  Ridgw.    Lee's  Woodpecker.* 
c".  Smaller  (wing  less  than  4.50);   frontlet  (nasal  tufts)  yellow. 
(Otherwise  similar  in  color  to  M.  dubius,  but  middle  tail- 
feathers  more  or  less  varied  with  white  toward  base.) 
/^  Larger  and  lighter  colored,  with  less  white  on  middle 
tail-feathers ;  wing  4.20-4.40.    ITab.  Yucatan. 

M.  rubriventrif  (Swains.).     Swainson's  Woodpecker.* 
/'.  Smaller   and   darker,  with   more  Avhite   on   middle   tail- 
feathers;    wing    3.80-3.95.      Hab.     Cozumel    Island, 
Yucatan. 

M.  pygmseus  Ridqw.    Pygmy  Woodpecker.* 
d*.  Middle  of  belly  yellow  or  (rar  ly)  orange, 
e*.  Hind-neck  yellow,  orange,  or  orange-red. 

/'.  Bars  on  back,  etc.,  narrow,  the  white  ones  decidedly  nar- 


i 


■  Picui  dubiut  Oabot,  Jour.  BoHton  Soo.  v,  1846,  91. 

'  Centurut  leei  RiDow.,  Dcsor.  N.  Sp.  B.  CoKumel,  Feb.  26,  1885,  3. 

'  Centurui  rubnventrin  SwAiNS.,  Anim.  in  Menag.  1838,  354. 

*  C*nturu$  ruhriventrii  pytjmKiif  Ridow.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Ma*,  viii.  Oct.  17, 1885,  670. 


[ 


294 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


rower  than  the  black  ones ;  breast,  etc.,  deep  smoky- 
gray,  or  olive-gray ;  adult  male  with  red  crown-patch 
usually  confluent  with  orange  or  orange-red  of  nape ; 
middle  tai' -feathers  usually  varied  with  white.  Hah. 
Salvador,  Honduras,  Guatemala,  and  southern  Mexico, 
north  to  Jalapa  and  Mirador. 

M.  santa-cruzi  (Bonaf.).  Santa  Cruz's  Woodpecker.^ 
/".  Bai's  on  back,  etc.,  broader,  the  white  ones  equal  to  black 
ones  in  width ;  breast,  etc.,  pale  brownish  gray  or  dull 
grayish  white ;  adult  male  with  red  crown-patch  usu- 
ally entirely  surrounded  by  ash-gray — rarely  confluent 
with  the  orange,  orange-red,  or  yellow  of  nape  ;  middle 
tail-feather  always  (?)  entirely  black. 

Adult  male :  Crown  with  a  bright  red  patch,  usually 
surrounded  by  pale  grayish  (paler,  sometimes 
nearly  white,  across  forehead),  but  sometimes  con- 
fluent posteriorly,  along  the  median  line,  with  the 
orange  of  the  hind-neck ;  frontlet  bright  yellow. 
Adult  female  :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  crown  en- 
tirely light  graj'ish  (paler  anteriorly),  the  yellow 
of  frontlet  and  belly  and  orange  or  yellow  of  hind- 
neck  paler.  Young :  Much  duller  in  colors  than 
adult,  the  markings  much  less  sharply  defined, 
and  the  bright  colors  of  head  but  faintly  indi- 
cated ;  bi-east  indistinctly  streaked  with  dusky. 
Wing  5.20-5.65,  tail  3.40-3.75,  culmen  1.20-1.40. 
Eggs  .99  X  -75.     Hab.  Northeastern  Mexico  and 

southern  Texas 410.  M.  aurifrons  (Wagl.). 

Oolden-fronted  Woodpecker. 
e*.  Hind-neck  soft  light  grayish  brown,  or  smoky  drab. 

Eump  and  upper  tail-coverts  regularly  barred  with  black. 
Adult  male:  Head,  neck,  and  most  of  lower  parts  uni- 
form soft  smoky  drab  or  light  grayish  brown,  the 
middle  of  the  crown  with  a  crimson  patch.  Adxdt 
female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  no  red  on  crown. 
Young :  Not  essentially  diflTerent  from  adult,  but 
markings  less  sharply  defined,  and  colors  duller. 
Wing  5.00-5.30,  tail  3.50-3.90,  culmon  .95-1.25.  Eggs 
.98  X  .70.  Hab.  Southern  Arir.ona,  southeastern  Cali- 
Tornia,  Lower  California,  and  western  Mexico,  south 
to  Mazatlan. 

411.  M.  uropygialis  (BAinn).    Oila  Woodpecker. 


>  Centurut  nutta-ciuii  Uonap.,  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  116. 


COLAPTES. 


295 


Genus  COLAPTES  Swainson.    (Page  280,  pi.  LXXXVI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Back,  scapulax-s,  and  wing-coverts  brownish,  barred 
with  black ;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  white,  the  latter  broadly  barred  or 
otherwise  marked  with  black ;  outer  surface  of  quills  and  upper  surface  of  tail- 
feathers  black,  the  shafts  of  these  feathers  bright  yellow  or  red ;  under  surface 
of  quills  and  tail-feathers  paler  yellow  or  reddish,  the  latter  with  a  broad  black 
terminal  band;  lower  parts  pale  vinaceous,  marked  with  small  roundish  or 
cordate  spots  of  black,  the  chest  with  a  large  transverse,  somewhat  crescentic, 
patch  of  black.  Adult  males  with  a  broad  malar  stripe,  or  "  mustache,"  of  black  or 
red. 

a}.  Shafts,  etc.,  yellow. 

bK  Occiput  with  a  red  patch  ;  throat  light  pinkish  cinnamon,  or  vinaceous ;  top 

of  head  grayish  ;  male  with  the  "  mustacho"  deep  black. 

c\  Eump  immaculate  white;    length  12.00-12.75,  wing  5.50-6.60  (6.15), 

tail  4.00-4.95  (4.45),  exposed  culmen  1.25-1.40  (1.33).     Eggs  1.10  X 

.85.     Hab.   Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay  and 

Alaska  (Yukon  Valley,  to  Sitka),  west  to  Great  Plains. 

412.  C.  auratus  (Linn.).    Flicker. 

c\  Eump  thickly  spotted  with  black ;  wing  5.35-5.75,  tail  4.30-4.80.     Hab. 

Cuba. 

C.  chrysocaulosus  Gundl.    Cuban  Flicker.^ 

6'.  Occiput  without  any  red ;  throat  ash-gray ;  top  of  head  cinnamon-brown ; 
"mustacho"  of  male  bright  red;  length  11.20-11.70,  wing  5.35-6.15 
(5.75),  tail  3.75-4.30  (4.05),  exposed  culmen  1.30-1.55  (1.38).  Eggs  1.10 
X  -83.  Hab.  Southeastern  California,  Lower  California,  southern  Ari- 
zona, and  Sonoi'a 414.  C.  chrysoides  (Malh.).    Gilded  Flicker. 

a'.  Shafts,  etc.,  red. 

6'.  Top  of  head  dull  brown,  graj'ish  brown,  or  brownish  gray,  becoming  per- 
ceptibly grayer  (or  less  distinctly  brown)  on  hind-neck,  more  rusty  or 
cinnamon-colored  on  forehead,  lores,  and  superciliary  region ;  rump  usu- 
ally immaculate  white ;  back,  etc.,  grayish  brown,  varying  to  a  burnt- 
umber  tint,  narrowly  barred  with  black,  these  bars  always  much  nar- 
rower than  the  brown  interspaces;  "  mustacho"  of  male  bright  scarlet. 
c^.  Exposed  culmen  usually  much  less  than  1,60 ;  wing  averaging  decidedly 
more  than  6.25 ;  crown  grayish  brown,  or  brownish  gray,  becoming 
browner  anteriorly ;  rump  pure  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with  deli- 
cate pinkish ;   shafts  pux'e  orange-vermilion,  or  scarlet,  the  inner 
webs  of  quills  and  under  surface  of  tail  deep  pinkish  red,  varying 
to  orange-red. 
d}.  Lighter  colored,  with  back  grayish  brown,  lower  parts  pale  vina- 


n 


>  Colaptet  chryiocautoHui  QuNUL.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N,  Y.  vi.  1858,  273. 


296  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

ceous,  or  vinaceoua-white,  throat  ash-gray,  and  crown  light 
grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray;  length  12.75-14.00,  wing 
6.45-7.15  (6.66),  tail  4.40-5.20  (4.86),  exposed  culmen  1.34-1.53 
(1.46).  Eggs  1.13  X  -88.  Hab.  Whole  of  western  United 
States  and  table-lands  of  Mexico,  except  northwest  coast  and 
Lower  California;  east  to  Rocky  Mountains  (occasionally 
across  Great  Plains  to  Kansas). 

413.  C.  cafer  (Gmel.).    Red-shafted  Flicker/ 
d}.  Darker,  with  back  deeper  brown  (sometimes  of  a  warm  burnt- 
umber  tint),  lower  parts  deeper  vinaceous,  throat  deeper  ash- 
gvay  (sometimes  almost  plumbeous),  and  top  of  head  deeper 
brownish ;  wing  6.35-7.00  (6.63),  tail  4.70-5.20  (5.01),  exposed 
culmen    1.35-1.60   (1.47).      Hab.    Northwest   coast,   north   to 
Sitka,  south  to  northern  California  (chiefly  in  coast  district). 
413a.  C.  cafer  saturatior  Eidgw.    Northwestern  Flicker. 
c^.  Exposed  culmen  not  less  than  1.60,  the  bill  slenderer  and  more  curved ; 
wing  avei'aging  less  than  6.25 ;  crown  cinnamon-brown,  becoming 
deej)  cinnamon  anteriorly;  rump  vinaceous- white;  shafts  red-lead 
color,  the  under  surface  of  quills  and  tail  a  paler  shade  of  the 
same. 

Wing  5.90-6.25  (6.05),  tail  4.50-5.00  (4.72),  exposed  culmen  1.60- 
1.85  (1.70).     Hah.  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

415.  C.  rufipileus  Eidqw.  Guadalupe  Flicker, 
i*.  Entire  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  uniform  deep  cinnamon,  strongly  and  very 
abruptly  contrasted  with  ash-gray  of  ear-coverts,  etc. ;  rump  distinctly 
spotted  with  black ;  back,  etc.,  light  cinnamon-brown,  broadly  barred 
with  black,  these  bars  about  the  same  width  as  the  lighter  interspaces ; 
"  mustache"  of  male  carmine-red ;  size  about  the  same  as  in  C  cafer. 
Hab.  Guatemala. 

C.  mexicanoides  Lafr.    Quatemalan  Flicker.^ 


1  It  may  hereafter  prove  expedient  to  Hcparato  the  birds  of  the  United  States  from  those  of  Mexico  as  repre- 
senting a  geographical  race.  Eight  specimens  from  Mexico  (Valley  of  Mexico,  Mirador,  Saltillo,  Puebla,  etc.) 
arc  much  smaller  than  northern  examples,  and  with  a  single  exception  (an  example  from  Saltillo,  Coahuila) 
have  the  black  bars  on  tho  back,  etc.,  much  narrower.  The  extreme  and  average  measurements  of  this  series 
are  os  follows:  wing  5.90-6.50  (O.l.'J),  tail  4.00-4.70  (4.41),  exposed  culmen  1.20-1.40  (1.30).  If  separated,  the 
United  States  bird  would  have  to  be  called  C.  cafer  collan'g  (Vig.),  the  Colaptes  collana  of  Vigors  (Zool,  Jour, 
iv.  1329,  384;  Zool.  Beechey's  Voy.  1839,  24,  pi.  0)  having  been  based  on  speoimons  from  Monterey,  Cali- 
fornia. 

*  Culaptei  mexicanoidei  Lafr.,  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  42. 


CAPRIMULQIDJE. 


297 


Order  MACROCHIRES. — The  Goatsuckers, 

Swifts,  etc.  (Page  2.) 

Families. 

«'.  Secondaries  more  than  six ;  bill  short,  very  broad  at  base,  the  gape  deeply  cleft ; 
plumage  not  metallic. 
6*.  Middle  toe  much  longer  than  lateral  toes,  its  claw  with  inner  edge  pecti- 
nated ;    gape  more  or  less  distinctly  bristled ;  plumage  much  spotted, 
the  feathers  soft,  with  downy  or  moth-like  surface.    (Suborder  Capri- 

mulgi.) Caprimulgidae.    (Page  297.) 

6*.  Middle  toe  not  distinctly  longer  than  lateral  toes,  its  claw  with  edge  not 
pectinated ;  gape  without  bristles ;  plumage  plain  and  compact,  the 
feathers  with  smooth  surface.     (Suborder  Cypseli.) 

Micropodidse.    (Page  302.) 
a*.  Secondaries  only  six ;  bill  long  as  head,  or  longer,  slender,  the  gape  not  deeply 
cleft ;  plumage  more  or  less  metallic.    (Suborder  Trochili.) 

Trochilidae.    (Page  303.) 


Family  CAPRIMULGID^.— The  Goatsuckers.    (Page  297.) 

(Eggs  deposited  on  bare  ground,  dead  leaves,  gravel,  or  sand,  2,  broadly  ellip- 
tical-oval, plain  or  spotted.) 

Genera. 

a^.  Gape  without  conspicuous  bristles ;  tail  emarginated. 

Chordeiles.    (Page  300.) 
a'.  Gape  with  conspicuous  bristles ;  tail  even  or  rounded. 

6'.  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe,  and  feathered  in  front  almost  to  the  toes ; 

first  quill  longer  than  fourth Antrostomus.     (Page  298.) 

b*.  Tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe,  entirely  naked  in  front ;  first  quill  shorter 
than  fourth, 
c'.  Tail  even,  much  shorter  than  wing,  the  latter  less  than  6.00;  quills 

without  white  patch Phalaenoptilus.    (Page  299.) 

c*.  Tail  much  rounded,  nearly  equal  to  or  longer  than  wing,  the  latter  6.00 
or  more ;  quills  with  a  white  patch...  Nyctidromus.    (Page  300.) 


4 


u\ 


298  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Genus  ANTROSTOMUS  Gould.    (Page  297,  pi.  LXXXVII.,  fig.  1 ;  pi. 

LXXXVIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  brownish  and  grayish,  much  mottled  and 
otherwise  varied  with  blackish  ;  outer  webs  of  quills  spotted  with  ochraceous,  but 
(in  North  American  species)  without  any  white  spot ;  lower  parts  pale  fulvous  or 
buffy,  mottled  or  barred  with  dusky ;  throat  with  a  white,  ochraceous,  or  buffy 
transverse  patch ;  tail  ol'  male  with  white  on  terminal  portion  of  inner  webs. 

rt*.  Bristles  of  gape  with  lateral  filaments. 

Adult  male :  Terminal  third,  or  more,  of  three  outer  tail-feathers  white, 
or  buffy.  Adult  female :  Outer  tail-feathers  without  any  white  or  buffy 
patch;  length  about  11.00-12.00,  wing  8.70-8.90,  tail  6.25-630.  Eggs 
deposited  on  ground  or  dead  leaves  in  woods,  1.39  X  1-01,  pulo  pinkish 
buff,  marbled  with  pale  brown  and  lilac-gray.  Hab.  Southern  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  States  and  lower  Mississippi  Valley,  north  to  North  Carolina  and 

southern  Illinois 416.  A.  carolinensis  (Gmel.).    Chnck-will's-widow. 

a'.  Bristles  of  gape  without  lateral  filaments. 

6'.  Nostrils  large,  opening  vertically  from  out  a  nearly  circular  tubular  case  ; 
rictal  bristles  verv  large  and  much  lengthened,  extending  nearly  half 
their  length  beyond  tip  of  bill;  top  of  head  with  ground-color  distinctly 
brownish,  the  whole  surface  marked  with  broad,  serrate-edged  streaks 
of  black ;  adult  males  with  white  tail-patches  occupying  less  than  ter- 
minal third  of  three  or  four  outer  feathers,  and  decreasing  in  extent 
from  exterior  feather, 
c*.  Wing  7.00,  or  more ;  four  outer  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white  in  male, 
three  outer  ones  tipped  with  buff  in  female ;  length  about  10.50- 
11.00,  wing  7.00-7.25,  tail  5.50-5.70,  longer  rictal  bristles  1.80-2.00. 

Hab.  Cuba. 

A.  cubanensis  Lawr.     Cuban  Whippoorwill.^ 

c*.  Wing  less  than  7.00  ;  three  outer  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white  in 
male,  with  buff  in  female;  length  about  10.00,  wing  6.60-6.70,  tail 
5.20-5.35,  longer  rictal  bi-istles  about  1.20-1.40.  Hab.  Eastern  Mexico 
(Miradoi',  La  Parada,  etc.). 

A.  macromystax  (Waol.).    Mexican  Whippoorwill.* 

b^.  Nostrils  small,  inconspicuous,  not  distinctly  raised  above  general  level  of 

base  of  bill ;  rictal  bristles  much  weaker,  reaching  less  than  half  their 

^ongth  beyond  tip  of  bill ;  top  of  head  more  or  less  distinctly  grayish, 

■■  I  rowly  streaked  laterally,  and  very  broadly  streaked  medially,  with 

lark;  adult  male  with  white  tail-patch  occupying  more  than  terminal 


1  Antro$tomu»  cubaii/ninii  LAwn.,  Ann,  Lyo.  N.  Y.  vil.  May,  1860,  260. 

*  Caprimulgus  maeromt/ttax  AVaoi..,  Isis,  1831,  533.     Antro$tomu»  macromylax  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1866,  137. 


PHAL^NOPTIL  US. 


290 


thii'd  of  three  outer  tail-feathers,  and  increasing  in  extent  from  exterior 

feather, 
c*.  Smaller,  with  white  tail-patch  of  male  more  extended,  throat-bar 
chiefly  or  wholly  white  in  adult  male,  the  lores  and  auriculars  less 
tawny.  Young  :  Scapulars,  wing-coverts,  sides  of  neck,  etc.,  bright 
ochraceous-buff,  the  first  marked  with  large  roundish  spots  of 
black ;  top  of  head  finely  mottled  grayish,  spotted,  instead  of 
marked  longitudinally,  with  black,  the  spots  larger  in  centre  of 
crown  ;  lower  parts  almost  plain  light  buffy  ;  otherwise,  essentially 
like  adult.  Length  about  9.50-10.00,  wing  5.80-6.70,  tail  5.10-6.50, 
longer  rictal  bristles  about  1.40-1.70  (but  much  slenderer  than  in 
A.  macromystax).  Eggs  deposited  on  ground  or  dead  leaves  in  woods, 
1.12  X  -S-l,  creamy  white  or  pure  white,  spotted  or  blotched  with 
lilac-gray,  or  lilac-gray  and  pale  brown.  Hab.  Eastern  United 
States,  north  to  British  Provinces  (Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
Manitoba,  etc.),  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains;  south,  iu  winter, 
through  eastern  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 

417.  A.  vociferus  (Wils.).  Whippoorwill. 
'.  Larger,  with  white  tail-patch  of  adult  male  less  extended,  throat-bar 
largely  or  entirely  ochi'aceous  in  adult  male,  the  lores  and  auriculars 
(whole  plumage,  in  fact)  more  tawny;  length  9.60-10.20,  wing  6.27- 
6.65,  tail  5.03-5.45,  longer  rictal  bristles  about  1.40-1.80.  Hab.  Table- 
lands of  central  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

417a.  A.  vociferus  arizonse  Brewsx.    Stephens's  Whippoorwill. 


Genus  PHAL^NOPTILUS  Eidqway.    (Page  297,  pi.  LXXXIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult  male  :  Top  of  head  soft  velvety  grayish,  barred  with  dusky ;  under  tail- 
coverts  plain  buff;  upper  parts  in  general  soft  bi'ownish  gray,  with  a  veiy  velvety, 
moth-like  surface,  relieved  by  irregular  spottings  and  zigzags  of  black,  the  outer 
webs  of  the  quills  spotted  with  deep  buff,  or  ochraceous ;  thi-oat  with  a  lai'go  trans- 
verse patch  of  white  ;  other  lower  parts  (except  tail-coverts)  barred  with  blackish 
and  light  buffy;  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  broadly  tipped  with  white. 
Adult  female  :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  usually  with  white  tips  to  tail-feathers  nar- 
rower. Young :  Much  like  adult,  but  colors'  above  more  silvery  gray,  mixed  more 
or  less  with  bright  rusty  or  ochraceous,  the  black  markings  smaller  and  less  dis- 
tinct, the  white  of  throat  and  tail  reduced  in  extent,  and  tinged  with  ochraceous 
or  rusty.  Length  7.25-8.50,  wing  5.60-5.75,  tail  3.70-3.90.-  Eggs  deposited  on 
ground  in  open  places,  .99  X  -78,  plain  dead  white,  usually  with  a  faint  buffy  or 
pinkish  tinge.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  east  to  across  Great  Plains,  south  to 
southern  Mexico 418.  P.  nuttalli  (AuD.).    Foorwill. 


'I 

.-.(ij 


H 


300 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  NYCTIDROMUS  Gould.    (Page  297,  pi.  LXXXYIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Above  finely  mottled  brownish  gray  or  brownish,  the  crown  with 
a  central  series  of  broad  black  streaks,  the  scapulars  handsomely  variegated  with 
black  and  buff  in  large,  somewhat  V-shaped,  markings ;  base  of  six  outer  primaries 
white,  forming  a  large  patch  over  both  webs,  the  rest  of  the  quills  plain  dusky  ; 
outer  tail-feathers  nearly  uniform  blackish ;  next  mostly  white,  with  outer  web 
chiefly  dusky ;  third  also  mostly  white,  the  outer  web  edged  with  dusky ;  four 
middle  tail-feathers  without  any  white,  their  ground-color  mottled  brownish  gray, 
relieved  by  irregular  "  herring-bone"  blotches  of  dusky  along  the  shaft;  lower  parts 
buffy,  regularly  barred  with  dusky,  the  throat  crossed  by  a  distinct  collar  of  pure 
white  ;  length  12.00-13.50,  wing  6.75-7.50,  tail  6.75-7.40.  Adult  female :  Similar  to 
the  male,  but  smaller,  more  brownish,  the  colors  duller  and  less  handsomely  con- 
trasted, the  white  of  quills  and  tail-feathers  more  restricted,  that  of  former  occu- 
pying only  four  outer  quills,  of  latter  occupying  only  terminal  poi-tion  (for  .75- 
1.75)  of  the  inner  webs  of  second  and  third  feathers,  the  blackish  basal  portion  of 
which  is  bi'oadly,  though  more  or  less  irregularly,  barred  and  mottled  with  ochra- 
ceous;  length  about  10.50-11.50,  wing  6.00-6.30,  tail  5.80-6.00.  Young:  Much 
paler  than  adult,  the  lower  parts  nearly  immaculate  pale  dull  buffy,  the  wing- 
coverts  and  tertials  with  this  color  prevailing ;  dark  markings  on  top  of  head  in 
form  of  somewhat  ti'iangular,  drop-shaped,  or  diamond-shaped  spots,  each  imme- 
diately surrounded  by  a  paler  tint  than  the  general  surface ;  sexes  distinguished  as 
in  adult  stages.  Eggs  deposited  on  ground  or  dead  leaves  in  woods  or  thickets, 
1.16  X  -84,  deep  pinkish  buff,  or  salmon-buff,  sparselj*  speckled  or  spotted  with  rusty 
or  cinnamon.  Hab.  "Whole  of  tropical  America  (except  West  Indies),  north  to 
lower  Kio  Grande  Yalley  in  Texas 419.  N.  albicoUis  (Gmel.).   Paranqne. 


Genus  CHORDEILES  Swainson.    (Page  297,  pi.  LXXXVII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  mottled  with  blackish  and  grayish  (sometimes 
varied,  more  or  less,  with  ochraceous),  the  tail  more  or  less  distinctly  banded  with 
dusky ;  quills  chiefly  plain  dusky,  several  of  the  longer  ones  marked  near  the 
middle  portion  with  a  more  or  less  extensive  white  or  buffy  spot;  lower  parts 
whitish  or  buffy,  barred  with  dusky,  the  throat  with  a  more  or  less  conspicuous 
A-shaped  white  or  buffy  patch  ;  adult  males  with  a  broad  bar  of  white  across  tail 
near  tip  (except  on  middle  feathers).  Young :  Much  more  finely  and  profusely 
mottled  than  in  adults,  with  less  of  dusky  above  and  dusky  bars  on  lower  parts  less 
distinct ;  upper  parts  often  more  or  less  suffused  or  mixed  (especially  in  C.  texensis 
and  C.  virginianus  henryi)  with  pale  cinnamon  or  rusty  buff. 

a*.  White  or  (rarely)  buffy  spot  or  patch  on   quills  situated  mainly  or  wholly 
anterior  to  tip  of  seventh  quill,  the  space  between  this  white  patch  and  the 


CHORDEILES. 


301 


primary  coverts   unspotted   dusky;   secondaries  not  distinctly,   if  at  all, 
spotted  with  buffy  or  ochraceous;   general  color  above  very  variable,  but 
•with  dusky  markings  rarely  distinctly  longitudinal,  or  streak-like;  first 
quill  usually  longest. 
6'.  Darker,  with  dusky  markings  predominating  above. 

c\  Larger:  Wing  7.30-8.25  (7.79),  tail  4.30-4.75  (4.52).  Eggs  deposited  in 
open  situations  (fields,  etc.),  1.19  X  -85)  pale  olive-buff,  buffy  white, 
grayish  white,  etc.,  thickly  speckled  and  dashed,  in  varying  char- 
acter and  quantity,  with  deep  brown,  olive,  or  even  blackish,  usually 
mixed  with  clouding  or  marbling  of  pale  purplish  gray.  Hab. 
Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay,  west  to  edge  of 
Great  Plains  (to  Pacific  coast  along  northern  border  of  United 
States) ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica  (breeds  ?), 
Middle  America,  and  portions  of  eastern  South  America. 

420.  C.  virginianus  (Gmel.).    Nighthawk. 
c'.  Smaller:  Wing  6.60-7.25,  tail  3.85-A30.^     Eggs  1.13  X  -80,  the  markings 
averaging  bolder  and  darker  than  in  C  virginianus.    Hab.  Southern 
Florida,  Cuba,  and  Jamaica. 

4206.  C.  virginianus  minor  (Cab.).  Cuban  Nighthawk. 
6'.  Paler,  with  light  grayish,  buffy,  or  ochraceous  markings  predominating 
on  upper  parts ;  length  9.15-10.00,  wing  7.65-8.50  (7.89),  tail  4.25-4.95 
(4.59).  Eggs  1.19  X  -86,  averaging  paler  than  those  of  true  C.  virgini- 
anus. Hab.  Western  United  States,  east,  occasionally,  to  western  and 
northern  Illinois,  south  to  table-lands  of  Mexico. 

420a.  C.  virginianus  henryi  (Cass.).  Western  Nighthawk. 
White  (or  buffy)  spot  or  patch  on  quills  situated  usually  mainly  or  wholly  pos- 
terior to  tip  of  seventh  quill,  the  space  between  this  patch  and  the  primary 
coverts  usually  distinctly  spotted  with  buff  or  ochraceous ;  secondaries  con- 
spicuously spotted  with  ochraceous ;  general  color  above  dull  grayish,  mot- 
tled and  streaked  with  dusky  ;  first  quill  usuallj''  shorter  than  second  ;  length 
about  8.00-9.00,  wing  6.60-7.30  (7.11),  tail  4.10-4.75  (4.37).  Eggs  1.08  X 
.77,  dull  white,  grayish  white,  etc.,  finely  speckled  with  olive  or  vandyke- 
brown  (averaging  much  paler  in  coloration  than  eggs  of  G.  virginianus  henryi). 
Hab.  Southwestern  border  of  United  States  (Texas  to  southern  California), 
and  south  to  Costa  Eica 421.  C.  texensis  Lawr.    Texan  Nighthawk. 


1 


1 

I 

I 


I  Florida  specimens  are  not  quite  tj'pical,  being  larger  than  those  from  Cuba  or  Jamaica,  and,  as  a  rule,  with 
less  ochraceous  in  their  plumage.  Four  Florida  specimens  (Miami,  Marco,  and  Clearwater),  compared  with  four 
from  Jamaica  and  two  from  Cuba,  measure  as  follows : 

Florida  tpecimena:  Wing  7.00-7.25  (7.15),  tail  4.10-4,30  (4.13). 

Clifton  tpecimeni :  Wing  6.75-7.00  (6.88),  tail  4.00-4.30  (4.15). 

Jamaican  ipecimeni :  Wing  6.60-7.00  (6.80),  tail  3.85-4.00  (3.95). 


f 


302 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


m 


Family  MICROPODID-ffi.— The  Swifts.    (Page  297.) 

Genera. 

a}.  Tarsi  and  part  of  toes  feathered,  the  hind-toe  directed  either  forward  or  laterally, 

not  backward.     (Subfamily  Jf«<?ro/)oo!m(c.) Micropus.     (Pago  303.) 

a'.  Tarsi  and  toes  naked,  the  hind-toe  directed  backward.     (Subfamily  Chceturince.) 
b\  Tail  rounded,  or  even,  the  feathers  usually  with  distinct  spinous  points; 

Aving  less  than  5.50 Chaetura.    (Pago  302.) 

6*.  Tail  slightly  forked,  or  emarginate. 

c\  Tail-feathers  without  spinous  points  j  wing  less  than  7.00;  no  white 

collar Cypseloides.    (Pago  302.) 

c\  Tail-feathers  with  distinct,  though  small,  spinous  points ;  wing  8.00  or 
more;  a  white  collar Hemiprocne} 

Genus  CYPSELOIDES  Streubel.    (Page  302,  pi.  LXXXIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Uniform  dusky  or  blackish,  becoming  more  sooty  grayish  on  head  and 
neck,  the  forehead  more  hoary.  Young  :  Similar,  but  feathers  bordered  terminally 
with  whitish.  Length  about  7.00-7.50,  wing  6.50-7.50,  tail  2.30-3.00.  Hab. 
Western  United  States  (north  to  Colorado,  Nevada,  and  British  Columbia),  and 
south  to  Costa  Eica ;  Jamaica,  Haiti,  and  other  West  India  islands. 

422.  C.  niger  (Gmel.).    Black  Swift. 

Gentjs  CH.ffiTURA  Stephens.     (Page  302,  pi.  LXXXIX.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Plain  dusky,  or  dark  sooty  grayish,  above,  the  wings 
darker,  the  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  usually  paler ;  lower  parts  plain  sooty 
grayish,  darker  posteriorly,  paler  (sometimes  dull  whitish  or  whitish  gray)  ante- 
riorly. Or  else,  uniform  sooty,  the  throat  not  paler  (C  brunneitorques,  ?),  or  black- 
ish, with  broad  collar  of  rufous  round  neck  (C.  brunneitorques,  %). 

a\  Throat  distinctly  paler  than  other  parts ;  male  without  rufous  collar. 
6'.  Wing  5.00,  or  more. 

Length  about  4.76-5.50,  wing  5.00-5.25,  tail  (including  spines)  1.90- 
2.15.  Kest  a  shallow  half-saucer-shaped  structure  of  dried  twigs, 
glued  together  with  the  bird's  saliva,  and  with  the  same  adhesive 
substance  fastened  to  the  inside  of  a  hollow  tree  (with  the  entrance 
from  above),  a  disused  chimney,  or  similar  place.     Eggs  4-6,  ellip- 


1  Hemiprocne  NiTzscH,  Pterylog.  1840,  12.3.    Typo,  by  eliminatinn,  Hirundo  xonarii  Shaw. 
This  genus  includes  two  Mexican  species — the  largest  members  of  the  family — either  of  which  may  possibly 
occur  as  a  straggler  within  our  southwestern  border. 


MICROPVS. 


803 


tical-ovate,  plain  pure  white.    Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  north 
to  Labrador  and  to  50°   in  the  interior,  west  to  edge  of  Great 

Plains 423.  C.  pelagica  (Linn.).    Chinmey  Swift. 

b*.  "Wing  decidedly  less  than  5,00. 

c*.  Kump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  light  sooty  grayish,  very  much 
lighter  than  the  olive-duskj^  back ;  breast  and  belly  light  sooty 
grayish;  length  about  4.15-4,50,  wing  4.30-4.75,  tail  (including 
spines)  1.50-1.90.  Nest  like  that  of  C.  pelagica,  but  only  (?)  in  hol- 
low trees.  Eggs  .71  X  -49.  Hab.  Western  United  States  (chiefly 
Pacific   coast),  north  to  British   Columbia;   south,  in   winter,   to 

Guatemala 424.  C.  vauxii  (Towns.).    Vaux's  Swift. 

c*.  Upper  parts  entirely  blackish  (very  slightly  paler  on  rump,  etc.),  glossed 
with  olive-greenish  on  back  and  with  bluish  on  wings ;  breast  and 
belly  deep  sooty  grayish  brown ;  wing  4.20-4.60,  tail  (including 
spines)  1.70-1.75.'  Hab.  Southern  Mexico  (Yucatan,  including 
Cozumel,  Tehuantepec,  etc.),  Guatemala,  and  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

C.  gaumeri  Lawr.     Gaumer's  Chimney  Swift.' 
a\  Throat  not  paler  than  rest  of  under  parts  ;  male  with  a  broad  collar  of  rufous 
round  neck ;  length  about  4.75-5.00,  wing  4.80-5.20,  tail  1.80-2.10.    Hab.  Cen- 
tral America,  north  to  eastern  Mexico  (Orizaba),  south  to  Ecuador. 

C.  brunneitorques  Lafr.     Lafresnaye's  Chimney  Swift.* 


1; 


Genus  MICROPUS  Meyer  &  Wolf.    (Page  302,  pi.  LXXXIX.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Above  dull  blackish,  usually  becoming  lighter  and  grayer  on  forehead;  sides 
and  unaer  tail-coverts  also  dull  blackish;  other  lower  parts,  tips  of  secondaries 
(outer  webs  only),  and  a  patch  on  each  side  of  rump,  white;  length  6.50-7.00, wing 
5.30-5.90,  tail  2.50-2.70.  Hab.  Western  United  States  (in  mountains),  and  south  to 
Guatemala 425.  M.  melanoleucus  (Baird).    White-throated  Swift. 


Family  TROCHILID-iSi. — The  Hummingbirds.    (Pago  297.) 

(Nest  a  beautifully  felted  cup-shaped  structure,  composed  of  plant-down, 
spiders'  webs,  lichens,  etc. — the  last  exteriorly,  the  first  internally.  Eggs  2,  ellipti- 
cal-ovate or  elliptical-oval,  large  in  propoi'tion  to  size  of  the  bird,  plain  pure  white.) 

Genera.* 
a}.  Anterior  toes  united  for  basal  half;  bill  much  compressed  (except  at  base),  about 


n 

^i 


•  These  spines  usually  worn  entirely  off  in  Yucatan  specimens. 

«  Ckmtiira  gaumeri  Lawr.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Soi.  ii.  No.  8,  March,  1S82,  245. 

•  Ohmtura  brunneitorquet  Lafr.,  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  81. 

•  Chanuiters  of  all  the  Mexican  genera  are  given,  for  the  reason  that  almost  any  species  of  Ilummingbird 
found  on  the  table^Iands  or  mountains  of  Mexico  may  reasonably  be  expected  to  occur  within  our  borders.    In 


Illl|:!l 


fim 


304  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

two-thirds  as  long  as  wing,  decidedly  arched ;  tail  graduated,  the  middle  pair 
of  feathers  much  longer  than  the  others,  all  tipped  with  white. 

Plumage  very  dull,  almost  devoid  of  metallic  tiolors Phcethornis} 

a*.  Anterior  toes  all  cleft  to  the  base ;  bill  never  much  compressed  (usually  broader 
than  deep),  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wings  (except  in  Calothorax  and 
some  species  of  Doricha),  usually  nearly  straight  (distinctly  curved  only  in 
Campylopierus,  Lampornis,  Calothorax,  and  some  species*  of  Doricha) ;  tail  va- 
riable in  form,  but,  if  graduated,  the  middle  pair  of  feathers  neither  elongated 
nor  white-tipped. 
¥.  Inner  webs  of  two  outer  tail-feathers  white,  except  at  end. 

Secondaries  rufous,  tipped  with  dai'ker;  wing  about  2.10-2.40. 

Eupherusa} 
6'.  Inner  web  of  two  outer  tail-feathers  without  white,  except  sometimes 
at  tip. 
c\  Exposed  culmen  not  more  than  .45;  tail  even,  two-thirds  as  long  as 

wing,  the  latter  1.75-2.00 Abeillia? 

c*.  Exposed  culmen  decidedly  more  than  .45. 

d}.  Tail  nearly  as  long  as  wing,  wedge-shaped,  with  feathers  broad  and 
rounded  at  tips  ;  shafts  of  three  outer  quills  much  (sometimes 

enormously)  thickened;  wing  about  2.60 Sphenopr actus* 

(P.  Tail  much  shorter  than  wing;  if  wedge-shaped,  the  feathers  narrow 
and  pointed  at  tips, 
e'.  Exposed  culmen  less  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing. 

Quills  and  secondaries  rufous,  with  darker  tips  or  termi- 
nal margins ;  tail  plain  dark  purplish,  tipped  with  dull 
light  grayish  in  female ;  male  with  throat  purplish 
red,  the  remaining  under  parts  rich  purplish  blue ;  wing 

about  2.65-3.20 Lamprolaima.^ 

e*.  Exposed  culmen  more  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  wing. 
/'.  Exposed  culmen  one-half  as  long  as  wing,  or  longer. 

</'.  "Wing    2.20,   or    more ;    tail    rounded,   the    feathers 


fact,  at  least  two  of  them  {Lamprolaima  rhaiiti  ?  anil  Cnmpylnpterus  hcmileuci'i-aa  ?)  have  probably  already  been 
seen  by  ornithologists.     (See  last  foot-notes  on  pages  304  and  305.) 

1  Phiethornis  Swains.,  Zool.  Jour.  1827,  357.  Type,  Trochiliia  supercilioti;}  Lc.jn.  (One  species  in  southern 
Mexico,  and  numerous  species  farther  south.) 

'  Fiipheruaa  Gould,  Mon.  Troch.  pt.  xiv.  1857.  Typo  Orniamya  exiniif.  'Dulattr.  (One  species  in  southern 
Mexico,  another  in  Ouatemala,  a  third  in  Costa  Rica  and  Veragua.) 

'  Abeillia  BoNAP.,  Consp.  i.  1850,  79.  Type,  Orniamya  aheillei  Delattr.  (One  species  in  southern 
Mexico  and  Central  America.) 

*  Sphenoproctu*  Cab.  &,  Hein.,  Mas.  Hein.  iii.  1860,  11.  Type,  Orniamya  pampa  Less.  (One  species  in 
southern  Mexico,  another  in  Ouatemala.) 

*  Lamprolaima  Reich.,  Auft.  der  Colib.  1853,  9.  Type  Orniamya  rhami  Less.  (One  species  in  highlands  of 
Mexico  and  Guatemala.  This  is  possibly  the  species  referred  to  in  "  Birds  of  the  Xorth-West,"  p.  273,  but 
erroneously  identified  by  Dr.  Coues  as  Euf/enea  fulgena,  as  follows : — "  Mrs.  Maxwell,  of  Boulder  [Colorado], 
.  .  .  informs  me  that  she  has  seen  on  two  or  three  occasions  a  Hummingbird  with  a  flaming-red  throat  and 
breast,  much  larger  than  the  present  species  [Selaaphorut  platycercus],  a  straggler  from  Mexico,  perhaps,  aa  yet 
undetected  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.") 


TROCHILID^. 


305 


broad;   bill  long,  stout,  and  straight,  nearly  as 
long  as  tail ;  outer  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white 

in  both  sexes Floricola} 

g\  "Wing  loss  than  2.00  (1.30-1.70) ;  tail  forked  in  males, 
double-rounded  in  females ;  bill  slender,  distinctly 
curved  (except  in  two  or  three  species  of  Doricha) ; 
outer  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white  only  in  fe- 
males ;  wing  about  1.30-1.70. 
h}.  Tail  shorter  than  wing  or  exposed  culmen,  the 
feathers  pointed  in  adult  males. 

Calothorax.    (Page  316.)» 
h*.  Tail  longer  than  wing,  or  else  longer  than  ex- 
posed culmen,  the  feathers   not  pointed  in 

either  sex Doricha} 

/*.  Exposed  culmen  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing. 

g^.  Tail  2.25,  or  more,  rounded,  feathers  very  broad,  the 
three  outermost  broadly  tipped  with  white  in  both 
sexes;  shafts  of  three  outer  quills  very  stroni]^, 
ofteii  enormously  thickened ;  wing  2.90-3.20 ; 
adult  male  (of  the  Mexican  species)  with  head, 
neck,  and  lower  parts  rich  metallic  violet  or 
violet-blue,  the  female  gray  beneath,  with  blue 

throat Campylopterus.* 

g\  Tail  less  than  2.25. 

h}.  Tail  more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing, 

forked  for  more  than  one-fourth  its  length, 

the  feathers  broad  and  rounded  at  tips;  adult 

males  wholly  bright  green  beneath,  the  tail 

blue-black,  or  bronze-black. 

i}.  Middle  tail-feathers  blue-black,  like  the  rest 

(tipped  with   dull  grayish  in   Mexican 

species);  females  and  young  males  with 

outer  tail-feathers  grayish  white,  or  pale 


'^■(i 


1  Floricola  Elliot,  Class.  &  Synop.  Trooh.  Sept.  1S78,  82,  Type,  Trochilut  longiroKtria  Vibill.  (Two 
species  inhabiting  pine  forests  of  Mexican  higlilanda,  another  in  Guatemala,  two  or  three  others  in  mountains 
of  northern  South  America.) 

*  As  a  subgenus  of  Trochilus,  in  accordance  with  the  A.  0.  U.  Checlc  List,  hst  in  reality  a  very  distinct 
genus. 

'  Doricha  Reicr.,  Aufz.  dor  CoUb.  1853, 12.  Type,  Trochilut  enicurut  Vieill.  (One  Mexican,  one  Guate- 
malan, and  two  Bahaman  species.) 

*  Gampylopterut  SwAiNS,,  Zool.  Jour.  1826,  328.  Type,  Trochilv.a  largipennit  Bodd.  (One  Mexican  speoias, 
— a  splendid  bird, — one  peculiar  to  Guatemala,  and  several  in  northern  South  America.  The  first,  C,  hemileu- 
euriit  (LiCBT.),  is  the  largest  hummingbird  found  north  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  bein^  nearly  six  inches  in 
length.  It  is  very  possibly  the  species  to  which  Dr.  R.  W.  Shufeldt,  U.S.A.,  refers  in  a  letter  dated  June  9 , 
1886,  as  having  been  seen  by  him  the  day  before,  near  Fcrt  AVingate,  New  Mexiuo,  and  which  he  described  as 
being  "fully  large  enough  for  Eugenet  fulgent,  and  whirred  like  an  old  quail." 

89 


306 


k\ 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

grayish,  at  tip  and  base,  blue-black  in 

middle  portion Chlorostilbon} 

■C.  Middle  tail-feathers  bronzy ;  females  and  young 
males  without  grayish  base  or  tip  to  outer 

tail-feathers Sporadinus.* 

Tail  less  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing, 
variously  shaped,  but  never  forked  for  more 
than  one-fourth  its  length ;  adult  males  vari- 
ously   colored,    but    never    entirely    green, 
beneath, 
i*.  Lower  parts  pure  white,  the  sides  sometimes 
green,    or    spotted    with    green;    sexes 
alike. 
/.  Exposed  culmen  decidedly  more  than 
half  as  long  as  tail;    top  of  head 
usually  metallic  blue  or  violet. 

Uranomitra.* 

f.  Exposed  culmen  not  more  than  half  as 

long  as  tail ;  top  of  head  never  blue 

or  violet Agyrtria.* 

i*.  Lower  parts  never  pure  white. 

/.  Tail  bright  bluish  sreen  or  greenish  blue, 
crossed  near  end  by  a  broad  band  of 
blue-black. 

Breast  and  sides  of  head  deep  blue ; 
throat  brilliant  green,  the  centre 
of  each  feather  darker;  sexes 
alike ;  wing  2.60-2.80. 

Petasophora.^ 
f.  Tail  not  bluish  green,  etc. 

k^.  Feathering  of  forehead  extended 
forward  as  far  as  anterior  end 
of  nostrils,  and  partly  or  en- 
tirely covering  the  scale  ove* 
nostrils. 


*  Chlnroitilbon  Gould,  Mon.  Troch.  pt.  v.  1853.  Type,  Trovhilus  pvcherani  BouRC.  &  MuLS.  (Threo  spcoies 
in  Mexico,  one  in  Porto  Rico,  and  about  six  in  South  America.) 

>  Sporadinui  Bo.vAr.,  Rov.  ot  Mag.  Zool.  1854,  255.  Typo,  Trochilut  riccordi  Qert.  (One  species  in  Haiti, 
one  in  Cuba  and  Saharaas,  and  apparently  one  peculiar  to  Bahamas.) 

»  Uranomitra  Rkicb.,  Auf/..  der  Colib.  1853,  10.  Type,  Trochilua  francim  Bounc.  &  MuLS.  (Four  species 
in  Mexico,  opj  in  Hondurn!<,  one  in  Colombia,  and  one  in  Peru.) 

*  Agyriria  Reich.,  Troch.  Enum.  1855,  7.  Type,  Trochit:t»  breviroitn's  Less.  (Two  Mexican  ond  numerous 
South  American  species ;  some  of  the  latter  with  lower  parts  mostly  green ;  one  of  the  former  with  bufly  or 
rufouM  belly  and  flanlcg.) 

*  Petntophora  Gray,  List  Gen.  B.  1840,  13.  Type,  Tiochiliii  lerrirottiii  Vieill.  (One  spooios  in  Mexico 
and  Guatemala,  aevoral  in  Central  and  South  America.) 


e-black  in 
lorostilbon} 
'<  and  young 
ip  to  outer 
poradinus.* 
as  wing, 
for  moi*e 
<nales  vari- 
ly    green, 

sometimes 
3u ;    sexes 

lore  than 
)  of  head 
)let. 

'anomitra? 
m  half  as 
lever  blue 
Agyrtria.* 

mishblue, 
d  band  of 

leep  blue ; 
the  centre 
er ;   sexes 

'asophora.^ 

extended 
erior  end 
y  or  en- 
cale  ovei.' 


Fhreu  epeoies 

>io8  Id  Haiti, 

Four  spcoios 

nd  numerous 
rltli  bufty  or 

OS  in  Mexico 


TEOCmUD^. 


807 

l^.  Wing  more  than  2.40. 

m'.  Tail  partly  rich  chestnut, 
glossed  with  bright  pur- 
ple; bill  rather  dis- 
tinctly curved. 

Lampornis} 
w*.  Tail  without  chestnut  or 
bright  purple, 
n*.  Tail  wholly  (male)  or 
partly    {female) 
greenish  bronze. 
Adult  male  with 
throat  brilliant 
emerald-green, 
breast     black- 
ish, and  crown 
rich  violet  or 
violet-blue. 
Eugenes. 
(Page  309.) 
n*.  Tail  wholly  or  chiefly 
blackish. 
Outer  tail-feath- 
ers sometimes 
broadly  tipped 
with  white,  or 
grayish ;  lower 
parts  deep  dull 
grayish,  tinged 
with  green  on 
sides,   or    dull 
white  medially 
and  green  lat- 
erally;  a  con- 
spicuous white 
streak  behind 
eye;    adult 
males  with 
throat  blue, 
reddish  pur- 
ple,   or    light 
emerald-green, 


4; 


>  Lnmpornit  Swains.,  Zool.  Jour.  iii.  1827,  358.    Type,  TfochC'ir,    i.i  ^  j  LiNN.    (One  Moxioan,  leveral  West 
Indian,  and  several  South  American  spooies,) 


Hi 


i 

I 


308 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


not  very  bril 
liant;    wing 
about  2.50- 
3.20. 

Cceligena. 
(Page  310.) 
l\  Wing  less  than  2.25. 

Adult  males  with  a  brilliant 
gorget  of  metallic  red 
or  purple...  Trochilus. 
(Page  310.) 
k*.  Feathering  of  forehead  scarcely  ex- 
tended beyond  posterior  end  of 
nostrils,  the  scale    over   latter 
therefore  for  the  greater  part, 
or  entirely,  naked,  and  the  bill 
very  broad  at  base ;  wing  about 
1.90-2.15. 
V.  Tail  bluo-black  in  tnale,  deeply 
emarginated,  and  with  mid- 
dle feathers  tipped  with  dull 
grayish ;  in  female  shallowly 
emarginated,  green  basally, 
blue-black    terminally,   the 
outer  feathers  tipped  with 
grayish  white;   adult  males 
metallic  green  beneath,  the 
throat  bluish. 

lache.    (Page  319.) 
Z*.  Tail  not  blue-black. 

m*.  Exposed  culmen  more  than 
half  as  long  as  tail. 
r}.  Tail  rufous,  or  chest- 
nut, the  feathers 
usually  with  dusky 
or  bronzy  terminal 
margins. 

Amazilia. 
(Page  316.) 
n'.  Tail  dull  greenish, 
with  dusky  sub- 
terminal  band  (ex- 
cept on  middle 
feathers),  the  outcv 
feathers  broadly 


EUGENES. 


309 


TQvy  bril 
L;    wing 
It  2.50- 


oeligena. 
'age  310.) 

%  brilliant 
tallic  red 
'ochilus. 
age  310.) 
rcely  ex- 
)r  end  of 
Br  latter 
ter  part, 
I  the  bill 
ng  about 

e,  deeply 
vith  mid- 
with  dull 
iballowly 
.  basally, 
ally,  the 
ped  with 
ult  males 
eath,  the 

age  319.) 

lore  than 
tail. 

or  chest- 
feathers 

th  dusky 

terminal 

tnazilia. 
age  316.) 
greenish, 
ky  Bub- 
•and  (ex- 
middle 
;ho  outcv 
broadly 


tipped  with  dull 
light  grayish 
brown;  plumage 
in  general  very 
dull,  the  lower 
parts  dull  brown- 
ish gray. 

Phceoptila} 
m*.  Exposed  culmen  not  more 
than  half  as    long    as 
tail. 
Adult  males  with 
cheeks  black,  bor- 
dered  above  by  a 
white  stripe  or 
spot ;  forehead  and 
chin  deep  blue,  or 
blue-black;   throat 
brilliant     emerald- 
green..  Basilinna. 
(Page  318.) 

Genus  EUGENES  Gould.    (Page  307,  pi.  XC,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  top  of  head  rich  metallic  violet  or  violet- 
blue,  the  chin  and  throat  brilliant  emerald-green  or  light  bluish  green  ;  upper  parts 
dark  bronzy  green  ;  lower  parts  (except  throat  and  lower  tail-coverts)  plain  dusky 
greeninb  or  dull  brorzy ;  lower  tail-coverts  paler  greenish  or  bronzy,  bordered  with 
pi'ler  Adutt  fauales  with  top  of  head  dull  brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown,  rest 
o*  u|)pi  T  pai'ts  bronzy  green ;  lower  parts  pale  brownish  gray,  the  sides  and  flanks 
grceu ;  a  small  white  postocular  spot. 


tiUjjed  n-iu 


Adult  m.-h.:  Breast  very  dark  bronzy  green,  appearing  jjeariy  black  in  some 
lights ;  length  about  5.00,  wing  2.90-3.10,  tail  1.90-2.00,  culmon  1.00-1.20. 
Adult  female :  Outer  tail-feathers  very  broadly  (for  about  .35-.45)  tipped  with 
pale  gray  or  dull  grayish  white ;  wing  2.60-2.75,  tail  1.80-1.90,  culmen  1.00- 
1.16.  Young:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  feathers  of  upper  parts  bordered 
terminally  with  pale  buffy.  ffab.  High/ands  of  Mexico  and  Guatemala, 
north  to  southern  Arizona..  426.  E.  fulgens  (Swains.).  Rivoli  Hummingbird. 

ididt  male:  Breast  dull  bronzy,  or  bronzy  green,  the  feathers  dull  brownish 
'^TRj  immediately  beneath  surface ;  lower  tail-coverts  green  margined  with 


1  Phitnptiln  Gould,  lotr.  Men.  Trooh  ooi.  «d.  1801, 160. 
known  ipooioi  poouliai'  to  Mexico.) 


Typo,  Cj/anomya  (/)  tordida  Qovld.    (The  single 


i. 

.4- 


1 

1 

111 

iii^i 

! 

f 

i 

310  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

pale  huffy ;  wing  3.00-3.15,  tail  1.90-2.00,  culmen  1.20-1.30.  Adult  female  : 
Outer  tail-feathers  more  narrowly  (for  ahout  .20-.25)  tipped  with  darker 
brownish  gray ;  wing  2.90,  tail  1.85-1.90,  exposed  culmen  1.40-1.50.  Hab. 
Highlands  of  Costa  Bica.  E.  spectabilis  (Lawb.).    Admirable  Hummingbird.^ 

Genus  CCELIGENA  Lksson.   (Page  308,  pi.  XC,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Chaeacters. — ^Above  rather  dull  metallic  greenish,  changing  to  pur- 
plish black  on  upper  tail-coverts  and  tail ;  ear-coverts  dusky,  bordered  above  by 
a  conspicuous  white  streak ;  lower  parts  deep  dull  grayish,  tinged  with  green 
on  sides,  or  dull  white  medially  and  green  laterally ;  outer  tail-feathers  sometimes 
broadly  tipped  with  white ;  adult  males  with  throat  blue,  reddish  purple,  or  pale 
emerald-green,  not  very  brilliant. 

a\  Lower  parts  dull  grayish,  glossed  v.  .t  jn  on  sides. 

6*.  Outer  tail-feathers  broadly  and  aci  t!y  tipped  -^ith  white  in  both  sexes; 
adult  male  with  throat  dull  metallic  azure-blue ;  length  about  4.50-5.00 
(of  male  before  skinning,  5.40),  wing  2.90-3.20,  tail  1.85-2.20,  exposed 
culmen  .90-1.00.  Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico,  north  to 
southern  Arizona. 

427.  C.  clemencise  Less.  Bine-throated  Hnminingbird. 
b*.  Outer  tail-feathers  more  narrowly  and  indistinctly  tipped  with  dull  brown- 
ish gray ;  adult  male  with  throat  metallic  reddish  purple,  the  feathers 
narrowly  bordered  with  light  brownish  gray ;  length  about  4.50,  wing 
2.60,  tail  1.80.  Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico,  north  to 
Jalapa.  C.  henrica  (Less.  &  D.klattr.).    Henri  Delattre's  Hummingbird.' 

a\  Lower  parts  dull  white  medially,  metallic  green  laterally. 

Adult  male  with  throat  pale  emerald-green,  the  feathers  bordered  with 
white ;  length  about  4.25,  wing  1.40-1.70,  tail  1.65-1.75,  exposed  culmen 
.85-.90.    Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala. 

C.  viridipallens  (Bourc.  &  Muls.)    Pale -green-throated  Hummingbird.* 


Gbnus  TROCHILUS   Linnjbus.     (Page  308,  pi.  XC,  figs.  4,  7-10;  pi.  XCI., 

figs.  1-7.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  metallic  greenish,  varying  from  nearly 
pure  green  to  bronzy ;  median  lower  parts  whitish.    Adult  males  with  a  portion,  or 

>  Heliomaiter  upeclabiliii  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  viH.  1867,  472.     Eugenei  ipeetabilii  MuLS.,  Hist.  Nat. 
Oia.  Mouoh.  ii.'l876,  216. 

*  OrnUmya  henriea  Less,  k  Delattr.,  Rov.  ZooI.  1839,  17.    Cceligina  henrici  Cab.  A  Hisiir.,  Mug.  Hoin.  iii. 
1860,  15. 

,     >  Trochilui  viridipalUnt  BouRO.  A  MuLS.,  Ann.  Soo.  Lyons,  1846, 821.   daligma  viridipalhn*  Muls.,  Hist. 
Nat.  Ois.  Mouch.  i.  1877,  185. 


TROCHILUS. 


311 


It  female: 
th  darker 
50.  Mab. 
nmingbird.* 


ig  to  pur- 
above  by 
ith  green 
loraetimes 
0,  or  pale 


th  sexes; 

4.50-5.00 

exposed 

north  to 

mingbird. 

II  brown- 
feathers 
.50,  wing 
north  to 
mingbird.' 

red  with 
i  culmen 

mingbird.* 
?1.  XCI., 


a  nearly 
)rtion,  or 

,  Hist.  Nat. 
IB.  Hoin.  iii. 
Idls.,  Ilist. 


the  whole,  of  the  throat  brilliant  metallic  (sometimes  top  of  head  similar),  the 
tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  without  white  tips '  or  green  bases.  Adult  females 
and  young  with  chin  and  throat  dull  whitish,  or  pale  grayish  (sometimes  spotted 
centrally  with  the  metallic  color  of  the  male),  the  rectrices  (except  middle  pair) 
greenish  basally,  black  subterminally,  and  tipped  with  white. 

a\  Exposed  culmen  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  the  bill  straight. 
6*.  Middle  tail-feathers  narrower  near  end  than  at  base. 

c\  Exposed  culmen  .60,  or  more  ;  outer  tail-feathers  without  white  tips  in 
adult  males. 
d^.  Outer  tail-feather  not  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  pair,  and  not 
conspicuously  narrower  than  the  next ;  adult  males  with  six  in- 
nermost quills  abruptly  much  smaller  and  narrower  than  the 
rest,  the  top  of  head  greenish  like  back,  or  dusky,  the  tail- 
feathers  (except  middle  pair)  pointed.     (Subgenus  Trochilus.) 
c'.  Adult  male :  Chin,  only,  opaque  velvety  black,  the  rest  of  the 
gorget  intense  metallic  crimson,  changing  to  golden  red ; 
tail  forked  for  about  .30-.35 ;  length  about  3.07-3.25,  wing 
1.60,  tail  1.25,  exposed  culmen  .55-65.     Adult  female:  Tail 
double-rounded,  the  outer  feathers  about  as  long  as  middle 
pair  (sometimes  a  little  shorter),  the  middle  pair  wholly 
green,  the  rest  green  basally,  then  black,  the  three  outer 
pairs  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  length  about  3.50-3.85, 
wing  1.80,  tail-  1.20,  culmen  .70.     Young  male :  Similar  to 
adult  female,  but  throat  streaked  with  dusky,  feathers  of 
upper  parts  more  or  less  distinctly  margined  with  pale 
buffy,  and  tail  more  forked.     Young  female:   Similar  to 
young  male,  but  throat  without  streaks,  and  tail  more 
rounded.     Eggs  .50  X  -31.     Hab.  Eastern  United  States, 
north  to  Canada,  west  to  Great  Plains,  south,  in  wintei*,  to 
Cuba,  eastern  Mexico,  and  Central  America,  to  Veragua. 
428.  T.  colubris  Linn.    Ruby-throated  Hummingbird. 
e*.  Adult  male :  Chin  and  throat  opaque  velvety  black,  bordered 
below  by  a  broad  band   of  metallic  violet,  changing  to 
green  and  blue ;  tail  slightly  forked,  or  emai'ginatod  (depth 
of  fork  only  about  .10  of  an  inch)  ;   length  about  3.30- 
3.75,   wing    1.70-1.75,    tail    1.25,   culmen   .70-.75.     Adidt 
female :  Tail  much  rounded,  the  middle  feathers  about  the 
longest;  plumage  not   essentially  different  from  that   of 
female  T.  colubris;  length  about  3.90-4.10,  wing  1.90-2.00, 
tail  1.25-1.35,  culmen  .78-.80.      Young:  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  feathers  of  upper  parts  margined  terminally 
with   light  buffy  or  pale  rusty,   the  male   with    throat 

'  Except  in  species  of  AttMi, 


■"■"" 


312 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Streaked  with  dusky.     Eggs  .49  X  -31.     Hah.   "Western 
United  States,  east  "to  Rocky  Mountains,  south  over  table-- 

lands  of  Mexico 429.  T.  alexandri  Bourc.  &  Muls. 

Dlaok-ohinned  Hummingbird. 
<f*.  Outer  tail-feather  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  pair,  or  else  de- 
cidedly longer,  ;  bruptly  narrower  than  the  next,'  and  top  of 
head  colored  like  the  gorget, 
e'.  Tail  without  any  rufous ;  adult  males  with  tail  forked  (but  feath- 
ers not  pointed),  and  top  of  head  brilliant  metallic  reddish 
purple,  or  violet,  like  gorget.     (Subgenus  Calypte  Gould.) 
f\  Outer  tail-feather  in  adult  male  abruptly  much  narrower 
than  the  others ;  rump  and  middle  tail-feathers  metallic 
green  or  bronze,  like  back. 
g^.  Adult  male :  Head,  including  ruff,  brilliantly  burnished 
metallic  amethyst-violet,  changing  to  blue    and 
green  ;  length  about  2.75-3.20,  wing  1.75-1.90,  tail 
1.10,  culmen  .65-.68.    Adult  female :  Lower  parts 
grayish  white,  very  faintly  tinged  with  gi'een  on 
sides  and  flanks ;  centre  of  throat  usually  more  or 
less  spotted  with  metallic  violet-purplish ;  length 
about  '].5E  -3  70,  wing  1.70,  tail  1.05,  culmen  .70. 
Young :    Similar   to    adult  female,  but  metallic 
colors  rather  duller,  and  feathers  of  upper  pai'ts 
narrowly  tipped  or  margined  Avith  buffy  whitish. 
Nest  about  1.50  wide  by  1.00  deep  externally,  the 
cavity  about  1.00  wide  by  .80  deep,  composed  of 
grayish  lichens,  small  strips  of  thin  bark,  spiders' 
webs,  etc.,  lined  with  downy  materials,  including 
(usually)   a  few   soft  feathers.     Eggs   .45  X  -30. 
Hab.   Lower  California,  southern  California  and 
Arizona,  and  western  Mexico,  south  to  Mazatlan. 
430.  T.  costae  (Bourc).    Costa's  Hammingbird. 
^*.  Adult  male:  Head,  including  ruff,  brilliant  metallic 
changeable  purplish  red,  with  violet  reflections ; 
length  about  3.40-3.60,  wing  1.90-2.00,  tail  1.30- 
1.45,  culmen  .65-.70.     Adult  female :  Lower  parts 
pale  grayish,  glossed    on   sides  and  flanks  with 
green ;    centre  of   throat  usually  more    or   less 
spotted  with  metallic  reddish  purple;  length  about 
3.80-4.15,  wing  2.05,  tail  1.30,  culmen  .75.    Eggs 
.48  X  -32.     Hab.  Valleys  of  California,  and  south 
through  Arizona  to  table-lands  of  Mexico. 

431.  T.  anna  (Less.).    Anna's  Hummingbird. 


1  Except  in  Calypte  hehnm,  which  see. 


TROCHILUS. 


313 


/*.  Lateral  tail-feather  in  adult  male  not  distinctly  narrower 

than  the  rest;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  metallic 

blue  (in  both  sexes). 

Adult  male :  Head,  including  ruff,  metallic  purplish 

red;   length  about  2.50,  wing   1.15-1.40,  tail  .90, 

culmen  .50.    Hab.  Cuba. 

T.  helense  (Gundl.).     Princess  Helena's  Hummingbird.^ 
e*.  Tail  with  more  or  less  of  rufous,  more  or  less  graduated  (mid- 
dle feathers  longest,  or  equal  to  longest)  in  both  sexes; 
adult  males  with  top  of  head  greenish  or  bronzy,  totally 
different  from  color  of  gorget  (except  in  T.  floresif).     (Sub- 
genus Selasphorus  Swains.) 
p.  Middle  pair  of  tail-feathers  entirely  green ;  gorget  of  adult 
male  soft,  rather  light,  rose-pui-ple,  or  solferino ;  wing 
more  than  1.90. 

Adult  male:  Tail-feathers,  except  middle  pair,  dull 
purplish  black,  the  next  to  middle  pair  distinctly 
edged  with  rufous  (the  next  pair  sometimes  nar- 
rowly edged  with  same) ;  length  about  3.50-4.00, 
wing  1.92-2.05,  tail  1.40-1.60,  exposed  culmen  .62- 
.70.  Adult  female:  Three  outer  tail-feathers  rufous 
at  base  and  broadly  tipped  with  white,  the  inter- 
vening space  blac'-ish,  with  some  green  next  to 
rufous  on  second  and  third  feathers ;  fourth  fcatbor 
green  to  extreme  base,  but  edged  with  rufous  and 
mai'ked  by  a  large  terminal  or  subterminal  spot 
of  black ;  length  about  4.10-4.25,  wing  2.00-2.10, 
tail  1.45-1.50,  exposed  culmen  .70-.72.  Eggs  .50 
X  -33.  Hab.  Rocky  Mountains  of  United  States, 
north  to  Wyoming,  Montana,  and  Idaho  Territo- 
ries, west  to  Sierra  Nevada  (?),  south  over  table- 
lands of  Mexico  to  highlands  of  Guatemala. 

432.  T.  platycercus  Swains. 
Broad-tailed  Hnmmingbird. 
f*.  Middle  tail-feathers  partly  rufous ;  gorget  of  adult  male 
intensely  brilliant  metallic  firo-red,  changing  to  orange, 
brassy  green,  and  crimson,  the  feathers  much  length- 
ened laterally  and  posteriorly;  wing  less  than  1.90. 
g^.  Adult  males  with  top  of  head  dull  bronzy  or  green- 
ish, the  middle  tail-feathers  rufous,  marke'^'  on  ter- 
minal portion  with  a  dusky  mesial  streak,  the  outer 
feather  with  inner  web  entirely  rufous,  the  belly. 


>  Orthorhynehm  helenie  "Oi7NDt.,  sus  manuscrttos,"  Lehd.,  Avea  dc  la  Isia  de  Cuba,  1850,  70,  pi.  10,  fig.  2. 
Calyptt  heleim  Qould,  MoQ.  Trooh.  ili.  pi.  130. 


3U 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


sides,  and  flanks  also  rufous.    Adult  females  with 
all  the  tail-feathers  rufous  for  basal  half  (but  green 
on    middle  pair   running   along   median    portion 
nearly  to  base),  tho-  three  outer  feathers  broadly 
tipped  with  white  and  marked  by  a  subterminal 
broad   band  of  blackish ;    belly  white,  but  sides, 
flanks,  and  under  tail-coverts  light  rufous.     Young 
males :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  feathers  of  upper 
parts  bordered  with  pale  rusty,  the  rump  show- 
ing much  rufous,  and  throat  usually  with  one  or 
more  feathers  (new  moult)  of  bi'ight  metallic  red. 
Yoting  females :  Similar  to  young  males,  but  rump 
entirely  green,  and  throat  showing  only  dull  green- 
ish specks. 
h\  Adult  male:  Tail-feathers  broad,  the  second  (from 
middle)  with  a  deep  notch  near  end  of  inner 
web,  and  outer  web  sinuated  near  tip  ;  outer 
feather   more   than  .10   broad ;    upper  parts 
rufous,   the   crown   (and,   rarely,   the   back) 
glossed  with  dull  metallic  green;  length  about 
3.25-3.70,  wing  1.50-1.60,  tail  1.30-1.35,  cul- 
men  .60.      Adidt  female :    Outer   tail-feather 
more  than  .10  wide ;  length  about  3.50-3.90, 
wing  1.75-1.80,  tail  1.25-1.30,  culmen  .65-.70. 
Eggs  .48  X  .31.     Hab.  Western  North  Amer- 
ica, noi'th  bcj-ond  northern  border  of  United 
States  (to  or  beyond  Sitka  on  Pacific  coast), 
east  to  Eocky  Mountains,  south  over  table- 
lands of  Mexico 433.  T.  rufus  Gmel. 

Rufous  Hummingbird. 
A*.  Adult  male:    Tail-feathers  narrow,  tho    second 
(from  middle)  without   notch  or   sinuation ; 
outer  feather  much  less  than  .10  broad ;  whole 
back,  as  well  as  crown,  bright  metallic  green; 
length  about  3.25-3.30,  wing  1.50-1.55,  tail 
1.10-1.20,  exposed  culmen  .60-.65.    Adult  fe- 
male:   Outer  tail-feather  not  more  than  .10 
wide;  length  about  3.40,  wing  1.65-1.70,  tail 
1.05-1.15,  exposed  culmen  .68-.70.    Eggs  .48 
X  .32.     JTab.    Coast    district  of   California, 
north  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Arizona. 
434.  T.  alleni  (Hensh.). 
Allen's  Hummingbird. 
g\  Adult  male  with  top  of  head  brilliant  metallic  red, 
like  gorget,  the  middle  tail-feathers  green  bordered 


TROCHILUS. 


315 


lales  with 
but  green 
portion 

broadly 
bterminal 
)ut  sides, 
Young 
i  of  upper 
np  show- 
th  one  or 
tuUic  red. 
)ut  rump 
uU  green- 
in  d  (from 

of  inner 
p ;  outer 
)er  parts 
le  back) 
:th  about 
1.35,  cul- 
il-feather 
1.50-3.90, 
1  .65-.70. 
h  Amer- 
f  United 
ic  coast), 
er  table- 
ts Gmel. 
lingbird. 

second 
n  nation ; 
I ;  whole 
c  green ; 
.55,  tail 
idult  fe- 
-han  .10 
1.70,  tail 
Eggs  .48 
lifoi'nia, 
rizona. 
Iensh.). 
ingbird. 
lie  red, 
ordered 


with  rufous,  the  outer  tail-feather  wholly  dusky, 
the  belly  white,  the  sides  and  flanks  green.    Adult 
female  unknown.    Length  3.25,  wing  1.75,  tail  1.40, 
exposed  culmen  .65.     Hab.  Mexico  (Bolanos)  and 
southern  California  (San  Francisco) 
— .  T.  floresii  (Gould).    Floresi's  Hnmmingbird.^ 
c\  Exposed  culmen  not  more  than  .50 ;  ^  jter  tail-feathers  broadly  tipped 
with  A^hite  in  both  sexes.    (Adtilt  males  bronzy  green  or  bronzy 
above,  the  middle  tail-feathers  broadly  edged  with  rufous  on  inner 
web,  the  other  tail-feathers  with  basal  half  rufous,  then  purplish 
black,  the  two  or  three  outermost  broadly  tipped  with  white ;  gor- 
get rich  metallic  purplish ;    chest  and  other  median  lower  parts 
white,  the  sides  and  flanks  rufous,  tinged  or  spotted  with  greenish 
or  bronzy.    Adult  females  similar  to  males,  but  throat  dull  white, 
spotted  with  dull  greenish  or  bronzy;  under  tail-coverts  pale  ru- 
fous ;  four  middle  tail-feathers  without  rufous  edgings.)    (Subgenus 
Atthis  Eeichenbach.) 
<f.  Adult  male :  Outer  quill  narrow,  abruptly  attenuated  at  tip ;  gor- 
get brilliant  metallic  reddish  violet,  with  decided  violet  tints 
in  certain  lights;  basal  half  (approximately)  of  tail  rufous,  ter- 
minal half  black,  the  three  outer  feathers  broadly  tipped  with 
white ;  chest  and  middle  line  of  belly  white,  sides  and  flanks 
light  rufous,  tinged  with  green.     Adult  female :  Whole  throat 
whitish,  but  otherwise   similar  to  the  male.      Length   about 
2.75,    wing    1.30-1.50,    tail    .95-1.10,   culmen    .48-.50.      Hab. 

Eastei'n  Mexico  and  southern  Texas 435.  T.  heloisa 

(Less.  &  Delattr.).    Heloise'8  Hummingbird. 

d*.  Adult  male  with  outer  quill  broad,  not  attenuated  at  tip ;  gorget 

metallic  reddish  pui-ple,  without  violet  tints ;  otherwise  much 

like  T.  heloisa;  wing  1.35,. tail  1.00-1.05,  culmen  .38-.40.     Hab. 

Highlands  of  Guatemala. 

T.  elHoti  RiDow.     Elliot's  Humming-bird.* 
b'.  Middle  tail-feathers  broader  near  end  than  toward  base.    (Subgenus  Stellula 
Gould.) 

Adidt  male:  Feathers  of  gorget  narrow,  elongated,  pure  white  basally, 
metallic  purplish  terminally ;  tail-feathers  plain  dusky,  edged  with 
rufous  toward  base;  sides  and  flanks  tinged  with  rufous;  length 
about  2.75-3.00.  wing  1.50-1.60.  tail  .90-1.10,  exposed-  culmen  .55- 
.58.  Adult  female:  Tail  more  rounded  than  in  male,  feathers  dull 
green  basally  and  tipped  with  white  (except  middle  pair) ;  throat 

•  Selatphornt  Jloretii  QouLD,  Mon.  Troch.  pt.  xxiii.  Sept.  1,  1861  (vol.  IH.  pi.  1.S9). 

This  is  porsibly  a  hybrid  between  T.  anna  and  T.  rufui.  The  capture  of  the  San  Francisco  specimen  (in 
May,  1886)  is  recorded,  by  Mr.  Walter  E.  Bryant,  in  "Forest  and  Stream,"  vol.  xxvi.  No.  22,  July  24,  1886, 
p.  426. 

»  AtthU  ellioti  RiDQW.,  Proo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mug.  i.  July  1,  1878,  9. 


1 

i 

i 

I 

i 


I 


316" 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


«!ll 


liin 


iiiiife^ 


whitish,  sometimes  spotted  centrally  with  dull  metallic  purple; 
otherwise  much  like  adult  male;  length  about  3.50,  wing  1.75-1.80, 
tail   1.10-1.16,  culmen   .58-.60.      Eggs   .47  X  -31.     Hab.    Western 
United  States,  north  to  British   Columbia,  Idaho,  and  northern 
Montana,  east  to  Eocky  Mountains,  south  to  table-lands  of  Mexico. 
436.  T.  calliope  Gtould.    Calliope  Hummingbird. 
Exposed  culmen  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  the  bill  decidedly  curved. 
(Adult  males  with  tail  deeply  forked,  uniform  purplish  black,  except  four 
middle  feathers,  which  are  green,  like  upper  parts ;  gorget  (the  feathers  of 
which  are  much  elongated  laterally  and  posteriorly)  brilliant  metallic  ame- 
thyst-purple, changing  to  violet-blue ;  median  lower  parts  white,  sides  and 
flanks  mixed  bronzy  green  and  pale  rufous.     Adult  females  green  above, 
light  cinnamon-buffy  beneath  (but  belly  and  under  tail-coverts  white),  tail 
much  less  deeply  forked  than  in  male,  with  broader  feathers,  the  three  outer- 
most of  which  are  broadly  tipped  with  white  and  rufous  at  base.)     (Subgenus 
Calothorax  Gray.) 
6*.  Adult  male  with  outer  tail-feather  much  narrower  than  the  next  and  taper- 
ing to  a  narrow  point;  length  about  3.40-3.60,  wing  1.40-1.60,  tail  1.25- 
1.35,  exposed  culmen  .85-.90.    Adult  female :  Wing  1.65-1.80,  tail  1.20- 
1.25,  exposed  culmen  .75-.90.    Hab.   Table-lands  of  Mexico,  north  to 
southern  Arizona....  437.  T.  lucifer  (Swains.).    Lucifer  Hummingbird, 
i'*  Adult  male  with  outer  tail-feather  not  narrower  than  the  next,  and  not 
tapering  to  a  narrow  point ;  length  about  3.10-3.25,  wing  1.50,  tail  1.50, 
exposed  culmen  .75.    Adult  female:  Wing  1.65,  tail  1.15,  exposed  culmen 
.75.    Hab.  Southwestern  Mexico  (Oaxaca). 

T.  pulchra  (Gould).    Beautiful  Hummingbird.^ 

Genus  AMAZILIA  Lesson.    (Page  308,  pi.  XC,  fig.  2.) 


Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  green,  bronze-green,  or  bronzy,  the  tail  rufous, 
chestnut,  bronzy,  purple,  or  blue-black ;  lower  parts  green  anteriorly,  or  entirely 
light  cinnamon ;  sexes  alike. 

# 

a\  Lower  parts  partly  green.  ^ 

6*.  Secondaries  entirely  dusky. 

cS  Belly  and  flanks  dull  brownish  gray,  the  latter  glossed  with  green; 
outer  tail-feather  with  outer  web  chiefly  or  entirely  dark  bronzy ; 
upper  tail-coverts  uniform  chestnut;  tail  deep  chestnut,  feathers 
bordered  terminally  with  bronzy ;  lower  tail-coverts  deep  cinna- 
mon-rufous. Young  similar  to  adult,  but  rump  tinged  with  rufous, 
and  forehead  washed  with  rusty ;  length  about  4.00,  wing  2.00-2.35, 
tail  1.45-1.70,  exposed  culmen  .70-.90.     Hab.   Whole  of  Central 


1  Calothorax  pulchra  OouLO,  Ann.  t  Mag.  N.  U.  ser.  3,  iv,  1859,  97. 


AMAZILIA. 


317 


America  and  eastern  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Texas,  south  to 
western  Ecuador. 

438.  A.  fuscicaudata  (Eraser).    Rieffer'a  Hummingbird, 
c*.  Belly  and  flanks  cinnamon-rufous,  cinnamon,  or  ochraceous ;  outer  tail- 
feather  entirely  rufous,  except  sometimes  a  narrow  margin  (of  dull 
bronzy)  to  outer  web ;  upper  tail-coverts  chiefly  green  or  bronzy ; 
tail  light  chestnut,  or  chestnut-rufous,  the  feathers  (except  outer) 
broadly   margined   terminally  with   bronzy   or  violet-dusky,   the 
middle  feathers  sometimes  entirely  bronzy  or  violet-dusky. 
d}.  Lower  breast,  belly,  sides,  and  'flanks  pale  cinnamon,  or  cinnamon- 
bufl",  not  abruptly  defined  against  green  of  more  anterior  por- 
tions;  length  about  4.00-4.50,  wing  2.15-2.30,  tail  1.50-1.70, 
exposed  culmen  .70-.80.    Hab.  Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  lower 
Eio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas. 

439.  A.  cerviniventris  Gould.    Bnff-bellied  Hummingbird. 
d'.  Lower  breast,  belly,  sides,  and  flanks  deep  cinnamon,  or  cinnamon- 
rufous,  abruptly  contrasted  with  green  of  more  anterior  por- 
tions; wing  2.20-2.25,  tail  1.40-1.60,  exposed  culmen  .70.    Hab. 

Yucatan. 

A.  jrucatanensis  (Cabot).    Cabot's  Hummingbird.' 

b*.  Secondaries  rufous  or  chestnut  at  base. 

c\  Tail  mainly  chestnut,  or  rich  purple- bronze. 

rf*.  Outer  webs  of  quills  (except  longer  ones)   chiefly  chestnut  or 

rufpus;    secondaries  chestnut  or  rufous  tipped  with   dusky; 

outer  tail-feathers  deep  chestnut;   wing  2.10-2.20,  tail   1.30- 

1.40,  exposed  culmen  .70-.75.     Hab.   Southern  Mexico,  north 

to  Jalapa. 

A.  beryllina  (Licht.).    Berylline  Hummingbird.* 

d*.  Outer  webs  of  quills  with  rufous  only  at  extreme  base,  and  some- 
times concealed  or  nearly  obsolete ;  secondaries  dusky  for  at 
least  terminal  half  of  exposed  portion ;  outer  tail-feathers  very 
dark  chestnut,  bordered  terminally  with  bright  purple  or 
bronze;  middle  tail-feathers  usually  richer  bronze  or  purple 
than  in  A.  beryllina;  wing  2.10-2.25,  tail  1.30-1.40,  exposed 
culmen  .65-.78.    Hab.  Guatemala. 

A.  marise  (Boubc).    Marift's  Hummingbird.* 
c'.  Tail  neither  chestnut  nor  purple-bronze. 
d}.  Tail  greenish  bronze.    Hab.  Mexico. 

A.  ocai  Gould.    D'Oca's  Hummingbird.* 


1  Troehiltu  gueatanentit  Cabot,  Proo.  Nat.  Hist.  Soo.  Boat.  1846,  74.  Amatilia  yueatanenns  Gould,  Mon. 
Troch.  pt.  xxiii.  1861  (vol.  v.  1861,  pi.  308). 

'  7'rochilus  beryllinus  Light.,  Preis-Verz.  1830,  No.  26.  Amazilia  beryllina  Gould,  Mon.  Trooh.  pt.  zzii. 
1861  (vol.  V.  1861,  pi.  312). 

*  IVoehilui  maria  BouRC,  Ann.  Soo.  Ag.  Lyon,  is.  1846,  319.  Amazilia  marim  Elliot,  Class,  ft  Synop. 
Trooh.  1879,  222. 

*  Amazilia  ocai  Gould,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  ser.  3,  iv.  1859,  96 ;  Mon.  Trooh.  v.  1861,  pi.  289. 


UBita 


318  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

d*.  Tail  rich  bluo-black.    Hub.  Guatemala  and  Nicaragua. 

A.  cyanura  Gould.     Blue-tailed  Hummingbird.^ 
a'.  Lower  parts  entirely  uniform  cinnamon.  • 

h\  Smaller:  Wing  2.15-2.25,  tail  1.40-1.50,  exposed  culmen  .80-.88.  Hab. 
Nicaragua,  Salvador,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  and  southern  Mexico,  north 
to  Yucatan  and  Mazatlan. 

A.  cinnamomea  (Le.ss.).    Cinnamomeous  Hummingbird.' 
6».  Larger:   Wing  2.50-2.70,  tail  1.75-1.85,  exposed  culmen  .90-1.05.     Hab. 
Tres  Marias  Islands,  western  Mexico. 

A.  graysoni  Lawr.     Grayson's  Hummingbird.* 


I 


Genus  BASILINNA  Boie.    (Page  309,  pi.  XC,  fig.  6.) 

•  Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  metallic  green,  darker  or  duller  on  top  of  head ; 
tail  mainly  chestnut  or  blackish,  the  middle  feathers,  however,  with  more  or  less 
green ;  a  broad  and  very  conspicuous  white  stripe  behind  eye,  with  a  black,  dusky, 
or  brownish  one  immediately  beneath  it,  across  ear-coverts.  Adult  males  with  fore- 
head and  chin  black  or  deep  blue,  the  throat  and  upper  part  of  chest  brilliant 
metallic  emerald-green.  Adult  females  with  top  of  head  dull  brownish  (sometimes 
tinged  with  green),  and  lower  parts  pale  cinnamon,  with  or  without  green  spots  on 
throat,  or  dull  grayish  white,  with  sides  green. 

a'.  Tail  mainly  chestnut ;  posterior  lower  parts  pale  cinnamon.  Adult  male :  Fore- 
head and  chin  opaque  black,  or  dull  blue-black;  middle  tail-feaUievs  chestnut 
centrally,  metallic  green  exteriorly,  the  rest'without  dusky  subterminal  bar 
or  spot.  Adult  female :  Lower  parts  pale  cinnamon,  with  or  without  green 
spots  on  throat ;  middle  tail-feathers  entirely  green,  the  rest  marked  by  a 
more  or  less  distinct  subtei-minal  spot  of  dusky.  Length  about  3.30-3.50, 
wing  2.00-2.10,  tail  1.30-1.45,  exposed  culmen.  65-.70.  Nest  about  1.50  in 
diameter  by  about  .80  in  height,  the  cavity  about  1.00  X  .55-.60;  composed 
of  various  soft  vegetable  fibres  (especially  raw  cotton,  spiders'  webs,  etc.),  and 
attached  to  small  twigs.  Eggs  .47  X  '31.  Hab.  Southern  portion  of  Lower 
California 440.  B.  xantusi  (Lawr.).    Xantus's  Hummingbird. 

a*.  Tail  mainly  blackish  ;  posterior  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  mixed  with  grayish 
brown  and  greenish.  Adult  male  with  forehead  and  chin  deep  rich  blue ; 
middle  tail-feather  entirely  metallic  green  or  bronze,  the  others  tipped  with 
green  or  bronzy.  Adult  female:  Lower  parts  dull  light  grayish,  or  grayish 
white,  more  or  less  spotted  with  green,  the  sides  almost  continuously  of  this 
color;  middle  tail-feathers  entirely  green  or  bronzy,  the  others  black,  the 
two  or  three  outer  ones  tipped  with  dull  grayish.    Length,  about  3.25-3.40, 

1  Amagilia  cyanura  Gould,  Mon.  Troch.  pt.  xviii.  1850  (vol.  v.  pi.  316). 

*  Onxiamya  cinnamomea  Less.,  Rev.  Zool.  1812,  175.     Amazilia  :innamomea  Elliot,  Class.  &  Synop.  Troch. 
1879,  219. 

'  Amazilia  {Pyrrhophicna)  fjraytoni  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.,  1867,  404. 


I  A  CHE. 


319 


wing  2.00-2.30,  tail  1.30-1.50,  exposed  culmen  .65-.68.    Ilab.  Iligblanda  of 

Guatemala  and  Mexico. 

B.  leucotis  (ViKiLL.).    White-eared  Hummingbird.^ 


Genus  IACHE  Elliot.    (Page  308,  pi.  XC,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  m'.  lalHc  grass-gi'een  above,  the  tail-feathers 
blackish,  with  dull  gray  tips  (broadest  on  middle  feathers)  ;  downy  thigh-tufts  pure 
white ;  under  tail-coverts  whitish  or  light  grayish,  mixed  with  darker ;  rest  of 
lower  parts  metallic  green,  bluish  green,  or  blue ;  bill  pale  brownish  (red  in  life)  on 
basal  portion,  blackish  at  end.  Adult  females  metallic  grass-green  above,  pale  gray- 
ish beneath,  the  two  exterior  tail-feathers  tipped  with  pale  brownish  gray,  and  all 
with  the  basal  half  green. 

a*.  Under  tail-coverts  in  adult  males  white  or  grayish,  with  or  without  darker 
centres. 
b^.  Under  tail-coverts  whitish  on  margins,  darker  in  centro  ;  upper  tail-coverts 
blue  or  green. 
d.  Under  tail-coverts  white  with  dull  gray  o  ntres  in  adult  male,  entirely 
white  in  young.   Adult  male:  Upper  parts  grass-green,  sometimes  in- 
clining to  bronzy  green;  chin  and  throat  rich  metallic  blue,  passing 
gradually  into  rich  green  on  breast  and  belly ;  length  about  3.50- 
3.75,  wing  2.00  -2.20,  tail  1.35-1.50  (forked  for  .25-.35),  culmen  .75-.85. 
Adult  female:  Above  grass-green,  becoming  dull  gray  on  forehead; 
lower  parts  uniform  pale  ash-gray ;  basal  half  of  tail,  with  whole 
extent  of  its  middle  feathers,  green,  the  two  outer  feathers  tipped 
with  dull  gray ;  a  whitish  streak  behind  eye,  with  a  dusky  space 
immediately  beneath  it  and  extending  beneath  eye ;  length  3.88- 
4.10,  wing  2.00-2.15,  tail  1.25-1.30  (forked  for  about  .15),  culmen 
.78-.85.     Young  male :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  tail  as  in  adult 
male;  lower  tail-coverts  uniform  white;   feathers  of  upper  parts 
margined  with  pale  buff;  new  feathers  appearing  on  throat  bluish 
green  (instead  of  blue,  as  in  adult),  becoming  more  bluish  toward 
chin.     Young  female :  Similar  to  adult,  but  feathers  of  upper  parts 
bordered  with  pale  buff.    Hab.  Western  Mexico,  south  to  Colima, 
north  to  southern  Arizona. 

441.  I.  latirostris  (Swains.).    Broad-billed  Hnmmingbird. 

c*.  Under  tail-coverts  entii*ely  white  in  adult  (?)  male.     Adult  (?)  maL : 

Upper  parts  "  reddish  bronze" ;  throat  and  upper  parts  of  breast 

metallic  bluish  green ;  under  parts  bronzy  green  with  a  coppery 


I 
i 


1  Trochilus  leucotis  YiEiLL.,  Xouv.  Diet.  ed.  2,  xxii.  1818,  428.   Batilinna  leucotis  Reich.,  Aufz.  der  Colib. 
1853,  13. 


320  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

lustre ;  length  3.25,  wing  1.90.  tail  1.15,  culmen  .75.    JSab.  Western 
Mexico  (Mazatlan). 

I.  magica  (Muls.  &  Vkrr.).     Magic  Hummmgbird.* 
¥.  Under  tail-coverts  in  adult  male  dusky  gray,  glossed  with  green,  and  bor- 
dered with  grayish  white ;  upper  tail-coverts  dull  smoke-gray,  like  tips 
of  middle  tail-feathers. 
Adult  male :  Above  bronze-green  or  greenish  bronze ;  chin  and  throat 
metallic  emerald-green  (with  a  bluiiih  cast  only  in  certain  lights) ; 
remaining  under  parts  bronzy  green  or  greenish    bronze ;    wing 
2.10,  tail  1.40  (forked  for  .25-.35),  culmen  .70.    Hab.  Tves  Marias 
Islands,  western  Mexico. 

I.  lawrencei  Berl.    Lawrence's  Hummingbird.* 
a*.  Under  tail-coverts  in  adult  male  uniform  blue-black. 

Adult  male:  Above  metallic  bronze-green,  including  upper  tail-coverts; 
the  hind-neck  more  grass-green,  and  the  forehead  brilliant  metallic 
greenish  blue,  passing  into  shining  green  on  crown ;  entire  chin  and 
throat  rich  deep  metallic  blue,  with  a  purplish  cast  in  certain  lights; 
breast  and  belly  deep  bluish  green,  the  sides  more  bronzy;  wing  1.90- 
2.00,  tail  1.30  (forked  for  .50),  culmen  .65.  ITab.  Southern  Mexico 
(Tehuantepec). 

I.  doubledayi  (Bourc).     Doubleday's  Hummingbird.* 


1  Ilyhc.harit  magica  Muls.  A  Verb.,  Ann.  Soc.  Linn.  Lyon,  xviii.  1872,  110.     lache  magica  Elliot, 
Syncp.  Trooh.  1879,  2.36,    [Possibly  the  young  male  of  /.  latiroitritj] 

*  lache  lauirencei  I*BRLEPSca,  MS. 

•  Troohilus  doubledayi  Bouuc,  P.  Z.  S.  1871,  16.    lache  doubledayi  Elliot,  Synop.  Trooh.  1879,  236. 


Western 


PASSERES. 


321 


miiigbird.' 
and  bor- 
like  tips 

nd  throat 
lights) ; 
e  J  wing 
3  Marias 

tningbird.* 

-coverts ; 
metallic 
chin  and 
n  lights; 
ng  1.90- 
»  Mexico 

ningbirrt.' 

icu    ELLrOT, 

),  235. 


Order  PASSERES. — Perching  Birds.   (Pages.) 

Families. 

^  Tarsus  cylindrical,  or  with  hinder  portion  rounded;  encircled  with  a  singh 
horny  envelope  (divided  into  scutellsD  anteriorly  and  on  outer  side),  this 
sometimes  extending  all  round  (though  separated  by  a  seam  along  inner 
side),  but  often  widely  separated  on  inner  side  or  behind  (or  both),  the 
intervening  space  occupied  by  grunular  scales,  reticulations,  or  plain  naked 
skin.  (Suborder  Clamatores.) 
6'.  Inner  toe  with  basal  phalanx  united  to  that  of  middle  toe ;  posterior  face  of 

tarsus  reticulate Cotingidse.     (Page  323.) 

b*.  Inner  toe  entirely  free  at  base  from  middle  toe ;  posterior  face  of  tarsus  not 

reticulate Tyrannidee.    (Page  326.) 

;'.  Tarsus  compressed  behind,  with  comparatively  sharp  posterior  edge  (or  else 
hind-claw  longer  than  its  digit,  and  straight),  the  enveloping  membrane 
divided  in>,o  two  or  three  longitudinal  segments,  which  may  be  either  divided 
into  transverse  segments,  or  scuteD®,  or  fused  into  continuous  plates.  (Sub- 
order Oscines.) 
6'.  Posterior  half  of  tarsus  not  comprei^sed,  but  rounded,  and  divided  into  dis- 
tinct segments,  or  scutellio,  like  the  anterior  half 

Alaudidae.    (Page  346.) 
6'.  Posterior  half  of  tarsus  compressed,  with  two  lateral  plates  uniting  behind 
in  a  comparatively  sharp  ridge,  and  for  the  most  part  undivided, 
c*.  Primaries  apparently  only  9  (the  10th  being  exceedingly  rud'mentary), 
the  tip  of  the  bill  not  hooked. 
d^.  Bill  variously  formed,  but  gape  never  twice  as  long  as  culmen; 
outer  primary  never  twice  as  long  as  innermost, 
e'.  Bill  straight. 

/'.  Bill  coiiOid  ;  if  slender,  the  angle  of  the  gonys  forward  of 
the  nostril. 
g^.  Bill  without  notch,  and  without  bi'istles  at  gape. 

Icteridae.     (Page  365.) 
g*.  Bill  notched,  and  with  bristletf  at  gape. 

hK  Nostrils  concealed  by  feathers,  or  pointed  an- 
teriorly and  overhung  by  a  distinct  scale 
or  borny  membrane,  or  else  base  of  cutting- 
edges  forming  a  distinct  angle. 

Fringillidae.    (Page  382.) 

h*.  Nostril    exposed,   rounded    anteriorly,   without 

distinct  overhanging  scale  or  membrane,  and 

cutting-edges  of  bill  not  forming   a  distinct 

angle  at  the  base..  Tanagridee.    (Pago  453.) 

41 


i. 


322 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


n 


% 


nirai! 


p.  Bill  not  conoid ;  angle  of  gonys  not  forward  of  the  nostril. 
g^.  Tertials  not  elongated,  but  with  their  tips  falling  far 
short  of  the  ends  of  the  longest  primaries ;  hind- 
claw  much  shorter  than  its  digit. 

Mniotiltidae.    (Page  480.) 
g*.  Tertials  much  elongated,  their  tips  reaching  nearly  to 
end  of  longest  primary ;  hind-claw  nearly  as  long 
as,  or  longer  than,  its  digit. 

Motacillidae.    (Pago  532.) 
e*.  Bill  curved  downward  to  the  very  acute  tip. 

CGerebidae  {Certhiola:"     (Page  479.) 

(f .  Bill  very  short,  very  broad  at  base,  and  deeply  cleft,  the  gape  more 

than  twice  as  long  as  the  culmen  ;  outer  primary  mor'     'an 

twice  as  long  as  the  innermost Hirundinidee.     (Pag    i57.) 

c*.  Primaries  obviously  10,  or  else  tip  of  bill  hooked, 
d*.  Tarsi  distinctly  scutellate. 

e*.  Bill  only  moderately  or  very  slightly  hooked  at  tip. 

/*.  Tarsus  not  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw ;  bill  short, 
depressed,  its  width  at  base  exceeding  length  of  the 

gonys Ampelidee.    (Page  463.) 

/*.  Tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw,  or  else  the  bill 
elongated,  not  depressed,  narrower  at  base  than  length 
of  the  gonys. 
g^.  Bill  not  hooked  at  tip. 
h\  Tail-feathers  normal. 

i}.  Nasal  feathers  erect  or  inclined  backward. 
/.  Bill  linear,  but  often  curved,  the  culmen 
always   more   or  less   so;    first  pri- 
mary well  developed,  extending  be- 
yond tips  of  coverts. 

Troglodytida:.     (Page  533.) 
j*.  Bill  elongate-conical,  the  culmen  straight ; 
first  primary  minute,  not   reaching 
to  tips  of  coverts. 

Sturnidee.     (Page  364.) 
t*.  Nasal  feathers  directed  forwai-d. 

/.  Larger  (wing  more  than  4.00  inches). 

Corvida:.     (Page  350.) 
f.  Smaller  (wing  less  than  4.00  inches). 

A*.  Bill   without    notch,   more  or  loss 
conoid...  Paridse.    (Page  558.) 
k*.  Bill  notched,  very  slender. 
Sylviidae  {Polioptilina:).  (Page  566.) 
h*.  Tail-feathers  stiff,  pointed  at  tip. 

Certhiidee.    (Pago  567.) 


CQTINGIDJE. 


323 


g^.  Bill  slightly  hooked  at  lip..  Vireonidae.     (Page  468.) 

e*.  Bill  strongly  hooked  and  toothed Laniidse.     (Page  465.) 

Tarsi  not  divided  into  scutellaj,  except  at  extreme  lower  portion, 
e'.  Without  rictal  bristles ;  nostrils  linear ;  tail  excessively  short. 

Cinclidae.     (Page  538.) 
e'.  With  distinct  rictal  bristles ;  nostrils  oval ;  tail  normally  de- 
veloped. 
/^  Smaller  (wing  less  than  3.00  inches)  ;  young  not  spotted. 
Sylviidae  (Sylviince,  Regulirm).     (Page  566.) 
/'.  Larger  (wing  more  than  3.00  inches) ;  young  distinctly 
spotted Turdidse.     (Page  571.) 


Family  COTINGID^.— The  Cotingas.   (Page  321.) 

Genera. 

a*.  Nostrils  wholly  exposed  ;  lores  and  orbits  naked Tityra} 

a*.  Nostrils  more  or  less  hidden  by  bristly  feathers ;  lores  and  orbits  feathered. 

6*.  Tip  of  bill  very  slightly  hooked ;  tail   decidedly  rounded  or  graduated ; 
males  with  second  quill  very  small  or  rudimentary, 
c*.  Tail  graduated  for  only  about  half  the  length  of  the  exposed  culmen ; 
tarsus  stouter,  the  inner  side  (posterior  half)  with  a  series  of  large 

scutellse;  bill  more  cylindrical Platypsaris.     (Page  324.) 

C*.  Tail  graduated  for  about  as  much  as  full  length  of  exposed  culmen ; 
tarsus   slender,  the   inner  side  (posterior  half)  covered  by  naked 

skin;  bill  more  flattened Pachyrhamphus.     (Page  325.) 

fc'.  Tip  of  bill  very  distinctly  hooked ;    tail  nearly  even ;  males  with  second 

quill  larger  than  first. 

c*.  Color  uniform  tawny  (darker  above)  ;  wing  six  times  as  long  as  exposed 

culmen,  more  than  four  times  as  long  as  tarsus ;  culmen  more  or 

less  distinctly  convex,  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  straight  or 

slightly  concave,  and  tip  of  bill  gradually  decurved. 

d*.  Tarsus  stout,  very  little  longer  than'  middle  too,  with  claw,  the 

upper  third  feathered  in  front ;  culmen  curved  throughout,  and 

cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  slightly  concave  ;  wing  5.00,  or 

more Laniocern.} 

(P.  Tarsus  slender,  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw,  en- 
tirely naked  ;  culmen  nearly  or  quite  straight  to  near  tip,  and 
cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  straight;  wing  less  than  5.00 
(in  Mexican  species) Lipaugm? 


•  TUi/ra  ViBiLLOT,  Analyse,  1816,  ."59.    Typo,  Lnniui  ca}/anu»  Lin»,     (One  speoios  in  Mexico,  with  othora 
in  Central  and  South  America.) 

*/    '•'ocera  Lrss.,    Rev.  Zool.  1840,  !<63.    Type,  L.  innguinaria  hKsn,,  =  Ampclii  hypnpyrrha  ViEiLL. 
(One  itpeciea  in  Mexico.) 

*  Lipangui  {err,  typ.)  BoiB,  leia,  1828,  318,    Type,  Muioienpa  timpltx  LiciiT.    (One  apeoiei  in  Mexioo.) 


'ff". 


324  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

<?.  Color  brown  above  (usually  streaked  with  darker  on  top  of  head),  the 
rump  yellowish  or  tawny,  in  marked  contrast ;  lower  parts  more  or 
less  distinctly  streaked  anteriorly,  on  a  light  grayish  or  olive-yel- 
lowish ground ;  wing  not  more  than  four  times  as  long  as  exposed 
culmen,  decidedly  less  than  four  times  as  long  as  tarsus;  culmen 
more  or  less  distinctly  concave  in  middle  portion,  and  cutting-edge 
of  upper  mandible  correspondingly  convex,  the  bill  being  thus 
somewhat  recurved ;  tip  of  bill  very  abruptly  and  strongly  hooked. 

Attila} 

Genus  PLATYP SARIS  Sclater.'    (Page  323,  pi.  XCV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males :  Above  nearly  uniform  grayish  or  black- 
ish, the  top  of  head  always  darker  than  back  (or  else  the  latter  black  also)  ;  beneath 
varjMng  from  deep  slate-gray  to  nearly  pure  white,  the  chest  (sometimes  lower 
throat  also)  usually  with  a  patch  of  pure  rose-red.  Adult  females  and  young  males: 
Above  with  more  or  less  of  tawny,  the  back  and  rump  in  some  species  mixed  with 
grayish ;  top  of  head  varying  from  dull  slate-gray  to  glossy  black ;  lower  parts 
varying  from  dull  ochraceous  to  butfy  white. 

a'.  Adult  males  with  rose-colored  patch  on  chest  (rarely  replaced  by  patch  of 
whitish,  faintly  tinged  with  rosy)  ;  adult  females  and  young  males  with  back 
and  rump  dark  rusty,  rusty  grayish,  or  nearly  pure  gray. 
6*.  Adidt  males  with   breast,  belly,  flanks,  etc.,  distinctly,  or  very  decidedly, 
ash-gray, 
c'.  Adult  male :  Top  of  head  glossy  blue-black,  passing  gradually  into  dull 
sooty  shite  on  forehead  ;   rest  of  upper  ]iarts   uniform   slate-gray, 
sometimes  decidedly  darker  on  back.    Adult  female :  Top  of  head 
blackish  slate,  becoming  paler  and  browner  on  forehead;   rest  of 
upper  parts  dark  rusty,  duller  on  back,  where  sometimes  approach- 
ing a  deep  hazel  or  burnt-umber  tint.    Young  male :  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  top  of  head  glossy  black,  as  in  adult  male ;  in  older  in- 
dividuals, the  black  of  adult  plumage  appearing  on  back,  sides  of 
head,  etc.,  and  rose-color  tinting  tha  throat.    Length  about  6.50- 
6.75,  wing  3.30-3.75,  tail  2.60-3.00,  exposed  culmen  .00-.68.    Hab. 
Eastern  Mexico  (north  to  Rio  Grande  Valley),  south  to  Salvador. 

P.  aglais  (Lafr.).    Rose-throated  Becard." 
c*.  Adult  male:  Top  of  head   dull  slate-black  posteriorly,  gradually  be- 
coming deep  smoky  gray  on  forehead ;   rest  of  upper  parts  uni- 


'  Attiln  Lrsron,  Tralt6  Cm.  18.S1,  HM.  Type,  A.  bratilientii  Less.  (Two,  possibly  three,  spooios  in 
Mexioo  and  Guatomnla.) 

'  Platypiarit  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  72  (ex  Donnp.,  1854,  nomen  «t  'wm).  Typo,  Pachyrhrtrnphm  lati- 
roKlnf  Bp. 

<*  Puchyrhynchu*  aglaim  hkrn.,  Rev.  Zool.  1839,  98.  PlatypiarU  aglaim  Suhichr.  Mem.  Boat.  Soo.  i. 
1809,  658.  * 


PA  CHYRHAMPHUS. 


325 


head),  the 
ts  more  or 
olive-yel- 
is  exposed 
3;  culmen 
tting-edge 
jing  thus 
y  hooked. 
AUila} 

)   . 


or  black- 
;  beneath 
les  lower 
ng  males : 
ixed  with 
iver  parts 

patch  of 
vith  back 

lecidedly, 

into  dull 
late-gray, 
)  of  head 
;  rest  of 
ipproach- 
r  to  adult 
older  in- 

sides  of 
:)ut  6.50- 
18.  Hab. 
Ivador. 
d  Becard.' 
ually  he- 
arts uni- 

,  B])ooioB  in 
mjihut  lati- 
lost.  Soo.  i. 


form  deep  ash-gray.  Adult  female :  Top  of  head  dull  slate-gray 
(but  little  darker  than  back  of  male),  becoming  lighter  and  more 
brownish  on  forehead ;  back,  scapulai's,  and  upper  part  of  rump 
uniform  brownish  gray ;  collar  across  hind-neck,  lower  rump,  and 
upper  tail-coverts  pale  tawny,  tinged  with  gray ;  lower  parts  buiTy, 
nearly  white  on  chin,  but  much  deeper  (almost  tawny)  on  ear- 
coverts.  Length  about  6.70,  wing  3.40-3.50,  tail  2.75-2.80,  exposed 
culmen  .52-.55.     Hab.  Tres  Marias  Islands,  western  Mexico. 

P.  insularis  Bidqw.     Grayson's  Becard.^ 
R  Adult  males  with  breast,  belly,  flanks,  etc.,  bufty  whitish  or  very  pale  gray- 
ish, sometimes  nearly  pure  white. 
Adult  male :  Above  similar  to  P.  insidaris,  but  back,  etc.,  decidedly 
lighter,  more  ashy,  gray.     Adult  female :  Top  of  head  slate-black 
posteriorly,  gradually  passing  into  ash-gray  on   forehead;   back, 
scapulars,  and  rump  dull   brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown,  the 
wings  and  tail  mora  rusty  ;  usually  a  more  or  less  distinct  collar  of 
dull  ochraceous  across  hind-neck ;   lower  parts  varying  from  deep 
ochraceous-buff  to  buffy  white.     Length  about  6.50-6.75,  wing  3.40- 
3.65,  tail   2.70-3.00,  exposed  culmen   .58-.65.    Hab.  Western  and 
southern  Mexico  (Mazatlan  to  Yucatan). 

P.  albiventris  Lawr.    Xantus's  Becard.' 
a''.  Adult  males  without  rose-colored  patch  on  chest  or  throat ;  adult  females  with 
upper  parts,  except  top  of  head  and  tips  of  ouills,  uniform  clear  iawnj-  rufous. 
Adidt  male:  Top  of  head  slate-black,  deeper  and  somewhat  glossy  poste- 
riorly, duller  and  more  slaty  on  forehead ;  rest  of  upper  parts  uniform 
slate-gray  ;  lower  parts  uniform  ash-gray,  rarely  paler  and  very  slightly 
tinged  with  rosy  on  chest.     Adult  female :  Top  of  '-  jad  dark  slaty,  in 
very  abrupt  and  conspicuous  contrast  with  rufous  of  back  ;  lower  parts 
pale  buffy,  paler  (sometimes  nearly  Avhite)  on  belly  and  chin.     Length 
about  6.25,  wing  3.50-3.70,  tail  2.60-2.85,  exposed  culmen  .62-.65.    Hab. 
Nicaragua  and  western  Costa  Eica. 

P.  latirostris  (Ionap.).    Gray-throated  Becard.^ 

Genus  PACHYRHAMPHUS  Gray.*    (Page  323,  pi.  XCV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

oK  Wings  and  tail  parti-colored  ;  sexes  very  different  in  color.  Adult  male:  Top  of 
head  glossy  blue-black  ;  hind-neck,  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts 
uniform  ash-gray ;  back  glossy  black  superficially,  but  feathers  ash-gray  be- 
neath the  surface  ;  scapulars  mostly  white  ;  wings  black,  with  white  tips  to 


1  New  upooios  ;  throe  specimens  examined. 

»  Hndrontrimuii  albiventriii  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  viii.  1807,  475.     (Sixteen  specimens  examined.) 

'  Pachyrhamphug  IntirottriH  Bonap.,  Compt.  Rend,  xxxviii.  18.54,  fiSS. 

*  Pachyrhamphui  Qray,  List   Qon.  B.  1838,  41.     Type,  Packyrhynchnt   cuvieri  Spix,  m.  Tityra  viritiig 

VlElLL, 


' 


i,      r 


326  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

middle  coverts  and  broad  white  edgings  to  greater  coverts  and  tertials ;  tail 
black,  the  feathers  broadly  tipped  with  white  (decreasing  in  width  toward 
middle  pair)  ;  sides  of  head  and  entire  lower  parts  plain  light  ash-grayi  nearly 
white  on  throat,  middle  of  belly,  and  under  tail-coverts.  Adult  female  :  Top 
of  head  glossy  black,  mixed  with  rusty,  especially  on  forehead  ;  wings  dusky, 
thi  middle  and  greater  coverts  broadly  tipped,  and  other  wing-feathers  edged, 
with  tawny  ochracet  us ;  rest  of  upper  parts  plain  bright  tawny,  or  tawny 
ochraceous,  the  tail-feathers  with  a  broad  subterminal  patch  of  black ;  sides 
of  head  and  entire  lower  parts  uniform  buffy  ochraceous.  Young  male :  Simi- 
lar to  adult  female,  but  paler  and  more  yellowish  beneath.  Length  about 
6.25-7.00,  wing  3.10-3.25,  tail  2.60-2.70,  exposed  culmen  .50-.60,  tarsus  .70-.80. 
Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  (north  to  Eio  Grande  Valley)  and  south  to  Guatemala. 

P.  major  (Cab.).  Thick-billed  Becard.* 
a'.  Wings  and  tail  unicolored  (plain  rusty  or  tawny  rufous);  sexes  alike  in  color 
(the  adult  male  being  distinguished  by  rudimentary  second  primary). 
Above  uniform  deep  tawny  rufous,  darker  on  top  of  head ;  lower  parts 
entirely  plain  tawny  ochraceous,  paler  on  chin  and  middle  of  belly ;  length 
about  5.25-6.50,  wing  3.00-3.10,  tail  2.45-2.60,  exposed  culmen  .45-.50,  tar- 
sus .75-.80,    Hab,  Central  America  (Guatemala  to  Colombia). 

P.  cinnamomeus  Lawr.    Rufous  Becard.^ 


Family  TYRANNIDiE.— The  Tyrant  Fylcatchers.    (Page  321.) 


■4k 

'4^ 


Genera. 

a'.  Tail  much  longer  than  wing,  very  deeply  forked Milvulus.     (Page  327.) 

a''.  Tail  not  longer  than  wing,  not  deeply  forked. 

b^.  Bill  from  nostril  more  than  half  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  culmen  straight  for 
most  of  its  length, 
c'.  Adults  with  a  bright-colored  (yellow,  orange,  or  red)  concealed  patch 
on  crown ;  tarsus  not  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw. 
d}.  Plumage  not  striped. 

e\  Bill  broad  at  base,  its  width  at  nostrils  much  more  than  half 
the  distance  from  nostril  to  tip ;  adults  with  outer  quills 

abruptly  narrowed  at  tip Tyrannus.    (Pago  328.) 

e'.  Bill  narrow  at  base,  its  width  at  nostrils  not  more  than  half 
the  distance  fi-om  nostril  to  tip ;  adults  with  outer  quills 

not  narrowed  at  tip Pitangus.     (Pago  330.) 

d*.  Plumage  conspicuously  striped.     (Wing  about  4.50.) 

Myiodynastes.    (Page  331.) 
c*.  Adults  without  bright-colored  patch  on   crown;    tai-sus  longer  than 


'  linthmidnru*  major  Cab.,  WoiRin.  Arohiv,  1S47,  I.  24.1.     Pachi/rhnmphui  nwjor  ScL.,  P.  Z.  8.  1857,  78, 
i>  Pachyrhamphu*  cinnamomem  LAwn.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  vii.  1801,  295. 


rtials;  tail 
th  toward 
ay;  nearly 
}iale :  Top 
ig8  dusky, 
lers  edged, 
or  tawny 
ick;  sides 
ale :  Simi- 
5th  about 
us  .70-.80. 
uatemala. 
id  Becard.i 
e  in  color 
primary), 
wer  parts 
y;  length 
)-.50,  tar- 

is  Becard.i 


ge  321.) 

•age  327.) 
raight  for 
led  patch 


than  half 
ter  quills 
age  328.) 
han  half 
;er  quills 
age  330.) 

age  331.) 
rer  than 


1857,  78. 


MILVVLUS.  327 

middle  toe,  with  claw  (or  else  a  conspicuous  white  cottony  patch  on 
each  side  of  rump'), 
d'.  Tail-feathers  partly  i-ufous;  lower  parts  unifonn  ashy  for  ante- 
rior half  (approximately),  pale  yellowish  for  posterior  portion. 

(Wing  about  3.25^.50.) Myiarchus.    (Page  332.) 

d\  Tail-feathers  without  any  rufous ;  lower  parts  not  colored  as  in  d}. 
e*.  "Wing  at  least  six  times  as  long  as  tarsus.    (Wing  about  3.00- 

4.25.) Contopus.     (Page  336.) 

e\  Wing  not  more  than  five  times  as  long  as  tarsus. 

/'.  Sexes  alike  in  color,  the  plumage  without  any  red,  and 
destitute  of  streaks  on  lower  parts. 

g^.  Wing  more  than  3.25 Sayornis.     (Page  335.) 

gr'.  Wing  less  than  3.25 Empidonax.    (Page  339.) 

J*.  Sexes  very  different  in  color,  the  adult  male  with  whole 
top  of  head  and  lower  parts  scarlet,  the  female  and 
young    distinctly  streaked    beneath.      (Wing    about 

3.25.) Pyrocephalus.    (Page  345.) 

b'.  Bill  from  nostril  less  than  half  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  culmen  much  curved, 
c'.  Wing  more  than  3.00 ;  lower  parts,  except  throat,  pure  lemon-yellow ; 
a  broad  white  superciliary  stripe;  middle  of  crown,  in  adult,  with  a 

concealed  orange  patch Myiozetetes.     (Page  331.) 

c*.  Wing  less  than  2.50 ;  lower  parts  dull  whitish  or  yellowish  white ;  no 
superciliary  stripe,  and  top  of  head  without  concealed  colored 
patch Ornithion.    (Page  345.) 

Genus  MILVULUS  Swainson.    (Page  326,  pi.  XCI.,  fig.  8.) 

Species. 

a}.  Tail-feathers  black,  the  outer  one  edged  with  white ;  top  of  head  deep  black ; 
axillars  pure  white.  Adult  male :  Back  light  bluish  gray ;  entire  lower  parts 
pure  white  ;  middle  of  crown  with  a  concealed  patch  of  bright  lemon-yellow  ; 
length  about  12.00-14.50,  wing  4.10-4.75,  tail  9.00-10.00.  Adult  female: 
Similar,  but  rather  smaller,  with  tail  shorter,  and  yellow  crown-spot  shorter. 
Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  tail  much  shorter  (sometimes  scarcely  forked), 
colors  duller,  the  wing-coverts  bordered  v.Mth  pale  rusty,  and  no  yellow  on 
crown.  Hab.  Tropical  America  in  general,  including  Lesser  Antilles;  north, 
normally,  to  southern  Mexico,  accidentally  to  Mississippi,  Kentucky,  and 
New  Jersey 442.  M.  tyrannus  (Linn.).    Fork-tailed  Flycatcher. 

a*.  Tail-feathers  chiefly  white ;  top  of  head  ash-gray ;  axillars  red  or  orange.  Adult 
male :  Above  light  bluish  gray,  the  back  tinged  with  red  ;  lower  parts  white, 
faintly  tinged  with  bluish  gray  anteriorly,  the  sides,  flanks,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  strongly  washed  with  salmon-pink ;  axillars  and  concealed  spot  in 


middle  of  crown   scarlet ; 


length 


about   12.00-15.00,  wing  4.40-5.16,  tail 


1  In  "  Contoput"  (i.e.,  Nuttallornit)  borealit. 


328 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


.0; 
■^5 


-V- 


7.00-10.00.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  rather  smaller,  the  tall 
shorter,  axillars  less  intensely  red,  the  flanks,  etc.,  paler  salmon-color,  and 
crown-spot  indistinct.  Young :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  crown-spot 
wanting.  Nest  of  sticks,  etc.,  lined  with  feathers  and  other  soft  materials, 
built  in  trees.  I^ggs  3-5,  .88  X  -66,  pure  white,  or  creamy  white,  boldly 
but  sparingly  spotted  with  rich  madder-brown  and  lilac-gray.  Hab. 
Eastern  Mexico  and  southwestern  prairie  districts  of  United  States,  north 
to  Indian  Territory,  southern  Kansas,  and  southwestern  Missouri ;  acci- 
dental at  Key  West,  Florida,  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  New  Jersey,  New  Eng- 
land, Manitoba,  and  even  at  York  Factory,  Hudson's  Bay  Territory ;  south 
to  Costa  Eica 443.  M.  foriicatus  (Gmel.).    Scissor*tailed  Flycatcher. 

Genus  TYRANNUS  Cuvier.     (Page  326,  pi.  XCIL,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Uniform  grayish  or  blackish  above,  the  middle  of  the 
crown  with  a  concealed  patch  of  yellow,  orange,  or  orange-red  (except  in  young) ; 
lower  parts  white,  shaded  with  grayish  on  sides  of  chest,  or  else  ashy  anteriorly  and 
pale  yellow  posteriorly.  Nest  bulky,  built  in  trees.  Eggs  handsomely  spotted  with 
various  shades  of  brown  on  a  white  or  cream-colored  ground. 

a}.  Lower  parts  white. 

b^.  Tail  slightly  rounded,  deep  black,  with  abrupt  white  tip;  upper  half 
of  head  deep  black  ;  bill  small,  its  length  from  nostril  to  tip  less  than 
length  of  tarsus. 

Adult :  Middle  of  crown  with  a  concealed  patch  of  orange-red  ;  wing- 
coverts  edged  or  bordered  with  pure  white  or  grayish  white. 
Young :  No  colored  patch  on  crown ;  wing-coverts  and  upper  tail- 
coverts  bordered  with  pale  rusty  or  fulvous,  white  tail-band  and 
chest  tinged  with  same,  and  colors  duller  generally.  Length  8.00- 
9.00,  wing  4.45-4.75,  tail  3.40-3.75,  bill  from  nostril  .50-.57.  Nest 
of  sticks,  rootlets,  etc.,  lined  with  wool,  feathers,  etc.,  built  upon 
trees.  Eggs  3-5,  .95  X  -69,  white  spotted  with  rich  madder-brown, 
or  chestnut,  and  lilac-gray.  JIab.  Temperate  North  America 
(chiefly  east  of  Eocky  Mountains  and  rare  on  Pacific  coast) ;  south, 
in  wintei',  to  Middle  America  and  western  South  America  to  Bo- 
livia; Cuba;  Bahamas 444.  T.  tyrannus  (Linn.).    Kingbird. 

b*.  Tail  decidedly  emarginate,  without  abrupt  white  tip;  bill  very  large,  its 
length  from  nostril  to  tip  exceeding  length  of  tarsus, 
c*.  Above  grayish  brown,  the  head  brownish  dusky  or  dark  brown  ;  crown- 
patch  orange-rod;  wing  6.20-5.30,  tail  4.00-4.25,  bill  from  nostril 

1.00-1.06.    Hab.  Cuba  and  Bahamas. 

T.  magnirostris  D'Orb.    Qreat-billed  Kingbird.^ 
c^.  Above,  including  top  of  head,  plumbeous-gray.    Adult:  A  concealed 

^  Tjfraiinui  magtUrottrit  D'Ons.,  La  Sagra's  Cuba,  Ois.  1S39,  pi.  13. 


TVRANNUS. 


329 


acci- 


orange-colored  patch  in  middle  of  crown ;  wing-coverts  and  upper 
taii-covert8  without  rusty  or  buft'y  margins.  Young :  No  crown- 
patch  ;  wing-coverts  and  u^iper  tail-coverts  more  or  less  distinctly 
bordered  with  pale  rusty,  ochraeeous,  or  butfy.  Length  about  8.90- 
9.80,  wing  4.45-4.80,  tail  3.50-4.05,  bill  from  nostril  .75-.82.  Nest  on 
horizontal  branches  of  (usually  small)  trees,  loosely  constructed  of 
twigs,  roots,  etc.,  with  little  if  any  lining.  Uggs  usually  3,  1.00  X 
.71,  deep  cream-color  or  pinkish  buff,  spotted  or  dashed  (or  both) 
with  madder-brown  and  purplish  gray.  Hab.  West  Indies  and 
coasts  of  Caribbean  Sea  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  north  to  Florida, 
Georgia,  and  South  Carolina  ;  accidental  in  Massachusetts. 

445.  T.  dominicensis  (Gmel.).    Gray  Kingb'^Td. 
a'.  Lower  parts  yellow,  the  throat  and  chest  grayish  or  whitish. 

6*.  Bill  excessively  stout,  all  its  outlines  convex,  its  depth  at  base  .38,  or  more, 
width  .53,  or  more. 
Above  olive-gray,  wings  and  tail  browner,  head  darker ;  crown-patch 
lemon-yellow;  chin  and  throat  white,  chest  more  ashy,  rest  of 
under  parts  sulphur-yellow  ;  wing  5.00-5.50,  tail  4.00-4.50,  bill  from 
nostril  .75-81,  depth  at  base  .38-43,  width  .53-.60.  Hab.  Mexico, 
north  to  Orizaba  and  Mazatlan. 

T.  crassirostris  Swains.     Thick-billed  Kingbird.* 
b*.  Bill  much  less  stout,  its  outlines  straight,  depth  at  base  less  than  .38,  width 
less  than  .53. 
c^  Tail  decidedly  emarginate ;  length  of  bill  from  nostril  nearly  or  quitO 
equal  to  length  of  tarsus. 
Adult  male:  Head,  neck,  chest,  and  back  light  ash-gray,  the  last 
tinged  with  olive-greenish ;   wings  and   tail  dusky  brownish 
gray,    with   paler  brownish   gray  edgings;    lower  parts,   in- 
cluding breast,  rich    lemon-yellow  (the    breast   tinged    with 
olive),   the   chin   and  throat   grayish   white.      Adult  female: 
Similar   to    male,  but   rather   smaller,  with   tail  less  deeply 
emarginate,  orange-red  crown-spot  more  restricted,  and  quills 
less  conspicuously  narrowed  at  tips.     Young :  Similar  to  adult, 
but  no  colored  crown-patch,  wing-covcrts  bordered  with  palo 
buffy,  and  yellow  of  lower  parts  jialer.    Length  about  9.00- 
10.00,  wing  4.40-5.00,  tail  3.75^.40,  bill  from  nostril  .60-.75. 
Nest  on  trees,  composed  of  small  twigs,  fine  roots,  etc.,  and 
lined  with  the  latter,  togeth'^r  with  "  the  black  hair-like  heart 
of  the  Spanish   moss."     (Sennett.)     Eggs  4,  .98  X  -75,  bul!', 
spotted  with  rich  brown,  chiefly  round  larger  end.     Hub.  Mex- 
ico and  Guatemala,  north  to  southern  border  of  United  States 
(southern  Texas  to  Arizona). 
446.  T.  melancholicus  couchi  (Baird).    Conch's  Kingbird. 


>  Tjfiannut  eraiiiroitiii  Swains.,  Quar.  Jour.  Soi,,  xx.  1826,  278. 

42 


mM.i 


880 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Tail  even ;  length  of  bill  from  nostril  much  less  than  length  of  tarsus. 

d}.  Head,  neck,  and  bi-east  light  ash-gray,  paler  on  chin  and  throat ; 
wings  dusky,  with  indistinct  paler  edgings ;  tail  deep  black, 
the  lateral  feathers  with  outer  webs  abruptly  white.  Adult 
male :  Longer  quills  with  tips  contracted  into  lengthened  nar- 
row points.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  male,  but  tips  of  longer 
quills  less  distinctly  attenuated,  and  orange-red  crown-spot  more 
restricted.  Young :  similar  to  adult,  but  colors  paler  and  duller, 
the  wing-coverts  bordered  with  pale  buffy,  yellow  of  belly,  etc., 
much  paler,  and  colored  crown-spot  wanting.  Length  8.00- 
9.50,  wing  4.75-5.25,  tail  3.65-4.00,  bill  from  nostril  .50-.55. 
Nest  and  eggs  like  those  of  T.  tyrannns,  the  latter  averaging 
.97  X  -68.  Hab.  "Western  North  America,  east  across  Great 
Plains  (accidentally  to  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
Maine,  etc.),  south,  in  winter,  through  western  Mexico  to 
Guatemala 447.  T.  verticalis  Say.    Arkansas  Kingbird. 

d*.  Head,  neck,  and  breast  dark  ash-gray  or  plumbeous,  the  chin  and 
fore-part  of  malar  region  abruptly  whitish  ;  wings  light  brown- 
ish gray,  with  broad  paler  edgings ;  tail  dull  black,  indistinctly 
tipped  with  pale  brownish  gray,  the  lateral  feathers  with  outer 
webs  indistinctly  pale  grayish.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but 
colors  much  duller,  the  wing-coverts  bordered  with  pale  fulvous 
or  rusty  buff,  yellow  of  belly,  etc.,  paler  and  duller,  and  colored 
crown-patch  wanting.  Length  about  8.75-9.00,  wing  5.00-5.40, 
tail  3.70-4.20,  bill  from  nostril  .55-.60.  Nest  and  eggs  not  es- 
sentially different  from  those  of  T.  tyrannus  and  T,  verticalis. 
Hab.  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  north  to  along  eastern  base  of 
Eocky  Mountains  to  southern  Wyc^^ing,  and  coast  district  of 
southern  California  to  about  lat.  37°  ;  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

448.  T.  vociferans  Swains.    Cassin's  Kingbird. 


Genus  PITANGUS  Swainson.    (Page  326,  pi.  XCII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Forehead,  superciliary  stripe,  and  band  across  nape  white ;  crown  with  a  large 
partially  concealed  patch  of  bright  lemon-  or  gamboge-yellow ;  back,  scap- 
ulars, and  rump  plain  light  olive-brown ;  outer  webs  of  greater  wing- 
coverts,  secondaries,  primaries,  and  tail-feathers,  broadly  edged  with  rufous, 
the  inner  webs  of  quills  and  tail-feathers  almost  entirely  of  this  color ;  lores 
and  ear-coverts  deep  black,  producing  a  conspicuous  broad  stripe  along  side 
of  head  ;  chin,  throat,  and  malar  region  pui'e  white ;  rest  of  lower  parts,  in- 
cluding under  wing-coverts,  continuous  deep  sulphur-  or  pale  lemon-yellow ; 
length  about  10.00-11.00,  wing  4.90-5.10,  tail  3.90-4  00,  exposed  culmen  1.15- 
1.25,  tarsus  1.05.  Nest  very  bulky,  dome-  or  oven-shaped,  with  entrance  on 
one  side,  composed  of  coarse  straws,  lichens,  etc.,  lined  with  finer  materials. 


MVIOZETETES. 


331 


a' 


and  placed  in  thorny  trees.  Eggs  3-5,  1.18  X  -80,  buffy  white  speckled  and 
spotted  (the  markings  mostly  longitudinal),  ci)icfly  on  larger  end,  with 
madder-brown  and  purplish  gray.  Ilab.  Middle  America  and  northern 
South  America,  north  to  lower  Ilio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas. 

449.  P.  derbianus  (Kaupj.  Derby  Flycatcher. 
Whole  top  and  sides  of  head  plain  brownish  slate,  or  dusky,  becoming  lighter 
and  more  ashy  on  forehead  ;  middle  of  crown  with  a  rather  small  concealed 
patch  of  brownish  orange-yellow,  or  orange-rufous;  back,  scapulars,  and 
rump  plain  slate-gray  or  dull  ash-gray,  slightly  tinged  with  olive ;  wings 
dusky,  the  middle  and  greater  coverts  and  tertials  conspicuously  margined 
with  dull  whitish,  the  quills  narrowly  edged  with  the  same ;  tail  dull  black- 
ish, or  dusky,  tipped  will,  dull  light  grayish,  the  outer  web  of  lateral  feather 
also  dull  light  grayis'h  ;  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  purer  on  throat  and  belly, 
faintly  shaded  with  ashy  on  breast,  and  passing  into  pale  sulphur-yellow  on 
axillars,  under  wing-coverts,  flanks,  and  under  tail-coverts ;  upper  tail-coverts 
broadly  but  rather  indistinctly  margined  with  rusty;  length  (skins)  about 
8.00-8.50,  wing  4.15-4.40,  tail  3.40-3.90,  exposed  culmen  .95-.1.00,  tarsus  .85- 
.90.     Hab.  Bahamas P.  bahamensis  Bkyant.    Bahaman  Petarchy.' 


Genus  MYIOZETETES  Sclater.     (Page  327,  pi.  XCV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 
Adult :  Crown  and  occiput  dull  brownish  gray,  enclosing  a  concealed  patch  of 
bright  orange-red ;  forehead  and  broad  superciliary  stripe  white ;  lores,  malar  and 
suborbital  regions,  and  ear-coverts  deep  brownish  gray  (darker  than  top  of  head), 
producing  a  very  broad  stripe  along  side  of  head ;  hind-neck  and  sides  of  neck  like 
crown,  but  tinged  with  olive-green ;  back,  scapulars,  lesser  wing-coverts,  and  rump 
plain  olive,  or  dull  olive-green,  brighter  posteriorly ;  upper  tail-coverts  duller  (some- 
times more  grayish)  olive,  occasionally  margined  with  rusty ;  wings  and  tail  dusky 
grayish  brown,  the  feathers  edged  with  ])aler — the  secondaries  (especially  tertials) 
with  distinct  olive-j'ellowish  margins  ;  chin  and  throat  white ;  rest  of  lower  parts 
pure  gamboge-yellow.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  crown  without  the  concealed 
orange-patch,  white  portions  of  head  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellowish,  and  larger 
wing-feather  and  tail-feather  margined  with  light  rusty.  Length  about  6.50-6.75, 
wing  3.65-4.00,  tail  2.20-2.40,  exposed  culmen  .50,  tarsus  .80.  Nest  similar  to  that 
of  Pitangus  derbianus,  but  smaller.  {Eggs  unknown.)  Hab.  Middle  America,  south 
to  Colombia,  north  to  northern  Mexico  (and  southern  Texas  ?). 

450.  M.  texensis  (Giraud).    Oirand'a  Plycatcher. 

Genus  MYIODYNASTES  Bonaparte.    (Page  326,  pi.  XCIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish,  striped  with  black,  the  lower  rump, 
upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  rufous,  streaked  medially  with  black ;  wings  dusky,  with 

*  Pitangui  bahameniii  Bryant,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc.  N.  H.  ix.  1864,  279. 


ii 


332 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


conspicuous  ligbt  edgings;  a  broad  dusky  stripe  on  pido  of  head,  involving  lores 
and  eiir-covorts ;  above  this  a  superciliary  stripe  of  while  or  yellowish,  and  below 
it  a  broad  white  or  yellowish  malar  stripe ;  chin  and  throat  (at  least  medially) 
white,  narrowly  streaked  with  dusk^'- ;  rest  of  lower  parts  yellowish  or  whitish, 
the  chest,  breast,  and  sides  broadly  streaked  with  dusky.  Adult  with  a  concealed 
crown-patch  of  lemon-  or  gamboge-yellow. 

a}.  Chin  and  a  broad  stripe  on  each  side  of  throat  dunky,  forming  a  conspicuous 
yy-shaped  mark  ;  lower  parts,  except  middle  of  throat,  clear  sulphur-yellow ; 
supei:ciliary  and  malar  stripes  white;  length  about  7.75-8.00,  wing  4.25-4.60, 
tail  3.30-3.60,  culmen  .80-.90.  Hab.  Mexico  and  Central  America,  north  to 
southern  Arizona,  south  to  Panama. 

451.  M.  luteiventris  Scl.    Sulphur-bellied  Flycatcher, 
a*.  Chin  and  whok  tliroat  vhite,  the  latter  bordered  laterally  by  a  brownish  and 
dusky  stripe  along  lower  half  of  malar  region;  lower  parts  whitish,  tinged, 
more  or  less,  with  sulphur-yellow,  chiefly  on  sides ;  supei'ciliary  and  malar 
stripes  pale  dull  yellowish. 
6'.  Darker,  the  prevailing  color  of  the  upper  parts  grayish  olive-brown ;  wing 
4.40-4.50,  tail  3.65-3.75,  exposed  culmen  .85-.90.     Hab.  Cayenne,  Trini- 
dad, Tobago,  etc. 

M.  audax  (Gmel.).    Bold  Flycatcher.^ 

W.  Paler,  the  prevailing  color  of  the  upper  parts  light  olive,  mixed,  more  or 
less,  with  buflfy  yellowish. 
c*.  With  longer  bill,  and  plumage  more  rufescent  above,  especially  on  top 
of  head ;    wing  4.10-4.45,  tail  3.40-3.75,  exposed  culmen  .90-1.05. 
Hab.  Venezuela,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  and  north  to  Costa  Rica. 

M.  audax  nobilis  (Scl.).     Noble  Flycatcher.' 
<?.  With  shorter  bill,  and  almost  total  absence  of  rusty  tinge  to  upper 
parts ;  wing  4.25-4.40,  tail  3.50-3.60,  exposed  culmen  .80-.90.     Hab. 
Southeastern  Mexico  (Yucatan  to  Mirador). 

M.  audax  insolens  Bidow.    Insolent  Flycatcher.* 

Genus  MYIARCHUS  Cabanis.    (Page  327,  pi.  XCIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  grayish  brown  or  olive  (the  top  of  head 
sometimes  much  darker),  the  wings  dusky,  with  more  or  less  distinct  lighter 
edgings;  tail-feathers  sometimes  uniform  dusky,  but  usually  with  more  or  less 
rufous,  especially  on  inner  webs,  which  are  sometimes  entirely  of  this  color ;  quill 
(occasionally  adjacent  secondaries  also)  sometimes  edged  with  rusty;  anterior  lowe 
parts  plain  ashy  or  ashy  white  (the  breast  obsoletely  streaked  in  M.  fiammulatus), 
the  poste"ior  lower  parts  (from  breast  back)  varying  from  deep  sulphur-yellow  to 

»  Muncicapa  audax  Gmel.,  S.  N.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  934.     Mijiodynattct  audax  Scl.,  P.  Z.  8.  1859,  43.      (The 
above  diagnosis  based  on  examination  of  two  spocimens  only,  these  from  Tobago.) 
«  Myiodijuastet  nohilii  Scl.,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  42. 
s New  Bubspeoies.    Type,  No.  27977,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mu8.,  Mirador  (Vera  Cruz),  Mexico;  Dr.  C.  Sartorius. 


MVIARCIIUS. 


333 


yellowish  white.  Young  with  more  rufous  on  tail,  etc.,  than  adults.  Ned  usually 
in  holes  of  trees.  Eggs  3-6,  curiously  marked  with  fine  "i^en-lines"  and  intricate 
poncillings  of  black  and  various  shades  of  rich  purplish  brown  over  a  huffy  or 
creamy  brown. 

a'.  Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  chiefly  rufous. 

6'.  A  broad  dusky  stripe,  of  uniform  width,  along  inner  side  of  shaft  of  outer 

tail-feathers.     (Above  olive,  browner  on  top  of  head,  and  more  or  less 

tinged  with  rusty  on  upper  tail-coverts  ;    outer  webs  of  quills  edged 

with   rusty;    chin,    throat,    and   breast  pale   ashy,    sometimes   almost 

white  on  throat ;  rest  of  under  parts  pale  sulphur-yellow.) 

c\  Smaller :  Length  about  8.50-9.00,  wing  3.80-4.20  (4.01),  tail  3.80-4.25 

(4.04),  bill  from  nostril  .62-.75  (.66),  tarsus  .82-.92  (.90).     Eggs  .87 

X  -68,    avoroging   much    paler  than   those   of    M.   crinitus.     Ilab. 

Eastern  and  southern  Mexico,  north  to  lower  Eio  Grande  Valley 

in  Texas,  south  to  Guatemala  and  Salvador. 

453.  M.  mexicanus  (Kaup).    Mexican  Crested  Flycatcher. 

(?.  Larger:  Length  about  9.40-10.00,  wing  4.04-4.60  (4.30),  tail  4.10-4.60 

(4.29),  bill  from  nostril  .68-.82  (.73),  tarsus  .97-1.02  (1.00).     Hab. 

Western  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Arizona;  south,  in  winter,  to 

Tehuantepec 453a.  M.  mexicanus  magister  Ridgw. 

Arizona  Crested  Flycatcher. 
h*.  Without  a  broad  dusky  stripe  along  innijr  b'de  of  shaft  of  outer  tail- 
feather,  except  sometimes  near  tip. 
c^  Throat  and  chest  deep  ash-gray,  belly  bright  sulphur-yellow,  back, 
etc.,  decidedly  olive. 

Length  about  8.50-9.00,  wing  3.90-4.40,  tail  3.50-4.20,  bill  from 
nostril  .55-.65,  tarsus  .78-.82.  Eggs  .88  X  -66.  Hab.  Eastern 
United  Slates,  north  to  southern  Canada,  west  to  edge  of 
Great  Plains ;  south,  in  winter,  through  eastern  Mexico  and 
Central  America  to  Costa  Rica. 

452.  M.  crinitus  (Linn.).    Crested  Flycatcher, 
c*.  Throat  and  chest  very  pale  ashy,  sometimes  almost  white  on  former ; 
belly  pale  sulphur-yellow  ;  back,  etc.,  grayish  brown. 
d}.  Inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  dusky  at  tip  (excepting  in  young, 
in  which  tail-feathers  are  rufous,  with  median  dusky  stripe),  the 
outer  web  distinctly  whitish. 
Length  about  8.00-8.50,  wing  3.80^.25,  tail  3.65-4.20,  bill 
from  nostril  .52-.60,  tarsus  .88-.95.    Eggs  .87  X  -65,  colored 
and  marked  like  those  of  M.  mexicanus.    Hab.  Western 
United  States,  east  to  Rocky  Mountains,  south  over  high- 
lands of  Mexico  (to  lowlands  of  Tehuantepec  in  winter). 
454.  M.  cinerascens  Lawr.    Ash-throated  Flycatcher. 
d}.  Inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  without  dusky  at  tip,  and  outer 
web  not  distinctly  whitish. 


334 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


m 


e^  Smaller  •  tail  not  decidedly,  if  at  all,  shorter  than  wing;  upper 
tail-coverts  not  distinctly  tinged  with  rusty;  wing  3i40- 
3.70  (3.57),  tail  3.35-3.80  (3.56),  bill  from  nostril  .40-.56 
(.50),  tarsus  .30-.88  (.85).  Hub.  Southern  Mexico  (Guana- 
juato, Tehuantepec,  Chiapas,  etc.),  and  south  to  western 
Costa  Rica  (La  Palma). 

M.  nuttingi  Riuow.  Nutting's  Flycatcher.^ 
e*.  Larger ;  tail  decidedly  shorter  than  wing ;  upper  tail-coverts 
decidedly  tinged  with  rusty  (sometimes  with  rusty  pre- 
vailing); wing  3.65-3.90  (3^1),  tail  3.45-3.60  (3.52),  bill 
from  nostril  .60-.62  (.61),  tarsus  .85-.90  (.87).  Hab. 
Nicaragua. 

M.  bracbyurus  Bidqw.   Nicaragua!)  Crested  Flycatcher.* 
a'.  Inner  wobs  of  outer  tail-feathers  chiefly  (sometimes  entirely)  dusky  or  dull 
grayish  brown, 
ft'.  Width  of  bill  at  frontal  feathers  decidedly  less  than  length  of  gonys ;  no 
trace  of  stz-eaks  on  breast, 
c'.  Bill  very  little   flattened,  its  depth  through  middle   nearly  equal   to 
width  at  same  place. 
J'.  Belly  and  flanks  sulphur-yellow ;  middle  wing-coverts  tipped  with 
dull  graj'ish  brown  ;  quills  very  distinctly  edged  with  rusty. 
Wing  3.40-3.50,  tail  3.50-3.60,  bill  from  nostril  .52-.55,  tarsus 
.81-.85.     Hab.  Yucatan. 

M.  yucatanensis  Lawr.    Yucatan  Crested  Flycatcher.' 

</'.  Belly  and  flanks  white  or  yellowish  white ;  middle  wing-coverts 

tipped  wi*h  palo  brownish  gray  or  grayish  white;  quills  very 

indistinctly,  if  at  all,  edged  with  rusty. 

e'.  Middle  wing-covcrts  tipped  with  light  brownish  gray ;  top  of 

head  deep  sepia-brown;  wing  3.20-3.45  (3.33),  tail  3.20- 

3.40  (3.33),  bill  from  nostril  .55-.58  (.57),  tarsus  .78-.80. 

Hab.  Cuba. 

M.  sagrse  Qundl.     Cuban  Crested  Flycatcher.* 

e*.  Middle  wing-covcrts  tipped  with  grayish  white ;  top  of  head 
hair-brown  ;  wing  3.35-3.55  (3.46),  tall  3.25-3.50  (3.40),  bill 
from  nostril  .58-.60  (.59),  tarsus  .85-.80  (.85).  Hub.  Ba- 
hamas. 

M.  lucaysiensis  Bryant.     Bahaman  Crested  Flycatcher.* 

c*.  Bill  much  flattened,  its  depth  in  middle  portion  not  more  than  two- 
thirds  its  width  at  same  place. 

»  Mifiitrchtit  Hutl!,i;i!  Rrnow.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Miis.  v.  Pqit.  5,  1882,  305.  (Typo,  No.  87301,  U.  S.  Nut. 
Mus.,  I.a  Piiimn,  CDsta  Rica,  Apr.  27,  1882  j  C.  C.  Nutting.) 

«  Now  spooius;  tjpo,  No.  91057,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  iad.,  Omotcnoc,  NIonrngua,  Moroh  7,  1883  j  CO. 
Nutting. 

'  Mj/iarchiit  j/ucataneniit»  Lav?r,,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sol,  Phil.  1871,  235. 

*  Mutcicapa  mgrm  Gundu,  Jour.  Bost.  Soo.  N.  H.  vi.  1852,  313,  Myiarchut  tagrm  Qcxdl.,  .T.  f.  0.  1872, 
424. 

*  Tyrannula  (MyinrchuB)  ttotlda  (var.  liicaytieniit)  BnvANT,  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  N.  II.  xl.  1866,  66. 


SAYORNIS. 


S35 


d\  Tail  with  distinct  rufous  edgings  to  inner  webs,  or  else  without 
distinct  rusty  edgings  to  outer  webs, 
e*.  Darker,  the  top  of  head  more  or  less  sooty,  decidedly  dai'ker 
than  back ;  quills,  secondaries,  and  tail-feathers  conspicu- 
ously edged  with  rusty,  and  upper  tail-coverts  strongly 
tinged  with  same;  inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  usually 
broadly  edged  with  rufous ;  length  about  7.00,  wing  3.10- 
3.40  (3  24),  tail  3.00-3.40  (3.24),  bill  from  nostril  .50~.58 
(.52),  tarsus  .75-80  (.77).  Hub.  Eastern  Mexico,  north  to 
lower  Rio  Grande  Vallej''  in  Texas  ;  Guatemala. 

455.  M.  lawrenceii  (Giraud).    Lawrence's  Flycatcher. 

c'.  Paler,  with  top  of  head  hair-brown  or  olive,  very  little  dai'ker 

than  color  of  back ;    quills,  secondaries,  and  tail-feathers 

usually  without  distinct  rusty  edgings — often  without  any 

rusty ;  inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  usually  without  rufous 

edges;   length  7.00-7.30,   wing  2.90-3.25  (3.11),  tail  3.00- 

3.25  (3.14),  bill  from  nostril  .48-.55  (.51),  tarsus  .70-.75  (.73). 

Hab.  Western  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Arizona,  south,  in 

winter,  to  southern  Mexico,  including  Yucatan  ..  455a.  M. 

lawrenceii  olivascens  Eioaw.     Olivaceous  Flycatcher. 

<P.  Tail-feather  without  rufous  edgings  to  inner  webs,  but  outer  webs 

very  distinctly  edged  with  rusty,  and  upper  tail-coverts  strongly 

tinged  with  same ;  belly  and  flanks  very  pale  eiulphur-yellow. 

Top  of  head  dull  sooty,  but  scarcely  brownish ;  back  dull 

grayish  hair-brown ;  wing  3.00,  tail  3.00,  bill  from  nostril 

.50,  width  at  base  .33,  tarsus  .80. 

M.  platyrhjmchus  Rtnow.    Cozutnel  Flycatcher.* 

h*.  Width  of  bill  at  frontal  feathers  very  little,  if  any,  less  than  length  of  gonys ; 

breast  very  indistinctly  clouded  or  streaked  with  pale  grayish. 

Top  of  head  olivaceous,  like  back ;  middle,  greater,  and  last  row  of 

lesser  wing-coverts  tipped  with  buffy  or  light  rusty ;  length  about 

6.00,  wing  2,90-3.00,  tail  3.00-3.10,  bill  from  nostril  .40,  width  at 

base  .40,  tarsus  .70-.72.     Hab.  Southwestern  Mexico  (Mazatlan  to 

Tehuantopec). 

M.  ilammulatus  Lawr.     Flammulated  Flycatcher.' 


Genus  SAYORNIS  Bonaparte.    (Pago  227,  pi.  XCIV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species, 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  olive-gra5'ish  or  blackish,  the  tail  black  or 
dusky,  its  lateral  feathers  with  outer  webs  edged  with  whitish ;  lower  parts  vary- 
ing in  color  according  to  species.     Young:   Similar  to  adults,  but  winj^-coverta 


'  AfyiitrehuK  }>lfily>'hi/nrhuii  Rinow,,  Descr.  N.  Sp.  B.  Cozumel,  1885,  3. 
*  Mjfiarchu*  Jlammulutut  Lawk.,  Ann.  Lyo.  X.  Y.  zl.  July,  1874,  71. 


336 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


tipped  with  light  rusty.  Nest  a  compact  and  bulky  felted  mass,  decorated  exteri- 
orly with  mosses,  etc.,  and  lined  with  soft  feathers,  attached  to  rocks,  to  beams 
of  buildings,  bridges,  etc.  Eggs  3-6,  pure  white,  sometimes  finely  but  sparsely 
speckled  round  larger  end  with  dark  brownish. 

a}.  Belly  white  or  very  pale  yellowish. 

6'.  Above  olive-grayish,  dai-ker  on  top  of  head ;  lower  parts  entirely  whitish, 
more  or  less  strongly  tinged  posteriorly  with  pale  yellowish,  the  sides 
of  the  breast  tinged  with  olive-grayish ;  length  about  6.25-7.00,  wing 
3.25-3.55,  tail  3.00-3.40.  Eggs  M  X  -55.  Hab.  Eastern  North  America ; 
south,  in  winter,  to  eastern  Mexico  and  Cuba. 

456.  S.  phcebe  (Lath.).    Phoebe. 

b*.  Above,  together  with  anterior  and  lateral  loAver  parts,  slate-black ;  belly 

and  lower  tail-coverts  white;  length  about  6.25-7.00,  wing  I' 55-3.80. 

tail   3.45-3.75.     Eggs  .74  x  -55.     Hab.  Mexico  and   northward,   along 

Pacific  coast  to  Oregon,  eastward  to  southern  Texas. 

458.  S.  nigricans  (Swains.).    Black  Phoebe, 
a*.  Belly  light  cinnamon,  or  tawny  ochraeeous. 

Above  light  bi'ownish  gray,  the  tail  black ;  anterior  loAver  parts  light 
brownish  gray,  posterior  portions  light  cinnamon  or  tawny  ochraeeous ; 
length  about  7.50-8.05,  wing  3.90-4.25,  tail  3.35-3.75.  Eggs  .76  X  .59, 
always  immaculate  (?).  Hab.  Western  United  States,  eastward  across 
Gi"eat  Plains,  north  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  south  into  Mexico. 

457.  S.  saya  (Bonap.).    Say's  Phoebe. 


Genus  CONTOPUS  Cabanis.    (Page  327,  pi.  XCIV.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  grayish  brown  or  olive-grayish,  usually 
darker  on  top  of  head,  lighter  on  rump;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  the  wing-coverts 
with  more  or  less  distinct  paler  (usually  dull  grayish)  tips,  the  secondaries  edged 
with  the  same  (these  edgings  broader  and  more  whitish  on  tertials) ;  lower  parts 
paler  than  upper,  the  throat  and  belly  usually  whitish  or  pale  yellowish  ;  upper 
mandible  black,  lower  light-colored,  except  at  tip  ;  feet  blackish.  Young:  Similar 
to  adult,  but  wing-coverts  narrowly  tipped  with  buffy,  ochraeeous,  or  light  rusty. 
Nest  on  trees  (usually  on  a  stout  hoi'izontal  branch),  very  compact,  saucer-shaped. 
Eggs  2-4,  pale  cream-color,  handsomely  wreathed  round  larger  end  with  spots  of 
rich  brown  and  lilac-gray  or  lavender. 

a}.  Tarsus  shorter  than  middle  toe,  with  claw  ;  primaries  exceeding  Becondnrics  by 
+WO  and  a  half  times  the  length  of  the  tarsus;  wing  exceeding  tail  by  about 
half  the  length  of  the  latter;  first  quill  much  longer  than  fourth,  often 
longer  than  third ;  a  very  conspicuvnis  white  cottony  patch  on  each  side  of 
rump ;  median  lower  parts  white,  or  very  pale  yellowish  (scarcely  inter- 


CONTOPUS. 


337 


rupted  on  breast),  the  lateral  portions  deep  grayish  brown,  or  brownish 
gray,  in  strong  contrast.     (Subgenus  Nuttalloryiis  Kidgw.') 

Adult:  Above  brownish  slate,  some  of  the  feathers  usually  with  darker 
shaft-streaks ;  wings  and  tail  dusky  blackish,  the  wing-coverts  tipped 
with  brownish  gray  and  tertials  edged  with  whitish ;  a  conspicuous  tuft 
of  white  cottony  feathers  on  each  side  of  rump  (usually  concealed  by 
wings)  ;  middle  line  of  body  beneath,  from  chin  to  crissum,  white,  the 
lateral  portions  brownish  gray  (usually  with  darker  shaft-streaks),  this 
sometimes  extending  across  the  chest,  thus  interrupting  the  white. 
Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  tips  to  wing-coverts  (narrowly)  dull  huffy 
or  fulvous.  Length  7.10-7.90,  wing  3.90-4.50,  tail  2.80-3.50,  exposed 
culmen  .58-.70,  tarsus  .55-.60.  Eggs  .82  X  -61,  creamy  buff,  spotted, 
usually  in  more  or  less  of  a  distinct  ring  round  larger  end,  with  deep 
rusty  brown  or  chestnut  and  purplish  gray.  ffab.  Higher  mountain 
districts  of  United  States,  and  coniferous  forests  of  lowlands  from 
northern  border  (Now  England  to  Michigan,  etc.)  northward,  and  south 
through  higher  mountains  to  Colombia. 

459.  C.  borealis  (Swains.).  Olive-sided  Flycatcher. 
Tarsus  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw ;  primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by 
less  than  twice  the  length  of  the  tarsus  ;  wing  exceeding  tail  by  less  than 
one-fourth  the  length  of  the  latter ;  first  quill  much  shorter  than  fourth, 
sometimes  shorter  than  fifth  ;  no  conspicuous  white  cottony  tuft  on  side  of 
rump ;  median  lower  parts  not  abruptly  lighter  than  lateral  portions. 
(Subgenus  Contopus  Cabanis.) 
6'.  Wing  more  than  3.75. 

Above  plain  grayish  brown,  tinged  with  olive,  the  wings  without  very 
distinct  lighter  markings;  beneath  plain  light  olive  grayish,  the 
chin  whitish,  the  belly  and  under  taii-coverts  pale  dull  yellowish ; 
length  7.70-8.00,  wing  3.80-4.45,  tail  3.60-3.90.  Hab.  Highlands  of 
Guatemala  and  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

460.  C.  pertinax  Cab.    Coues'a  Flycatcher. 
b\  Wing  less  than  3.75. 

c'.  Belly  and  under  tail-coverts  white  or  pale  sulphur-j'cllowish ;   under 
wing-coverts    dull    light    olive-grayish,    sometimes    tinged    with 
yellowish. 
d}.  Exposed  culmen  much  less  than  twice  the  width  of  bill  at  nostrils, 
c'.  Second  quill  decidedly  longer  than  third,  and  fourth  quill  much 
longer  than  fifth  ;  wing  3,00,  or  more  (usually  more  than 
3.15). 
/'.  Lores  dull   grayish,  not  distinctly  or  abruptly  different 
from  color  of  foi-ehead  and  car-coverts ;    throat   not 
pure  white. 


'   i 


>  New  Biibgenus;  more  properly  a  dlsttnct  genua,  so  numerouB  and  positive  are  the  dtfferenoes  from  all  the 
«peole8  of  Contopui  proper. 


338 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


g\  Lighter  and  more  olivaceous  above,  the  median  lower 
parts  more  distinctly  whitieh,  or  less  extensively 
interrupted  with  olive-grayish  on  breast;  wings 
and  tail  shorter ;  length  5,90-6.50,  wing  3.00-3.45 
(3.27),  tail  2.50-2.90  (2.71),  exposed  culmen  .43- 
.52  (.48),  width  of  bill  at  base  .24-.30  (.28),  tarsus 
.48-.53  (.51).  Nest  a  very  beautiful  saucer-shaped 
structure  covered  exteriorly  with  green  and  gray 
lichens,  built  usually  upon  a  thick  horizontal 
branch.  Eggs  .71  X  -53,  pale  creamy  buff  or 
creamy  white,  spotted,  usually  in  ring  round 
larger  end,  with  rich  madder-brown  and  lilac-gray. 
Sab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Canada, 
etc.,  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains;  south,  in  winter, 
to  eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

461.  C.  virens  (Linn.).    Wood  Pewee. 
g*.  Darker  and  less  olivaceous  above,  the  median  lower 
parts  less  distinctly  whitish,  or  more  extensively 
interrupted  with  olive-grayish  across  breast;  wings 
and  tail  longer ;  length  6.20-6.75,  wing  3.15-3.55, 
(3.34),  tail  2.50-2.95  (2.74),  exposed  culmen  .44- 
.51  (.48),  w'dth  of  bill  at  base  .27-.32  (.29),  tarsus 
.49-.56  (.52).     Nest  composed   chiefly   of   plant- 
fibres  (sometimes,  though  rarely,  ornamented  with 
lichens),  ofton  built  in  forks  of  branches.     Eggs 
.69  X  -54,  colored  like  those  of   C.  virens.    Hob. 
Western    North  America,  east   to   Great  Plains, 
north  to  British  Columbia  and  interior  of  British 
America,  south,  in  winter,  through    Mexico  and 
Central  America  to  Costa  Rica..  462.  C.  richard- 
sonii  (Swains.).    Western  Wood  Pewee. 
/*.  Lores  whitish,  in  strong  contrast  with  color  of  forehead 
and  ear-coverts ;    throat  pure  white ;  otherwise  very 
similar  in  color  to  C.  virens,  but  bill   much   longer, 
broader,  and  more  flattened ;  length  (skin)  5.G0,  wing 
3.20,  tail  2.60,  exposed  culmen  .55,  width  of  bill  at 
base  .35,  tarsus  .50.     Hah.  Yucatan. 

C.  albicollis  Lawr.    White-throated  Wood  Pewee. > 
e*.  Second  quill  not  conspicuously  (if  any)  longer  than  third,  and 
fourth  not  conspicuously  longer  than  fifth  ;  wing  not  more 
than  3.05  (usually  less  than  3.00). 

Above  dull  olive,  decidedly  darker  on  top  of  head,  lighter 
on  rump;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  the  former  varied  by 


>  Conlopui  albicolUt  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  Ao.  Sci.  iii.  No,  5,  Jan.  5,  1885,  156. 


EMPIDONAX. 


889 


dull  olive-grayish  tips  to  wing-coverts  and  paler  (some- 
times ncai'ly  white)  edges  to  tertials ;  chest  and  sides 
of  breast  olive  grayish,  the  sides  and  flanks  much 
tinged  with  same;  chin  and  throat  whitish,  sometimes 
tinged  with  sulphur-yellow;  belly  pale  sulphur-yellow; 
under  wing-coverts  dull  buffy,  tinged  or  mixed  with 
olive-grayish ;  length  (skins)  5.30-5.50,  wing  2.80-3.05, 
tail  2.60-2.75,  exposed  culmen  .47-.50,  tarsus  .50-.55. 
Hab.  Yucatan  (including  Cozumel)  and  southern 
Mexico  (Cordova,  etc.). 

C.  brachytarsus  Scl.      Schott's  Wood  Pewee.' 
<?.  Exposed  culmen  about  twice  as  long  as  width  of  bill  at  nostrils. 

Colors  much  as  in  C.  schottii,  but  grayer ;  length  (skins)  5.25- 
5.70,  wing  2.65-2.90,  tail  2.40-2.70,  exposed  culmen  .55-.60, 
width  of  bill  at  nostrils  .25-^0,  tarsus  .60-.65.  Hab.  Ba- 
hamas. 

C.  bahamensis  Bryant.    Babatnan  Wood  Pewee.' 
c'.  Belly,  under  tail-coverts,  and  under  wing-coverts  light  ochraceous. 

Otherwise  in  color  much  like  C.  brachytarsus,  but  bill  shaped  as 
in  C,  bahamensis ;  length  (skins)  5.60-6.00,  wing  2.75-2.80,  tail 
2.70-2.80.    Hab.  Cuba. 

C.  caribaeus  (D'Orb.).    Cuban  Wood  Pewee.* 


!l 


Genus  EMPIDONAX  Cabanis.    (Pago  327,  pi.  XCIV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  brownish,  grayish,  olive,  or  olive-greenish, 
the  wings  with  two  lighter  bands  (across  tips  of  greater  and  middle  coverts),  the 
secondaries  edged  with  the  same  color  as  the  wing-bands,  except  toward  base,  there 
being  always  a  more  or  less  distinct  dusky  bar  behind  tips  of  greater  coverts ;  lower 
parts  whitish,  yellowish,  or  buffy,  shaded  with  grayish,  olive,  or  ochraceous  across 
chest ;  upper  mandible  black,  or  dark  brown,  lower  mandible  pale-colored ;  legs  and 
feet  black. 

a'.  Lower  parts  whitish  or  sulphur-yellowish,  shaded,  more  or  less,  across  breast 
with  grayish  or  olivaceous. 
6*.  Width  of  bill  at  nostrils  decidedly  greater  than  half  the  length  of  the  ex- 
posed culmen. 


'  Empidonax  brachi/tnriua  ScL.,  Ibis,  1850,  441.  Contoput  braeki/tnrtut  ScL.,  Cat.  Am.  B.  1862,  281.  Cnv 
topu»  ichottii  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  ix.  1860,  202.  (Types  of  both  compared,  also  additional  specimeng  of 
C.  tchnttU.) 

*  Empidonax  bahameniit  Brtant,  Proo.  Host.  Boo.  N.  H,  vii.  1869,  109.  Contoptu  b  ihnmen$it  Cory,  Bds. 
Bahama  Is.  1880,  101. 

*  Mtueipeta  earbata  D'Ord,  La  Sagra's  Cuba,  1839,  77.  ContoptM  curiAcH*  B.  B.  A  R.  Hist,  N.  Am.  B.  ii. 
1874,  361. 


[ 


; 


i 


340  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

c'.  Upper  parts  umber-brown,  the  top  of  head  sometimes  much  darker 
(sooty). 

Above  dull  brown,  darker  on  top  of  head,  the  wing-bands  varying 
from  dull  light  brownish  buflf  to  tawny  ;  chin  and  throat  white ; 
rest  of  lowet-  parts  pale  smoky  buff,  shaded  with  smoky  brown 
across  breast  (whole  lower  parts  dull  whitish  in  much  worn 
plumage) ;  under  wing-coverts  and  thighs  deep  buff  or  ochra- 
ceous ;  wing  2.35-2.40  (2.37),  tail  2.15-2.32  (2.24),  culmen  .60- 
.67  (.64),  bill  from  nostril  .32-.35  (.33),  width  at  base  .30,  tarsus 
.67-.68  (.67).  Hab.  Southeastern  Mexico  (Vera  Cruz)  to  high- 
lands of  Guatemala. 

B.  albigularis  Scl.    White-throated  Flycatcher.* 
c*.  Upper  parts  olive,  olive-greenish,  or  olive-grayish. 
d}.  Lower  parts  distinctly  yellowish. 

e*.  Under  wing-coverts  pale  buff,  deepening  into  ochraceous  on 
edge  of  wing.    (Length  5.50-6.00.) 

Adult :  Above  dull  grayish  olive  (more  brownish  in  win- 
ter),  the  wing-bands  dull  light  huffy  grayish  (more 
huffy  in  winter)  ;  lower  parts  pale  dull  yellowish,  in- 
clining to  sulphur-yellow  on  belly  and  under  tail-cov- 
erts, and  falntlj'  shaded  with  dull  grayish  brown  across 
breast.    Young :  Similar,  but  browner  above,  with  wing- 
bands  ochraceous,  or  rusty  buff,  the  sulphur-yellow  of 
belly,  etc.,  replaced  by  dull  white!    Male  :  Wing  2.50- 
2.90  (2.65),  tail  2.35-2.60  (2.43),  culmen  .57-.63  (.61), 
bill  from  nostril  .29-.33  (.31),  width  at  base  .25-.28 
(.27),   tarsus  .64-.69   (.68).     Female:    Wing  2.30-2.60 
(2.44),   tail   2.20-2.45   (2.32).     Msts  in  clefts  of  old 
stumps  or  logs,  or  similar  situations,  bulky,  composed 
of  mossee,  etc.    Eggs  .69  X  -51,  huffy  white  or  pale 
buff,  speckled,  chiefly  round  larger  end,  with  rusty 
brown,  or  cinnamon.     Hab.  Western  United  States, 
north  to  Sitka ;  south,  in  winter,  to  western  Mexico. 
464.  E.  difficilis  Baird.    Western  Flycatcher.' 
c'.  Under  wing-coverts  yellowish  white,  or  pale  sulphur-yellow.* 
p.  Wing-bands  not  darker  (usually  paler)  than  lower  parts. 
(Length  5.10-5.80.) 
Adult :  Above  dull  olive-green,  the  wing-bands  pale 
olive-yellowish  ;  beneath  pale  dull  sulphur-yellow, 
shaded  with  olive  across  breast.     Young :  Similar, 
but  duller,  with  wing-bands  huffy  or  ochraceous. 
Male:  Wing  2.55-2.75  (2.64),  tail  2.10-2.30  (2.18), 

'  Empidonnx  nlhigtilnriii  Scl.,  Ibis,  1859,  122.    Smpidonax  axlllari§  RiDOW.,  in  Hist.  Am.  D.  !i.  1874,  .363. 
*  Called  "  Baird's  Flyoatoher"  in  the  A.  0.  U.  Check  List,  but  thlH  name  belongs  properly  to  E.  bairdii 
Sob. 


EMPIDONAX. 


341 


culmen  .48-.59  (.54),  bill  from  nostril  .30-.32  (.31), 
width  at  base  .25-.28  (.26),  tarsus  .64-.68  (.66). 
Female:  Wing  2.40-2.50  (2.45),  tail  2.00-2.25 
(2.11).  Nest  embedded  in  mossy  bank,  stump,  or 
log,  composed  of  green  moss,  dry  leaves,  fine 
sticks,  etc.,  lined  with  fine  black  rootlets,  dried 
grass-blades,  etc. ;  external  diameter  about  4.00- 
4.50,  depth  about  2.25-4.00;  cavity  about  1.25- 
1.50  deep  by  2.00  across.  Eggs  usually  4,  .73  X 
.51,  colored  like  those  of  E.  difficilis.  Hab.  East- 
ern North  America,  breeding  from  northern 
United  States  northward ;  south,  in  winter, 
through   eastern   Mexico    and    Central   America 

to  Panama 463.  E.  flaviventris  Baird. 

Tellow-bellied  Flycatcher. 
/'.  Wing-bands  darker  than  lower  parts. 
g^.  Above  dull  olive. 

Adult:  Above  dull  olive,  the  wing-bands  dull 
light  olive,  sometimes  inclining  to  russet ; 
lower  parts  pale  olive-yellowish,  more  de- 
cidedly olivaceous  on  breast;  edge  of  wing 
dull  ochraceous  or  fulvous ;  wing  2.60-2.80 
(2.72),  tail  2.40-2.55  ('  9),  culmen  .58-.60 
•  (.59),  bill  from  nostril  .32-.33  (.32),  width  at 

base  .25,  tarsus  .65-.70  (.68).  Hab.  Southern 
and  eastern  Mexico  (Oaxaca,  Cordoba,  Mira- 
dor,  etc.). 

B.  bairdii  Scl.    Baird's  Flycatcher.^ 
^'.  Above  bright  olive-green.   ,4(?u/f;  Above  bright  olive- 
green,   the  wing-bands  similar,  but  paler,  some- 
times inclining  to  ochraceous;   lower  parts  green- 
ish sulphur-yellow,  distinctly  shaded  across  breast 
and  along  sides  with  olive-green ;  edge  of  wing 
clear  sulphur-yellow;  wing  2.50-2.90  (2.75),  tail 
2.15-2.65  (2.44),  culmen  .60-.63   (.61),  bill   from 
nostril  .32-.35  (.34),  width  at  base  .28-.30  (.29), 
tarsus  .68-.72  (.70).   Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala. 
E.  salvini  Bidow.     Salvin's  Flycatcher.' 
d}.  Lower  parts  not  distinctly  yellowish, 
e*.  First  quill  longer  than  seventh. 

/*.  First  quill  usually  equal  to  or  longer  than  fifth  ;  color  uni- 
form olivo-green  or  greenish  gray  above.  (Length 
6.60-6.90.) 


I' 


i 


>  Empidonax  bairdii  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  .301. 
'  Empidonax  lalt'ini  Rioaw.,  Ibis,  Oct.  1880,  469. 


342 


NORTH  AMEBICAN  BIRDS. 


'¥ 
U' 


Adult :  Above  varying  from  greenish  gray  to  olive- 
green,  or  even  (in  some  winter  specimens)  almost 
russet-olive,  the  top  of  the  head  similar  to  the 
back ;  wing-bands  buff  or  buffy  whitish ;  lower 
parts  white,  more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  sul- 
phur-yellow laterally  and  posteriorly,  and  (usu- 
ally very  faintly)  shaded  across  breast  with  olive 
or  grayish.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  with 
wing-bands  deeper  oehraceous,  and  feathers  of 
upper  parts  (especially  crown  and  rump)  nar- 
rowly tipped  with  paler,  producing  an  inconspic- 
uous mottling.  Male:  Wing  2.75-3.10  (2.83),  tail 
2.30-2.70  (2.49),  culmen  .62-.G9  (.66),  bill  from 
nostril  .32-.39  (.35),  width  at  base  .28-.30  (.30), 
tarsus  .59-.67  (.62).  Female:  "Wing  2.55-2.70 
(2.65),  tail  2.25-2.35  (2.32).  Nest  a  very  thin,  flat 
structure  secured  between  forks  near  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  (usually  depending)  branch,  com- 
posed of  fine  rootlets,  tree-catkins,  etc.  Eggs 
2-4,  .71  X  -53,  pale  creamy  buff  or  creamy  white, 
sparsely  speckled  or  spotted,  chiefly  on  larger  end, 
with  deep  rusty  brown  or  maddei'-brown.  Hab. 
Eastern  United  States ;  south,  in  winter,  through 
eastern  Mexioo  and  Central  America  to  Ecuador  ; 
Cuba. 

465.  E.  acadicus  (Gmgl.).    Acadian  Flycatcher. 
p.  First   quill   usually   shorter  than   fifth  ;    color  olive   or 
grayish  brown  above — never  distinctly  greenish. 
g^.  Tail  even,  or  very  slightly  rounded  ;  wing  averaging 
more  than  2.60.     (Length  5.50-6.50.) 
h}.  Adult:   Above  olive,   usually  decidedly  grayer 
on    head ;    wing-bands    varying    from    dull 
brownish  gray,  or  grayish  brown,  to  nearly 
white  ;   lower  parts  white,  tinged   more   or 
less    with    sulphur-yellow    posteriorly,    and 
shaded  with  olive-grayish  on  sides  of  breast ; 
under  wing-coverts  very  pale  buffy  yellow. 
Young:   Similar,  but  rather  browner  above 
and  more  distinctly  tinged  with  yellow  be- 
neath, the  wing-bands  deep  buff,  or  oehra- 
ceous.   Male:  Length  about  5.80-6.25,  wing 
2.70-2.86  (2.75),  tail  2.35-2.60  (2.51),  culmen 
.64-.73  (.69),  bill  from  nostril  .35-.40  (.38), 
width  at   base   .27-.31   (.29),  tarsus  .65-.72 
(.68).    Female :  Length  about  5.55-6.00,  wing 


EMPIDONAX. 


343 


2.55-2.65  (2.60),  tail  2.20-2.50  (2.38),  other 
measurements  about  as  in  male.  Nest  deep 
cup-shaped,  bulky,  usually  built  between  forks 
of  an  upright  twig  or  branch,  in  bushes,  com- 
posed of  plant-down,  straws,  etc.  Eggs  2-4, 
.71  X  -53,  similar  in  color  to  those  of  E.  aca- 
dicus,  but  averaging  paler,  both  in  ground- 
color and  in  markings.  Hab.  Western  North 
America,  north  to  Sitka  and  Fort  Simpson  ; 

south,  in  winter,  into  Mexico 466.  E.  pu- 

sillus  (Swains.).    Little  Flycatcher. 
h*.  Similar  to  E.  pusillus,  but  averaging  more  de- 
cidedly olivaceous  above  and  more  distinctly 
tinged  with  yellow  beneath,  the  bill  shorter 
and  broader,  and  tarsus  shorter.    Male :  Wing 
2.60-3.00  (2.81),  tail  2.40-2.60  (2.48),  culmcn 
.60-.64  (.62),  bill  from  nostril   .32-.37  (.34), 
width  at  base  .29-.30  (.30),  tarsus  .64-.67  (.66). 
Female:  Wing  2.50-2.65  (2.58),  tail  2.25-2.35 
(2.30).    Nest  and  eggs  as  in  E.  pusillus,  the 
latter  averaging   .73  X  -53.      Hab.    Eastern 
North   America;    south,  in   winter,   through 
Middle  America  to  northern  South  America. 
466a.  £.  pusillus  traillii  (Aud.). 
Traill's  Flycatcher. 
g^.  Tail  slightly,  but  decidedly,  emarginated;  wing  av- 
eraging less  than  2.60.     (Length  4.90-5.50.) 
Hardly  distinguishable  in  color  from  E.  pusillus 
and  E.  traillii,  but  wing-bands  usually  whiter. 
Male:   Wing  2.30-2.60  (2.49),  tail   2.10-2.40 
(2.30),  culmen  .53-.59  (.56),  bill  from  nostril 
.27-.31    (.29),    width    at    base   .23-.27    (.25), 
tar8U8  .59-.68  (.65).    Feynale  :  Wing  2.20-2.40 
(2.33),  tail  2.10-2.25  (2.18).     Nest  very  com- 
pactly felted,  cup-shaped,  composed  chiefly  of 
grayish  plant-fibres,  placed  in  fork  of  upright 
branches  of  bushes  or  small  trees.    Eggs  2-4, 
.64  X  -49,  plain  buffy  white.     Hab.   Eastern 
North    America,    breeding     from     northern 
United  States  northward  ;  south,  in  winter, 
through  Middle  America,  to  Panama. 
467.  E.  minimus  Baird.   Least  Flycatcher. 
Width  of  bill  at  nosti'ils  less  than  half  the  exposed  culmen. 
c'.  Outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  not  abruptly  paler  than  inner  web; 
culmen  .55,  or  less ;  tarsus  less  than  .70.    (Length  5.25-5.75.) 


;! 


|i- 


^ 


I 


s 


344 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Adult:  Above  olive,  usually  more  grayish  anteriorly,  especially 
on  hind-neck  ;  Aving-bands  dull  light  grayish,  more  or  less  tinged 
with  olive;  lower  pai'ts  varying  from  dull  grayish  white, 
faintly  tinged  with  yellowish  on  flanks,  etc.,  to  decided  olive- 
yellowish,  the  breast  always  strongly  shaded  with  olive  or 
olive-grayish,  and  the  throat  never  distinctly  whitish  (usually 
distinctly  grayish).  Male :  Length  about  5.50-5.75,  wing  2.G0- 
2.80  (2.72),  tail  2.30-2.50  (2.38),'culmcn  .53-.59  (.56),  bill  from 
nostril  .26-.29  (.27),  width  at  base  .22-.2-i  (.23),  tarsus  .60-.G8 
(.63).  Female :  Length  about  5.25,  wing  2.45-2.75  (2.61),  tail 
2.15-2.40  (2.25).  Nest  and  eggs  like  those  of  E.  minimus  (?). 
Hab.  Western  North  America,  north  to  Lesser  Slave  Lake; 
south,  in  winter,  to  southern  Mexico. 

468.  E.  hammondi  (Xantus).    Hammond's  Flycatcher. 

c».  Outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  abruptly  paler  than  inner  web  (usually 

distinctly  dull  whitish) ;  culmen  .58,  or  more ;  tarsus  usually  more 

than  .70,     (Length  5.75-6.40.) 

dK  Colors  otherwise  much  as  in  E.  hammondi,  but  averaging  grayer, 

Avith   paler  (often    distinctly   whitish)   throat.      Male:  Wing 

2.70-2.95  (2.83),  tail  2.55-2.80  (2.67),  culmen  .62-.69  (.65),  bill 

from  nostril  .32-.38  (.36),  width  at  base  .24-27  (.26),  tarsus  .71- 

.77  (.74).     Female :  Wing  2.55-2.75  (2.64),  tail  2.50-2.65  (2.52). 

JVest  usually  in  aspen  bushes,  similar  in  composition,  etc.,  to 

that  of  E.  vnnimus.     Eggs  .69  X  51,  plain  buffy  white.    Hab. 

Western   United   States,  south   to   southern   Mexico,  cast  to 

Eocky  Mountains. 

469.  E.  obscurus  (Swains.).  Wright's  Flycatcher. 
d?.  Deep  brownish  olive  above,  the  wing-bands  varying  from  olive 
to  pale  olive-grayish ;  lower  parts  dull  yellow,  shaded  across 
breast  with  olive-brown  ;  wing  2.92-3.00,  tail  2.65-2.75,  culmen 
.60,  bill  from  nostril  .30,  width  at  base  .22-.25,  tarsus  .68.  Hab. 
Southern  Mexico  (Orizaba ;  city  of  Mexico). 

E.  fulvipectus  Lawk.     Narrow-billed  Flycatcher  ^ 
?'.  Lower  parts  deep  buff,  deepening  into  ochraceous  on  breast  and  sides. 
i'.  Upper  parts  deep  hair-brown,  tinged  with  umber. 

c*.  Lower  parts  soft  pinkish  buflf,  inclining  to  isabella-color  on  breast,  paler 
on  throat  and  belly,  the  under  tail-coverts  nearly  white ;  wing  2.70, 
tail  2.45,  culmen  .52,  bill  from  nostril  .28,  width  at  base  .21,  tarsus 
.60.    Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  and  southern  Texas  (?). 

470.  E.  fulvifrons  (Giraud).    Fulvous  Flycatcher. 

c'.  Lower  parts  bright  ochraceous-buflF,  inclining  to  deep  ochraceous  on 

breast,  and  pale  buffy  yellow  on  belly,  the  throat  buff'y  whitish  and 

lower  tail-coverts  yellowish  white  ;  wing  2.35-2.55  (average  2.43), 


1  Empidonax /ulvipecttt*  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  x.  Fob.  1871,  11. 


/ 


PyROCEPIIALUS. 


345 


tail  1.90-2.15  (2.05),  culmen  .4&-.50  (.49),  bill  from  nostril  .25-.27 
(.26),  width  at  baso  .20,  tarsus  .52-.58  (.56).    Hub.  .Southern  Mexico. 
E.  fulvifrons  rubicundus  (Cau.  &  IIkin.).    Ruddy  Flycatcher.^ 
b^.  Upper  parts  dull  grayish  brown. 

Lower  parts  pale  buff,  brightening  into  ochraceous-buft'  on  breast  and 
anterior  portion  of  sides.  Young :  AYing-bands  buff  (instead  of 
light  grayish  brown  or  dull  grayish  white),  the  lower  parts  much 
paler  and  duller  buff,  without  ochraceous  tinge.  Length  about  4.75- 
5.10,  wing  2.20-2.45  (2.34),  tail  1.95-2.14  (2.06),  culmen  .50-.55  (.52), 
bill  from  nostril  .25-.27  (.26),  width  at  base  .20-.22  (.21),  tarsus  .51- 
.60.  Hub.  Southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  south  into  western 
Mexico. 
470a.  E.  fulvifrons  pygtnaeus  (Coues).    Buff-breasted  Flycatcher. 

Genus  PYROCEPHALUS  Gould.    (Page  327,  pi.  XCIL,  tig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Whole  top  of  head  and  entire  lower  pai'ts  bright  scarlet ;  ear-cov- 
erta  and  upper  parts  (except  top  of  head)  brownish  gray,  the  wings  and  tail  darker 
(sometimes  nearly  black).  Adult  female  :  Above  brownish  gray,  including  crown; 
lower  parts  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  pale  red  or  salmon-color  posteriorly, 
the  bi'east  more  or  less  streaked  with  grayish.  Immature  male:  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  with  red  feathers  intermixed  on  crown  and  anterior  lower  parts. 
Young:  Above  gi'ayish,  the  feathers  bordered  with  whitish;  beneath  whitish, 
without  any  reddish  tinge  posteriorly.  Length  about  5.50-6.25,  wing  3.20-3.40, 
tail  2.60-2.80.  Nest  shallow  and  very  compact,  somewhat  like  that  of  Contopus 
virens.  Eggs  2-4,  .68  X  -52,  pale  olive-buff  or  dull  buffy  (rarel}'^  nearly  white), 
boldly  and  heavily  spotted,  chiefly  in  wreath  round  larger  end,  or  noav  middle, 
with  dark  vandyke-brown  or  brownish  black  and  purplish  gray.  Ilab.  Mexico 
and  Guatemala,  and  north  to  southern  border  of  United  States  (southern  Texas  to 
Arizona) 471.  P.  rubineus  mexicanus  (Scl.).    Vermilion  Flycatcher.^ 

Genus  ORNITHION  Hartlaub.    (Page  327,  pi.  XCV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  brownish  gray,  or  olive-gray  ;  wings  more 
dusky,  the  coverts  tipped  with  light  brownish  gray  or  brownish,  the  tertials,  sec- 
ondaries, and  quills  edged,  more  or  less  distinctly,  with  the  same,  the  secondaries, 
however,  with  the  basal  fourth,  or  more,  of  exposed  portion  uniform  dusky ;  lower 
parts  dull  grayish  white,  or  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  grayish  laterally,  es- 
pecially on  sides  of  breast ;    sides  of  head  light  grayish,  without  distinct  mark- 

*  Einpidnnax  rubicundiia  Cab.  <k  Heix.,  Mus.  Heln.  ii.  Sept.  1859,  70,  foot-note.     Einpidonnx  fuleifrom 
rubicundui  Ridgw.,  Pr.  Biol.  Soo,  Wash.  ii.  1885,  109. 

*  A  rare  melanistic  plumago  is  uniform  gepia-brown,  tinged  in  male  with  wino-purpio  on  crown  and  lower 
parts.     This  condition  is  comparatively  frequent  in  the  common  South  American  form,  or  true  P.  rubineiu 

(BODD). 


346 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ings,  though  lores  and  orbits  are  more  or  less  distinctly  palor.     Young  with  wing- 
bands  ochraccous  or  palo  rusty,  and  lower  parts  more  buffy  whitish. 

a}.  Smaller  and  browner,  with  lower  parts  more  tinged  with  sulphur-yellowish, 
the  bill  smaller  and  more  slender;  length  about  4.50,  wing  2.10-2.15  (2.12), 
tail  1.70-1.95  (1.84),  culmen  .39-.40  (.40),  exposed  culmon  .28-.30  (.30),  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .13-.14,  tarsus  .55-.ti0  (.57).  Hab.  Central  America  and  eastern 
Mexico,  north  to  lower  llio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas. 

472.  O.  imberbe  (Scl.).    Beardless  Flycatcher. 

a*.  Larger  and  grayer,  with  little  if  any  sulphur-yellow  tinge  to  grayish  white 
lower  parts,  the  bill  larger  and  thicker;  length  4.30-4.80  (4.50),  wing  2.04- 
2.28  (2.18),  tail  1.78-2.04  (1.89),  culmen  .40-.42  (.41),  exposed  culmen  .30-.35 
(.32),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .14-.15,  tarsus  .52-.58  (.56).  Hab.  Wo^tern  Mexico, 
north  to  southern  Arizona,  south  to  Mazatlan. 

472a.  O.  imberbe  ridgwayi  Brewst.    Bidgway's  Flycatcher. 


a' 


a" 


Family  ALAUDID.^. — The  Larks.    (Page  321.) 

Genera. 

A  spurious  primary;  tail  deeply  emavginate;  crown  with  a  blunt  erectile  crest 
of  soft,  normal  feathers ;  plumage  of  adult  mainly  dull  brownish,  much 
streaked  above  and  below Alauda.     (Page  346.) 

No  spurious  primary ;  tail  even  or  slightly  rounded ;  crown  without  crest,  but 
on  each  side  of  occiput  an  erectile,  narrow,  horn-like  tuft  of  lengthened 
black  feathers;  plumage  of  adult  with  plain  brownish  or  vinaceous  tints  pre- 
vailing above,  the  lower  parts  mainly  plain  white,  the  head  and  chest  with 
bold  black  markings  (less  conspicuous  in  females)...  Otocoris.     (Page  347.) 

Genus  ALAUDA  Linn^us.    (Page  346,  pi.  XCVI.,  tig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults :  Above  light  brownish,  everywhere  streaked 
with  black,  most  broadly  on  back ;  wings  dusky,  the  feathers  with  pale  brownish 
edges  and  borders;  lower  parts  and  superciliary  stripe  whitish,  the  chest  pale 
brownish  or  tawny  buff,  distinctly  streaked  with  brownish  black ;  sides  and  flanks 
also  tinged  with  pale  tawny,  and  usually  more  or  less  distinctly,  but  narrowly, 
streaked  with  deeper  brownish  or  dusky;  ear-coverts  light  brownish  or  tawny, 
becoming  darker  (sometimes  blackish)  along  upper  margin ;  outer  tail-feathers 
white,  with  more  or  less  of  dusky  along  edge  of  inner  web,  especially  toward  base. 
In  lointer,  the  plumage  generally  more  tawny,  and  feathers  of  crown,  back,  etc., 
with  more  or  less  distinct  whitish  terminal  margins.  Young:  More  tawny  than 
•winter  adults,  with  more  conspicuous  white  terminal  margins  to  feathers  of  upper 
parts,  which  instead  of  having  a  mesial  blackish  streak  are  marked  with  a  sub- 
terminal  spot  of  dark  brown ;  tertials  light  tawny  brownish,  widely  bordered  with 


OTOCORIS. 


347 


pale  dull  buffy,  aurrounding  a  narrow  subniargin  of  diark  brown ;  chest  oehra- 
coous-butfy,  indistinctly  streaked  or  spotted  with  bright  tawny  brownish.  Nest  on 
gfound  in  meadows  or  open  grassy  places.  Egys  3-6,  dull  buffy  whitish,  pale 
grayish  brown,  etc.,  thickly  speckled  or  sprinkled  with  umber-brown,  the  latter 
color  sometimes  nearly  uniform. 

a*.  Duller  or  grayer  in  color,  the  upper  parts,  chest,  etc.,  with  tawny  tinge  less 
pronounced,  black  spots  or  streaks  on  back  averaging  narrower,  and  bill 
shorter ;  length  about  7.00-7.75,  wing  4.35-4.60,  tail  2.90-3.10,  exposed  cul- 
men  .45-.50,  tarsus  .90-1.00.  Eggs  .90  x  -61.  Mab.  Europe  and  portions  of 
Asia  and  Africa ;  accidental  in  Greenland  and  Bermudas,  and  introduced, 
though  not  successfully  naturalized,  in  eastern  United  States  (liong  Island, 
near  Cincinnati,  etc.) 473.  A.  arvensis  Linn.    Skylark. 

a'.  Brighter  or  more  tawny  in  color,  black  spots  on  back  averaging  larger,  and  bill 
longer;  length  6.80-7.80  (7.30),  wing  4.25-4.70,  tail  2.85-3.00,  exposed  cul- 
men  .43-52,  tarsus  .95-1.10.  Ilab.  Commander  Islands,  Kamtschatka,  Kurils, 
and  northern  Japan  ;  western  Aleutians  (?). 

A.  blakiBtoni  St£jx.     Kamtschatkan  Skylark.^ 

Genus  OTOCORIS  Bonaparte.    (Pago  346,  pi.  XCVI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  viales  in  spring  and  summer:  Above  varj-ing  from 
vinaceous-gray  to  tawny  cinnamon,  the  back  and  scapulars  grayer  or  browner,  and 
more  or  less  distinctly  streaked  with  dai-ker ;  a  bi'oad  patch  covering  fore-part  and 
sides  of  crown,  lores,  patch  beneath  eye  (covering  also  anterior  and  lower  portion 
of  ear-coverts),  and  patch  across  chest,  uniform  black  ;  bar  or  band  across  forehead 
and  extending  backward  as  a  broad  superciliary  stripe,  middle  portion  of  ear- 
coverts,  malar  region,  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  neck,  varying  from  pure  white  to 
deep  primrose-yellow,  the  hinder  portion  of  ear-coverts  more  or  less  distinctly  gray- 
ish ;  sides  (especially  of  breast)  vinaceous  or  cinnamon,  like  nape,  etc.,  the  flanks 
usually  Somewhat  streaked ;  rest  of  lower  parts  usually  white,  but  sometimes  (in 
0.  giraudi  and  0.  strigata)  partly  or  even  wholly  pale  yellow  ;  wings  (except  lesser 
and  middle  coverts)  grayish  brown,  the  feathers  edged  with  paler;  tail  (except 
middle  feathers)  black,  the  outer  web  of  exterior  feather  chiefly  white,  and  that  of 
next  feather  edged,  toward  tip,  with  same.  Adult  males  in  fall  and  winter :  Essen- 
tially like  the  foregoing,  but  black  markings  of  head  more  or  less  obscured  by 
light-colored  tips  to  feathers,  the  plumage  generally  softer  and  colors  more  blended, 
the  chest  often  streaked,  clouded,  or  washed  with  grayish.  Adult  females :  Similar 
to  males,  but  decidedly  smaller,  with  black  head-markings  much  less  distinct  (that 
on  top  of  head  never  well  defined  or  continuous),  the  bold  pattern  of  these  mark- 
ings as  seen  in  the  male  seldom  more  than  merely  indicated  ;  vinaoeous  or  cinnamon 
tints  of  males  much  less  pronounced  (sometimes  almost  wholly  wanting),  and 
plumage  generally  more  extensively  streaked.     (Seasonal  differences  as  in  males.) 

1  Alauda  blaki»toni  Stejn.,  Proo.  Biol.  Soo.  Wash.  ii.  Apr.  10,  1SS4,  OS. 


348 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Young:  Above  mixed  dusky  and  light  brownish  (in  varitvble  rehitive  quantity), 
conspicuously  spoclclod  oi*  dotted  with  wldte  or  pale  butty  ;  wing-coverts  conspicu- 
ously margined  with  pale  dull  butl'y ;  lower  parts  whitish,  the  (jhest  more  or  less 
tinged  with  paie  brownish  butf  and  speckled  or  clouded  with  dusky ;  no  distinct 
head  "  pattern."  Nest  composed  ol"  fine  dried  grass-stems,  etc.,  embedded  in  ground, 
under  shelter  of  tussock  of  grass,  a  stone,  etc.  i^ygs  3-5,  pale  olive,  pale  dull 
butty,  dull  olive-whitish,  etc.,  finely  but  usually  densely  speckled  or  sprinkled  with 
olive-brown  (rarely,  pale  cinnauion-butt",  speckled  with  cinnamon-rusty). 

a}.  Wing  of  male  averaging  more  than  4.40,  that  of  female  averaging  4.12,  or  more. 
6'.  Darker,  the  hind-ntck,  I'ump,  etc.,  deeper  vinaceous-cinnamon,  the  throat 
and  superciliary  stripe  usually  deep  primrose-yellow.  Young  with  sooty 
blackish  prevailing  on  upper  parts,  the  chest  and  sides  distinctly  tinged 
with  browinsh  butt"  and  speckled  or  mottled  with  dusky.  Male:  Length 
aiiout  7.50-8.00,  wing  4.20-4.G0  (4.41),  tail  2.70-3.10  (2.98).  Female: 
Wing  3.05-4.55  (4.10),  t-iil  2.50-3.10  (2.78).  Ifuh.  Northeastern  North 
America  (region  about  Hudson's  Bay,  including  Labrador),  Greenland, 
and  northern  Europe;  in  winter,  south  to  the  Carolinas,  Illinois,  etc. 

474.  O.  alpeitris  (Linn.).  Horned  Lark. 
^'.  Paler,  the  hind-neck,  rump,  etc..  lighter,  more  a.  !iy,  or  lilaceoua,  vinaceous, 
the  throat  usually  whii  •  or  but  faintly  yellowish,  the  superciliary  stripe 
pure  white.  (Young  unknown.)  Male:  Length  about  7.50-8.00,  wing 
4.30-4.65  (4.43),  tail  2.85-3.20  (3.10).  Female:  Wing  4.00-4.20  (4.12), 
tail  2.60-2.80  (2.73).  Eggs  .91  X  -tiS.  Hab.  Northwestern  North 
America,  breeding  from  Alaska  southward,  east  of  Hockj-  Mountains, 
nearly  to  United  States  boun<hiry ;  in  winter,  south  over  more  northern 
CJreat  Plains  and  Great  Basin  of  United  States,  as  lar  as  Kansas,  Utah, 
and  Nevada. 

474'f.  O.  alpestris  leucolaema  (Coue.s).    Pallid  Homed  Lark. 
«'.  Wing  averaging  less  than  4.20  in  males,  less  than  4.00  in  females. 

/>'.  Wing  averaging  more  than  4.10  in  males,  more  than  3.80  in  female^. 

c'.  Dark-colored,  as  in  0.  alpextris  (but  rather  paler),  with  young  very  dark, 
as  in  that  I'orm.  Male:  Length  about  7.00-7.50,  wing  4.00-4.30 
(4.13),  tail  2.90-3.10  (2.99).  Female:  Length  6.7.5-6.85,  wing  3.70 
4.00  (3.84),  tail  2.60-2.90  (2.73).  Egg<i  .85  X  -62.  Hab.  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  and  n-gion  of  the  (Jreat  T^akes  (especially  within 
United  States),  east,  locally,  to  New  York  ;  south,  in  winter,  to 
Virginia  ami  northeastern  Texas. 

474/).  O.  alpestrif  praticola  (ITknsii.).  Prairie  Homed  Lark. 
f'.  Paler  colored,  like  O.  leueohvma.  but  with  throat  usually  distinctly  (some- 
times strongly)  primrose-yellow.  Young  vary  ])ale-colored,  with 
prevailing  color  of  upper  parts  light  grayish  butt',  or  ])alo  bufi"y  gray- 
ish. Mate:  Length  7.00-7..50,  wing  4.05-4.30  (4.16),  tail  2.75-3.16 
(2.90).  Female :  Jji'w^ih  about  6.50-6.75,  wini;  ..70-1.00  (3.84),  tail 
2.50-2.80  (2.68).     Eggs  .86  X  -CO.     Hab.  Great  Plains  and  iiocky 


OTOCORIS. 


349 


Mountain  district  (including  Groat  Basin)  of  United  States,  south 
to  New  Mexico  and  northern  Arizona. 

474c.  O.  alpestris  arenicola  IIensh.    Desert  Honied  Lark. 

6*.  "Wing  averaging  less  than  4.00  in  adult  males,  less  than  3.80  in  females. 

c'.  Back  not  hroadly  or  conspicuously  streaked  with  dusky,  and  inedian 
lower  parts  never  whollj'  pale  j'ellowish. 
rf'-.  General  aspect  of  upper  parts  grayish  (decidedly  so  in  female) ; 
male  with  breast,  as  well  as  throat,  superciliary  stripe,  etc., 
usually  pale  yellow,  the  breast  usually  flecked  with  grayish 
brown  in  both  sexes.  Male:  Length  about  G.50-6.75,  wing 
3.80-3.85  (3.83).  tail  ?.60.  Female:  Length  about  5.80-G.OO, 
wing  about  3.50,  tail  2.35.  Hab.  Eastern  and  southeastern 
Texas. 

474>^/.  O.  alpestriii  ^Iraudi  IIensh.    Texan  Horned  Lark. 
d'.  General  aspect  of  upper  parts  decidedly  ruddy  (more  brownish  in 
female) ;  breast  usually  pure  white,  without  markings,  in  both 
sexes. 
e^  Larger  and  less  brightly  colored,  the  male  with   hind-neck, 
rump,    etc.,   vinacoous-cinnamon.      Mulr :    Length    about 
6.75-7.25,  wing  3.80-4.15  (3.99),  tail  2.80-3.00  (2.91).     Fe- 
male: Length  about  G.50-7.00,  wing  3.75-3.80  (3.78),  tail 
2.70-2.80  (2.75).      Hah.    Tablo-laiuls  of  Mexico,   north   to 
southern  Now  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  westward  across 

southern  California  to  the  coast 474('.  O.  alpestris 

chrysoisema  (Waoi,.).    Mexican  Horned  Lark. 
<*'.  Smaller  and  brighter  colored,  the  male  with  hind-m-ck-.  rump, 
etc.,  rich  tawny  cinnamon.     Male  :  Length  about  G. 50-7. (HI, 
wing  3.70-4.10"  (3.88),  tail  2.G0-2.90  (2.74).    Fruuil,' :  Length 
about  G.00-G.50.  wing  3.50-3.70  (3.G1),  tail  2.3.5-2.05  (2.49). 
EaqH  .80  X  59.     Huh.   Interior  valleys  of  California. 
474/".  O.  alpestris  rubea  ITkn.sii.    Ruddy  Horned  Lark. 
c*.  Back  bvoa'Iy   and  conspicuously  streaked  or  sti'i])('d  with  dusky.  :uid 
; :io({ian  lower  parts  usually  partly,  sometimes  who'iy,  pale  yellow. 
Otherwise  much  like  0.  rubra,  but  dull  olivv  I)rown  or  grayish 
brown  ground-color  of  back  and  scapulars  much  more  strongly 
contrasted   with   vinacoous-cinnamon  of  hind-neck,  rump,  etc., 
the  fenuilo  with  upper  p.-'.rts  more  olivacoous  and   much  more 
sharply    and    conspicuously   streaked.      Male:    Tiongth    al)out 
6.75-7.25,  wing  3.70-4.10  (3.94),  tail  2.70    5  05  (2.88).     Female: 
Length  about  G.25-G.50,   wing  3.G0-3.85  (3.G0),  tail  2  50-2.80 
(2.G2).     /fab.  Coast  district  of  Oregon,  Washington  Territory, 
and    Hritish   Columbia;    south,  in  winter,  to  ])ortions  of  Cali- 
fornia aiid  western  Nevada 4747.  O.  alpestris  strignta 

IIensh.    Streaked  Horned  Lark. 


360 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Family  CORVID-ffi.— The  Crows,  Jays,  Magpies,  etc.    (Pago  322.) 

Genera. 

a\  Tail  equal  to  or  longer  than  wing;  wing  short,  rounded,  the  pri'uaries  exceed- 
ing secondaries  by  much  less  than  length  of  tarsus,  the  fourth,  fifth,  or  sixth 
quills  longest.    (Subfamily  Garrulince.) 
b\  Tail  much  longer  than  wing,  graduated  for  half  its  length  or  more,  the 
fcpthers  becoming  narrower  toward  tips. 
c\  Nostrils  covered  by  bristles;    head  not  crested;  orbits  partly  naked; 
wings  and  tail  metallic  bluish   and   greenish,   the  latter  without 

white  tips;  scapulars  pure  white Pica.     (Page  351.) 

c*.  Nostrils  exposed;    head  conspicuously  crested;   orbits  entirely  foalh- 
erod;  wings  and  tail  plain  cobalt-blue,  the  latter  with  broad  white 

tips;  scapulars  blue,  like  back,  etc Odocitta.^ 

t'.  Tail  not  much  longer  than  wing,  not  graduated  for  more  than  about  one- 
third  its  length  (usually  much  less),  the  feathers  not  becoming  narrower 
toward  tips. 
c\  Head,  neck,  and  chest  uniform  deep  black ;  back  glossy  bright  blue,  in 

abrupt  contrast  with  the  black Cis.vjlnph(i.^ 

c'.  Head,  neck,  and  chest  not  uniform  deep  black,  or  else  top  of  head  con- 
spicuously crested  ;  back  not  bright  blue,  or  else  top  of  bead  same 
color, 
rf*.  Nostrils  exposed  ;    large  (wing  more  than  7.25,  tail  more  than 
7.50).     (Color  chiefly  dull  brownish.) 

Psilorhinus.     (Patrc  352.) 
(P.  Nostrils  covered;  smaller  (wing  less  than  7.00,  tail  less  tlian  7.00). 
eV  Color  chiefly  blue  or  green. 


1  CalncHtii  OnAY,  Li-'t  fJcn.  B.  1S(1,  50.     Typo,  Picn  f,irmn»,t  Swains. 

This  f;cnii!<  (■•intainjt  two  well-known  i<pppip»,  one,  C.  rulliii  (Vin.i,  holonKins  to  western  Mexico  (north 
to  Mnxntinn),  tlio  other,  <'.  furmmin  (fiwAlss.l,  inlinbitini;  Hoiitliern  Mexico,  nml  Houlhwiinl  lu  ('(mIii  Kicii.  A 
third  Hpecie8  prohiihly  exists  in  tlie  wooileil  ilistrietn  in  the  interior  of  Lower  riililbrniii.  ''.  inlliei  is  |ierlmp8 
the  finest  of  all  (jlarruline  birds,  nieasurinu  two  to  two  and  a  half  foet  in  total  lenRtli  (of  which  the  tail  consti- 
tut08  nhout  two-thirdH) ;  the  color*  are  bright  nml  boldly  contraRtcd,  wliilo  the  crown  is  oniaiiiciitcd  by  a  v#ry 
conspicuous  recurved  crest. 

*  ChiolnplKi  HonaI'.,  Consp.  i.  ISftO,  ,'!S0.     Type,  Plfn  tnnhhiKinnn  LAFn. 

This  genus  includes  two  very  beautiful  species  which  eomc  close  to  our  limits,  both  oecurrinj?  in  the  state 
of  Slnaliia,  western  Mexico.  The  type  of  the  ircnus,  C.  minhhtiiiiiiia,  luis  the  head,  neck,  upper  back,  and  lower 
parts  uniforui  deep  black.  chnnKinir  to  dull  blue  on  under  lailooverts,  the  upper  parts  bright  cobalt  or  ariiro- 
blue,  becoming  iiltnuonrine  blue  on  the  tail  :  on  the  foreheail  there  is  n.  slender,  hair-like  crest,  and  llu'  nostrils 
are  partly- -sometimes  wholly — exposed;  bill  and  feet  usually  dec]i  black,  sometimes  bright  yellow;  lenitth 
Bbout  12.00,  wlnjt  S.S.I-S.SO,  tail  fl. 00-0  .50.  llnh.  Western  Mexico,  north  at  least  to  Ma»intlnn.  C.  bteehtii 
(Pirn  hrvrhiil  Vio.,  Zool.  .Tour,  iv.  |S2S,  .'l.'i.'?)  is  n  larger  nml  still  finer  species,  of  similar  coloration,  but  with 
the  blue  of  n  rich  smalt  sbmle;  it  hn-ks  the  frontal  crest  and  has  the  nostrils  completely  oovarod,  and  may  pos 
dlbly  require  generic  or  subgenerio  separation  from  <7(<i«.7<)/)A<r  ,■  length  about  18,00-10.00,  wing  7.00,  tnil  7.50- 
8.50.     Iluh.  V'csturn  Mexl'o  (vicinity  of  Mazntlan,  and  on  Tres  Marias). 


PICA. 


S51 


/*.  Color  chiefly  blue. 

g^.  Head  with  conspicuous  crest. 

Cyanocitta.     (Pago  353.) 

g*.  Head  without  ei'est Aphelocoma.     (Page  355.) 

/'.  Color  chiefly  green,  Avith  outer  tail-feathers  yellow. 

Xanthoura.     (Pago  358.) 

e".  Color  dull  slaty  or  graj'ish  above,  dull  grayish  or  brownish 

beneath,  the  head  partly  white  in  adults.     (Young  wholly 

dusky.) Perisoreus.     (Page  358.) 

Tail  much  shorter  than  wing;  wing  long  and  pointed,  the  primaries  exceeding 
longest  secondaries  by  more  than  the  length  of  the  tarsus,  the  third,  fourth, 
and  fifth  quills  longest.     (Subfamily  Corvinoi.) 
ft'.  Wing  9.00,  or  more ;  plumage  entirely  glossy  black  (in  North  American 
species)  ;  bill  compressed,  much  higher  than  broad. 

Corvus.     (Pago  3G0.) 

ft'.  Wing  loss  than  9.00;    plumage  mainly  grayish  or  blue;    bill  cylindrical, 

scarcely  or  not  at  all  higher  than  broad. 

c\  Nostrils  concortlod  by  an  antrorso  tuft  of  feathers;  color  ash-gray,  with 

black  on  wings  and  tail,  the  latter  mainly  white,  and  soeondaries 

broadly  tipped  with  white Picicorvus.     (Pago  364.) 

c'.  Nostrils  wholly  exposed ;  color  uniform  dull  blue,  brighter  on  head. 

Cyanocephalus.     (Page  364.) 


GENU8  PICA  CuviER.     (Pago  350,  pi.  XCVIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Spcn'es. 
Common  Characters. — Wings  metallic  greenish  blue,  varied  with  groonish  or 


("Kim -linios  both),  tho  inner  webs  of  quills  chiefly  whito  ;  tail  rich  nu'tallic 
BW  iuii  with  bronze,  purple,  and  violet  neor  end  ;  scapulars,  belly,  sides,  and 
pure  wlid!t.e ;  other  parts  blackish.  Adult :  Head,  neck,  breast,  back,  tail- 
i»wcn'tH.  and  thirli-  cp  li:;i<'l:  tho  top  of  tho  head  more  or  loss  distinctly  glossed 
iriik  MMlatlic  LT'  isli  or  hntnzy.  Young:  Tleail.  ruick,  etc.,  dull  black,  without 
WKMUk  gi«»»»^  u  <rnwn.  A'csf  of  coarse,  often  thorny,  sticks,  lined  with  finer 
•iri^  aiMl  p-f^tli'ts.  arcl  |»rot*'fti'(l  by  a  loose  canopy  of  coarse,  often  tliorny,  twigs, 
4hv  «MnB<  ^.  till"'  like  latter  on  one  side.  E'jgi^  3-10.  pale  olivo-l)utfy,  dull 
,<«r     ■"      .  n   mIi,  thickly  speckled,  clouded,  sprinkled,  or  dashed  with 


4^.  SB  dHpiilllaife   an     n:i>  •      skin  of  nrbital  region  blackish. 

''  Ftsmttmrn  of  tlm»at  vitluMU  white  beneath  surfac(^ ;  wing  6.00-7.55(7.24), 
tail  8.40- !.»- ;tf)  (;>.:{(H.  exposed  oulm<-u  1.10-1.25  (1.21),  tarsus  1.57-1.80 
(J.6H).     Mm.  Nortuom  and  central  hurope. 

P.  pica  (Linn.).    Magpie.' 


fern.,  8.  ^.  fgtWrJt'MtM,  t06. 


r^ii  SnAHPR,  Cat.  Q.  Drit.  Mux,  Hi.  IS'",  62. 


352 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


b'.  Feathers  of  throat  spotted  with  white  beneath  surface;  averaging  larger, 
tlie  bill  especially;  iris  with  an  outer  ring  of  grayish  blue;  length  (fresh) 
17.40-21.75,  wing  7.30-8.40  (7.93),  tail  9.30-11.95  (10.65),  expo-sed  cul- 
men  1.15-1.42  (1.26),  tarsus  1.70-1.92  (1.82).  Eggs  1.30  X -91.  ffab. 
Western  North  America  (except  California),  from  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  Alaska,  east  to  Eocky  Mountains  (casually  to  Michigan 
and  northern  Illinois  ?). 

475.  P.  pica  hudsonica  (Sab.).    American  Magpie. 
rt'.  Bill  and  naked  skin  of  orbital  region  bright  yellow. 

Otherwise  like  P.  hudsonica,  but  averaging  decidedly  smaller ;  length 
about  16.00-18.00,  wing  7.20-7.70  (7.38),  tail  9.30-10.30  (9.68),  exposed 
culmon  1.04-1.17  (1.11),  tarsus  1.63-1.89  (1.82).  Eggs  1.23  X  .87.  Hab. 
California 476.  P.  nuttalli  AuD.    Tellow-billed  Magpie. 


Genus  PSILORHINUS  RUppell.'     (Pago  350,  pi.  XCVII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  uniform  brown,  darker  on  head,  and  becoming 
grayish  on  tail;  chin,  throat,  and  chest  uniform  brown,  thu  remaining  lower  parts 
varying  from  pale  brown  to  white. 

a*.  No  white  on  tail. 

Adult:  Head,  neck,  and  chest  uniform  dark  brown,  gradually  changing 
into  a  lighter  shade  of  the  same  on  upper  parts,  and  into  still  paler 
grayish  brown,  brownish  gray,  or  isabella-color  (rarely  whitish)  on 
lower  parts ;  bill  and  feet  varying  from  black  to  yellow.  Young : 
Scarcely  diflforont  from  adult,  except  in  texture  of  plumage.  Length 
ibout  16.00-18.00,  wing  8.00-8  50,  tail  8.25-9.30.  Hab.  Eastern  Mexico, 
north  to  the  Rio  Grande  Valley,  south  to  T'.iumntopec. 

P.  morio  (Wagl.).     Brown  Jay.* 
a'.  Tail-feathers,  except  midt'lo  pair,  broadly  tipped  with  white. 

6*.  A  distinct  malar  patch  of  light  bluish  gray;  belly  and  under  tail-coverts 
whitish;  length  about  16.00-18.00,  wing  7.60-8.40,  tail  8.50-8.90.  Hab. 
Eastern  Mexico  (Mirador)  and  coast  of  Honduras  fPearl  Bay,  Mosquito 
coast). 

P,  cyanogenys  Okay.     Blue-cheeked  Brown  Jay.* 
b*.  No  grayish  blue  malar  patch  ;  otherwise  like  P.  ryanogon/s  ;  length  about 
15.00-16.00,  wing  7.30-8.20,  tail  7.00-8.80.     Hah.  Southern    Mexico  to 
Costa  Rica. 

P.  mexicanus  Ul^pp.     White-tailed  Brown  Jay.* 


'  PnHorhtnuK  lll'pp.,  Mils.  Ppnokcnb.  is:t7,  lf"».     Tyjio,  P.  nirn'mitm  RI'pp. 

«  /','<•<•  morio  Wa(II,.,  I><i»,  lS2St,  1!t\.     Pmlorhiiiui  moCv>Qn\y,  (Jcr».  H,  ii.  IRID,  .108, 

'  Ptilorhmun  r^fannyrnyn  SiiAnPB.  Cat.  D.  Rrit.  Mua.  iii,  IH77,  1  10,  pi.  0  {ei  Guav,  IIu  '.J-lint,  ii.  p,  fl,  dmrr. 

X II I  III). 

*  /'«i7ui/itHM«  mcricaniii  UlM'P,,  Mui.  iSonultanb,  18H7,  18U,  pi.  II,  ftg.  2. 


CYANOCITTA. 


353 


Genus  CYANOCITTA  Strickland.    (Pago  351,  pi.  C,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  mainly  blue,  the  secondaries  and  tail 
(sometimes  greater  coverts  also)  barred  with  black ;  head  black  or  vai'ied  with 
black  ;  lower  parts  uniform  blue,  or  whitish  with  a  black  collar  across  chest. 

(0.  Lower  parts  whitish;  greater  wing-coverts,  secondaries,  and  tail-feathers  (ex- 
cept middle  pair)  broadly  tipped  with  white.     {Adult :  Crest  and  back  light 
purplish  blue ;  wings  an<l  tail  bright  cobalt-blue,  the  greater  coverts,  sec- 
ondaries, and  tail  barred  with  black;  sides  of  head,  chin,  and  throat  purplish 
whitish,  bordered  posteriorly  by  a  black  collar,  commencing  under  the  crest, 
widening  into  a  crescent  across  chest,  and  sending  forward  a  streak  to  the 
eye ;    lores  and  narrow  frontal  band   also  black ;    breast  and  sides  smoky 
grayish,  belly  and  under  tail-coverts  white.       Young:    Similar,  but  colors 
duller  and  less  sharply  contrasted.) 
b\  Larger,  with  more  white  on  tips  of  secondaries  and  tail-feathers  (on  outer 
tail-feather  1.00,  or  more,  in  extent) ;  length  11.00-12.50,  wing  5.00-5.70 
(5.28),  tail  5,05-5.70  (5.3G),  exposed  culmon  .93-1.06  (1.00),  tarsus  1.24- 
1.45  (1.37).     Nest  of  dried  twigs,  rootlets,  etc.,  built  usually  in  trees,  often 
in  orchards  or  about  houses.     -Eijos  pale  olive,  isabella-color,  greenish,  or 
bufty,  rather  sparsely  spotted  or  8pe(;kled  with  brown.     Hah.  Eastern 
North  America,  except  Florida,  north  to  Fur  Countries,  west  to  Great 

Plains 477.  C.  cristata  (Linn.).    Blae  Jay. 

6'.  Smaller,  with  less  white  on  tips  of  secondaries  ami  tail-feathers  (tiiat  on 
outer  tail-feather  less  than  1.00  in  extent)  ;  length  10.00-11.50,  wing  4.80- 
5.30  (5.02).  tail  4.80-5.50  (5.08),  culmon  .93-1.03  (.98),  tarsus  1.2G-1.42 
(1.34).     I£ab.  Florida. 

477rt.  C.  cristata  florincola  Coues.    Florida  Blue  Jay. 
a'.  Lowor  parts  blue;  wing  and  tail  without  any  white. 
i\  No  whitish  spot  over  eye. 

c'.  Head  (including  crest),  neck,  and  back  doop  black,  or  brownish  black, 
the  foreheail  not  conspicuously  (oIUmi  not  at  all)  streaked  on  fore- 
head with  blue  ;  blue  of  Rocondarics  and  tail  a  deep  Rerlin-lilue  shade, 
that  of  rump  and  lower  parts  paler;  length  aboiit  12.00-13,00,  wing 
5,55-6.20  (5,86),  tail  5.30-6.35  ^5.74),  culmrn  .96-1,18  (1.09),  tarsus 
1,65-1. 81  (1.72).  Nest  in  coniferous  trees.  /%.s  3-5, 1.30  X  .90,  usu- 
ally pale  blui«ih  green,  speckled  with  dove-brown,  sometimes  jialo 
greenish  gray,  s])ecklod  with  reddish  brown.  ffdh.  iVorthwest 
coast,  north  to  Sitka,  south  to  northern  ('alil'ornia  (on  coast  only). 

478.  C.  stelleri  ((Jmki„).    Steller's  Jay. 

c*.  TToad,  nock,  and  back  brownish  slaty,  the  crest  more  or  loss  strongly 

tinged   with   blue,   anii   forehead   conspicuously  streaked  with   the 

same;  blue  t-»f  soconduines  and  tail  much  lighter  (deep  axuro),  that 

4i 


354 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


•t: 


of  rump  and  lower  parts  a  dull  turquoise  tint;  length  11.75-13.00, 
wing  5.50-6.10  (5.67),  tail  5.10-5.75  (5.41),  exposed  culinen  1.00-1.20 
(1.07),  tarsus  1.53-1.73  (1.64),  Nest  in  coniferous  trees  (often  in 
holes),  10  to  50  or  more  feet  from  ground,  bulky,  "  made  loosely  of 
sticks,  stems  of  weeds,  and  lined  with  fibrous  rootlets  and  grasses." 
Eggs  3-4,  1.19  X  -87,  "  light  blue,  speckled  and  spotted  with  dark 
brown."  (Goss.)  Hah.  Sierra  Nevada  (both  slopes)  from  Fort 
Crook  to  Fort  Tejon ;  southern  coast  ranges  of  California  (?). 

478rt.  C.  stelleri  frontalis  (Ridgw.).    Bine-fronted  Jay. 
6*.  A  whitish  spot  over  eye. 

c'.  Head  and  fore-neck  black. 

d}.  "White  spot  over  eye  smaller  (sometimes  indistinct) ;    streaks  on 
forehead  light  blue,  sometimes  indistinct. 

Back  dusky,  and  blue  very  deep,  as  in  C.  stelleri;  length 
about  12.50-13.75,  wing  5.90-6.60  (6.14),  tail  5.80-6.65 
(6.07),  exposed  culmen  .97-1.08  (1.01),  tarsus  1.80-1.68 
(1.66).  Ilab.  Northern  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Wah- 
satch  range  (near  Provo,  Utah),  west  to  eastern  Oregon 
and  Washington  Territory. 

— .  C.  stelleri  annectens  (Baird).    Blaclc-lieaded  Jay.' 

(P.  White  spot  over  eye  very  conspicuous,  never  indistinct ;  streaks  on 

forehead  bluish  white,  or  pure  white. 

e*.  Chest  dull  smoky  bluish  ;  blue  of  rump  and  lower  p.irts  a  light 

dull  turquoise  hue  (as  in  C.  frontalis) ;  length  about  11.75- 

13.75,  wing  5.65-6.40  (5.93),  tail  5.25-0.25  (5.72),  exposed 

culmen  1.03-1.14  (1.07),  tarsus  1.57-1.72  (1.65).      Nest  in 

trees  (usually  conifers).     Eggs  3-6,  1.25  X  -86,  colored  like 

those  of  C.  siclleri.    Hah.  Southern  Rocky  Mountains,  north 

to  southern  Wyoming,  west  to  Uintah  Mountains,  Utah  and 

highor  mountains  of  Arizona,  south  to  northern  Mexico. 

47S/>.  C.  stelleri  macrolopha  (Baiiu)).    Long-crested  Jay. 

«''.  Chest  deep  blue;  blue  of  rump  and  lower  parts  of  a  greenish 

azure  hue;  otherwise  similar  to  C  macrolopha,  but  back 

darker,  more  tinged  with  blue,  and  size  somewhat  smaller; 

wing  5..5.5-6.00  (5.82),  tail  5.4.5-5.75  (5.59),  exposed  culmen 

1.00-1.12  (l.O(i),  tarsus  1.03-1.76  (1.70).     Hab.  Highlands 

of  central  Mexico,  east  to  Mirador. 

C.  steHeri  diademata  (Honai*.).     Diademed  Jay.' 

cK  Head   (except  on  sides)  and   fbro-ius  k  deep   blue.      Pluniago  oiitirely 

blue,  except  sides  of  head,  the  lores,  nasal   tufts,  and   postocular 


•  {C)ian«\,r,t  nlfllrri]  var.  niinrrlrim  n.\fnn,  in  Hist.  N.  Am.  D.  il.  1871,  2S1  (in   toxl).      Ci/nnorilla  »le.lleri 
nnnrruni,  Rmow.,  Nom.  N.  Am.  B.  ISSI,  No.  2im/». 

»  Cyanoijarnilun  ilimlemalut  BoN.il'.,  Conep.  i.  1850,  377.     Ci/nnocilta  dia'hmata  BcL.,  Cut.  Am.  I).  18(11, 

ij:!. 


APHELOCOMA. 


355 


region  deep  black ;  white  spot  above  eye  larger  than  in  other 
forms ;  wing  5.50-5.95  (5.73),  tail  5.00-5.75  (5.57),  exposed  culmen 
.97-1.07  (1.02),  tarsus  1.60-1.72  (1.67).  Hab.  Portions  of  southern 
Mexico  (Mirador,  Orizaba,  Xalapa,  near  city  of  Mexico,  Oaxaca, 
Sierra  Madre  of  Colima,  etc.)  and  south  to  Guatemala  and  Honduras. 

C.  stelleri  coronata  (SwAixs.).    Coronated  Jay.^ 


Genus  APHELOCOMA  Cabanis.    (Page  351,  pi.  C,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

rt'.  Lower  parts  chiefly  light  grayish  or  whitish. 
6'.  Tail  longer  than  wing. 

c*.  Forehead  and  nasal  tufts  hoary  whitish. 

Adult :  Head,  neck,  chest,  wings,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  tail, 
and  under  tail-coverts  dull  azure-blue ;  forehead,  nasal  tufts, 
and  superciliary  region  pale  hoary  grayish  blue;  back  and 
scapulars  light  brownish  gray;  chin  and  throat  light  ash- 
gray,  or  grayish  white,  finely  streaked  with  darker,  the  ash- 
gray  continued  in  broad  stripes  on  chest;  rest  of  lower  parts 
light  brownish  gray  ;  length  10.50-12.50,  wing  4.25-4.50  (4.40), 
tail  5.30-5.90  (5.73),  culmen  .90-.99  (.94),  ^  tarsus  1.35-l.GO 
(1.47).  N'est  of  twigs,  rootlets,  etc.,  in  thickets  or  low  trees. 
Eggs  L]3  X  -79,  pale  greenish,  spotted  with  pale  reddish  brown 
or  rusty.     Hah.  Florida. 

479.  A.  floridana  (Barth).    Florida  Jay. 
c*.  Forehead  and  nasal  tufts  bright  blue,  like  crown. 

d}.  Lower  tail-coverts  bright  blue,  markedly  diff'ercnt  from  color  of 

belly. 

c'.  Back  and  scaptilarsdull  slaty  grayish,  tinged  with  blue  ;  breast, 

sides,  and  flanks  light  ash-gray ;  blue  of  upper  parts,  etc., 

.a  light  dull  azure  hue;  length   11.50-12.75,  wing  4.70-5.35 

(6.02),  (ail  5.20-6.20  (5.08),  culmen  .93-1.06  (1.01),  tarsus 

1.45-1.59  (1.55).     Kest  in  thickets  or  low  trees.     Eggs  3-6, 

1.10  X  -79,  pale  green,  pale  greenish  buff",  or  pale  grayish 

green,  rather  sparsely  marked  with  very  distinct  dots  or 

small  spots  of  deep  madder-brown.     Jfih.  Middle  Province 

of  Unit(M|  States,  north  to  eastern  Oregon,  Idaho,  Montana, 

and  Wyoming,  west  to  western  Nevada  and  Arizona,  east 

to  Colora<lo  and  New  Moxico.  and  south  into  northwestern 

Mexico..  480.  A.  woodhousei  (Baird).    Woodhouse's  Jay. 

c*.  Back  and  scapulars  dark   sepia-brown,  without    blue   tinge; 

breast,  sides,  and  flanks  brownish   white,  or  very  palo 


i«i. 


*  Ourrului  curonatui  Swai.ns,,  Philoa.  Mag.  i.  1827,  4;I7.     Cj/anocilUt  corunala  Strk'KL.,  Ann,  N.  II.  1845, 


356 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


brownish  gray;  blue  of  upper  parts,  etc.,  a  very  deep 
azure— almost  Berlin-blue— shade ;  length  about  11.50- 
12.25,  wing  5.20-5.30  (5.27),  tail  6.05-6.25  (6.15),  culmen 
1.15-1.30  (1.22),  tarsus  1.70-1.80  (1.75).  Hab.  Santa  Cruz 
Island,  southern  California. 

— .  A.  insularis  Hensh.    Santa  Cruz  Jay.* 
(P.  Lower  tail-coverts  white,  or  else  vciy  slightly  tinged  with  blue. 
eK  Sides  of  head  blackish,  with  little,  if  any,  blue  tinge ;  breast 
grayish  white  or  very  pale  grayish,  like  belly ;  back  and 
scapulars  brownish  gray,  without  blue  tinge. 
/•.  Sides  of  chest  bright  blue,  the  middle  portion  streaked 
with  blue ;  white  superciliary  stripe  very  distinct. 
g^.  Larger,  with   smaller  bill  and  feet,  the  blue  darker, 
the  lower  parts  less  purely  white ;  length  about 
11.50-12.25,  wing  4.70-5.20  (4.93),  tail  5.45-6.10 
(5.71),    culmen    .87-1.03    (.96),    tarsus    1.50-1.94 
(1.62).     Nest  in  thickets  or  low  trees.     Eggs  3-6, 
1.13  X  -81,  pure  bluish  green,  speckled  with  clove- 
brown  ;  dull  greenish  white,  speckled  or  spotted 
with  chestnut,  or  light  bufFy  spotted  with  ru.^ty 
brown  and  lilac-gray.   Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  United 
States,  from  southern  California  to  Oregon,  cast  to 
western  Nevada. 

481.  A.  californica  (Via.).    California  Jay. 
g*.  Smaller,  with  larger  bill  and  feet,  the  blue  lighter,  the 
loAver  parts  more  purely  white;  length  11.50-12.00, 
wing  4.5.5-5.00  (4.63),  tail  5.20-5.80  (5.53),  culmen 
.94-1.07  (1.03),  tarsus  1.43-1.60  (1.50).  Hab.  Lower 
California  (vicinity  of  Capo  St.  Lucas).  — .  A.  cali- 
fornica hypoleuca  Ridow.    Zantns's  Jay.* 
/'.  Sides  of  chest  dull  brownish  gray,  the  middle   portion 
dull   white,   streaked   with   brownish   gray  or   light 
grayish  brown  ;  white  superciliaiy  stripe  less  distinct 
(though  always  apparent). 

Otherwise  scarcely  different  in  color  from  A.  cali- 
fornica ;  length  (skins)  about  11.00-11.50,  wing 
5.40-5.55  (5.48).  tail  5.95-6.10  (6.00),  culmen  .98- 
1.01  (1.00),  tarsus  1.60.  Hab.  Southern  Mexico 
(Orizaba,  Oaxaca,  Atliseo,  etc.). 

A.  Bumichrasti  (Ridow.).     Sutnichrast's  Jay.* 


'  Aphalocomn  iiiDuhirifi  IIrnrii.,  Auk,  Hi.  Oct.  ISSB,  4.12. 

'  No«v  Hiibiipccic!! ;  bniiod  cm  nmny  siiociinona  from  Cupn  St.  Liioa.',  Ln  Pax,  nnil  cnntijjiinuR  localities,  oollected 
by  .1.  XantuH  and  L.  Boldiit);. 

"  Ci/iiiwvitta  rali/iiniicit  var.  a ii ni i eh rntt I  RiDaw.,  in  Illst.  X.  Am.  B.  ii.  187-J,  283.  Apheloeoma  $umiehraili 
SuABi'ii,  Cat.  U.  Drit.  Mud.  iii.  1877,  lU. 


APHELOCOMA. 


357 


e*.  Sides  of  head  uniform  bright  blue,  like  crown,  etc. ;  breast 

deep   brownish  gray,  changing  ratlier  abruptly  to   pure 

white  on  belly  and  lower  lail-coverts ;  back  and  scapulars 

dark  slaty  gray,  strongly  tinged  with  blue. 

Adult :  Chest  light  grayish  blue,  broadly  streaked  with 

white  (as  in  A.  calif ornica);   superciliary  streak  very 

indistinct,  or  obsolete  ;  length  (skin)  about  11.50,  wing 

6.40,  tail  5.70,  exposed  culinen  .95,  tarsus  l.GO.     Hab. 

"Mexico"  (locality  unknown). 

A.  cyanotis  Ridgw.     Blue-eared  Jay.' 
Tail  shorter  than  wings, 
t'.  Tail  5.50,  or  less. 

Adult:  Above  bright  light  azure-blue,  including  whole  side  of 
head,  down  to  throat,  the  Lack  and  scapulars  dull  grayish  blue, 
or  plumbeous ;  chin  and  throat  dull  white,  deepening  into  dull 
light  brownish  gray  on  breast,  this  again  fading  into  pure 
white  on  lower  belly  and  under  tail-coverts ;  length  (fresh) 
1150,  wing  5.80-5.90,  tail  5.30-5.40  (graduated  for  only  about 
.  .30),  viulmen  1.05-1.10,  tarsus  1.60.  Hab.  Lower  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  and  south w^ard. 

A.  couchi  (Baird).     Couch's  Jay.' 
c».  Tail  more  than  5.50. 

(/'.  Tail  even,  or  very  slightly  rounded. 

Colors  of  A.  couchi ;  length  13.00,  tail  7.00.     Hah.  "  Mexico." 

A.  ultramarina  (Bonaf.).     Ultramarine  Jay.' 
d\  Tail  decidedly  rounded. 

e^.  Colors  of  A.  couchi,  but  rather  paler  above,  the  chest  rather 
more  decidedly  ashy,  and  throat  more  grayish ;  length 
about  11.50-13.00,  wing  6.10-6.50  (6  34),  tail  5.65-6.10 
(5.8C),  graduated  for  .50-00,  culmen  1.00-1.08  (1.02),  tarsus 
1.58-1.66  (1.60).  Nest  a  loose,  frail  structure  of  dry  twigs 
and  rootlets,  built  in  small  trees.  Eggs  2-5,  1.17  X  -84,  plain 
greenish  blue,  very  similar  in  color  to  those  of  the  Robin 
{3It'i'nla  migratoria).  Hab.  Northwestern  Mexico,  and  con- 
tiguous portions  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

482.  A.  sieberii  arizonse  Ridgw.    Aiirona  Jay. 

€*.  Colors  much  darker  and  brighter  than  in  ^1.  ari::ona',  the  back 

more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  azure-blue  (Kometimes 

almost  uniform  with  head,  etc.);  length  about  11. 50-13. v)0, 

wing  6.70-7.40  (7.06),  tail  6.30-6.75  (6.58),  culmen  1.00-1.0,8 


P 


•  New  epocicgj  type,  No.  840,5,  II.  S.  Nut.  Mu».  j  "  John  Taylor,  Esq.,  Mexico,  Sept.  18.36." 

'  Cymioritlu  rntichi  Baiiid,  B.  N.  Am.  1853,  588  ;  cd.  1800,  pi.  00,  fig.  2.    Aphihcoma  couchi  Sharpk,  Cut. 

B.  Brit.  Mu8.  iii.  1877,  110, 

'  Ci>rvn»  vltrntLnriiiuH  BoNAi'.,  Jour.  Ao.  Nat.  Sol,  Phil.  8vo,  iv.  1825,  387.      Aphelocomn   ultramarina 

SnARPR,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mu8.  ill.  1877,  115. 


358 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


(1.02),   tarsus    1.58-1.66   (1.60).     Ilab.   Southern   Mexico 
(Vera  Cruz  and  southward). 

A.  sieberii  (Waol.).     Sieber's  Jay.' 
a*.  Lower  parts  entirely  uniform  rich  blue,  like  upper  parts. 

Plumage  entirely  uniform  rich  azure-blue,  except  lores,  which  are  deep 
black,  and  under  surface  of  wings  and  tail,  which  are  dull  black  ;  size  of 
A.  sieberii.    Hab,  Uighlands  of  Guatemala  and  southern  Mexico. 

A.  unicolor  (Du  Bus).   Unicolored  Jay.* 

Genus  XANTHOURA  Bonaiarte.    (Page  351,  pi.  XCIX.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults  uniform  bright  green  above,  becoming  more 
bluish  toward  tips  of  middle  tail-feathers ;  nasal  tufts,  triangiUar  patch  covering 
anterior  portion  of  malar  region  (reaching  upward  to  eye),  and  Avhole  toj)  of  head 
(except  anteriorly),  rich  campanula-blue;  anterior  part  of  forehead  white,  changing 
gradually  into  blue  of  crown ;  tail,  except  four  niiddle  feathers,  pure  primrose-yel- 
low ;  sides  of  head  (except  as  described  above),  chin,  throat,  and  chest,  uniform  deep 
black,  with  abrupt  semicircular  outline  against  breast ;  rest  of  under  parts  light 
green  or  j'cllow.  Young:  Similar  to  adult,  but  colors  duller,  the  blue  of  crown 
tinged  with  green,  white  of  forehead  stained  with,  or  replaced  by,  yellow,  black  of 
head  much  duller,  and  lower  parts  pale  creamy  yellow. 

rt'.  Lower  parts  pale  verdigris-green,  more  or  less  tinged,  especially  beneath  sur- 
face, with  pale  primrose-yellow  ;  length  11.00-12.00,  wing  4.40-4.80,  tail  5.10- 
5.80.  Nest  in  small,  usually  thorny,  trees  or  in  thickets.  E(j(js  2-4,  1.08  X 
.79,  pale  buff  or  pale  grayish  buff,  thickly  speckled  with  umber-brown,  JIab. 
Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas,  south  to  Vera 
Cruz  and  Puehla 483.  X.  luxuosa  (Less.).    Oreen  Jay. 

a\  Lower  parts  chiefly  or  entirely  primrose-yellow  ;  otherwise  like  X  luxuosa. 
Hab.  Southern  Mexico  (Colima,  Tehuantepcc,  etc.),  Yucatan,  and  Guate- 
mala. 

X.  luxuosa  cyanocapilla  (Cab.).    Yellow-bellied  Green  Jay.' 


Genus  PERISOREUS  Bonaparte.     (Page  351,  pi.  XCVI.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Advlts  with  forehead,  nasal  tufts,  sides  of  head,  throat, 
and  chest  white,  or  whitish  ;  oci-iput  (sometimes  nearly  whole  top  of  head)  grayish, 
dusky,  or  blackish  ;  upper  parts  uniform  dusky  grayish  or  brownish,  the  tail-feathers 


1  Pkn  lirherii  Waoi..,  Syiit.  Av.  1827,  Pica,  up.  23.     Aphelocomn  airben'  Cab.,  Mu8.  Hcin.  i.  1851,  221. 

'  Cynriociirdx  wiicnlnr  Du  Bu8,  Hull.  Ac.  Hoy.  Brux,  xiv.  pt.  2,  1847,  10;i.  Apheloeoma  unicolor  Siiahpk, 
Cut.  n.  Brit.  MuB.  iii.  1877,  118. 

*  Ci/iiiiiiriirnjr  rt/niinrn/ilHiiii  C\n.  in  TaoUuJi  FiiuDU  Por.  184-4-46,  23o.  XuHlhiira  ci/aitoeapiUa  Sharpb, 
Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mu8.  'ii.  1S77,  131. 


PERISOREUS. 


359 


indistinctly  (thougli  sometimes  broadl}')  tipped  with  whitish ;  lower  parts  plain 
grayish  or  whitish.  Young,  entirely  plain  dusky,  varj'inj^  from  a  slaty  to  a  brown- 
ish tint.  Nest  in  conil'erous  trees,  bulky,  composed  of  dried  twigs,  shreds  of  bark, 
etc.,  lined  with  softer  materials.  E(j(js  2-5,  with  palo  ground-color  (often  dull 
whitish)  speckled  with  brown  and  purplish  gray. 

a\  Feathers  of  back  without  distinct  paler  shaft-streaks ;  breast,  belly,  sides,  and 
flanks  grayish,  much  darker  than  throat  and  chest. 
b\  Adult  with   whole  occiput  and   hinder  part  of  crown  (somctimoa  whole 
crown)  blackish  or  dusky  grayish,  this  touching  (sometimes  surround- 
ing) the  eye;  young  with  top  of  head  uniform  dusky,  like  back, 
c'.  Blackish  of  hood  scarcely  bordering  eye  underneath  ;  occiput  dull  sooty 
blackish,  or  dark  sooty  slate,  the  white  on  forehead  usually  extend- 
ing buck  to  or  beyond  ])osterior  border  of  ej'e. 

Breast,  etc.,  light  brownish  gra}',  always  much  paler  than  back. 
Young,  uniform  sooty  slate,  with  nasal  tufts,  lores,  and  chin 
deep  black  ;  a  whitish  rictal  stripe  (usually  indistinct).  Length 
11.00-12.10,  wing  5.G0-5.90  (5.75),  tail  5.05-6.35  (COO),  culmen 
.95-1.08  (1.00),  tarsus  1.33-1.47  (1.39).  Eggs  1.12  X  .81,  dull 
white,  drab-white,  or  ver}'  pale  grayish  buff,  speckled  with  hair- 
brown  or  grayish  brown,  and  lilac-gray.  Hab.  Northern  New 
England  and  New  York,  northern  Michigan  and  Minnesota, 
northward  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  interior  arctic  regions. 

484.  P.  canadensis  (Linn.).    Canada  Jay. 
c*.  Blackish  of  hood  broadly  bordering  eye  all  round  ;  occiput  deeper  black, 
the  white  (or  pale  smoky)  of  forehead  usually  not  reaching  as  far 
back  as  posterior  border  of  eye. 
<?'.  Colors  extremely  dark,  the  breast,  etc.  (except  in  much  worn  or 
faded  plumage),  deep  slate-gray  (sometimes  nearly  as  dark  as 
back),  almost  abruptly  contrasted  against  white  of  chest;  fore- 
head usually  pure  white,  or  but  faintly  tinged  with  smoky  yel- 
lowish.     Young,  uniform  deep  slate-color,  without  sooty  tinge, 
the  nasal  tufts  and  lores  deep  black,  the  throat  nearly  black ; 
an  indistinct  graj'ish  rictal  stri])o.     Length  about  11.00-12.00. 
wing   5.30-5.80   (5.53),    tail   5.30-5.85    (5.64),  culmen   .95-1.09 
(1.02),  tarsus  1.35-1.47  (1.40).     JLib.  Coast-region  of  Labrador 
(interior  also?),  north  to  Hudson's  Strait. 

484(?.  P.  canadensis  nigricapillus  Rinnw.  Labrador  Jay. 
d*.  Colors  almost  equally  dark,  but  more  dingy,  the  white  of  forehead 
usually  much  obscured  by  a  smoky  brownish  or  yellowish  wash, 
and  gray  of  breast,  etc.,  more  or  less  tinged  with  same.  Young, 
uniform  brownish  slate-color,  thb  lores,  nasal  plumes,  and  orbits 
blackish  ;  an  indistinct  rictal  stripe  of  light  grayish  brown,  or 
smoky  gray  (sometimes  whitish).  Length  about  10.00-12.00, 
wing  5.20-5.75   (5.54),  tail   5.20-6.00   (5.66),   culmen   .94-1.08 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


*^  m 


112.5 


2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

M 6"     - 

► 

V 


<^ 


4 


^ 


c 


Photogmpriii 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


L-C 


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A 


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4v 


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<^ 


^ 


A 


360 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


(1.01),  tarsus  1.30-1.42  (1.37).    Hub.  Alaska,  except  southern 
coast-district. 

4846.  P.  canadensis  fumifrons  Eidow.    Alaskan  Jay. 

6'.  Adult  with  whole  head  white,  except  occiput,  which  is  plumbeous  gray,  this 
color  not  reaching  antei'iorly  to  the  eye;  young  with  top  of  head  dull 
white,  tinged  with  grayish  browu. 

Adult :  Head  and  neck  pure  white,  the  occiput  and  upper  hind-neck 
deep  plumbeous-gray;  back  and  other  upper  parts  lighter  plumbeous- 
gray  ;  breast,  belly,  sides,  and  flanks  light  brownish  gray.  Young  : 
Nasal  tufts,  lores,  and  orbits  blackish  dusky ;  whole  crown,  and  a 
broad  malar  stripe,  dull  whitish,  tinged  with  pale  brownish  gray ; 
throat  dusky  grayish;  rest  of  lower  parts  more  brownish  gray,  the 
feathers  of  belly,  etc.,  tipped  with  paler.  Length  about  11.25- 
13.00,  wing  5.90-6.30  (6.10),  tail  5.80-6.35  (6.07),  culmen  .97-1.08 
(1.03),  tarsus  1.35-1.44  (1.40).  Nest  in  coniferous  trees,  bulky 
(about  7.00  across  by  4.00  in  height),  composed  of  dead  twigs, 
pine-needles,  dried  grasses,  strips  of  bark,  etc.,  lined  with  finer  vege- 
table materials,  feathers,  etc. ;  cavity  about  4.00  across  by  2.00  deep. 
JEcfgs  3-5,  1.15  X  -86,  grayish  white,  speckled  with  various  shades  of 
brown.  Hab.  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Arizona  (White  Moun- 
tains) and  New  Mexico,  north  into  British  America. 

4S4a.  P.  canadensis  capitalis  Baiud.    Rocky  Mountain  Jay. 
a".  Feathers  of  back  with  distinct  paler  shaft-streaks ;    breast,  belly,  sides,  and 
flanks  white,  like  throat  and  chest. 

Adult :  Upper  half  of  head,  except  forehead  and  nasal  tufts,  sooty  black  ; 
forehead  and  nasal  tufts  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  bi'ownish  ;  back 
and  scapulars  varying  from  dull  brownish  gray  to  sepia-brown,  the 
feathers  with  distinct  though  narrow  whitish  shaft-streaks  ;  wings  and 
tail  brownish  gray,  the  wing-covci*ts,  tertials,  and  tail-feathers  narrowly 
(sometimes  indistinctly)  tipped  with  whitish ;  lower  parts  entirely 
white,  sometimes  very  faintly  tinged  postei'iorly  with  pale  brownish  or 
brownish  gray.  Young :  Dull  grayish  sooty  brown,  paler  and  more 
decidedly  brownish  below,  darkest  on  top  of  head.  Length  about  9.50- 
11.00,  wing  5,15-5.75  (5.53),  tail  6.20-5.90  (5.56),  culmen  .84-.99  (.92), 
tarsus  1.23-1.40  (1.30).  Eggs  1.04  X  -79.  grayish  whiter,  greenish  white, 
or  very  pale  grayish  green,  speckled  with  hair-brown  and  lilac-gray. 
Hab.  Northwest  coast,  from  northern  California  (Humboldt  Bay)  and 
northern  Sierra  Nevada  (both  slopes)  north  to  British  Columbia. 

485.  P.  obscurus  Rioow.    Oregon  Jay. 

Genus  CORVUS  Linnaeus.     (Pago  351,  pi.  XCVIL,  fig.  1 ;  pi.  XCVIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Entirely  black,  the  plumage  more  or  less  glossy.    Nest 
a  bulky  structure  of  coarse  sticks,  etc.,  in  trees  or  on  cliffs  (according  to  the 


CORVVS. 


361 


d  twigs, 


locality).  Eggs  2-7,  pale  bluish  green,  pale  olive,  or  olive,  spotted  or  dashed  (or 
both)  with  olive-brown  (sometimes  nearly  uniform  olive,  from  density  of 
markings). 

a'.  Feathers  of  throat  lanceolate,  distinct  from  one  another.   (Ravens.)  (iVes<  usually 
among  I'ocks.) 
bK  Feathers  of  neck  dull  gray  at  base ;  nasal  tufts  covering  not  more  than 
basal  half  of  upper  mandible ;  exposed  culmen  2.40,  or  more,  wing  more 
than  15.00. 
t'.  Third  quill  equal  to  or  longer  than  fifth. 

d}.  Bill  relatively  shorter  and  higher,  lanceolate  feathers  of  throat 

less  developed,  more  purplish  in  color,  and  plumage  usually 

leas  lustrous;  wing   16.75-18.00  (17.25),  tail  9.40-10.00   (9.60), 

exposed  culmen  2.65-3.00  (2.81),  depth  of  bill  through  nostril 

1.05-1.12  (1.08),  tarsus  2.78-2.95  (2.86).   ffab.  Europe  and  parts 

of  Asia.  C.  corax  Linn.     Raven.* 

d^.  Bill  relatively  longer  and  shallower,  lanceolate  feathers  of  throat 

larger,   more   violet    or    bluish,   and    plumage    usually   more 

lustrous. 

e\  With  smaller  or  slenderer  bill,  the  tarsus  more  slender,  with 

less  of  upper  portion  concealed   by  feathering  of  lower 

part  of  thighs ;  length  about  21.50-26.00,  wing  15.10-18.00 

(16.87),  tail  9.00-li.OO    (9.86),  exposed   culmen   2.40-3.05 

(2.80),  depth  of  bill  through  nostril  .82-1.05  (.94),  tarsus 

2.60-3.00  (2.78).     Eggs  1.98  X  1.29.     Hub.  Western  United 

States,  and  south  to  Guatemala. 

486.  C.  corax  sinuatus  (Waql.).  Mexican  Raven. 
€'.  With  larger  or  stouter  bill,  tar.su8  shorter  and  stouter,  with 
more  of  upper  portion  concealed  by  feathering  of  lower 
part  of  thighs  ;  length  about  22.00-26.50,  wing  16.50-18.00 
(16.99),  tail  9.20-10.50  (9.86),  exposed  culmen  2.65-3.45 
(3.03),  depth  of  bill  at  nostrils  .95-1.12  (1.04),  tarsus  2.60- 
2.80  (2.65).  Eggs  2.02  X  1-38.  Hab.  Northern  North 
America,  from  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, Canada,  New  Brunswick,  etc' 

— .  C.  corax  principalis  Eidqw.    Northern  Raven.' 
c'.  Third  quill  decidedly  shorter  than  fifth. 

Otherwise  like  C.  corax  principalis,  but  still  larger;  wing  16.75- 
18.10  (17.44),  tail  10.00-10.85  (10.49),  exposed  culmen  3.00-3.40 

•  Corvuf  cornx  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  105. 

*  From  lack  of  spooimong,  I  am  unablo  to  determine  which  form  Ravens  from  the  eastern  United  States 
belong  to. 

'  New  subspeoles,  for  which  there  is  unfortunately  no  older  name  available,    Cnmis  camtvortm  BAnrn.  and  0.  > 
lugitbrit  AoASS,  are  purely  nnmina  nudn  ;  C,  corax  var.  littnralin  Hold.  ( 1 81.3 )  is  preoccupied  ( C.  littornliH  Biirhh, 
1831) ;  while  0,  voci/eruii  CAnoT,  quoted  by  Coiies  and  others  as  a  synonyme  of  0.  coraje,  is  in  reality  Pailofhinui 
tnexioanui  RUpp,,  and  is  described  from  Yucatan. 

46 


S62  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

(3.20),  depth  of  bill  at  nostrils  1.05-1.10  (1.08),  tarsus  2.60-2.85 
(2.75).  Hab.  Commander  Islands,  Kamtsehatka.  (Probably 
also  westernmost  Aleutians.) 

C.  corax  behringianus  Dybowski.     Bering's  Raven.' 

v.  Feathers  of  neck,  all  round,  pure  white  at  base  ;  nasal  tufts  covering  much 

more  than  basal  half  of  upper  mandible ;  exposed  culmen  less  than  2.40, 

wing  less  than  15.00. 

Length  18.75-21.00,  wing  13.10-14.25    (13.67),  tail   7.50-8.60   (8.10), 

exposed  culmen  2.00-2.35  (2.15),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .85-.90  (.87), 

tarsus  2.20-2.50  (2.35).     Eggs  1.74  X  1-21,  with  markings  averaging 

finer  and  more  longitudinal  than  in  other  species.   Hah.  Southwestern 

United  States  and  table-lands  of  Mexico;  north  to  Indian  Territory, 

Kansas,  Colorado,  and  southern  California,  south  to  Guanajuato  and 

Puebla 487.  C.  cryptoleucus  Couch.    White-necked  Raven. 

a}.  Feathers  of  throat  short,  blended.     {Crows.)     (Nest  usually  in  trees.) 

b^.  Nostrils  completely  hidden   by  the  fully-developed  nasal  tufts ;  corner  of 
mouth  feathered. 
d.  Tarsus  2.15,  or  more;  lower  parts  glossed  with  violet  (on  margins  of 
feathers)  like  upper  parts;  wing  averaging  more  than  11.75,  tail 
averaging  more  than  7.00. 
d\  Largoi',  with  relatively  larger  and  thicker  bill. 

e'.  Wing  and  tail  averaging  longer,  but  bill  and  feet  decidedly 
smaller;  length  17.00-21.00,  wing  11.90-13.25  (12.36),  tail 
6.90-8.00  (7.43),  exposed  culmen  1.80-2.05  (1.92),  depth  of 
bill  at  base  .72-.82  (.76),  tarsus  2.20-2.40  (2.27).  Eggs  1.69 
X  1.17.  Ilab.  Eastern  North  America,  except  southern 
Florida  and  arctic  districts. 

488.  C.  americanus  Aud.    American  Crow. 

c'.  Wing  and  tail  averaging  shorter,  but  bill  and  feet  decidedly 

larger;  length  about  20.00,  wing  11.50-12.30  (12.15),  tail 

7.00-7.70  (7.23),  expo.sed  culmen  2.00-2.20  (2.08),  depth  of 

bill   at  base  .75-.85   (.80),  tarsus  2.40-2.50  (2.45).     Hab. 

Southern  Florida. 

488(1.  C.  americanus  floridanus  Baird.    Florida  Crow. 

il'^.  Smaller,  with  relatively  smaller  and  more  slender  bill. 

Length  about  18.5l)-19.25,  wing  11.10-12.75  (11.95),  tail  6.45- 
7.80  (7.10),  exposed  culmen  1.60-1.95  (1.78),  depth  of  bill 
at  base  .62-.70  (.68).  tarsus  2.15-2.40  (2.23).  Hab.  Western 
United  States,  north  to  Washington  Territory  (Puget 
Sound),  Idaho,  Montana,  etc.,  south  to  northern  Mexico, 
east  to  Rocky  Mountains. 

— .  C.  americanus  hesperis  Ridqw.    California  Crow.' 


1  Corvim  corajt  hehriniilaiinn  DviiowsK.  Bull.  Soo.  Zool.  Franco,  ISS.'?,  30.S, 

'  Now  guh!<noulo3 ;  a  very  strongly  oharaotorizod  raoo  which  also  differs  markedly  in  habits  and  notos  from 
the  eastern  bird. 


CORVUS. 


363 


c\  Tarsus  less  than  2.10;  wing  averaging  less  than  11.00,  the  tail  aver- 
aging less  than  7.00. 
d^.  Plumage  glossed  with  violet  or  purple  above,  lustreless  black  or 
very  faintly  glossed  with  purplish  beneath, 
e'.  Larger  and  less  glossy,  the  lower  parts  dull  dead  black  (some- 
times with  barely  perceptible  violet  gloss),  the  upper  parts 
glossed  with  dull  violet  (as  in  C.  americanus)  ;  length  about 
16.00-17.00,  wing  10.10-11.10  (10.72),  tail  6.00-6.90  (6.43), 
exposed   culmeu   1.60-1.90    (1.75),  depth   of  bill   at   base 
.65-.72  (.70),  tarsus    1.80-2.05   (1.93).     Eggs   1.56  X  1-08. 
Hab.  Northwest  coast,  from  Washington  Territory  (and 
Oi'egon  ?)  to  Kadiak,  Alaska. 

489.  C.  caurinus  Baird.    Northwest  Crow. 

e".  Smaller  and  more  glossy,  the  lower  parts  glossy  black,  with 

slight  (?)  purple  reflections,  the  upper  parts  more  distinctly 

glossed  with  purple ;  length  about  15.00,  wing  10.35,  tail 

6.00,  "  bill"  1.80,  tarsus  2.00.     Hab.  Cuba. 

C,  minutus  Gundl.     Cuban  Fish  Crow.^ 
d}.  Plumage   glossed  with  violet-bluish,  greenish  blue,  or  steel-blue 
above,  with  greenish  en  lower  parts, 
e*.  Larger  and  less  glossy,  the  upper  parts  glossed  with  violet- 
bluish,  changing  to  a  more  greenish  blue  tint  on   head, 
neck,  and  lower  parts ;    length   about    15.00-17.50,   wing 
10.20-11.40  (10.88),  tail   6.00-7.00  (6.37),  exposed  culmen 
1.60-1.80  (1.71),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .58-.65  (.61),  tarsus 
1.70-2.00  (1.87).     Eggs  1.47  X  1.04.      Hab.    Atlantic  and 
Gulf  coasts  of  United  States,  from  Long  Island  to  Louis- 
iana   490.  C.  ossifragus  WiLs.    Fish  Crow. 

e'.  Smaller  and  much  more  glossy,  the  upper  parts  soft  stocl-blue, 
changing  to  violet  on  crown,  the  lower  parts  rich  soft 
greenish  blue;  length  about  12.00-14.50,  wing  9.20-9.60 
(9.32),  tail  5.80-6.40  (6.11),  exposed  culmen  1.50-1.65 
(1.55),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .50-.58  r.54),  tarsus  1.50-1.70 
(1.62).     Hab.  Western  Mexico  (vicinity  of  Mazatlan). 

C.  mexicanus  Gmkl.     Mexican  Crow.* 
fc'.  Nostrils  scarcely  concealed  by  the  short,  imperfectly  developed  nasal  tufts ; 
corners  of  mouth  naked. 
Entirely  violaceous-black,  the  feathers  everywhere  smoky  gray  be- 
neath surface ;  wing  11.00.  tail  7.75,  culmen  (t-  base)  2.45,  depth  of 
bill  at  base  .80.     Hab.  Cuba. 

C.  nasicus  Trmm.     Cuban  Crow.* 


•  Corvut  minutnn  fluvni,.,  Jour.  Dost.  Soo.  vi.  1852,  315. 
»  Corvw*  mexicanni  Gmki..,  S.  N.  1.  1788,  375. 

•  CorwM*  Ha«icii«  Tbmm.,  PI.  Col.  li.  1838,  pi.  413. 


364 


NORTH  AMERICAN    BIRDS. 


Genus  PICICORVUS  Bonaparte.    (Page  351,  pi.  XCIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Uniform  ash-gray,  becoming  white  on  fore-part  of  head ;  wings  and 
two  middle  tail-feathers  glossy  black,  the  secondaries  broadly  tipped  with  white ; 
tail,  except  middle  feathers,  mainly  white.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  colors 
duller  and  browner.  Length  about  12.00-13.00,  wing  7.10-8.00,  tail  5.10-5.40.  Mst 
in  coniferous  trees  (sometimes  in  cavities),  bulky,  composed  of  dried  twigs,  lined 
with  rootlets,  etc.  Bggs  1.27  X  -94,  dull  white,  sparingly  speckled,  chiefly  on  larger 
end,  with  brown  and  pui'plish  gray.  Hab.  Higher  coniferous  forests  of  western 
North  America ;  north  to  Putnam  River,  Alaska,  south  to  Arizona,  east  to  (and  in- 
cluding) Rocky  Mountains...  491.  P.  columbianus  (Wils.).    Clarke's  Nutcracker. 


Genus  CYANOCEPHALUS  Bonaparte.    (Page  351,  pi.  XCIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Uniform  grayish  blue,  becoming  deeper  blue  on  head,  the  throat  bright 
blue,  sti-eaked  with  white.  Young :  Uniform  dull  grayish  blue,  lighter  beneath. 
Length  about  10.00-11.75,  wing  5.70-6.00,  tail  4.80-4.85.  A^est  in  piflon  trees,  5-10 
or  more  feet  up,  bulky,  composed  of  shreds  of  piiion,  cedar,  and  sage-brush  bark, 
grass-  and  weed-stalks,  small  twigs,  etc.  IJggs  3-5,  1.16  X  -85,  pale  greenish  blue 
or  bluish  or  greenish  white,  thickly  but  finely  speckled  with  olive-brown.  Hab. 
Plateau  region  of  western  North  America,  chiefly  between  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Sierra  Nevada,  entirely  across  United  States. 

492.  C.  cyanocephalus  (Wied).    Finon  Jay. 


Family  STURNIDiE. — The  Starlings.    (Page  322.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Sturnus.    (Page  364.) 

Genus  STURNUS  Linn^us.     (Page  364,  pi.  C,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  in  summer  (sexes  alike) :  Glossy  greenish  and  purplish  black,  speckled, 
more  or  loss  extensively  and  conspicuously,  with  light  bufly  brown  and  whitish ; 
greater  wing-covcrts,  secondaries,  quills,  and  tail-featho^s  edged  with  light  brown- 
ish buff^;  bill  yellow.  Adult  in  winter :  Light  brown  (on  upper  parts)  and  whitish 
(on  lower  parts)  spotting  much  more  conspicuous  than  in  summer,  often  obscuring 
or  nearly  concealing  the  underlying  glossy  green  and  purple  ;  bill  blackish.  Young  : 
Plain  grayish  brown,  the  throat  whitish,  edges  of  greater  wing-coverts,  secondaries, 
quills,  and  tail-feathers  light  dull  buffy.   Length  about  7.60-8.50,  wing  6.00-5.10,  tail 


ICTERIDM. 


365 


2.60-2.90,  exposed  culmen  .95-1.00,  tarsus  1.15-1.25.  Nest  in  holes  of  trees,  about 
buildings,  etc.  Eggs  4-7,  1.17  X  -83,  plain  pale  greenish  blue  or  bluisii  white.  Hob. 
Europe  and  northern  Asia ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

493.  S.  vulgaris  Linn.    Starling. 


Family  ICTERID^.— The  Blackbirds,  Orioles,  etc.    (Page  321.) 


Genera. 

Outlines  of  bill  nearly  or  quite  straight,  the  tip  not  decurved,  the  commissure 

neither  inflected  nor  sinuated.     (Subfamily  Icterince.) 
6*.  Bill  stout,  conical,  its  depth  through  the  base  equal  to  at  least  one-third  the 
length  of  the  culmen.     {Agelaice.) 
c\  Tail-feathers  sharply  pointed  at   tips;  middle  toe,  with  claw,  longer 

than  tarsus Dolichonyx.     (Page  366.) 

c'.  Tail-feathers  not  pointed  at  tips  ;  middle  toe,  with  claw,  not  longer  than 
tarsus. 
d}.  Bill  much    shorter  than  head,  its   depth  through    base  equal  to 
about  half  the  length  of  the  exposed  culmen,  the  latter  dis- 
tinctly convex ;  plumage  uniform  blackish  or  dusky,  streaked 

only  in  young Molothrus.     (Page  367.) 

d*.  Bill  nearly  as  long  as  head,  its  depth  thi'ough  base  less  than  half 

the  length  of  the  exposed  culmen,  the  latter  very  straight ; 

sexes  remarkably  diff'erent  in  size. 

e'.  Claws  smaller,  the  lateral  ones  scarcely  reaching  to  base  of 

middle  one ;  first  quill  shorter  than  fourth ;  plumage  of 

male  uniform  black,  with  bright  red  lesser  wing-coverts; 

of  female,  dusky,  more  or  less  streaked  with  white. 

Agelaius.     (Page  368.) 
e*.  Claws  larger,  the  lateral  ones  reaching  to  beyond  base  of  mid- 
dle one;  first  quill  longer  than  fourth  (sometimes  longest) ; 
plumage  of  male  uniform  black,  with  yellow  head,  neck,  and 
chest,  and  white  wing-patch ;  of  female,  dusky,  with  yel- 
lowish throat  and  chest...  Xanthocephalus.     (Pago  368.) 
6'.  Bill  slender,  its  depth  through  base  decidedly  less  than  one-third  the  length 
of  the  culmen. 
c*.  Tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  wing,  the  feathers  sharp-pointed  ; 
wing  short,  the  tertials  lengthened  (reaching  almost  to  tips  of  pri- 
maries) ;  bill  long  (longer  than  head),  slender,  the  culmen  much  flat- 
tened ;  feathers  of  top  of  head  with  stifl'ened,  glossy  shafts ;  out- 
stretched feet  reaching  beyond  tip  of  tail ;  color  above  brownish, 
baiTed  and  streaked  with  black,   beneath  yellow,  with   a  black 
crescent  on  chest,  the  sexes  not  essentially  different. 

Sturnella.    (Page  371.) 


*4: 


366  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

c'.  Tail  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  wing,  the  feathers  not  pointed  at  tips ; 
wing  moderate,  the  tertials  not  lengthened ;  bill  shorter  than  head, 
the  culmen  nari'ow,  not  flattened ;  feathers  on  top  of  head  without 
stiffened  shafts ;  outstretched  feet  falling  far  short  of  tip  of  tail ; 
color  black  and  yellow,  orange,  or  chestnut  in  adult  males  (some- 
times in  females  pIso),  usually  with  more  or  less  of  white  on  wings. 

Icterus.     (Page  372.) 
rt'.  Outlines  of  bill  distinctly  curved,  the  tip  distinctly  dccurved,  the  commissure 
distinctly  inflected  and  sinuatod.     (Subfamily  Quiscalince.) 
6\  Tail  much  shorter  than  wing,  neai'ly  even,  not  folded  laterally  ;  bill  shorter 

than  head,  slender Scolecophagus.     (Page  378.) 

b*.  Tail  longer  than  wing,  graduated,  and  folded  laterally ;  bill  as  long  as  jr 
longer  than  head,  stout Quiscalus.     (Page  379.) 


C 


.# 
'.«,' 


Genus  DOLICHONYX  Swainson.    (Page  365,  pi.  CI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  male  in  spring :  General  color  black,  the  occiput 
and  hind-neck,  scapulars,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  whitish  or  bufiy.  Adult 
female :  General  color  ochraceous,  tinged  with  grayish  brown,  paler  (more  buffy 
yellowish)  beneath ;  upper  parts  and  flanks  streaked  with  dusky ;  crown  divided 
by  a  median  buffy  stripe.  Adult  male  in  fall  and  winter :  Similar  to  adult  female, 
but  colors  rather  darker,  or  deeper.  Young  (not  set;n).  JSfest  in  tussocks  of  grass 
or  among  weeds  in  meadows.  Eggs  2-5,  dull  white  or  bi'ownish  white,  heavily 
spotted  or  blotched  with  vandyke-brown,  usually  with  a  few  fine  lines  or  irregular 
markings  of  blackish. 


a' 


Adult  male  with  hind-neck  usually  deep  buff',  inclining  to  ochraceous ;  streaks 
on  back  also  deep  buff  or  ochraceous ;  lower  back  rather  deep  ash-gray. 
yl<i«?f /ema^e  with  ground-color  of  plumage  deep  olive-buffy.  Length  6.30- 
7.60,  wing  3.70-4.00  (3.88),  tail  2.60-2.90  (2.83).  Eggs  .83  X  -61.  Hab.  East- 
ern  North  America,  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains,  bi-eeding  in  northern 
United  States  and  more  southern  British  Provinces;  in  winter,  south  to 
"West  Indies  an  '  South  America 494.  D.  oryzivorus  (Linn.).    Bobolink. 

Adult  male  with  hind-neck  and  streaks  on  back  paler  buff",  often  neai'ly  pure 
white ;  lower  back  very  pale  ashy,  or  grayish  white.  Adult  female  with 
ground-color  of  plumage  pale  grayish  buff".  Length  (male)  about  7.00-7.25, 
wing  3.75-4.10  (3.94),  tail  2.75-3.00  (2.89).  Hab.  Great  Plains,  east  to  Da- 
kota, north  to  Fort  Garrj'^  and  Manitoba,  west  to  Salt  Lake  Valley  and 
eastern  Nevada  (Ruby  Valley). 

494a.  D.  oryzivorus  albinucha  EiDaw.    Western  Bobolink. 


4* 


MOLOTHRVS. 


367 


Genus  MOLOTHRUS  Swainson.    (Pago  365,  pi.  CL,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

(Ko  nest,  but  eggs  deposited  in  nests  of  other  species.) 

a}.  Culmen  not  more  than  .72 ;  adult  males  with  head  brown.    Adult  males :  Head, 
neck,  and  chest  uniform  brownish  (varying  greatly  in  tint) ;  rest  of  plumage 
glossy  black,  with  a  greenish  I'eflection,  changing  to  purplish  next  to  the 
brown  of  the  neck,  especially  on  upper  back.     Adult  females :  Plain  brown- 
ish  gray,  darker  on   upper  parts,  paler  on  chin  and  throat,  the  feathers, 
especially  on  back  and  breast,  with  indistinct  darker  shaft-streaks.     Young : 
Above  dull  brownish  gray,  the  feathers  bordered  with  pale  buffy ;   lower 
parts  dull  light  buffy,  broadly  but  rather  indistinctly  streaked  with  dull 
brownish  gray. 
bK  Larger:  Length  (male)  about  7.75-8.25,  wing  4.00-4.60  (4.31),  tail  2.90-3.35 
(3.08),  culmen  .61-.72  (.66),  tarsus  .98-1.12  (1.05);  female  considerably 
smaller.     Eggs  .87  X  -66,  dull  white,  greenish  white,  or  brownish  white, 
speckled  or  ppotted,  more  or  less  densely,  with  brown.     Hab.  United 
States  and  more  southern  British  Provinces;  south,  in  winter,  to  southern 

Mexico 495.  M.  ater  (Bodd.).    Cowbird. 

b\  Smaller:  Length  (male)  about  7.00-7.50,  wing  3.70-4.15  (3.93),  tail  2.85- 
3.00  (2.91),  culmen  .57-.63  (.60),  tarsus  .93-1.00  (.96) ;  female  smaller. 
Eggs  .76  X  -59,  colored  like  those  of  M.  ater.  Hab.  Mexico  and  con- 
tiguous portions  of  United  States,  from  Texas  to  Arizona  and  Lower 

California 495a.  M.  ater  obscurus  (Gmel.).    Dwarf  Cowbiru. 

a*.  Culmen  .75,  or  more ;  adult  male  with  head  black.  Adult  male :  Head,  neck, 
back,  and  lower  parts  uniform  glossy  black,  with  a  soft  bronzy  lustre,  duller 
on  head ;  lesser  and  middle  wing-coverts,  outermost  scapulars,  and  rump 
glossed  with  violet;  wings  in  general,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  glossy 
blue-black,  changing  to  greenish  ;  iris  bright  red ;  length  about  9.00-9.50, 
wing  4.60-4.80,  tail  3.70-3.80,  culmen  .85-.90,  tarsus  1,15-1.25.  Yoking  male: 
Entirely  blackish,  with  distinct  gloss  only  on  wings,  etc.,  the  lower  parts, 
back,  etc.,  without  bronzy  lustre.  Adult  female  :  Above  dark  brownish  gray, 
the  feathers  of  back,  etc.,  with  darker,  somewhat  glossy  centres,  the  wing- 
coverts,  etc.,  with  paler  margins ;  lower  parts  lighter  brownish  gray,  the 
feathers  sometimes  showing  distinct  dusky  shaft-streaks;  length  about 
8.00-8.50,  wing  about  4.10,  tail  3.25,  culmen  .75,  tarsus  1.05.  Eggs  .88  X  -72, 
plain  greenish  white  or  dull  bluish  white.  Hab.  Mexico  and  Central 
America,  south  to  Panama,  north  to  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas. 

496.  M.  aeneus  (Waql.).    Bronzed  Cowbird. 


368 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


r 


Genus  XANTHOCEPHALUS  Swainson.     (Page  365,  pi.  CI.,  fig.  3.) 

Species, 

Adult  male  in  summer:  Head,  neck,  and  chest  yellow,  varying  in  tint  from  a 
lemon  to  an  orange  (rarely  to  pinkish  saifron)  shade ;  primary  coverts  and  lower 
greater  coverts  white;  rest  of  plumage  uniform  black;  length  about  10.60-11.10, 
wing  5.65-5.80,  tail  4.50-4.85.  Adult  male  in  winter:  Similar  to  summer  plumage, 
but  yellow  of  top  of  head  obscured  by  brownish  tips  to  the  feathers.  Adult  female  : 
Brownish  dusky,  the  throat  and  chest  dull  yellowish,  and  breast  mixed  with  white ; 
length  about  9.00-10.00,  wing  4.40-4,65,  tail  3.50-3.70.  Young  male,  first  winter : 
Similar  to  adult  female,  but  larger  and  deeper  colored.  Young  (nestling) :  General 
color  isabella-brown,  lighter  beneath  ;  wings  and  tail  blackish.  Nest  fastened  to 
upright  reeds  or  similar  supports  in  marshes,  composed  of  dried  grass,  sedges,  reeds, 
etc.  Eggs  2-6,  1.05  X  -71,  dull  white,  grayish  white,  pale  grayish  bi-own,  or  (more 
rarely)  pale  graj-ish  green,  thickly  speckled  or  sprinkled  with  umber-brown  or 
olive,  occasionally  with  a  few  "  pen-lines"  of  black.  Hab.  Western  North  America, 
in  marshes,  east,  regularly,  to  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Kansas,  and  Texas,  accidentally 
to  Massachusetts,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida. 

497.  X.  xanthocephalus  (Bonap.).    Yellow-headed  Blackbird. 


Genus  AGELAIUS  Vieillot.    (Page  365,  pi.  CI.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adxdt  males  uniform  deep  black,  ornamented  by  a  patch 
of  bright  red  covering  lesser  wing-coverts,  the  middle  coverts  (except  in  A.  guber- 
nator)  buffy,  ochraceous,  or  white,  forming  a  conspicuous  band  along  posterior  bor- 
der of  the  red  patch  ;  in  winter,  with  uniformity  of  the  black  more  or  less  broken 
by  rusty  terminal  borders  to  the  feathers,  especially  on  back  and  scapulars,  and 
color  of  middle  coverts  more  pronounced.  Adult  females  :  Above  more  or  less  con- 
spicuously streaked  with  dusky,  and  brownish  or  grayish  (sometimes  mixed  with 
rusty),  the  wing-feathers  with  distinct  lighter  edgings ;  a  distinct  light  superciliary 
stripe,  with  a  dusky  one  immediately  beneath  it ;  lower  parts  distinctly  sti'iped,  or 
bi'oadly  streaked,  with  dusky  and  whitish,  the  chin  and  throat  usually  more  or  less 
tinged  with  buffy  or  pinkish  ;  in  winter,  the  colors  much  browner,  with  more  or  less 
of  rusty  above,  and  white  of  lower  parts  less  pure.  (In  the  tAvo  Cuban  species,  the 
females  uniform  black,  like  the  males.)  Young :  Essentially  like  adult  females,  but 
ground-color  of  lower  parts  never  (?)  white,  the  lighter  streaks  being  some  shade 
of  buffy,  markings  more  suffused,  and  textnre  of  plumage  different.  Nest  attached 
to  upright  stems  of  sedges,  reeds,  etc.,  or  to  branches  of  bushes  or  small  trees,  in 
marshes  or  swamps,  compact,  composed  chiefly  of  dried  grasses.  Eggs  3-5,  pale 
bluish,  varying  to  olive,  variously  marked  with  black,  brown,  and  purplish  gray, 
usually  in  irregular  "  pen-lines"  and  blotches. 


AGELAIUS. 


369 


Wing  exceeding  tail  by  length  of  tarsus ;  sexes  decidedly  different  in  color,  the 

lesser  wing-coverts  of  adult  male  bright  red. 
6*.  Adult  males  deep  black,  with  very  faint  dull  bottle-greenish  gloss,  the  lesser 
wing-coverts   bright  vermilion-scarlet,  the  middle   coverts  never  pure 
white ;  adult  females  with  texture  of  plumage  comparatively  harsh,  but 
with  colors  extremely  variable, 
c'.  Adult  females  much  streaked  below,  and  never  uniform  above. 

d^.  Adult  males  with  middle  wing-coverts  wholly  huffy  or  ochraceous 
(feathers  nearly  white  at  tips  in  midsummer  plumage) ;  adult 
females  with  white  predominating  on  lower  parts,  and  with  a 
very  conspicuous  white  superciliaiy  stripe, 
e*.  Adult  female  darker  coloi-ed  ;  lower  parts  with  white  and  dusky 
in  about  equal  amount,  or  else  the  latter  predominating ; 
chin  and  throat  often  tinged,  more  or  less,  with  cream-color 
or  huffy ;    lighter  markings  on  upper  parts  less  conspic- 
uous. 

Male:  Length  about  9.00-10.00,  wing  4.60-5.05  (4.88), 
tail  3.55-3.95  (3.84),  culmen  .88-1.00  (.94),  depth  of 
bill  at  base  .45-.50  (.49),  tarsus  1.12-1.20  (1.14).  Fe- 
male: Length  about  7.50-8.50,  wing  3.80-^.25  (3.99), 
tail  3.10-3.40  (3.12),  culmen  .72-.80  (.79),  depth  of  bill 
at  base  .40-.50  (.42),  tarsus  1.00-1.05  (1.03).  Uggs  .97 
X  -67.  Hab.  Temperate  North  America  in  general, 
except  western  Mexico  and  lower  Colorado  Valley; 
north  to  Great  Slave  Lake,  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

498.  A.  phoeniceus   (Linn.).    Bed-winged 

Blackbird. 
e'.  Adult  females  lighter   colored ;    lower  parts  with  white  de- 
cidedly prevailing    over  dusky;    chin   and  throat  often 
tinged   with   delicate   pale  pink,  but  not   with    buffy  or 
cream-color;  lighter  markings  on  upper  parts  very  con- 
spicuous. 
/^  Larger,  with  smaller  bill,  and  upper  parts  lighter  colored. 
Male  :  Length  about  9.00,  wing  about  5.05,  tail  4.00, 
culmen  .90,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .45,  tarsus  1.20.    Fe- 
male :  Prevailing  color  of  upper  parts  light  grayish 
brown  (more  clay-colored  and  much  mixed  with  rusty 
in  winter),  the  top  of  head  narrowly  streaked  with 
dusky,  but   with   scarcely   any   indication  of  lighter 
median  stripe  (often  with  none  at  all),  the  back  and 
scapulars  broadly  streaked  with  dusky ;  length  about 
7.50-8.50,  wing  4.00-4.25  (4.10),  tail  2.95-3!20  (3.09), 
culmen  .72-.85  (.78),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .38-.42  (.39), 
tarsus  1.00-1.12  (1.04).    Hab.   Northwestern  Mexico 
and  lower  Colorado  Valley,  in  southern  California  and 
47 


%f 


t 


870 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Arizona;  south  to  Mazatlan — .  A.  phoeniceus 

sonoriensis  Kidgw.    Sonoran  Rec'-wing.' 

/'.  Smaller,  with  larger  bill,  and  upper  parts  darker.     2Tale : 

Length  about  8.00-8.50,  wing  4.50,  tail  3.40-3,70  (3.55), 

culmen  1.00-1.05  (1.03),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .40-.42 

(.41),  tarsus  1.10-1.2;;  <^1.15).     Female:    Ground-color 

above   mixed   grayish   brown    and   rusty   (the   latter 

chiefly   on    back    and    scapulars),   the    top  of   head 

streaked  with  black  and  divided  by  a  very  distinct 

lighter   median   stripe ;    back   and  scapulars   broadly 

streaked  with  black  and  buff)-  whitish  ;  length  about 

6.50-7.00,  wing  3.60-3.80  (3.67),  tail  2.70-2!90  (2.81), 

culmen  .75-.85  (.79),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .38-.40  (.39), 

tarsus  .95-1.05  (.99).      Hah.    Bahamas  and  southern 

Florida  (Miami,  Key  West,  etc.)...  — .  A.  phoeniceus 

bryanti  Rmaw.    Bahaman  Red-wing.* 

d}.  Adult  males  with  the  middle  wing-coverts  more  or  less  extensively 

black  terminally,   the   basal  jtortion  buff  or  ochraccous  (but 

usually  concealed  by  lesser  coverts)  ;  adult  females  with  dusky 

largely  prevailing  on  lower  parts  (often  nearly  uniform  dusk}-), 

and  with  superciliary  stripe  not  sharply  defined  (often  very 

judistinct). 

Male:  Length  about  9.00-10.00,  wing  4.90-5.65  (5.17),  tail 
3.50-4.05  (3.83),  culmen  .81-1.02  (.89),  depth  of  bill  at 
base  .40-.49  (.46),  tarsus  1.20-1.30  (1.23).  Female:  Above 
nearly  uniform  brownish  dusky,  the  top  of  head,  back, 
and  scapulars  more  or  less  distinctly  streaked  with  paler, 
and  the  wing-feathers  with  narrow  paler  (sometimes 
whitish)  edgings ;  lower  parts  brownish  dusky,  more  or 
less  distinctly  streaked  (never  conspicuously)  with  dull 
brownish  gray,  the  chin  and  throat  pale  butfy  or  pinkish, 
the  latter  marked  with  triangular  spots  of  dusky,  in  lon- 
gitudinal Sv.  )8;  length  about  7,50-8.50,  wing  4.05-4.35 
(4.21),  tail  2.90-3.25  (3.04),  culmen  .75-.78  (.70),  depth  of 
bill  at  base  .38,  tarsus  1.05-1.10  (1.07).  Eggs  1.00  X  -69. 
Hah.  Valleys  of  California  and  westei'n  Oregon,  and  south 
into  Mexico. 

499.  A.  gubernator  (Wagl.).    Bioolored  Blackbird. 
(?.  Adult  female  entirely  uniform  deep  black,  including  lesser  wing-coverts. 
(  Adult  male  exactly  like  that  of  A.  phainiceus  in  color.) 


1  New  subspecies ;  twelve  females  and  one  male  examined. 

*New  subspecies.  Tiie  adult  male  is  not  oppreciably  different  in  plumage  from  either  the  common  A, 
phaeniceuB  or  the  Cuban  A.  assimilia,  but  differs  in  proportions  from  both.  The  National  Museum  possesses, 
besides  Bahaman  specimens,  an  adult  male  and  a  female  from  Miami,  Florida  (C.  J.  May.nard,  collector),  and 
an  adult  female  from  Key  West  ("  Albatross"  collection). 


STVRNELLA. 


371 


niceus 
'wing.' 

2fale  : 
)  (3.55), 

.40-.42 
iid-color 
3   latter 
)f   bead 
distinct 
broadly 
h  about 
)  (2.81), 
40  (.39), 
.outhcrn 
eniceus 
jd-wing.* 
ensively 
)us  (but 
h  dusky 

dusky), 
ten  very 

.17),  tail 
•  bill   at 
;  Above 
back, 
th  paler, 
metiines 
more  or 
r'lih  dull 
nnkish, 
in  lon- 
05-4.35 
eptb  of 

00  X  -Ga. 

id  south 

lackbird. 

-coverts. 


common  A, 
1  possesses, 
lector),  and 


Male:  Length  about  8.50,  wing  4.15-4.30,  tail  3.30-3.60,  culinen 
.92-.95,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .48,  tarsus  1.10-1.15.  Fnitak' : 
Length  about  7.00,  wing  3.70-3.80,  tail  3.05-3.25.     Hob.  Cuba. 

A.  assimilis  Gunol.     Cuban  Red-wing.' 

6'.  Adult  male  glossy  blue-black,  the  plumage  with  a  soft  silky  texture,  the 

lesser  wing-coverts  deep  crimson  or  burnt-carmine,  the  middle  coverts 

white  (tinged  with  buff  in  winter  plumage) ;    adult  females  with   the 

plumage  very  soft  or  silky  in  texture. 

Adult  male  :  CJlossy  blue-black,  the  lesser  wing-coverts  rich  burnt- 
carmine,  red  posteriorly  (next  to  white  or  pale  bully  middle  coverts), 
pure  rich  scarlet  toward  the  shoulders) ;  middle  coverts  white, 
more  or  less  tinged  with  butf;  in  winter,  feathers  of  back  and 
under  parts  bordered  terminally  with  dull  light  brown  (not  rusty), 
and  middle  wing-covorts  more  decidedly  tingod  with  butf;  length 
about  8.50-9.00,  wing  4.70-4.90  (4.83),  tail  3.50-3.85  (3.G7),  cuhnen 
.90-.98  (.93),  de].*li  of  bill  at  base  .38-.40  (.40),  tarsus  1.10-1.20 
(1.13).  Adult  femoLe:  Very  similar  in  color  to  same  sex  of  A.  guber- 
nator,  but  decidedly  grayer  'n  general  cast  of  plumage  (correspond- 
ing stagca  jeing  compaiod),  and  texture  of  plumage  decidedly 
softer  or  smoother;"  length  about  7.00-7.50,  wing  4.10-4.40  (4.23 j, 
tail  2.95-3.60  ("16),  culmon  .78-.82  (.80),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .31- 
.3b  (.35),  tarsus  1.00-1.08  (1.04).  Eggs  .96  X  -55.  Hab.  Valleys  of 
Pacific  coast,  from  .southern  California  to  western  Oregon. 

500.  A.  tricolor  '^Nutt.).    Tricolored  Blackbird. 

a*.  Win"-  exceeding  tail  bj'-  decidedly  less  than  length  of  tarsus ;  sexes  not  appreciably 

different  in  color,  the  lesser  wing-coverts  (in  both  sexes)  tawny  ochraceous. 

Plumage  entirely  glossy  black,  except  lesser  wing-covorts.    Male:  Length 

about  7.25,  wing  4.00,  tail  3.;^>5,  tarsus  .95.     Female:  Length  about  6.77. 

wing  3.80,  tail  3.10,  tarsus  .90.     Hab.  Cuba. 

A.  humeralis  (Vio.).    Vigors's  Red-wing.' 


Genus  STURNELLA  Vieillot.     (Page  365,  pi.  CIV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult :  Above  brownish  or  grayish,  striped  and  barred 
with  black ;  crown  divided  medially  by  a  whitish  or  buffy  stripe ;  side  of  head 
whitish,  with  a  dusky  streak  behind  ej'es;  throat  and  breast  bright  yellow;  a  black 
crescent  on  chest;   flanks   and  under  tail-coverts  whitish,  streaked  with  dusky; 

1  Agelaius  n»»\mUU  ^Gpndl.  MSS.)  Lkmb.,  Aves  de  Cuba,  1850,  64,  pi.  9,  fif?.  3. 

*  I  have  been  unablt  to  discover  nny  infallible  or  positive  difference  in  plumage  between  the  females  of  A. 
tricolor  and  A.  gnhernntor,  except  that  in  the  texture,  which  can  only  be  depended  on  as  a  test  after  one  liiis 
become  used  to  comparing  specimens  ;  the  female  of  A.  ifuhernatnr  averages  decidedly  .browner,  however,  with 
relatively  shorter  and  stouter  bill,  usually  more  rounded  tail,  and  slightly  shorter  tarsus. 

Leiatet  humeralis  Via.,  Zool.  Jour.  Hi,  1828,  442,     Agelaius  humeralii  Bonap.,  Consp.  i.  1850,  430 


872 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


lateral  tail-feathers  partly  white.  Young :  Colors  much  duller,  and  markings  less 
distinct ;  black  mark  on  chest  only  faintly  indicated.  Length,  males,  about  9.50- 
11.00,  fomaLo,  8.00-10.00.  Nest  on  or  embedded  in  ground,  in  meadows,  composed 
of  dried  grasses,  sometimes  arched  over  on  top.  Eggs  3-6,  white,  speckled  with 
reddish  brown,  blackish  brown,  and  lilac-gray. 

a'.  Yellow  of  throat  not  encroaching  laterally  on  malar  region ;  color  darker  and 

browner  above,  with  heavier  and  more  confluent  black  markings,  the  flanks 

and  under  tail-coverts  distinctly  huffy. 

6*.  Larger,  with  larger   bill  and  smaller  feet.     Adult  male:  Wing  4.40-5.00, 

(4.74),  culmen  1.20-1.52  (1.29),  tarsus  1.54-1.71  (1.63).     Adult  female : 

Wing  3.95-4.30   (4.11),  culmen  1.04-1.17  (1.12),  tarsus   1.40-1.49  (1.42). 

Eggs  1.10  X  -78.     Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  west  to  edge  of  Great 

Plains,  north  to  Canada 501.  S.  magna  (Linn.).    Meadowlark. 

6*.  Smaller,  with  smaller  bill  and  larger  feet.  Adult  male:  Wing  4.20-4.80 
(4.40),  culmen  1.13-1.30  (1.22),  tarsus  1.50-1.72  (1.62).  Adult  female: 
Wing  about  3.90-4.10,  tail  2.70,  culmen  1.05,  tarsus  1.50.  Hab.  Eastern 
and  central  Mexico  and  south  to  Costa  Rica ;  north  to  southern  Texas 
(lower  Rio  Grande  Valley)  and  southern  Arizona. 

501a.  S.  magna  mexicana  (Scl.).    Mexican  Meadowlark. 
a*.  Yellow  of  throat  spread  laterally  over  the  malar  region ;  color  paler  and  grayer 
above,  with  black  markings  less  conspicuous,  those  on  tertials  and  middle 
tail-feathers  in  form  of  isolated  narrow  bars,  not  connected  along  the  shaft, 
as  is  usual  in  magna  and  mexicana ;  flanks  and  lower  tail-coverts  white,  very 
faintly,  if  at  all,  tinged  with  buflP. 
Adult  male:  Wing  4.85-5.30  (5.01),  culmen   1.20-1.36  (1.29),  tarsus  1.50- 
1.60  (1.54).      Adult  female:   Wing  4.30-4.60   (4.41),   culmen   1.10-1.22 
(1.17),  tarsus  1.33-1.43  (1,41).     Eggs  1.15  X  -81.    ffab.  Western  North 
America,  north  to  British  Columbia  and  Manitoba,  east  regularly  to 
Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  Texas,  sparingly  to  Illinr»  and  Wis- 
consin J  south  through  western  Mexico. 

5016.  S.  magna  neglecta  (Aud.).    Western  Meadowlark.' 


'Hi 


Genus  ICTERUS  Brissgn.    (Page  366,  pi.  CII.,  figs.  1-3.) 

Species. 

a\  Depth  of  bill  at  base  decidedly  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  exposed  culmen. 
6'.  Bill  not  decurved  terminally.     (Subgenus  Icterus.') 

'  Without  much  doubt  a  distinct  species.  The  ooourronce  of  botli  .9.  neglecta  and  S.  magna  together  in 
many  portions  of  the  Mississippi  Valiey,  ench  in  its  typical  style  (the  ranges  of  the  two  overlapping,  in 
fact,  for  a  distance  of  several  hundred  miles),  taken  together  with  the  excessive  rarity  of  intermediate  speci- 
mens and  the  universally  attested  radical  difference  in  their  notes,  nro  facts  wholly  Incompatible  with  the  theory 
of  their  being  merely  geographical  races  of  the  same  species. 


ICTERUS. 


373 


iugs  less 
out  9.50- 
jomposed 
ded  with 


Li'kei'  and 
lie  flanks 

4.40-5.00, 
t  female : 
t9  (1.42). 
of  Gi'eat 
adowlark. 
4.20-4.80 
\t  female: 
.  Eastern 
n-n  Texas 

adowlark. 

id  grayer 

id  middle 

ho  shaft, 

hite,  very 

8US  1.50- 
1.10-1.22 
rn  North 
ularly  to 
and  Wis- 

idowlark.' 


d  culmcn. 


together  in 
irlapplng,  In 
ediato  speoi- 
h  the  theory 


c^.  Feathers  of  throat  slenderly  lanceolate  ;  orbits  naked. 

Adult  (sexes  alike) :  Head,  neck,  chest,  back,  scapulars,  wings, 
and  tail  uniform  black ;  middle  and  part  of  greater  wing-cov- 
erts, and  broad  edgings  to  secondaries,  white;  rest  of  plumage, 
including  lesser  wing-coverts  and  broad  collar  across  hind-neck, 
yellow  or  orange ;  length  about  9.00-10.00,  wing  4.10-5.00,  tail 
3.80-4.30,  culmen  1.25-1.50,  tarsus  1.2.5-1.35.  Hab.  Caribbean 
coast  of  South  America ;  West  Indies  (introduced  ?)  ;  accidental 
at  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

502.  I.  icterus  (Linn.).    Troupial. 
c*.  Feathers  of  throat  normal  (ohort  and  blended) ;  orbits  feathered. 

d}.  Tail  shorter  than  wing,  graduated  for  less  than  length  of  culmen. 
Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  chest,  breast,  back,  scapulars, 
greater  wing-coverts,  secondaries,  primaries,  and  terminal 
(or  subterminal)  portion  of  tail  (including  nearly  whole 
length  of  middle  feathers)  uniform  deep  black ;  tips  of 
greater  wing-coverts  and  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair), 
and  narrow  edgings  to  quills  and  secondaries  (sometimes 
worn  off),  white ;  rest  of  plumage  bright  lemon-yellow 
(duller  in  younger  birds),  the  middle  wing-coverts  fading 
into  whitish  at  tips.  Adult  female :  Above  olive-greenish, 
the  back  and  wings  grayer,  the  first  with  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct dusky  shaft-streaks ;  middle  and  greater  wing-coverts 
broadly  tipped  with  white,  forming  two  distinct  bands ; 
tail  dull  olive  terminally  and  on  middle  feathers,  the  rest 
olive-yellow ;  lower  parts  entirely  olive-yellow.  Young 
male :  Variously  intermediate  in  plumage  between  the 
adult  male  and  female,  according  to  age.  Young  of  year: 
Similar  to  adult  female,  "  but  with  all  the  wing-feathers 
edged  and  tipped  with  white,  the  wing-bands  yellowish, 
the  tail  tipped  with  yellow,  the  breast  obscured  by  brown- 
ish, and  the  yellow  of  the  under  parts  paler  and  greener." 
(Brewst.)  Length  about  7.70-8.50,  wing  3.80-4.20,  tail 
3.30-.!. 90,  culmen  .95-1.00,  tarsus  .90-.05.  (Female  aver- 
aging smaller  than  male.)  Nest  pensile  or  semi-pensile, 
usually  built  in  yuccas,  composed  of  fibres  of  the  yucca, 
dried  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  softer  msiterials.  Eggs  .3-4, 
.97  X  -67.  bluish  white,  speckled  and  finely  pencilled  round 
larger  end  with  black,  and  faintly  clouded  with  lilac-gray. 
JTab.  Central  Mexico,  and  north  to  southern  boi-der  of 
United  States  (southern  Texas  to  Arizona) ;  Lower  Cali- 
fornia   504.  I.  parisorum  BoNAP.    S<*ntt's  Oriole. 

cP.  Tail  longer  than  wing,  graduated  for  much  more  than  length  of 
culmen.  (Adult  with  head,  upper  neck,  chest,  wings,  except 
lesser  and  middle  coverts,  and  tail,  black;  rest  of  plumage 


374 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


pa 


yellow,  more  or  less  tinged  with  olive-greenish  on  upper  sur- 
face.) 
e'.  Scapulars    entirely   olive-greenish   or  yellowish,  like    back ; 
middle  wing-coverts  yellow ;  outer  webs  of  gi-eater  wing- 
coverts  tipped  with  whitish  (sometimes  inclining,  more  or 
less,  to  yellow  or  grayish),  and  tertials  broadly  edged  with 
same.     Young  :  Without  any  black,  the  upper  parts  entirely 
olive-green,  the  lower  parts  wholly  yellow,  tinged  laterally 
with  olive.    Length  about  8.75-10.50,  wing  3.75-4.25,  tail. 
4.15-4.40,  culmen  .90-1.10,  tarsus  .95-1.10.     Nest  semi-pen- 
sile, fastened  usually  between  upright  twigs,  composed  of 
dried  grasses,  etc.     Eggs  .89  X  -65,  white,  finely  speckled 
or  "dusted,"  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  brown,  usually 
mixed  with  stains  of  lilac-gray.     Hab.  Central  and  north- 
ern Mexico,  north  to  lower  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas. 
503.  I.  audubonii  Giraud.    Audubon's  Oriole. 
e'.  Scapulars  and  middle  wing-coverts  partly  (sometimes  entirely) 
black  ;  wings  without  any  white  markings ;  otherwise  very 
similar  to  I.  audubonii,  but  averaging  a  little  smaller.    Hab. 
Southern  Mexico  (tierra  caliente)  north  to  Vera  Cruz. 

I.  melanocephalus  (Waol.).     Black-headed  Oriole.^ 
6*.  Bill  distinctly  decurved  terminally. 

&.  Tail  longer  than  wing,  graduated  for  at  least  as  much  as  length  of 
tarsus  ;  adult  males  yellow,  or  orange,  and  black, 
d*.  Tail  graduated  for  much  more  than  length  of  tarsus ;  adults  with 
entire  head  and  neck  black.  (Adult  vmles :  Head,  neck,  chest, 
back,  scapulars,  wings,  except  lesser  and  middle  coverts,  upper 
tail-coverts,  and  tail,  uniform  deep  black  ;  rest  of  plumage  yel- 
low, or  orange,  the  lower  tail-coverts  sometimes  black.  Adult 
females  similar,  but  colors  duller.  Young  males :  The  black  first 
appearing  on  wings,  chest,  throat,  cheeks,  and  forehead,  the 
black  of  head  and  neck  at  one  stage  occupying  precisely  the 
same  area  as  in  adult  male  of  I.  cucullatus.  Older :  Head,  nape, 
fore-part  and  sides  of  nock,  and  chest  entii-ely  black,  but  lower 
hind-neck,  back,  and  scapulars  olive-yellow,  like  lower  back  and 
rump.*  Still  older :  Similar  to  the  last,  but  back  and  scapulars 
mixed  with  black.  Young  of  year:  Without  any  black,  the 
upper  parts  dull  olive,  duller  and  browner  on  back,  the 
wings  and  middle  tail-feathers  dusky,  with  olivaceous  edgings, 
rest  of  tail-feathers  olive,  with  yellowish   edges,  and   lower 


'  Paaropnliui  mdnnncephalun  Waol.,  Isia,  1829,  756.  Tcterui  melanocephahit  IIahn  A  Ki.'steh,  Vfig.  aus 
Agien,  Lief.  vi.  2,  pi.  3. 

>  In  this  gtago  exactly  resembling  t'li  coloration  the  fully  aJult  plumage  of  /.  melanoctphalut  and  /.  audu- 
bonii, except  that  the  seoondaries,  etc.,  lack  the  white  edgings  of  the  latter,  while  in  F.  tcagleri  the  tail-oovorta 
are  black. 


M 


ICTERUS. 


375 


parts  entirely  light  yellow,  tinged  with  olive  laterally  and 

across  chest.) 

e*.  Larger  (wing  3.85,  or  more).     Adult  with  tail-coverts  entirely 

black ;  greater  wing-coverts  abruptlj'"  white  at  base  (this 

concealed  by  middle  coverts,  however)  ;  length  about  8.80- 

9.50,  wing  3.85-4.25,  tail  4.00-4.60,  eulmen  .90-1.00,  tarsus 

.90-1.00.    Hab.  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  north  to  Mexican 

side  of  Eio  Grande. 

I.  wagleri  Scl.    Wagler's  Oriole. * 

e'.  Smaller  (wing  not  more  than  3.55).  Adult  with  tiiil-coverta 
chiefly  (sometimes  entirely  ?)  yellow ;  greater  wing-coverts 
black  to  extreme  base  ;  upper  part  of  breast  sometimes  with 
more  or  less  of  chestnut  next  to  black  of  chest ;  wing  3.25- 
3.55,  tail  3.50-4.00.  Hob.  Southern  Mexico,  and  south  to 
Costa  Eica. 

I.  prosthemelas  (Strickl.).  Strickland's  Oriole.* 
Tail  graduated  for  not  more  than  length  of  tarsus ;  adult  males 
with  black  of  head  and  neck  confined  to  frontlet,  lores,  cheeks, 
malar  region,  chin,  throat,  and  chest ;  wing  with  two  white 
bands.  (Adult  males:  Back,  scapulars,  wings,  and  tail  black, 
the  wings  with  white  markings ;  other  portions  yellow,  orange, 
or  orange-red.  Adult  females :  Above  light  olive-greenish, 
more  grayish  on  back ;  wings  dusky  grayish,  with  lighter 
brownish  gray  edgings,  the  middle  and  greater  coverts  tipped 
with  white ;  tail  yellowish  olive ;  lower  parts  entirely  yellow, 
tinged  with  olive  on  flanks,  etc.  Young  males,  second  year: 
Similar  to  adult  females,  but  chin,  throat,  chest,  malar  region, 
and  lores  black  more  or  less  continuously,  as  in  adult.  Young 
in  first  year :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  colors  paler  and 
duller,  the  plumage  generally,  especially  on  upper  parts,  suf- 
fused with  pale  brownish.  Length  6.50-8.50,  wing  3.30-3.60, 
tail  3.50-4.20.) 
c".  Adult  males  with  breast,  etc.,  orange  or  orange-red. 

/'.  Adult  male  with  breast,  etc.,  orange  or  dull  orange-red. 
Nest  usually  composed  of  the  "  Spanish"  moss  (  Tilland- 
sia),  often  built  inside  of  hanging  tufts  or  tresses  of 
this  parasite.  Eggs  3-5,  .86  X  -58,  white,  speckled, 
chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  hair-brown,  usually  mixed 
with  a  few  small  black  specks  or  lines.  Hab.  Southern 
and  eastern  Mexico,  north  to  lower  Eio  Grande  Valley 
in  Texas. 

505.  I.  cucullatus  Swains.    Hooded  Oriole. 


!!■ 


\  ' 


.■  f 


»  fclerun  wnghri  Sri..,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  7. 

*  Xanthorn\u  profthemtlai  SrnicKL.,  Contr.  Orn.  1850,  120,  pi.  62.     Icterut  proithemelat  ScL,,  P.  Z.  S. 
1856,  301. 


IL 


376 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


m:^ 


/'.  Adult   male  with  breast,  etc.,  intense  orange-red,  some- 
times almost  scarlet.     Hab.  Yucatan. 

I.  cucullatus  igneus  Bidqw.  Fiery  Oriole.^ 
e'.  Adult  male  "with  breast,  etc.,  saffron-j^ellow,  varying  to  gam- 
boge (never  orange).  Nest  exceedingly  variable  in  form 
and  composition,  but  usually  pensile  or  semipensile,  and 
composed  of  grass-stems  (often  green)  and  various  plant- 
fibres.  Eggs  .89  X  -62,  averaging  with  decidedly  darker 
and  heavier  markings  than  those  of  true  J.  cucullatus.  Hab. 
Western  Mexico,  north  to  Arizona,  Lower  California,  and 
southern  California..  505a.  I.  cucullatus  nelsoni  Eidgw. 

Arizona  Hooded  Oriole. 
<:l  Tail  shorter  than  wing  (the  latter  less  than  3.25),  graduated  for  much 
less  than  length  of  tarsus  ;  adult  male  chestnut  and  black. 

Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  middle  of  chest,  back,  scapulars,  wings 
(except  lesser  and  middle  coverts),  and  tail  deep  black,  the 
greater  wing-coverts,  quills,  and  secondaries  edged,  more  or  less 
distinctly,  with  pale  chestnut  or  whitish ;  rest  of  plumage  uni- 
form rich  dark  chestnut  or  bay,  deepest  on  bi'east.  Adxdt  fe- 
male :  Upper  parts  yellowish  olive,  much  duller  and  grayer  on 
back  and  scapulars ;  wings  grayish  dusky,  with  two  white 
bands,  all  the  feathers  with  paler  brownish  gray  edgings;  tail 
yellowish  olive,  like  rump,  etc. ;  lower  parts  entirely  light  olive- 
yellow.  Young  male,  second  year :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but 
lores,  chin,  and  throat  black.  (The  chestnut  and  rest  of  the 
black  appearing  in  patches,  increasing  in  extent,  dui'ing  suc- 
cessive seasons.)  Young  of  year:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but 
suffused  with  brownish,  especially  on  upper  parts.  Length 
6.00-7.25,  wing  2.90-3.25,  tail  2.65-3.20.  Nest  composed  of 
green  wiry  grass-stems,  interwoven  into  a  firm  basket-like 
structure  usually  supported  between  upright  twigs  near  the 
extremity  of  a  branch  (but  sometimes  partlj'  pendulous),  lined 
with  softer  materials.  Eggs  3-5,  .79  X  -57,  pale  bluish,  bluish 
white,  or  greenish  white,  speckled  and  "pen-lined"  with  brown 
and  black,  usually  mixed  more  or  less  with  lilac-gray.  Hab. 
Eastern  United  States,  Avest  to  Great  Plains ;  south,  in  winter, 
through  Middle  America  to  Panama. 

506.  I.  spurius  (T>inn.).    Orchard  Oriole. 
rt".  Depth  of  bill  at  base  equal  to  half  the  length  of  the  exposed  culmen.    (Sub- 
genus Yphantcs  Vieillot.) 
h\  Wing  usually  not  more  than  3.80,  tail  not  more  than  3.15  ;  adidt  male  with 
whole  head  black,  lesser  wing-coverts  wholly  orange  or  yellow,  white 
of  wings  confined  to  tips  of  greater  coverts  and  narrow  edgings  of 


'  Icterut  cucullatun  igneu»  RiDOW.,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  viii.  April  20,  1885,  19. 


ICTERUS. 


377 


quills  and  secondaries  (the  middle  coverts  sometimes  whitish),  and  tail 
blacK  across  middle  portion. 

Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  middle  line  of  chest,  back,  scapulars,  wings 
(except  lesser  and  middle  coverts),  and  greater  part  of  tail  black  • 
broad  tips  to  greater  wing-coverts,  and  narrow  edgings  to  some  of 
the  quills  and  secondaries  (these  sometimes  worn  away),  white;  rest 
of  plumage,  including  lesser  and  middle  wing-coverts,  base  and  tip 
of  tail  (except  middle  feathers — but  on  outer  feathers  occupying 
nearly  half  their  total  length),  rich  cadmium-orange,  sometimes 
varying  to  intense  orange-red,  very  rarely  to  lemon-yellow.  Adult 
female :  Very  variable  in  color,  but  usually  (?)  with  upper  parts 
olive,  indistinctly  streaked  or  spotted  with  black,  the  wings  duskj-, 
with  two  white  bunds,  and  light  grayish  edges  to  most  of  the 
feathers  J  rump  dull  ochraceous-orange  ;  tail  duller,  more  olivaceous, 
orange ;  lower  parts  dull  orange,  paler  on  flanks,  the  throat  usually 
with  more  or  less  admixture  of  black.  {_Note. — The  adult  female 
often  has  the  black  pattern  of  head,  neck,  and  back  as  in  male,  but 
the  color  much  duller  and  less  uniform.  The  young  male  also  varies 
between  the  two  extremes  (adult  male  and  female)  as  described 
above,  and  cannot  in  any  stage  be  with  certainty  distinguished 
from  the  adult  female  except  b}'  dissection.]  Young  of  year  :  Simi- 
lar to  adult  female,  as  described  above,  but  colors  softer  and  more 
blended,  and  upper  parts  suffused  with  brownish.  Length  about 
7.00-8.15,  wing  3.50-3.90,  tail  2.85-3.35.  Nest  more  or  less  purse- 
shaped  and  pensile,  suspended  from  extremity  of  drooping  branches, 
composed  of  various  textile  substances,  as  various  natural  plant- 
fibres,  strings,  etc.,  compactly  interwoven,  the  nest  proper  com- 
posed of  softer  materials  arranged  within  the  supporting  pouch. 
Eggs  3-5,  .89  X  -60,  dull  white,  greenish  white,  or  brownish 
white,  curiously  streaked  or  irregularly  "pen-lined"  with  brown 
and  black,  sometimes  mixed  with  brown  spots  or  stains.  Ilab. 
Eastern  North  America,  north  to  New  England,  Ontario,  and  the 
Saskatchewan,  west  across  Great  Plains ;  south,  in  winter,  through 
eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Panama. 

507.  I.  galbula  (Linn.).    Baltimore  Oriole. 
Wing  not  less  than  3.80  (in  adult),  tail  not  less  than  3.10  (averaging  de- 
cidedly more)  ;  adidt  males  with  whole  malar  region  yellow  or  orange, 
an  orange  streak  over  loi*cs  (sometimes  prolonged  into  a  superciliary 
stripe),  lesser  wing-coverts  entirely,  or  for  the  greater  part,  black,  white 
of  wings  covering  whole  of  middle  and  outer  webs  of  greater  coverts, 
besides  very  broad  edges  to  tortials  and  secondaries,  and  tail  yellow  or 
orange,  with  middle  feathers  and  tips  of  the  others  black. 
(?*.  Adult  male :  Forehead,  distinct  superciliary  stripe,  ear-coverts,  sides,  and 
flanks  yellow  or  orange ;  lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts 
yellow  or  orange,  more  or  less  tinged  with  olive.    Adult  female :  Top 

48 


■jr. 

I 


m 


i.r 


ii. 


378 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


W' 


U 

l\'!- 


of  head  and  hind-neck  yellowish  olive,  becoming  brighter  yellowish 
(sometimes  distinctly  orange  or  yellow)  on  foi'ehead  and  superciliary 
region  ;  back  olive-grayish,  streaked  with  black ;  wings  dusky,  the 
middle  coverts  white,  the  greater  coverts  tipped  with  white  and 
broadly  edged  with  light  grayish,  the  other  quills  and  secondaries 
also  edged  with  light  gi'ayish  ;  lower  back  light  olive-grayish  ;  rump, 
upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  bright  yellowish  olive,  sometimes  in- 
clining to  ochraceous-orange ;  sides  of  head,  with  anterior  lower 
parts,  dull  orange  or  orange-yellow,  the  throat  usually  with  more  or 
less  of  black ;  flanks  (sometimes  sides  and  belly  also)  pale  dull 
grayish ;  under  tail-coverts  light  yellowish.  Young  male  in  second 
year,  similar  to  adult  female.  Young  of  year :  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  colors  paler  and  duller,  suffused  more  or  less  with  pale 
brownish,  and  no  trace  of  black  on  throat  (and  yellow  sometimes 
almost  wanting).  Length  7.50-8.60,  wing  3.80-4.15,  tail  3.10-3.70. 
Nest  and  eggs  hardly  distinguishable  from  those  of  I.  galbula,  the 
latter,  however,  averaging  slightly  larger  (.95  X  -64).  Hab.  West- 
ern United  States,  east  to  and  including  Kocky  Mountains  ;  south, 
in  winter,  into  Mexico. 

508.  I.  bullocki  (Swains).  Bullock's  Oriole. 
c^.  Adult  male:  Forehead,  superciliary  region,  ear-coverts,  sides,  flanks, 
lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  black.  Adult  female: 
"  Above  gray,  mixed  with  yellowish  and  variegated  with  black  ; 
wings  blackish,  edged  with  white ;  below  yellowish,  middle  of 
belly  whitish,  flanks  grayish;  tail  yellowish  olivaceous,  with 
darker  tips."    Wing  4.20,  tail  3.20-3.50.    Hab.  Central  and  southern 

Mexico. 

I.  abeillei  (Less.).     Abeille's  Oriole.' 


Genus  SCOLECOPHAGUS  Swainson.    (Page  366,  pi.  CIV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  uniform  black,  more  or  less  glossy  ;  females 
uniform  brownish  gi'ay  or  slaty.  Nest  a  bulky  structure  of  dried  twigs,  shreds  of 
bark,  mosses,  etc.,  placed  in  trees.  £!ggs  2-7,  pale  bluish  green,  pale  olive,  or  dull 
rusty  brownish,  variously  speckled,  spotted,  or  blotched  with  brown  (sometimes 
nearly  uniform  deep  rusty  brown). 

a'.  Bill  slender,  its  depth  through  base  much  less  than  holf  the  lateral  length  of 
lower  mandible.  Adult  male  in  summer :  Uniform  glossy  black,  with  a  faint 
dark  bluish  gloss  on  head  and  neck  and  of  bluish  green  elsewhere.  Adult 
male  in  lointer  :  The  black  more  or  less  extensively  overlaid  by  rusty  brown 
above  and  buffy  below.  Adult  female  in  summer :  Uniform  dusky  brownish 
slate,  without  gloss,  the  lower  parts  inclining  to  plumbeous.     Adult  female 


I  Xanthorn' '  abeillei  Less.,  Rev.  Zool.  1839,  101.     Tcleru*  abeillii  ScL.,  P.  Z.  8.  1860,  252. 


y'ellowish 
)erciliaiy 
usky,  tbe 
'bite  and 
condaries 
ih ;  rump, 
times  in- 
ior  lower 
1  more  or 
pale  dull 
in  second 
to  adult 
with  pale 
ometimes 
3.10-3.70. 
Ibula,  the 
ab.  West- 
8  ;  south, 

k's  Oriole. 
9,  flanks, 
t  female: 

h  black  ; 
liddle  of 
)us,   with 

southern 

i's  Oriole.' 
[2) 


;  females 
hreds  of 
or  dull 
ometimes 


ength  of 
,Y  a  faint 
Adult 
by  brown 
brownish 
lit  female 

>2. 


qUISCALUS. 


379 


t' 


in  winter :  Much  washed  or  overlaid  by  rusty  on  upper  and  huffy  on  lower 
parts.  Young :  Similar  to  winter  female,  but  colors  duller  and  more  uni- 
form, and  texture  of  plumage  looser.  Length  8.20-9.75,  wing  4.25-4.75,  tail 
3.65-4.20.  Eijgs  .99  X  -73.  Hab.  Eastern  and  noi-thern  North  Ameiica,  west 
to  Bering's  Sea  and  Great  Plains ;  breeding  from  northern  United  States 

northward 509.  S.  carolinus  (Mull.).    Rnsty  Blackbird. 

fl*.  Bill  stout,  its  depth  through  base  nearly  equal  to  half  the  lateral  length  of 
lower  mandible.  Adult  male  in  summer :  Uniform  glossy  greenish  black,  the 
head  and  neck  glossy  violet- black.  Adult  male  in  winter:  Similar  to  sum- 
mer plumage,  but  head,  neck,  back,  and  breast  more  or  loss — generally  very 
slightly — obscured  by  grayish  brown  tips  to  feathers.  Adult  female :  Uni- 
form brownish  slate,  more  brownish  anteriorly,  posteriorly  more  slaty,  and 
with  a  poft,  silky  gloss.  Length  8.75-10.25,  wing  4.G5-5.25,  tail  3.85-4.50. 
Eggs  1.03  X  •74.  Hab.  Western  North  America,  east  to  Great  Plains  (occa- 
sionally to  Illinois,  etc.),  north  to  the  Saskatchewan,  south  to  table-lands  of 
Mexico 510.  S.  cyanocephalus  (Wagl.).    Brewer's  Blackbird. 

Genus  QUISCALUS  Yieillot.    (Page  366,  pi.  GUI.,  figs.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males :  Uniform  glossy  blackish,  often  with  varied 
metallic  hues.  Adult  females :  Decidedly  smaller  than  males,  the  colors  duller 
(sometimes  markedly  different). 

a'.  Tail  not  decidedly  longer  than  wing  (usually  decidedly  shortei') ;  adult  males 
with  varied  rich  metallic  tints  (the  head  and  neck  rich,  silky  steel-blue, 
violet,  or  brassy  green)  ;  adult  females  similar,  but  duller.     Nest  a  coarse  and 
bulky  but  compact  str'icturo  composed  of  coarse  dried  grasses,  built  in  trees 
(often  in  cavities).     Eggs  3-6,  pale  green  or  greenish  blue,  pale  olive,  or  dull 
olive-whitish,  coarsely  spotted  and  irregulai'ly  lined  with  brown  and  black 
(sometimes  dull  rusty  brown,  marked  with  darker).     (Subgenus  Quiscalus.) 
6'.  Plumage  of  body  above  and  below,  with  mixed  metallic  tints  (usually  sev- 
eral on  each  feather,  especially  on  back  and  scapulars),  the  color  of  head 
and  neck  usually'  not  abruptly  defined  against  the  color  of  the  body ; 
wing-coverts  usually  with  mixed  metallic  tints ;  wings  and  tail  usually 
bluish  violet  or  bluish, 
c'.  Larger,  with  smaller  bill;  length  about  11.00-13.50,  wing  (male)  5.45- 
6.05  (5.71),  tail  5.05-5.70  (5.46),  graduation  of  tail  1.00-1.60  (1.26), 
exposed  culmen  1.13-1.23  (1.17),  tarsus  1.35-1.45(1.40).     Female: 
Length  about  11.00-11.50,  wing  about  5.00,  tail  about  4.80.     Eggs 
1.18  X  -84.     Hab.  Atlantic  coast  of  United  States  (except  southern 
Florida),  north  to  Massachusetts,  west  to  eastern  Tennessee. 

511.  Q.  quiscula  (Linn.).    Purple  Orackle. 
c'.  Smaller,  with  larger  bill ;  length  about  10.40-12.00,  wing  (male)  5.20- 


'■Ik' 


3S0 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


r 


:'!^: 


ir.: 


5.40  (5.29),  tail  4.60-5.20  (4.93),  graduation  of  tail  1.00-1.35  (1.10), 
exposed  culmen  1.19-1.30  (1.24),  tarsus  1.35-1.47  (1.40),  Eggs  1.12 
X  .78.  Hab.  Florida  (chiefly  southern  portion),  and  west  along 
Gulf  coast  to  Louisiana. 

511a.  Q.  quiscula  aglsus  (Baird).  Florida  Orackle. 
6'.  Plumage  of  body,  above  and  below,  perfectly  uniform  brassy  olive  or  bronze, 
never  with  mixed  tints,  and  always  very  abruptly  defined  against  the 
color  (steel-blue,  violet,  purple,  or  brassy  green)  of  neck ;  wing-coverts 
never  with  mixed  metallic  tints ;  wings  and  tail  always  purplish  or 
violet-purplish,  never  bluish. 

Length  (male)  about  12.00-13.50,  wing  5.45-5.95  (5.65),  tail  5.25-5.90 
(5.52),  graduation  of  tail  1.15-1.60  (1.36),  exposed  culmen  1.12-1.26 
(1.17),  tarsus  1.40-1.46  (1.44).  Female:  Length  about  11.00-11.50, 
wing  5.00-5.05,  tail  4.80-4.90.  Eggs  1.18  X  -81.  Mab.  Eastern  North 
America,  west  of  Alleghanies,  including  whole  of  Kew  England 
(except  coast  of  Long  Island  Sound) ;  north  to  Hudson's  Baj',  west 
to  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Louisiana  (?)  and  Texas;  occasion- 
ally east  of  Alleghanies,  from  Virginia  northward. 

5116.  Q.  quiscula  seneus  (Eidgw.).    Bronzed  Qrackle.' 
Tail  decidedly  longer  than  wing;  adult  males  without  varied  metallic  tints,  the 
plumage  being  uniform  glossy  blue-black,  or  dark  steel-blue,  becoming  grad- 
ually more  purplish  anteriorly,  or  greenish,  changing   anteriorly  to  blue; 
adult  females  exceedingly  different  from  males,  being  very  much  smaller,  the 
plumage  dusky  brownish  above,  light  brownish  beneath.     JVest  a  very  bulky 
structure  of  dried  grasses,  Spanish  moss,  etc.,  usually  compacted  together 
with  an  internal  plastering  or  stiffening  of  mud,  built  in  low^  trees,  or  bushes, 
in  swampy  situations.     Eggs  3-5,  ovate  or  conic-ovate,  pale  bluish  or  green- 
ish, pale  drab,  pale  olive,  dull  purplish  gray,  etc.,  grotesquely  lined  with 
black  and  brown.     (Subgenus  Megaquiscalus  Cassin.) 
6\  Bill  stouter  (greatest  depth  at  base  of  gonys  more  than  .40  in  male,  .35,  or 
more,  in  female),  the  tip  decidedly  decurved ;  adult  females  dull  dusky 
brown  above,  the  lower  parts  similar  posteriorly,  becoming  paler  an- 
teriorly ;  no  distinct  superciliary  stripe. 
c^  Adult  male  with  tail  8.30,  or  more. 

Adult  male  with  metallic  gloss  violet  over  all  anterior  portions, 
including  whole  back,  scapulars,  lesser  wing-coverts,  and  all  of 
lower  parts  except  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  ;  length  17.00- 
18.75,  wing  7.35-8.00  (7.59),  tail  8.30-9.35  (8.80),  exposed  cul- 
men  1.47-1.69  (1.60).  Adult  female:  Above  dusky  brown,  with 
a  metallic  greenish  gloss,  becoming  more  decidedly  brown  and 
less  glossy  on  head  and  neck ;  superciliary  stripe  (sometimes 
indistinct)  and  lower  parts  dull  fulvous-brown,  becoming  more 
bufTy  on  chin  and  throat  and  dusky  on  flanks  and  under  tail- 

>  With  scarcely  a  doubt,  a  distinct  species  from  Q.  quiacula. 


qUISCALUS. 


881 


west 


coverts;  length  about  11.50-13.50,  wing  5.70-6.50  (5.94),  tail 
5.40-6.30  (5.98),  exposed  culmen  1.20-1.42  (1.34).  Eg(js  1.31  X 
.87.  Ilab.  Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Texas,  south  to 
Nicaragua. 

512.  Q.  macrourus  Swains.     Great-tailed  Orackle. 
c*.  Adult  male  with  tail  not  more  than  7.50. 

d'.  Plumage  (both  sexes)  essentially  as  in  Q.  macrourus,  but  size  very- 
much  less. 
Adult  male :  Length  14.00-15.70,  wing  6.25-7.05  (6.62),  tail 
6.20-7.60  (6.92),  exposed  culmen  1.36-1.43  (1.40).  Adult  fe- 
male :  Length  about  11.00-11.75,  wing  5.15-5.50  (5.32),  tail 
4.80-5.20  (5.00),  exposed  culmen  1.15-1.18  (1.17).  llab. 
Western  Mexico  (north  to  mouth  of  Colorado  Kiver  ?). 

Q.  graysoni  Scl.  Grayson's  Grackle.' 
d*.  Adult  male  with  metallic  gloss  greenish,  changing  through  steel- 
blue  on  back,  scapulars,  lesser  wing-coverts,  and  lower  breast  to 
violet  on  head,  neck,  chest,  and  upjier  breast ;  length  about 
15.00-17.50,  wing  7.00-7.50  (7.22),  tail  6.80-7.55  (7.14),  exposed 
culmen  1.48-1.68  (1.59).  Adult  female :  Similar  in  color  to 
same  sex  of  Q,  macrourus,  but  lighter  and  more  tawny  beneath, 
rnd  much  browner  above,  the  head  and  neck  of  an  umber  tint ; 
length  about  11.50-13.00,  wing  5.55-5.75  (5.61),  tail  5.10-5.55 
(5.31),  exposed  culmen  1.14-1.30  (1.24).  Eggs  1.26  X  -89.  Hab. 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  of  United  States,  north  to  Vir- 
ginia, west  to  Texas. 

513.  Q.  major  Vieill.    Boat-tailed  Orackle. 

i*.  Bill  more  slender  (greatest  depth,  at  base  of  gonys,  not  more  than  .35  in 

male  or  .30  in  female;   adult  female  with  top  of  head,  hind-neck,  and 

upper  back  bright  rusty  brown,  the  lower  parts  bright  taAvny,  becoming 

buffy  on  belly  and  dusky  on  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts. 

Adult  male :  "  Uniform  dark  purplish  black,  with  slight  metallic  reflec- 
tions; wings  and  tail  dark  shining  black  .  .  .  length  13  inches, 
wing  6.7 ;  tail,  middle  rectrice  7,  external  4.3."  Adult  female : 
Length  about  10.00-10.50,  wing  5.20,  tail  4.40-5.10,  exposed  culmen 
1.12.     Hab.  Central  Mexico. 

Q.  tenuirostris  Swains.     Slender-billed  Orackle.' 

1  Quitcalui palustria  "Swains.,"  of  authors,  but  not  of  Swainsox.     QtiUcalua  graysoni  ScL.,  Cat.  B.  Brit. 
Mus.  xi.  1880,  307. 

*  Quiscalm  tenuiroitrii  SWAINS.,  An.  in  Menag.  1838,  290. 


f^ 


-      2f 


382 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Family  FRINGILLID-ffii.— The  Finches,  Sparrows,  etc.  (Page  321.) 


Genera. 
a}.  Mandibles  falcate,  crossed  at  tips Loxia. 

a*.  Mandibles  not  falcate  nor  crossed  at  tips. 
6*.  Conspicuously  crested. 


(Page  392.) 


c*.  Culmen  strongly  curved,  and  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  deeply 

sinuatcd  or  concave  in  middle  portion..  Pyrrhuloxia.     (Pago  443.) 

c'.  Culmen  only  slightly  curved,  and  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  more 

or  less  convex  in  middle  portion Cardinalis.     (Page  441.) 

Not  crested, 
c'.  Width  of  bill  at  base  equal  to  its  length,  and  basal  outline  of  lower  man- 
dible, underneath,  doubly  concave Pyrrhula.     (Page  388.) 

c*.  Width  of  bill  at  base  decidedly  less  than  its  length,  and  basal  outline 
of  lower  mandible,  underneath,  simply  concave, 
rf'.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  greater  than  length  of  hind-toe,  with  claw, 
and  more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  tarsus. 

Coccothraustes.     (Page  386.) 
cP.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  less  than  length  of  hind-toe,  with  claw,  and 
less  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  of  tarsus, 
e'.  Nasal  plumules  covering  nearly  basal  half  of  upper  mandible. 

Pinicola.     (Page  387.) 
e".  Nasal  plumules  covering  very  much  less  than  basal  half  of 
upper  mandible. 
/'.  Base  of  gonys  midway  between  tip  and  lateral  base  of 

lower  mandible Plectrophenax.     (Page  402.) 

/'.  Base  of   gonys   decidedly  nearer   to  lateral   base   than 
tip  of  lower  mandible. 
g^.  Gonys   slightly  convex;    a   light  brownish   spot  or 
speculum  at  base  of  quills..  Passer.     (Page  401.) 
gf'.  Gonys   not   appi'eciably   convex ;    no   light   spot   or 
speculum  at  base  of  quills. 
h^.  Primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by  more  than 
length  of  tarsus, 
i*.  Wing  at  least  five  times  as  long  as  tarsus. 
/.  Wing  less  than  3.50. 

A'.  Tail  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing ; 
nasal  tufts  conspicuous. 

Acanthis.     (Page  395.) 

A'.  Tail  less  than  two-thirds  as  long  a» 

wing ;  nasal  tufts  inconspicuous. 

?'.  Exposed       culmen       decidedly 

shorter  than  tarsus  ;  adults 

without  red  on   head,  and 


FRINOILLID^. 


888 


with  under  parts  either  yel- 
low or  else  conspicuously 
streaked. 

Spinus.  (Pago  308.) 
P.  Exposed  culmen  not  decidedly, 
if  at  all,  shorter  than  tar- 
sus ;  adults  with  front  part 
of  head  (all  round)  red,  and 
lower  parts  neither  yellow 
nor  streaked. 

Carduelis.     (Page  400.) 

f.  Wing  more  than  3.75 Leucosticte. 

(Page  393.) 

i*.  Wing  less  than  five  times  as  long  as  tarsus. 

/.  First  quill  decidedly  longer  than  fourth. 

k\.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  equal  to  or 

greater  than  length  of  exposed 

culmen. 

Carpodacus.    (Page  389.) 
A*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  decidedlj'  less 
than  length  of  exposed  culmen. 
U.  Tail     emarginate,    the    middle 
feathers  narrow  and  pointed 
at  tip. 
m>.  Gonys  shorter  than  hind- 
toe  (without  claw)  and 
less  than  depth  of  bill. 
Calcarius. 
(Page  404.) 
m*.  Gonys  longer  than   hind- 
toe  (without  claw)  and 
greater  than  depth  of 
bill.  Rhynchophanes. 
(Page  406.) 
P.  Tail  rounded,  the  middle  feathers 
broad  and  rounded  at  tip. 
Chondestes.    (Page  414.) 
/.  First  quill  decidedly  shorter  than  fourth. 

Habia.     (Page  444.) 
h\  Primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by  less   than 
length  of  tarsus. 
i}.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  equal  to  length  of  hind- 
toe,  with  claw....  Guiraca.    (Page  445.) 
t*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  much  less  than  length 
of  hind-toe,  with  claw. 


!'♦ 


884 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


(f 


/.  Tail-foathers  narrow,  tbo  middle  ones,  at 

least  (sometimes  all),  acuminate. 

A'.  Distance  from  bend  of  wing  to  tips 

of  longest  greater   wing-coverts 

greater  than  from  latter  jjoint  to 

tip  of  longest  quill. 

Spiza.     (Pago  451.) 

A'.  Distance  from  bend  of  wing  to  tips 

of  longest  greater  wing-coverts 

less   than   distance  from  latter 

point  to  tip  of  longest  quill. 

P.  Middle  toe,  with  claw,  decidedly 

shorter  than  tarsus. 

Poocaetes.    (Page  406.) 

P.  Middle    toe,    with    claw,    not 

shorter  than  tarsus....  Am- 

modramus.     (Page  407.) 

f.  Tail-feathers  broader,  not  acuminate. 

A^  Wing  more  than  2.25. 

IK  Hind-claw  decidedly  longer  than 
its  digit. 
7>i'.  Bill  tapering  very  rapidly 
to  the  acute  tip,  the 
cutting-edge  of  upper 
mandible  distinctly  con- 
vex or  lobed  toward 
base ;  nostrils  concealed 
by  small  antrorse  feath- 
ers   Passerella. 

(Page  433.) 
m'.  Bill  tapering  gradually  to 
the  rather  obtuse  tip, 
the  cutting-edge  of  the 
upper    mandible  not 
convex  or  lobed  toward 
base ;  nostrils  exposed. 
Pipilo.     (Page  435.) 
P.  Hind-claw  not  longer  than  its 
digit. 
tn}.  Tertials    elongated  much 
beyond     secondaries, 
nearly  equalling   long- 
est primaries. 

Calamospiza. 
(Page  452.) 


FRINOILLID^. 


lie  ones,  at 
linato. 
ing  to  tips 
ng-covcrts 
er  jioint  to 

Page  451.) 
ng  to  tips 
ng-coverts 
■om  latter 
quill. 
,  decidedly 

IS. 

Page  406.) 
claw,  not 
18....  Am- 
Page  407.) 
ainate. 

)nger  than 

ly  rapidly 
I  tip,  the 
of  upper 
inctly  con- 
d  toward 
concealed 
Drse  feath- 
isserella. 
Page  433.) 
idually  to 
btuse  tip, 
Igo  of  the 
lible  not 
3d  toward 
exposed, 
'age  435.) 
than  its 

;ed  much 
3ondaries, 
ing   long- 

iiospiza. 

*age  452.) 


885 


m'.  Tcrtials  scarcely,  if  at  all,  longer  than  secondaries, 
and  much  shorter  than  longest  primaries. 
nK  Outer   tail-feather  largely   (sometimes   wholly) 

white Junco.     (Page  422.) 

n^  Outer  tail-feather  with  little  or  no  white. 

o\  Lower  mandible  much  deeper  than  upper; 
adult  males  very  brightly  colored,  with 
more  or  less  of  blue  in  plumage. 

Passerina.    (Page  446.) 

0*.  Lower    mandible   not   deeper  than    upper; 

adult    males  not   brightly  colored,   and 

without  any  blue  in  plumage. 

p\  Tail  plain  blackish  or  dusky,  with  or 

without    whitish    edging    to    outer 

feathers. 

Amphispiza.    (Pago  425.) 
j)*.  Tail  brownish,  grayish,  or  olive-green- 
ish, usually  without  markings. 
q\  Tail   olive-green ;   first  quill   much 
shorter  than  secondaries. 

Embernagra.     (Page  434.) 
q^.  Tail  brownish  or  grayish  ;  first  quill 
not  shorter  than  secondaries, 
r'.  Primaries  exceeding  secondaries 
by  more  than  length  of  ex- 
posed culmen;  distance  be- 
tween tip  of  outer  and  mid- 
dle (or  longest)  tail-feathers 
much  less   than   length  of 
hind-toe,  without  claw. 
5*.  Tail  more  or  less  rounded, 
the    middle   feathers 
longest,   or  equal  to 
longest;    wing  3.00,  or 

more Zonotrichia. 

(Page  414.) 
si  Tail  emarginate  or  double- 
rounded,  the  middle 
feathers  shorter  than 
the  longest;  wing  less 
than  3.00. 

Spizella.    (Page  417.) 

r*.  Primaries  exceeding  secondaries 

by  not  more  than  length  of 

exposed    culmeu ;    distance 
49 


w 


i 


386 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

between   tip  of  outer   and 
middle  (longest)  tail-featbers 
equal  io  or  greater  than 
length  of  hind-toe,  without 
claw. 
s^.  Tail    double-rounded,   but 
outer    feathers    much 
shorter  than    middle 
pair ;  graduation  of  tail 
less  than  length  of  ex- 
posed culmen,  and  tail 
exceeding     wing    by 
much  less  than  leni'th  of 
bill  from  nostril...  Me- 
lospiza.    (Page  430.) 
s*.  Tail  simply,  but  very  much, 
rounded,   the   middle 
feathers  longest  or  equal 
to  longest,  its  gradua- 
^  tion  greater  than  length 

of  exposed  culmen ;  or 
else  tail  exceeding  wing 
by  more  than  lenp-th  of 
bill  from  nostril. 
Peucsea.    (Page  427.) 
Wing  less  than  2.25. 
l^.  Culmen  strongly  curved ;  bill  broad  as  high  at  base. 

Sporophila.    (Pago  449.) 

f.  Culmen  nearly  straight;  bill  much  narrower  than  high  at 

base Euetheia.    (Page  450.) 


Genus  COCCOTHRAUSTES  Brisson.    (Page  382,  pi.  CV.,  fig.  1.) 

Spec>es. 

a}.  Tips  of  four  innermost  primaries  much  widened  at  end,  the  inner  webs  emargi- 
nate  at  tips,  the  outer  webs  somewhat  recurved,  or  semifalcate.    (Subgenus 
Coccothraustes}  ) 
a'.  Tips  of  four  inner  primaries  of  normal  form.    (Subgenus  Hesperiphona  Bonap.) 
6'.  Adult  male  with  head  smoky  olivo.  relieved  by  a  yellow  frontal  crescent  and 
blackish  patch  on  crown ;  aduit  female  with  crown  dull  grayish  brown, 
throat  bordered  along  each  side  Ly  a  blackish  streak,  and  upper  tail- 
coverts  tipped  with  white. 

Adult  male ;  Crown  blackish,  bordered  anteriorly  and  laterally  by  a 


>  The  typical  subgonua  not  represented  in  America. 


PINICOLA. 


387 


uter  and 
l-featbers 
;er  than 
I,  without 

ded,  but 
•8    much 

middle 
ion  of  tail 
5th  of  ex- 
,  and  tail 
'ing  by 
I  length  of 
ril...  Me- 
'age  430.) 
eiy  much, 

middle 
st  or  equal 
s  gradua- 
lan  length 
III  men ;  or 
ding  wing 
Icngih  of 
Hi/ 
•age  427.) 

ISO. 

ago  449.) 

bU  high  at 

ago  450.) 

I) 


emargi- 
Subgenus 

BONAP.) 

^cent  and 
I  brown, 
iper  tail- 
illy  by  a 


yellow  patch  covering  forehead  and  superciliary  region ;  rest  of 
head,  with  neck  and  back,  uniform  deep  olivaceous,  changing  grad- 
ually to  yellow  on  scapulars  and  posterior  portions  of  body,  above 
and  below  ;  wings,  tail,  and  upper  tail-coverts  black ;  tertials.  uni- 
form dull  white,  the  secondaries  and  inner  webs  of  tail-feathers 
sometimes  tipped  with  the  same.  Adult  female :  Whole  top  of  head 
dull  brownish  or  brownish-gray;  rest  of  head,  with  neck  and  most 
of  the  body;  lighter  grayish,  tinged  more  or  less  with  olive-yellow, 
the  throat  bordered  along  each  side  by  a  dusky  str'iak ;  a  whitish 
patch  at  base  of  inner  primaries.  Young:  Similar  to  adult  female, 
but  colors  much  duller  and  more  brownish,  with  markings  less 
sharply  defined,  the  dusky  streak  on  sides  of  throat  sometimes 
nearly  obsolete ;  lower  parts  paler  and  more  buffy,  with  little  or 
none  of  gray ;  bill  dull  horn-color,  or  brownish  instead  of  yellowish 
green.  Length  about  7.00-8.50,  wing  4.20-4  50,  tail  2.75-3.20,  cul- 
men  .75-.80,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .55-.70.  Ilab.  Western  North 
America,  north  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Saskatchewan;  east 
(irregularly,  in  winter)  to  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Iowa; 
casually  to  Ohio  and  Ontario ;  south  over  table-lands  of  Mexico  to 
highlands  of  Vera  Cruz. 

514.  C.  vespertinus  (Coop.).    Evening  Grosbeak. 
6'.  Adult  male  with  head  entii'ely  black ;  adult  female  with  top  of  head  black 
(sharply  defined),  no  dusky  streak  on  sides  of  throat,  and  upper  tail- 
coverts  without  white  tips.   Ilab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  southern 

Mexico. 

■C.  abeillii  (Less.).    Abeille's  Grosbeak.' 

Genus  PINICOLA  Vieillot.     (Pago  382,  pi.  CY.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males:  General  color  dull  rose-pink  or  madder- 
pink  (rarely  varying  to  a  light  vermilion  tint),  changing  to  ash-gray  on  scapulars, 
flunks,  belly,  and  under  tail-coverts,  the  plumage  everywhere  being  of  this  color  be- 
neath the  surface  ;  scapulars  and  feathers  of  back  dusky  centrally,  causing  u  spotted 
apj)carance;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  the  middle  and  greater  coverts  broadly  tipped 
with  white  (this  sometimes  tinged  with  pink)  and  tertials  broadly  edged  with  same ; 
hccondai'ies,  primai'iep.  and  tail-feathers  nai'rowly  edged  with  light  grayish.  Adult 
females  with  wings  and  tail  as  in  the  male,  but  rest  of  plumage  grayish,  without 
any  red,  but  changing  to  a  more  or  less  bright  olive-tawny  tint  on  head  and  lower 
rump,  the  bi'cast  sometimes  tinged  with  same.  Young:  Similar  to  adult  female, 
but  colors  duller  and  more  blended,  the  wing-bands  dull  bufFy  instead  of  pure 
white,  and  texture  of  plumage  very  different.  [iVbfe. — Apparently  adult  males  are 
occasionally  found  in  Avhich  the  plumage  is  not  distinguishable  from  that  of  the 


>  Uuirac^  abcittli  Less.,  Re-    Zool.  1839,  41.     Coccothrauitei  abeillii  ScL.  &  8alv..  Ibis,  1859,  19. 


388 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


female ;  in  others,  the  general  plumage  is  that  of  the  female,  except  that  the 
olivaceous  or  tawny  color  on  head,  etc.,  is  replaced  by  a  more  reddish  tint  (varying 
from  light  dull  orange-red  to  deep  madder-brown).]  Nest  a  rather  flat  thin  struc- 
ture, of  fine  rootlets,  etc.,  in  coniferous  trees.  Eggs  greenish  or  bluish,  spotted  with 
brown  and  blackish. 

a}.  Smaller  (wing  not  more  than  4.30.  and  averaging  less  than  4.28),  with  relatively 
larger  bill  and  shorter  tarsi,  and  colors  much  duller,  the  females  with 
plumage  chiefly  olivaceous. 

Length  about  8.00-8.50,  wing  4.20-4.30  (4.25),  tail  3.60-3.70  (3.65),  ex- 
posed culmen  .55-.65  (.61),  tarsus  .80-.90  (.84).  Hah.  Northern  Europe 
and  Asia. 

P.  enucleator  (Linn.).     Pine  Grosbeak.' 
a*.  Larger  (wing  very  rarely  less  than  4.30,  and  averaging  more  than  4.40),  with 
relatively  smaller  bill  and  longer  tarsi,  and  colors  much  brighter,  the  females 
with  plumage  usually  chiefly  grayish. 
h^.  Larger,  with  propoi-tionally  much  smaller  bill  and  longer  tail ;  length  8.25- 
9.00,  wing  4.50-5.00  (4.68),  tail  3.70-4.45  (4.10),  exposed  culmen  .53-.59 
(.56),  tarsus  .87-.92  (.90).   Eggs  1.01  X  -74,  deep  greenish  blue  or  bluish 
green,  rather  sparingly  spotted   with   dark    brown   and   black.      Hab. 
Northern  North  America  in  general,  breeding  from  northern  New  Eng- 
land, Labrador,  etc.,  to  Alaska  (except  coast  south  of  the  peninsula),  and 
south  in  higher  Rock}'  Mountains  to  Utah  and  Colorado  j  in  winter, 
south  to  northern  United  States. 

515.  P.  enucleator  canadensis  (Cab.).    American  Pine  Grosbeak.' 

6'.  Smaller,  with  proportionally  much  larger  bill  and  shorter  tail ;  length  about 

8.00-8.50,  Aving  4.25-4.60  (4.45),  tail   3.00-3.80  (3.70),  exposed  culmen 

.57-.62  (.00),  tarsus  .88-.92  (.90).     Hab.  Kodiak  to  Sitka,  Alaska.    (Also 

probably  southward  to  higher  Sierra  Nevada  of  California.) 

— .  P.  enucleator  kodiaka  Eidow.    Kodiak  Fine  Grosbeak.^ 


Genus  PYRRHULA  Bhisson.     (Pago  382,  pi.  CV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  "Whole  top  of  head,  with  feathers  around  base  of  bill,  glossj'  blue- 
black  ;  hind-neck,  back,  scnpulars,  and  lesser  and  middle  wing-coverts  uniform 
ash-gray;  rump  plain  white;  upper  tail-coverts,  tail,  and  tcrlials  glossy  blue-black, 
inclining  to  dark  violaceous  steel-blue  :  greater  wing-coverts  black,  very  broadly 
tipped  with  light  ash-gray,  passing  into  white  terminally  ;  quills  dull  blackish ; 

*  Loxia  enucleator  Linn.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1788,  171.     Pinicola  enucleator  Cab.,  Mu«.  Hoin.  i.  1851,  167. 

*  Pinicoln  paiiailcuiiiii  Cab.,  Mux.  Hcln.  i.  Aug.  1851,  167. 

'  New  subspocicH.  In  Cabanis's  Jonrnnl  filr  Oruithologie,  1 880,  page  156,  Von  Homcyer  desoriboB  a  Pinicola 
Jlammnla  from  "  northwestern  America,"  which  may  possibly  bo  this  form,  though  that  it  is  more  likely  to  be 
the  ordinary  Alaskan  bird  would  appear  from  the  statement  that  the  tail  is  lomjer  than  the  ordinary  American 
bird,  which  is  exactly  the  reverse  of  the  Kodiak  bird.  It  may  be,  however,  that "  longer"  is  an  error,  or  slip 
of  the  pen,  for  "  shorter." 


CARPODACUS. 


389 


that  the 

(varying 

lin  struc- 

tted  with 


relatively 
lies  with 

3.65),  ex- 
a  Europe 

Grosbeak.^ 
.40),  with 
le  females 

igth  8.25- 
lin  .53-.59 
or  bluish 
ik.  Hab. 
^few  Eng- 
sula),  and 
n  winter, 

rosbeak.' 

th  about 
culmeu 
(Also 


a. 


rosbeak.' 


)8sy  blue- 
uniform 
uo-black, 
7  broadly 
blackish ; 

1851,  167. 

!8  a  Pinicnla 
llkoly  to  bo 
y  Aiiiorioan 
rror,  or  slip 


sides  of  head,  throat  (but  not  chin),  and  rest  of  lower  parts,  except  lower  tail- 
coverts,  uniform  pale  ash-gray,  lighter  on  cheeks;  lower  tail-coverts  and  under 
wing-coverta  white.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  male,  but  lower  parts  and  sides  of 
head  vinaceous-gray,  or  cinnamon-gray,  instead  of  clear  ash-gray.  Length  about 
6.50,  wing  3.50-3.55,  tail  3.00-3.25.  Hab.  Northern  Alaska  (Nulato)  and  portions 
of  Siberia 516.  P.  cassini  (Baird).    Cassin's  Bullfinch. 


Genus  CARPODACUS  Kaup.     (Page  383,  pi.  CVI.,  figs.  2,  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  the  plumage  partly  or  chiefly  red- 
dish ;  adult  females  olivaceous  or  grayish  above,  streaked  with  darker,  beneath 
whitish,  conspicuously  streaked  with  dusky  or  brownish  gray. 

a'.  Tail  very  much  shorter  than  wing,  deeply  emarginated  ;  adult  males  with  wing- 
feathers  edged  with  reddish.    Nest  a  rather  flat,  thin  structure,  composed  of 
fine  dry  rootlets,  grasses,  etc.,  on  horizontal  branches  of  trees.    £^ggs  2-4, 
greenish  blue  or  bluish  green,  finely  speckled,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with 
black  and  dark  brown.     (Subgenus,  Carpodacus.) 
b\  Lower  tail-coverts  without  distinct  dusky  streaks;  depth  of  bill  through 
base  equal  to  or  greater  than  length  of  gonys.     Adidt  males:  Above  dark 
dull  madder-pink,  clearer  on  rump,  deeper  and  brighter  on  top  of  head, 
the  back  moi-e  or  less  obscured  by  darker  centres  to  feathers,  and  often 
(especiall}'  in  winter)  b}'^  grayish  edgings;  feathers  of  back  streaked  me- 
diall}'  with   dusky;    lower  parts,  except  belly  and  lower  tail-coverts, 
dull  madder-pink,  the  sides  strongly  tinged  or  washed  with  this  color. 
Ad idt  females :  Above  olivaceous,  mixed  with  grayish,  and  streaked  with 
darker;  sides  of  head  with  two  distinct  brownish  stripes,  or  patches,  one 
covering  ear-coverts,  the  other  on  each  side  of  throat,  the  two  sepa- 
rated by  a  whitish  maxillary  stripe;  lower  parts  dull  white,  conspicu- 
ously streaked  with  dusky.     Young  :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  colors 
duller,  markings  less  distinct,  and  edgings  of  wing-feathers  more  buffy 
or  tawny, 
c'.   First  quill  usually  longer  than  fourth.      Adult  male  with  sides  and 
flanks  usually  not  tinged  with  brown,  and  not  distinctly  streaked ; 
if  streaked,  the  streaks  usually  narrow,  and  sharply  defined ;  back 
more  distinctly  streaked,  red  of  crown  brighter,  and  that  of  rump 
paler  and  clearer.     Adidt  female:  Top  of  head  and  back  distinctly 
streaked ;  sti-eaks  of  lower  parts  broader,  darker,  and  more  sharply 
defined.     Length  5.50-6.25,  wing  (males)  3.15-3.40  (3.27),  tail  2.30- 
2.50  (2.40).     Eggs  .80  X  .57.    Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breed- 
ing from  northern  United  States  northward. 

617.  C.  purpureas  (Gmel.).    Purple  Finoh. 
c*.  First  quill  usually  shorter  than  fourth.  Adult  male  with  sides  and  flanks 


390 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


c: 


■J* 


usually  strongly  suffused  with  brownish  and  broadly  though  not 
sharply  streaked  with  darker ;  back  very  indistinctly  streaked,  the 
central  portion  of  the  feathers  being  less  dark  and  the  edges  darker 
than  in  C.  pttrpureus ;  red  of  crown  darker  and  that  of  rump  much 
darker  and  duller  than  in  C.  purpureus.  Adult  female  with  upper 
parts  more  uniform,  and  streaks  on  lower  parts  rather  narrower, 
less  sharply  defined,  and  paler  than  in  C.  purpureus.  Length  6.00 
-6.50,  wing  (male)  3.10-3.20  (3.13),  tail  2.40-2.60  (2.49).  Eggs 
.77  X  -56.  Hah.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States,  from  southern 
California  to  Bi-itish  Columbia,  breeding  in  mountains. 

517rt.  C.  purpureus  californicus  Baird. 
California  Purple  Finch, 
ft*.  Lower  tail-coverts  with  distinct  streaks  of  dusky ;  depth  of  bill  through 
base  less  than  length  of  gonys.  Adult  male:  Top  of  head  bright  crim- 
son ;  back  and  scapulars  pinkish  brown,  the  feathers  edged  with  light 
grayish  and  sti'eaked  medially  with  dusky ;  rump  neai°ly  uniform  dull 
pinkish ;  throat  and  breast  pale  dull  rose-pink ;  rest  of  lower  pai'ts 
white,  the  sides  scarcely  tinged  with  pinkish,  and  lower  tail-coverts 
conspicuously  streaked  with  dusky.  Adult  female  :  Above  olive-grayish, 
streaked  with  dusky ;  sides  of  head  nearly  uniform  grayish  olive,  finely 
streaked  with  dusky ;  lower  parts  white,  conspicuously  streaked  with 
dusky.  Young :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  streaks  on  lower  parts 
narrower  and  less  distinct,  and  wing-edgings  more  ochraceous.  Length 
6.50-6.95,  wing  3.60-3.95,  tail  2.60-3.00.  Eggs  .86  X  .60.  Ilab.  Western 
United  States,  north  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  Eocky  Mountains, 
and  south  over  highlands  of  Mexico. 

518.  C.  cassini  Baird.  Cassin's  Purple  Finch. 
a".  Tail  rot  decidedly  shorter  than  wing,  not  distinctly  emarginated ;  adult  males 
with  wing-feathers  edged  with  pale  grayish.  Nest  a  well-built,  compact 
structure,  composed  of  dried  grass-stems,  plant-fibres,  etc.,  built  in  trees  or 
about  houses  (often  within  deserted  nests  of  other  species).  Eggs  3-6,  bluish 
white,  or  very  pale  greenish  blue,  sparsely  speckled,  chiefly  round  larger  end, 
with  black.    (Subgenus  Burrica  Eidgw.') 

Adult  males :  Above  brownish  gray  (this  sometimes  overlaid  or  replaced  by 
a  wash  or  suffusion  of  ^oddish),  without  distinct  streaks  on  back  ;  rump, 
forehead,  superciliary  stripe,  malar  region,  chin,  throat,  and  chest  reddish 
— these  reddish  areas  sometimes  running  together,  the  red  thus  covering 
the  greater  extent  of  the  plumage;  rest  of  lower  parts  whitish,  more  or 
less  extensively  streaked  with  dark  graj'ish  brown  ;  wings  and  tail  dusky 
grayish  brown,  the  feathers  edged  with  a  paler  shade  of  the  same.  Adult 
females:  Above  entirely  grayish  brown,  indistinctly  streaked  with  darker ; 
beneath  everywhere  white,  broadly  streaked  with  dark  grayish  brown. 
Voting  :    Similar  to  adult  female,  but  back  more  distinctly  streaked, 


1  New  Bubgenua.    Typo,  Fringilla  mexicana  MCll. 


CARPODACUS. 


391 


3ugh  not 
aked,  the 
es  darker 
mp  much 
th  upper 
larrower, 
igth  6.00 
)•  Eggs 
southern 

IS  Baird. 
tie  Finch. 

tb  rough 
;ht  crim- 
'ith  light 
form  dull 
ver  parts 
il-coverts 
j-grayish, 
ve,  finely 
ked  with 
v^er  parts 
Length 

Western 
ountains, 

)le  Finch. 

xilt  males 

compact 

trees  or 

-6,  bluish 

I'ger  end, 

>laced  by 
;  rump, 
t  reddish 
covci'ing 
more  or 
lil  dusky 
e.  Adult 
I  darker ; 
1  brown, 
(troaked. 


streaks  on  lower  parts  narrower  and  less  distinct,  and  wing-coverts 
tipped  with  dull  buffy. 
6'.  Bill  from  nostril  not  more  than  ,35,  its  depth  at  base  not  more  than  .35 ; 
tarsus  not  more  than  .70. 
&.  Adult  male  with  the  red  absolutely  restricted  within  very  definite  and 
sharply-defined  limits,  its  area  including  only  the  forehead  and  a 
broad  superciliary  stripe  (reaching  back   to   occiput),  the   malar 
region,  chin,  thi'oat  (sometimes  chest  also),  and  rump;  its  tint  a 
very  intense  carmine  or  crimson.    Otherwise,  not  obviously  different 
from  true  C.  frontalis.    Wing  (male)  3.05-3.10  (3.08),  tail  2.60-2.80 
(2.70).    ^a6.*  Eastern  and  southern  Mexico  (Vera  Cruz,  etc.). 

C.  mexicanus  (MVll.).  Crimson-fronted  House  Finch.' 
C*.  Adult  male  with  the  red  spreading  at  least  over  breast  (sometimes  over 
whole  lower  parts,  except  anal  i"egion  and  lower  tail-coverts,  and 
occasionally  even  tingeing  the  latter),  and  also  invading,  more  or  less, 
the  crown,  hind-neck,  back,  etc. ;  or  else,  if  absolutely  restricted 
within  very  definite  limits,  the  tint  not  an  intense  carmine  or  crim- 
son. Length  about  5.75-6.25,  wing  (male)  2.35-3.30  (3.08),  tail 
2.40-2.80  (2.57).  Eggs  .80  X  .55.  Hab.  Western  United  States, 
from  Rocky  Mountains  to  Pacific  coast  (chiefly  south  of  40°  in 
the  interior),  and  south  through  western  and  central  Mexico  to 
Colima  and  Guanajuato;  Lower  California. 

519.  C.  mexicanus  frontalis  (Say).    House  Finch.* 
6*.  Bill  from  nostril  .40,  or  more,  depth  at  base  .40,  or  more,  tarsus  .75,  or 
more. 
In  plumage  similar  to  C.  frontalis  (verus),  but  darker ;  length  about 
6.00-6.50,  wing  3.10-3.35  (3.27),  tail  2.60-2.90  (2.83),  bill  from  nos- 
tril .40-.45  (.43),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .40-.50  (.46),  tarsus  .75-.85 
(.80).    Hab.  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

520.  C.  amplus  Eidow.    Onadalupe  Eonse  Finch. 

1  Fn'ngilla  mexivana  MtlLL.,  Syst.  Nat.  Suppl.  1766,  165.  Carpodacus  mexicanus  Ridgw.,  Pr.  Biol.  Soo. 
Wash.  ii.  1885,  111. 

*  After  a  very  careful  comparison  of  more  than  a  hundred  adult  males  (in  red  or  partially  red  plumage),  I 
am  now  quite  convinced  that  the  supposed  race  named  Carpndacua  rhodocolpus  by  Cadanib  (519a.  C,  frontalis 
rhodno.olpua,  Crimson  House  Finch,  of  the  A.  0.  U.  Check  List)  is  entirely  untenable.  The  easily  recogniza- 
ble differences  of  color  (maximum  extension  of  the  red)  which  have  led  to  its  recognition  prove  to  be,  in  the 
light  of  this  abundant  new  material,  not  correlative  with  locality,  as  supposed,  but  are  evidently  on  individual 
peculiarity,  perhaps  dependent  upon  age.  I  am  not  at  all  certain,  however,  that  the  Lower-Californian  bird 
should  not  bo  separated.  A  considerable  percentage  of  the  specimens  which  I  have  been  able  to  examine  are 
80  peculiar  that  nothing  approaching  them  can  be  found  in  the  very  large  scries  from  other  localities.  These 
peculiarities  consist,  (1)  in  the  smaller  general  size,  (2)  rather  more  swollen  bill,  and  (.3)  greater  extension 
of  the  red.  This  last  peculiarity  is  carried  to  such  an  extreme  that  in  all  of  the  "Cape  St.  Lucas"  specimens 
the  under  tail-coverts  uro  deeply  tinged  with  pink,  while  in  some  even  the  wing-bands  are  pinkish-;  in  several 
the  pure  deep  madder-pink  of  the  breast  is  continued  backward  over  the  belly  and  flanks,  where  the  usual 
dusky  streaks  are  entirely  obliterated.  From  the  insufficient  material  at  my  command  I  am  unable  to  form  a 
decided  opinion  in  the  matter,  but  the  indioations  appear  very  strong  that  n  local  race,  peculiar  to  the  southern 
portion  of  Lower  California,  will  eventually  have  to  be  reoognixed,  in  antioipation  of  which  I  propose  the  name 
Oarpodacut  frontalii  ruberrimui. 


lit. 


I-  ^ 


392 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  LOXIA  Linn^eits.    (Pago  382,  pi.  CVI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  chiefly  reddish,  with  dusky  wings  and  tail, 
the  former  sometimes  marked  with  white  ;  females  plain  olive,  tinged  with  grayish 
or  yellowish,  sometimes  more  or  less  streaked  with  darker;  young  light  olive- 
grayish,  everywhere  streaked  with  dusky. 


a 


Wings  without  white  markings.     Adult  males  dull  red  (usually  brighter  on 

rump),  the  wings  and  tail  uniform  dusky.     Adult  females  olivaceous  instead 

of  red,  the  olive  varying  in  shade  from  a  grayish  to  a  yellowish  east,  often 

strongly  tinged,  in  places,  with  the  latter  color.     Young :  Pale  dingy  grayish 

or  light  olive,  paler  beneath,  everywhere  (except  on  wings  and  tail)  streaked 

with  dusky. 

b\  Smaller :  Length  5.50-6.25,  wing  3.20-3.60  (average  about  3.40),  tail  1.85- 

2.40  (average  about  2.15),  culmen  .50-.68  (average  about  .62),  depth  of 

bill  .30-.40  (average  about  .35),  tarsus  .58-.68  (average  about  .63).     Nest 

a  rather  flat  structure,  in  coniferous  trees,  composed  externally  of  spru' 

twigs,  shreds  of  soft  bark,  etc.,  lined  with  horse-hair,  fine  rootlets,  etc. ; 

cavity  about  2.50  across  by  1.25  deep,  external  diameter  about  4.00. 

Eggs  usually  4,  .75  X  -57,  pale  greenish,  spotted  with  various  shades  of 

brown,  mixed  with  purplish  gray.     Hab.  North  America  in  general,  but 

chiefly  far  northward,  and  east  of  Great  Plains  ;  breeding,  sporadically, 

south  to  Maryland  and  Virginia  near  coast,  and  to  northern  Georgia, 

Tennessee,  and  Kentucky  in  mountains. 

521.  L.  curvirostra  minor  (Brehm).  American  Crossbill. 
b*.  Larger :  Length  about  6.80-7.25,  wing  3.85-4.10  (average  nearly  4.00),  tail 
2.50-2.60  (2.54),  culmen  .72-.82  (.78),  depth  of  bill  .45-^50  (.49),  tarsus 
.65-72  (.70),  lower  mandible  averaging  heavier,  compared  with  the 
upper,  and  colors  brighter,  than  in  L.  minor.  Hah.  Southwestern  United 
States,  from  western  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Ai'izona,  south  through 
highlands  of  Mexico. 

521a.  L.  curvirostra  stricklandi  (Eidgw.).  Mexican  CrossbilL' 
;*.  Wing  with  two  broad  white  bands  (on  tips  of  middle  and  greater  coverts),  the 
two  confluent  at  upper  portion.  Adult  male  :  General  color  purplish  red  or 
dull  rosy,  occasionally  tinged  with  yellow  or  orange ;  scapulars,  wings,  and 
tail  deep  black,  the  former  varied  with  white,  as  described  above  ;  back 
clouded  with  blackish.    Adult  female :  Olive-greenish  or  grayish  above,  paler. 


1  A  large  mnjority  of  the  spcciraens  from  western  North  America,  north  of  Colorado  and  Arizona,  and  a 
"  sprinkling"  of  those  from  cnstorn  North  America  (especially  in  New  England  and  the  British  Provinces),  are 
intermediate  between  L.  minor  and  L.  ntrlcl-landi,  as  defined  above.  This  connecting  series,  which  in  the  north- 
western portion  of  the  TInitcd  States  is  sufficiently  uniform  in  its  characters  to  be  worthy  of  recognition  as  a 
geographical  race,  has  already  been  named  by  me  L.  curvtroitra  bendirei.  (See  Proo.  Biol.  Soo.  Washington, 
ii.  1884,  101 ;  author's  extras  published  April  28, 1884.) 


LEUCOSTICTE. 


393 


and  tail, 

grayish 

it  olive- 


often  more  yellowish,  beneath  ;  wings  and  tail  as  in  male,  but  duller  black. 
Young :  Pale  olivaceous,  more  dingy  whitish,  tinged  with  yellowish,  be- 
neath, everywhere  streaked  with  dusky ;  wings  and  tail  much  as  in  adults. 
Length  6.00-6.50,  wing  3.50,  tail  2.60.  Hnb.  Northern  North  America, 
breeding  from  northern  New  England  and  higher  northern  Rocky  Moun- 
tains northward;  south,  in  winter,  to  or  beyond  hit.  40°. 

522.  L.  leucoptera  Gmel.    Wliite*winged  Crossbill. 


jhter  on 
i  instead 
.st,  often 
■  grayish 
streaked 

tail  1.85- 
lepth  of 
i).  Nest 
of  spru'  '. 
lets,  etc. ; 
out  4.00. 
hades  of 
leral,  but 
■adically, 
Georgia, 

Crossbill. 

00),  tail 
tarsus 
with  the 
United 
through 

rossbilL^ 

srts),  the 
red  or 
ngs,  and 
back 
ve,  paler, 

ona,  and  a 
^incoa),  are 
the  north - 
nition  as  a 
Washington, 


Genus  LEUCOSTICTE  Swainson.    (Page  383,  pi.  CVI.,  figs.  4,  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult :  Plumage  uniform  brownish,  above  and  below, 
(sometimes  slightly  broken  by  whitish  or  reddish  tips  to  the  feathers)  ;  tail-coverts 
dusky,  broadly  tipped  with  rose-pink,  or  else  pale  hoary  gray  or  silvery  white, 
with  darker  shaft- streaks.  In  summer,  bill  entirely  deep  black,  feathers  of  anterior 
lower  parts  without  paler  tips  or  margins,  and  red  tints  brighter.  In  winter,  bill 
yellow,  tipped  with  blackish,  feathers  of  anterior  lower  parts  tipped  or  margined 
terminally  with  whitish,  the  red  tints  of  a  pinkish  hue.  Young :  Plain  brownish, 
without  black  or  gray  on  head  or  rosy  tips  to  tail-coverts,  etc.  Nest  built  among 
rocks,  bulky,  composed  of  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  soft  feathers.  Eggs  pure  white, 
without  markings. 

a\  Sides  of  lower  mandible  with  a  distinct  oblique  ridge  near  base ;  tail-feathers, 
primaries,  secondaries,  greater  wing-covert3,  and  primary  coverts   dusky, 
edged  with  paler;  tail-coverts  dusky,  broadly  tipped  with  rose-piuk  in  adults. 
(Subgenus  Leucosticte.) 
6'.  Nasal  tufts  white. 

c^.  Head  of  adult  partly  ash-gray. 

d'.  Tarsus  .85,  or  more,  culmen  .50,  or  more ;  wing  usually  more  than 
4.30,  tail  usuallj'-  more  than  3.30. 

Adult:  Forehead  and  fore-part  of  crown  black;  throat  dusky; 
rest  of  head  uniform  ash-gray ;  general  color  of  plumage 
dark  chocolate-brown,  with  a  chestnut  cast  on  breast,  the 
feathers  of  posterior  portions  tipped  with  rose-pink. 
Young:  Uniform  grayish  brown,  more  or  less  washed 
with  a  more  umber  tint;  wings  and  tail  dusky  slate,  the 
feathei's  bordered  with  palci ;  edges  of  greater  wing-coverts 
and  tertials  dull  buffy ;  no  trace  of  pink  on  tail-coverts, 
etc.,  or  of  gray  or  black  on  head.  Length  about  7.50-8.50, 
wing  4.20-4.85  (4.49),  tail  3.15-3.90  (3.49),  culmen  .50-.62 
(.57),  tarsus  .85-1.00  (.95).  Eggs  .95  X  -67.  JTab.  Aleutian 
and  Prybilof  Islands,  Alaska ;  west  to  Commander  Islands, 
Kamtschatka,  east  to  Kadiak. 

523.  L.  griseonucha  (Brandt).    Aleutian  Leucosticte. 
fiO 


394 


NORTH  AMFRICAN  TiTRDS. 


'I 


(p.  Tarsus  not  more  than  .85  (usually  much  less),  culmcn  not  more 
than  .50  (usually  less),  wing  usually  much  less  than  4.30,  tail 
usually  less  than  3.00. 
e^.  General  color  deep  cinnamon-brown. 

/'.  Gray  of  hind-head  strictly  limited  to  that  portion  above 
the  ear-coverts;  length  5.75-6.85,  wing  3.80-4.40  (4.11), 
tail  2.75-3.30  (3.00),  culmen  .40-.50  (.46),  tarsus  .75- 
.86  (.79).  Hab.  Interior  of  British  America,  near 
Rocky  Mountains;  south,  in  winter,  through  Rocky 
Mountain  district  of  United  States  (chiefly  eastern 
slope)    to    Colorado;    east,   occasionally,   to   western 

Iowa 524.  L.  tephrocotis  Swains. 

Oray-crowned  Lencosticte. 
p.  Gray  of  hind-head  spread  more  or  less  extensively  below 
upper  margin  of  ear-coverts,  sometimes  involving  en- 
tire head,  except  the  black  frontal  patch;  length  about 
6.30-7.00,  wing  3.80-4.30  (4.03),  tail  2.70-3.30  (2.95), 
culmen  .40-.50  (.46),  tarsus  .75-.85  (.77).  Hah.  Pacific 
coast  ranges  of  northwestern  North  America,  from 
Oregon  (?)  northward;  in  winter,  coast,  from  Ka- 
diak  southward,  and  southeastward  through  moun- 
tains of   the  Great  Basin   to  western  Nevada  and 

eastern  Colorado 524a.  L.  tephrocotis  litto- 

ralis  (Baird).    Hepburn's  Lencosticte. 
c'.  General  color  sooty  blackish  (male)  or  sooty  slate  (female). 

Adult  male :  Pattern  of  head  exactly  as  in  L.  tephrocotis ; 
the  cinnamon-brown  of  that  species  replaced  in  the 
male  by  sooty  black  (more  brownish  on  back)  and  sooty 
grayish  in  female  ;  length  about  6.50-7.00,  wing  3.80- 
4.25  (4.05),  tail  2.80-3.15  (2.98),  culmen  .40-.45  (.43), 
tarsus  .75-.80  (.78).  Hab.  In  winter,  central  Rocky 
Mountaiud,  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  west  to  Uintah 
Mountains,  Utah  ;  summer  range  unknown, 

525.  L.  atrata  Ridqw.    Black  Lencosticte. 
c*.  Head  of  adult  (and  young)  without  any  ash-gray. 

AdMlt  male:  General  color  light  tawny  brown  (much  less  rufes- 
cent  than  in  L.  tephrocotis  and  L.  littoralis),  deeper  on  throat, 
where  sometimes  tinged  with  purplish ;  top  of  head  blackish 
anteriorly,  grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray  posteriorly  (not 
markedly  diflFerent  from  the  general  color  of  head  and  body),  the 
edges  of  the  feathers  more  grayi&h,  sometimes  producing  a 
somewhat  scaled  appearance.  Adult  female :  Similar,  but  very 
much  paler  and  duller,  the  pinkish  tints  much  less  distinct, 
sometimes  almost  obsolete.  Young:  Plain  light  brownish,  the 
wing-coverts  more  buify;  no  pinkish  on  tail-coverts,  etc.,  nor 


ACANTHIS. 


395 


black  on  foi-ehcad.  Length  about  6.50-7.25,  wing  4.00-4.40 
(4.15),  tail  2.80-3.35  (3.09),  culmen  .40-.48  (.45),  tarsus  .70-.80 
(.77).  Hub.  High  mountains  of  Colorado  in  summer  (10,000 
feet  and  upwar^j) ;  lower  districts,  and  south  to  northern 
Mexico,  in  winter. 

526.  L.  australis  (Allen).    Browii*oapped  Lenoostiote. 
6'.  Nasal  tufts  black. 

Adult :  Head  blackish  ;  hind-neck  light  rusty  ;  general  color  of  body- 
dark  chocolate-brown ;  otherwise,  much  like  L.  tephrocotis,  and 
allies,  the  size  about  the  same.  Hab.  Northeastern  Asia,  from 
Kamtschatka  to  northern  Japan. 

L.  branneinucha  (Brandt).    Japanese  Leucosticte.' 
a*.  Sides  of  lower  mandible  without  oblique  ridge;  tail-feathers,  primaries,  second- 
aries, primary  coverts,  and   greater  coverts   light  hoary  gray  or  silvery 
white,  with   darker   shaft-streaks ;   tail-coverts   without   rosy  tips.      (Sub- 
genus Hypolia  Eidqwat.') 
Adult :  General  color  plain  sepia-brown,  paler,  and  sometimes  more  tawny, 
on  hind-neck,  the  Jail,  etc.,  silvery  whitish,  as  described  above ;  length 
about  6.00-6.50,  wing  4.60,  tail  3.15.     Hab.  Northeastern  Asia  (Siberia, 
etc.)  ;  accidental  on  Aleutian  Islands  (?) 

L.  arctoa  (Brandt).     Silvery-winged  Leucosticte.' 


Genus  ACANTHIS  Bechstein.    (Page  382,  pi.  CVII.,  fig.  1.) 


I.*  i 


Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males:  Above  streaked  with  dusky  upon  a 
brownish,  grayish,  or  whitish  ground,  the  rump  sometimes  immaculate  white  or 
pinkish ;  top  of  head  bright  red  (except  in  A.  breiosterii) ;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  the 
feathei's  edged  with  paler,  the  middle  and  greater  wing-covei*ts  tipped  with  whitish 
or  pale  brownish  ;  superciliary  region  and  lower  parts  chiefly  whitish,  but  antei'ior 
lower  parts  (except  in  A.  breiosterii)  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  and  sides  usually 
more  or  less  streaked  with  dusky ;  a  more  or  less  distinct  dusky  spot  on  chin  and 
upper  part  of  throat  (except  in  A.  breiosterii).  Adult  females :  Similar  to  the  males, 
^  but  withovit  any  red  on  breast,  etc.,  the  crown,  however,  red  as  in  male.  Young : 
No  red  whatever  on  crown  or  elsewhere ;  whole  head  streaked  with  dusky  and 
grayish  or  brownish  white,  the  latter  color  prevailing  on  under  portions;  other- 
wise much  as  in  adult  female,  but  plumage  of  much  softer,  more  "  woolly"  tex- 
ture and  markings  less  shai'ply  defined.      {Note. — Both  sexes  have  in  summer  a 


I  rringilla  (Linaria)  brunneinucha  BnANDT,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Potorsb.  Nov.  1841,  35.  Leucoaticle  brunneinucha 
Cadan.,  Mua.  Hoin.  i.  1S51,  154. 

'  Hypolia  RiDQW.,  Bull.  U.  S.  Qeol.  &  Qeog.  Surv.  Terr.  No.  2,  sec.  Bor.  May  11,  1876,  67.  Type,  Patter 
arctoui  Pall. 

*  Patter  aretout,  var.  a,  Pall.,  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  ii.  1826,  21.  Leucoiticte  arctoa  Bon ap.,  Consp.  i.  1850, 
68T. 


396 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


m 


blackish  bill,  the  red  of  a  brighter  tint  and  the  colors  darker  than  in  winter,  during 
which  season  the  bill  is  yellow  tipped  with  black,  the  lighter  markings  more  pro- 
nounced, and  the  plumage  in  general  more  or  loss  strongly  suffused  with  huffy  or 
light  ochraceous-brown.)  NeM  a  rather  bulky  structure  composed  of  small  twigs, 
straws,  etc.,  mixed  with  feathers,  warmly  lined  with  soft  feathers,  etc.,  placed  in 
bushes  or  small  trees.  Eg(js  2-5,  pale  bluish  green,  speckled,  chiefly  round  larger 
end,  with  reddish  brown,  sometimes  mixed  with  a  few  black  specks  or  lines. 

a}.  Adults  with  top  of  head  (crown)  bright  red  (usually  crimson),  and  a  dusky  spot 
covering  chin  and  upper  part  of  throat;  plumage  without  sulphur-yellow 
tinge  in  any  part. 
b^.  "Wing  exceeding  tail  by  less  than  length  of  tarsus ;  rump  plain  white  or 
pinkish  ;  sides  very  narrowly  or  sparsely,  or  not  at  all,  streaked ;  under 
tail-coverts  with  dai'ker  shaft-streaks  narrow  and  indistinct,  or  some- 
times  altogether   wanting;    inner   webs  of  tail-feathers  very   broadly 
edged  with  white;  plumage  in  general  very  light,  with  whitish  or  light 
grayish  prevailing  on  upper  parts,  the  lower  parts  almost  entirely  white ; 
adult  males  with  chest  and  sid.js  of  breast  merely  tinged  with  delicate 
peach-blossom  pink, 
c*.  Larger  (length  about  5.50-6.50),  with  proportionality  thicker  and  less 
acute  bill.     Male :  Wing  3.35-3.45  (3.37),  tail  2.70-2.85  (2.75),  ex- 
posed culmen  .32-.37  (.35),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .30-32  (.31),  tarsus 
.62--.70  (.66),  middle  toe  .32-.37  (.35).      Female:    Wing  3.25-3.35 
(3.31),  tail  2.65-2.80  (2.74),  expose*  culmen  .35-.38  (.36),  depth  of 
bill  at  base  .30-.32  (.31),  tarsus  .62-.68  (.64),  middle  toe  .32-.37  (.35). 
Hab.  Northern  Greenland  (breeding  from  69°-73°  N.  latitude)  and 
eastern  Arctic  America,  south  to  Labrador  in  winter. 

527.  A.  homemannii  (Holb.).  Greenland  Redpoll. 
c'.  Smaller  (length  about  4.50-5.25),  with  proportionally  smaller  and  more 
acute  bill.  Male :  Wing  2.95-3.10  (3.02),  tail  2.50-2.55  (2.52),  ex- 
posed culmen  .30,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .22-.25  (.23),  tarsus  .52-.58 
(.55),  middle  toe  .30-.32  (.30).  Female :  Wing  2.80-3.05  (2.87),  tail 
2.30-2.60  (2.46),  exposed  culmen  .28-.32  (.29),  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.20-.25  (.22),  tarsus  .50-.57  (.54),  middle  toe  .28-.30  (.29).  Eggs  .68 
X  -51.  Hab.  Circumpolar  continental  regions ;  in  North  America, 
south,  in  winter,  rai-ely,  to  northern  border  of  United  States, 

527a.  A.  hornemannii  exilipes  (Coues).  Hoary  RedpoU. 
fc*.  Wing  exceeding  tail  by  more  than  length  of  tarsus  ;  rump  distinctly 
streaked;  sides  distinctly,  often  broadly  and  heavily,  streaked  with 
dusky ;  under  tail-coverts  with  very  distinct  dusky  mesial  streaks  ;  inner 
webs  of  tail-feathers  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  edged  with  white ;  plumage 
in  general  darker,  with  darker  markings  prevailing  on  upper,  parts,  the 
lower  parts  never  entirely  white ;  adult  males  with  chest  and  sides  of 
breast  deep  madder-pink, 
c*.  Smaller  (length  4.50-5.25),  with  proportionally  longer  and  more  acute 


ACANTHIS. 


897 


C8 ;  inner 


bill.  (Wing  averaging  loss  than  3.00  in  males,  less  than  2.95  in 
females.) 
d}.  Smaller  (length  about  4.50-5.00),  with  proportionally  smaller  bill. 
Male :  AVing  2.80-3.05  (2.91),  tail  2.20-2.50  (2.33),  exposed  cul- 
meii  .32-.38  (.35),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .22-.27  (.24),  tarsus  .55- 
.60  (.57),  middle  toe  .33-.35  (.34).  Female:  Wing  2.75-2.90 
(2.84),  tail  2.20-2.40  (2.31),  exposed  eulmen  .30-.37  (.34),  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .20-.25  (.22),  tarsus  .55-60  (.58),  middle  toe  .30- 
.32  (.31).  Eggs  .69  X  -48.  Hab.  Northern  portions  of  northern 
hemisphere,  except  Greenland  and  certain  sea-coast  districts; 
in  North  America  migrating  south,  in  winter,  to  about  40°. 

528.  A.  linaria  (Linn.).  Bedpoll. 
d*.  Larger  (length  about  5.00-5.25),  with  proportionally  larger  bill. 
Male :  Wing  2.85-3.05  (2.96),  tail  2.25-2.45  (2.34),  exposed  eul- 
men .35-.43  (.39),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .25-.30  (.28),  tarsus  .58- 
.62  (.60).  Feviale  :  Wing  2.80-3.00  (2.89),  tail  2.25-2.50  (2.33), 
oxpo.sed  eulmen  .35-.43  (.40),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .27-.30  (.28), 
tarsus  .55-.60  (.58).  Hab.  Northern  coasts  of  Europe  and 
Asia  (Norway  to  Japan),  and  portions  of  coast  of  Alaska  ;  also 
occurring  in  winter  in  vicinity  of  Quebec* 

528a.  A.  linaria  holboellii  Brehm.  Holboell's  Bedpoll. 
c*.  Larger  (length  about  5.25-5.75),  with  proportionally  shorter,  thicker, 
and  less  acute  bill.  (Wing  averaging  more  than  3.15  in  males, 
moi'O  than  3.05  in  females ;  colors  also  usually  darker  than  in  A. 
linaria  and  A.  holboellii,  the  lateral  lower  parts  usually  much  more 
broadly  or  heavily  striped.)  Male:  Wing  3.05-3.30  (3.18),  tail  2.35- 
2.70  (2.53),  exposed  eulmen  .32-,42  (.37),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .25- 
.30  (.28),  tarsus  .60-.70  (.65),  middle  toe  .30-.40  (.36).  Female: 
Wing  2.95-3.25  (3.08),  tail  2.40-2.60  (2.51),  exposed  eulmen  .33-.42 
(.37),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .25-.30  (.28),  tarsus  .60-.68  (.63),  middle 
too  .35-38  (.37).  Ilab.  Southei'n  Greenland  in  summer,  migrating 
south,  in  winter,  through  Labrador  to  (sparingly)  the  northern 
border  of  the  United  States  (New  England,  lower  Hudson  Valley, 
northern  Illinois,  etc.),  and  west  to  Manitoba. 

5286.  A.  linaria  rostrata  (Coues).    Greater  Bedpoll. 
a'.  Adults  without  red  on  top  of  head,  or  dusky  spot  on  chin,  and  with  portions  of 
the  plumage  tinged  with  sulphur-yellow. 
Adult  female  {male  unknown)  :  Above  olive-brownish,  streaked  with  dusky, 
the  rump  tinged  with  pale  sulphur-yellow;  beneath  whitish,  faintly 
tinged  with  dull  buify  or  pale  fulvous  on  chest,  the  sides  and  lower  tail- 
coverts  streaked  with  dusky ;  wings  with  two  pale  fulvous  bands  across 

'  The  only  American  spooimens  of  this  form  that  I  hare  seen  are  fire  from  Kadiak  (breeding  birds)  and 
the  same  number  from  Quebec  (winter  specimens).  It  cannot,  of  course,  be  stated  where  the  latter  came  from, 
their  migration  from  the  northwestward  or  from  the  eastward  (possibly  Newfoundland)  through  the  St. 
Lawrence  Valley  being  equally  possible. 


i: 


'■■\% 


-i 


898  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

coverts;  quills  and  tail-feathers  narrowly  edged  with  pale  sulphur-yel- 
low ;  wing  3.00,  tail  2.50,  tarsus  .50,  middle  toe  .30,  Hab.  Waltham, 
Massachusetts  (one  specimen,  obtained  November  1,  1870). 

— .  A.  brewsterii  Ridow.    Brewster's  Linnet.' 


I  - 


Gknus  SPINUS  Keen.    (Page  383,  pi.  CVII.,  figs.  3,  4.) 

Species. 

or.  Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers,  except  two  middle  pairs,  with  a  white  spot  or 
patch. 
6'.  No  yellow  on  wings  (except  sometimes  on  lesser  coverts). 

c'.  Back  yellow  or  brownish ;  inner  web  of  tail-feathers  dusky,  becoming 
white  or  Avhitish  terminally.  Adult  male  in  summer :  Pure  lemon- 
yellow,  the  forehead,  crown,  lores,  wings,  and  tail  black ;  tail- 
coverts,  i.iiddle  (sometimes  lesser)  wing-coverts,  tips  of  greater 
wing-coverts,  and  part  of  margins  of  quills  and  secondaries  white. 
Adult  female  in  summer:  Above  olive-brownish  or  grayish,  sometimes 
tinged  with  olive-greenish,  the  wings  and  tail  blackish  dusky, 
marked  as  in  the  male  ;  upper  tail-coverts  pale  grayish  or  grayish 
white;  lower  parts  dull  grayish  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with 
yellow,  especially  anteriorly  and  laterallj'  (sometimes  entirely  soiled 
yellow,  except  under  tail-coverts).  Adult  male  in  winter :  Similar  to 
adult  female,  but  wings  and  tail  deeper  black,  with  whitish  mark- 
ings broader  and  more  distinct.  Adult  female  in  ivinter:  Similar 
to  summer  plumage,  but  more  tinged  with  brownish,  the  lighter 
wing-  and  tail-markings  broader  and  tinged  more  or  less  with 
bufFy  brownish.  Young :  somewhat  like  winter  adults,  but  much 
browner,  all  the  wing-markings  being  light  cinnamon,  the  plumage 
generally  suffused  with  this  color.  Length  about  4.45-5.40,  wing 
2.60-2.90,  tail  1.80-2.10.  Nest  a  very  neat,  cup-shaped  structure 
composed  of  compactly  woven  plant-fibres,  etc.,  lined  with  plant- 
down  and  other  soft  materials,  placed  in  tall  bushes  or  low  trees. 
Eggs  3-5,  .06  X  .'17  plain  pale  bluish  or  bluish  white.  Hab.  Whole 
of  temperate  Kor'h  America;  resident. 

529.  S.  tristis  (Linn.).  American  Ooldfinch. 
c'.  Back  olive-green  or  glossy  black,  or  with  a  mixture  of  these  colors ; 
inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  white,  tipped  with  black  (entirely  black 
in  S.  psaltria  columbiana  ;*  length  about  4.00-4.50,  wing  2.40-2.55, 
tail  1.70-1,90.  (^Adult  male:  Upper  half  of  head,  wings,  and  tail 
deep  black ;  rest  of  upper  parts  varying  from  uniform  olive- 
green  to  uniform  glossy  black  ;  base  of  quills  with  a  more  or  less 


I  No.  17,  "  Hypothetical  List"  of  A.  0.  U.  Checlt  List  (p.  354). 

'  Chiysomiirii  Columbiana  Lafb.,  Rev.  Zool.  1843,  292.    Hab.  Costa  Rica  to  Colombia  and  Venezuela. 


SPINUS. 


399 


distinct  white  patch;   lower  parts  entirely  lemon-yellow.     A'hilt 
female:   Above  plain   grayish   olive-green,  beneath    light   greenish 
yellow ;  no  black  on  head ;  wings  and  tail  as  in  the  male,  but  less 
deeply  black,  the  white  more  restricted.     Young :  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  tinged  more  or  less  with  buffy,  the  wing-coverts  tipped 
with  buff.) 
d^.  Adult  male  with  back  and  ear-coverts  plain  olive-green.     Nest  and 
eggs  like  those  of  S.  tristis,  the  latter  smaller,  averaging  .59  X 
.44.    Hab.  Western  United  States,  north  to  northern  California, 
Oregon,  Utah,  and  Colorado,  south  (in  winter  at  least)  to  liower 
California,  Sonora,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  western  Texas. 
530.  S.  psaltria  (Say).    Arkansas  Ooldfinoh. 
d».  Adult  males  with  back  and  car-coverts  either  "  solid"  black  or  more 
or  less  mixed  with  black, 
c'.  Adult  males  with  back  or  ear-coverts,  or  both,  more  or  less 
mixed  with  olive-irreen.  Ifab.  Southwestern  United  States 
and  contiguous  portions  of  Mexico,  north  to  Arizona  and 
Colorado  (accidentally?   to  Alameda  County,  Caii  ui  uia), 
east  to  Texas  and  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico. 

530rt.  S.  psaltria  arizonae  (Coues).  Arizona  GoWfi:  ch. 

e'.  Adult  males  with  back  and  ear-coverts  "solid"  glossy  black,  .uid 

yellow  of  lower  parts  brighter  than  in  other  races.     Jfab. 

Mexico  (except  northwestern  portions)  and  south  to  Costa 

Eica;  north  to  southern  Texas 5306.  S.  psaltria  mexi- 

cana  (Swains.).  Mexican  Ooldfinch. 
b*.  Outer  surface  of  wing-coverts,  secondaries,  and  primaries  chiefly  yellow. 
(Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  with  a  subterminal  white  patch.) 
Adult  male:  Anterior  part  of  head,  all  round,  including  throat  and 
fore-part  of  crown,  black;  above  bi'ownish  gray  (the  back  sometimes 
tinged  with  olive-green),  changing  to  bright  yellowish  olive-green 
on  rump;  sides  of  head  and  lateral  under  parts  lighter  brownish 
gray,  becoming  white  on  lower  tail-coverts  and  middle  of  belly; 
chest  and  breast  yellow.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  male,  but  with- 
out black  of  head,  and  colors  generally  duller,  the  yellow  less  dis- 
tinct. (In  winter,  both  sexes  colored  as  in  summer,  but  plumage 
softer  with  colors  more  subdued.)  Young :  Similar  to  adult  female, 
but  duller,  with  yellow,  especially  on  breast,  much  less  distinct, 
and  lower  parts  in(l!:<tinctly  streaked.  Length  4.50-4.70,  wing 
2.50-2.85,  tail  2.00-2.25.  Eggs  3-5,  .58  X  .44.  pure  white  or  buffy 
white.    Hab.  California ;  southeastward,  in  winter,  to  Arizona  (Fort 

Whipple) 531.  S.  lawrencei  (Cass.).    Lawrence's  Ooldfinch. 

Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  without  white  spot,  but  with  basal  portion  yellow ; 

secondaries  or  primaries,  or  both,  also  yellow  at  base. 
6\  Plumage  not  streaked,  the  head  partly,  or  entirely,  black  in  adults. 

c*.  Adult  (sexes  alike  ?)  :  Head,  all  round,  fore-neck  (down  to  chest),  wings, 


400  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

and  tail  black;  basal  portion  of  primaries,  secondaries,  and  tail- 
feathers  gamboge-yellow;    upper  parts   greenish  olive-yellow,  the 
back  sometimes  spotted  or  clouded  with  dusky;  lower  parts  rich 
gamboge-yellow.       Young:  Head  olive  above  and  yellow  beneath, 
like  body;  colors  all  duller,  but  pattern  of  wings  and  tail  same  as 
in  adult.     Length  about  4.50-4.75,  wing  2.40-2.70,  tail  1.70-2.00, 
exposed  culmen  .42-.48. 
d}.  More  yellowish  olive  above  and  brighter  yellow  beneath  ;  black  of 
throat  extending  back  to,  and  including,  upper  part  of  chest. 
Bab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  southern  Mexico,  north  at 
least  to  mountains  of  Vera  Cruz ;  accidental  in  Kentucky. 

532.  S.  notatus  (Du  Bus).    Black-headed  Goldfinch. 

(f.  More  olive-green  above,  more  olivaceous-yellow  beneath  ;  black  of 

throat  not  extending  to  chest.     Hab.  Mountains  of  Durango. 

S.  forreri  (Salt.  &  Godm.),    Ferrer's  Goldfinch.> 

c».  Adult :  Top  of  head  black  ;  back,  etc.,  dark  olive-green ;  lower  parts 

lighter  olive-green  (sometimes  more  grayish) ;  wings  and  tail  black, 

with  terminal  half  of  greater  wing-coverts  and  terminal  edges  and 

tips  of  tertials  bright  olive-green  ;  a  spot  of  bright  yellow  at  base 

of  primaries;  wing  2.80,  tail  1.80-1.90.     Ilab.  Guatemala. 

S.  atriceps  (Salv.).     Salvin's  Goldfinch.'' 

6».  Plumage  conspicuously  streaked,  above  and  below,  the  head  without  any 

black. 

Adult:    Above    grayish   or    brownish,    below    whitish,    everywhere 

streaked  with  dusky ;  basal  portion  of  secondaries  and  tail-feathers 

sulphur-yellow.      Young:  Similar  to  adult,  but  with  more  or  less 

of  a  fulvous  suffusion,  especially  on  tips  of  wing-coverts.     Length 

4.50-5.25,  wing  2.75-2.90,  tail  1.85-1.95.    Nest  usually  a  rather  flat 

though  compact  structure  of  fine  twigs,  rootlets,  hair,  plant-fibres, 

etc.,  lined  with  fine  rootlets  and  hair.    Eggs  usually  3  or  4,  about 

.62  X  -50,  pale  greenish  blue,  speckled,  chiefly  on  or  round  larger 

end,  with  reddish  brown,  usually  mixed  with  a  few  small  black 

markings.     Hab.  Northern  North  America,  breeding  from  northern 

United  States  northward,  and  south  in  llooky  Mountains;  south,  in 

winter,  to  Gulf  States  aad  Mexico. 

533.  S.  pinus  (Wils.).    Fine  Siskin. 


Genus  CARDUELIS  Brisson.*    (Pago  383,  pi.  CV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Adxdt  (sexes  alike)  :  Fore-part  of  head,  all  round,  crimson ;  lores,  hinder  part 
of  crown,  occiput,  und  bar  from  lat<^er  half-way  across  side  of  neck,  black  ;  rest  of 


*  Chri/iomitrin  forreri  Salv.  &  Godm.,  Biol.  Contr.-Am,,  Avos,  5.  Nov.  1886,  429. 

«  Chrynnmitria  atricepii  Sai.v.,  P.  Z.  S.  18fi3,  i90. 

»  Cardnelii  BnissoN,  Orn.  IH.  1760,  53,    Type,  Fringtlla  carJuelit  LiKN. 


and  tail- 
ellow,  the 
parts  I'ich 
V  beneath, 
il  same  as 

1.70-2.00, 

;  black  of 
t  of  chest. 
»,  north  at 
ucky. 

Goldfinch. 
;  black  of 
)urango. 

Goldfinch.! 
>wer  parts 


tail  black, 
edges  and 
)w  at  base 


Goldfinch.'' 
thout  any 

i'crywhere 
il-fcathers 
>re  or  less 
.  Length 
father  flat 
ant-fibi*cs, 
r  4,  about 
ind  larger 
nail  black 
northern 
south,  in 

jie  Siskin. 


PASSER. 


401 


ndcr  part 
rest  of 


head  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  buff;  back  and  scapulars  plain  brown  ;  rump 
and  upper  tail-coverts  white;  wings  and  tail  chiefly  black;  greater  portion  of 
greater  coverts,  basal  portion  of  lower  secondaries,  and  basal  half  or  more  of 
exposed  portion  of  outer  webs  of  primaries,  pure  gar.iboge-yellow ;  secondaries, 
primaries,  and  middle  tail-feathers  tipped  with  white,  the  inner  webs  of  outer  tail- 
feathers  partly  white ;  sides  of  breast,  sides,  and  flanks  plain  cinnamon-brown ; 
rest  of  !ower  parts  dull  white.  Young :  "  Head,  neck,  back,  and  scapulars  dull 
light  wood-brown  ;  wings  as  iu  the  adult  female,  but  the  primaries  are  slightly  and 
the  secondaries  broadly  tipped  witt  brownish  buft';  tail  less  marked  with  white, 
and  tipped  with  huffy  brown  ;  chin,  thi'oat,  and  under  parts  dirty  white,  the  throat 
and  the  breast  washed  with  pale  brcwn,  the  latter  very  indistinctly  spotted  with 
sooty  brown."  (Dresser.)  Length  4.75-5.50,  wing  2.90-3.15,  tail  2.00-2.10,  ex- 
posed culmen  .45-.55.  Nest  a  very  neat,  compact,  cup-shaped  structure,  composed 
of  fine  grasses,  mosses,  etc.,  mixed  and  lined  with  plant-down,  situated  in  bushes  or 
small  deciduous  trees  (often  fruit  trees).  JEggs  4-6,  .70  X  -49,  bluish  or  greenish 
white,  or  light  greenish  blue,  marked  with  reddish  brown  round  larger  end.  Hab. 
Europe  and  western  Asia;  introduced  into  and  naturalized  in  portions  of  eastern 
United  States  (breeding  in  Central  Park,  New  York  City,  vicinity  of  Cambridge, 

Mass.,  etc.). 

C.  carduelis  (Linn.).    Goldfinch.' 

'  Genus  PASSER  Brisson."     (Page  382,  pi.  CVIL,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish,  the  back  streaked  with  black ;  wing 
with  two  white  bands ;  lower  parts  dull  grayish  white  or  pale  giayish  ;  ailult 
males  with  chin,  throat,  and  lores  black,  and  lesser  wing-coverts  chestnut. 

a'.  Larger  (wing  2.85-3.00)  ;  adult  male  with  black  of  throat  continued  over  chest, 
where  forming  a  broad  patch  ;  oar-coverts  entirelj"  dull  grayish  ;  top  of  head 
grayish,  with  a  largo  patch  of  blight  chestnut  on  each  side,  from  eye  back  to 
sides  ()\'  nape ;  length  about  5.50-6.25,  wing  about  2.85-3.00,  tail  2.35-2.50. 
Nest  a  bulky  structure  of  dried  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  feathers,  placed  in 
various  odd  nooks  about  honses,  holes  in  trees,  on  branches  of  trees,  etc. 
E(jgs  4-7,  .86  X  •<^3,  dull  wh.  -^h,  thickly  speckled  and  dashed  with  dark 
brown  and  purplish  gray.  h<Jh  Europe,  etc;  unfortunately  introduced 
into  the  United  States,  where  it  nov^  occurs  univcsally  throughout  in- 
habited districts. 

P.  domesticus  (Lixn.).     European  House  Sparrow.* 

a'.  Smaller  (wing  loss  than  2.85) ;  adult  male  with  black  of  throat  not  continued 
over  chest ;  ear-coverts  with  a  largo  black  spot ;  top  of  head  entirely  liver- 


•  Fringilln  carduclin  Livx..  S.  y   i,d.  10,  1,  1768,  180.     CartlufHn  carduelit  Scn^irr.,  Orn.  Mus.  1789,  23. 
'  Pniier  Brirs.,  Orn.  iii.  TC      ■  I      Typo,  F.i»r)!Un  dnmettieit  LIN^f. 

»  FHngilla  domcfti-a  Lin;*,,  S.  N.  eJ.  10,  1.  1768,  183.    Paiter  domeiticuii  Sch.ki'P.,  Orn.  Mub.  1780,  24. 

61 


402  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

brown,  or  purplish  chestnut ;  length  about  5.00-6.00,  wing  2.80,  or  less,  tail 
2.40,  or  less.  Nest  in  holes  of  trees,  about  isolated  buildings,  etc.,  essentially 
similar  to  that  of  P.  domesticus.  Eggs  4-G.  .78  X  -55,  similar  to  those  of  P. 
domesticus,  but  a.veraging  "  smaller  and  usually  darker  and  redder."  (See- 
BOHM.)  Hab.  Europe,  etc. ;  introduced  into  the  United  States,  where  it  is 
thoroughly  naturalized  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

P.  montanus  (Linn.).    European  Tree-Sparrow.i 

Genus  PLECTROPHENAX  Stejnsger.    (Page  382,  pi.  CVH.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Prevailing  color  white,  the  inner  webs  of  tail-feathers 
(except  sometimes  of  two  middle  pairs)  entirely  so.  Adidt  males  in  summer  with 
head,  neck,  entire  lower  parts,  lower  back,  rump,  secondaries  (except,  sometimes, 
tertials),  and  greater  pai't  of  wing-coverts,  entireh^  pure  white;  back  and  scapulars 
black  or  white  ;  bill  entirely  deep  black.  {In  winter,  the  upper  parts,  sides  of  head, 
and  chest  washed  with  rusty  ;  bill  yellow,  the  extreme  tip  dusky.)  AuitH  females 
smaller  than  males,  the  upper  parts  entirely  streaked,  the  wing:?  with  ^viMcb  less 
white,  etc.  Young:  Top  of  head,  hind-neck,  and  back  and  rump  dull  grayish, 
indistinctly  streaked  with  darker;  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged 
anteriorly  with  grayish  (sometimes  uniformly  grayish  on  throat,  chest,  etc.).  Kest 
on  ground,  composed  of  dried  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  finer  grasses  and  feathers. 
Eggs  whitish  (varying  from  a  dull  purplish  to  a  greenish  tint),  speckled,  chiefly 
on  larger  end,  with  various  shades  of  brown,  usually  mixed  with  a  few  small  black 
markings. 

rt'.  3Iale  with  four  to  six,  female  with  six  middle  tail-feat?  ers  entirely  or  chiefly 
black  or  dusky ;  upper  tail-coverts  black  or  dusliy  for  whole  of  concealed 
portion.     Adult  males  with  back,  scapulars,  alula,  and  much  the  greater  part 
of  longer  quills  (both  webs)  black.     Adult  females  with  top  of  head,  back, 
scapulars,  and  lower  back  broadly  streaked  with  black  (this  largely  prov.ail- 
ing).  longer  quills  blackish  or  dusky  quite  to  tips  of  primary  covert     lo ■^:■cr 
and  greater  coverts  dusky,  tipped  and  margined  with  white,  prinuiry  c  vvr>,« 
dusky,  edged  with  white.     Young  with  wing  mostly  dusky,  only  the  mid- 
dle coverts,  tips  of  greater  coverts  and  middle  secondaries  being  white. 
b\  Smaller,  with    much   smaller  bill.      M(de :    Length  about  G. 50-7. 00,  ",'ing 
4.20-4.50  (4.38),  tail  2.80-3.15  (2.90),  culmen  .40-.42  (.41),  gonys  .22- 
.20  (.23).     Femah :  Length  about  G.00-6.50,  wing  4.00-4.10  (4.6g),  tail 
2.70-2.75  (2.74),  culmen  .39-,40  (.40),  gonys  .21-.23  (.22).    Eggs  .91  X 
.64.     Hab.  Circumpolar  regions,  except  islands  in  Bering's  Sea;  south, 
in  winter,  to  northern  United  States. 

534.  P.  nivalis  (Linn.).    Sn>  flake. 


'  Fn'npiHa  montnna  Link.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  183.     Pamer  monlanti-  Kot:H,  Baior.  Zool.  i.  ISlf ,  : 'y. 
[A  much  less  harmful  opccios  than  P.  (lomeaticvi,  HvitiR  mostly  in  buburbs  nnd  rural  districts,  where  not 
iDcreaeing  abnormally,  and  but  little  dostruotivo  to  grain  and  fruit-buds.] 


PLECTROPHENAX. 


403 


/>'.  Larger,  with  much  Uirger  and  longer  bill.  Male:  "Wing  4.25-4.70  (4.45), 
tail  2.85-3.20  (2.99),  culmcn  .47-.52  (.50),  gonys  .26-.29  (.28).  Female : 
AVing  4.10-4.25  (4.20),  tail  2.75-2.80  (2.77),  culmcn  .48-.50  (.49),  gonys 
.24-.27  (.26),  Eggs  .93  X  -69.  Hub.  Prybilof  Islands,  Alaska,  and  Com- 
mander Islands,  Kamtschatka. 

— .  P.  nivalis  townsendi  RiDcnv.  Prybilof  Snowflake.' 
a'.  Male  with  black  on  only  two  middle  tail-tbathors,  and  on  those  restricted  to  a 
Bubterminal  spot  (sometimes  almost  obsolete) ; /(?mrt/t' with  only  four  mid- 
dle tail-feathers  chiefly  blackish.  Adult  male  in  summer :  Pure  white,  in- 
cluding entire  bu^.k ;  a  blackish  spot  on  inner  web  of  first  tertial  (sometimes 
second  also)  ;  terminal  portion  (less  than  exposed  half)  of  longer  quills  black, 
this  reduced  on  fifth  quill  (and,  if  present,  on  sixth  also)  to  a  small  spot  near 
tip  of  inner  web,  the  outer  Avebs  of  all  edged  and  margined  terminally  with 
white;  two  middle  tail-featliers  marked  near  end  of  inner  webs  with  a  small 
black  spot;  bill  entirely  black.  Iti  winter,  sLnilar,  but  top  and  sides  of  head 
washed  Avith  deep  rusty,  the  hind-neck,  back,  rump,  and  band  across  chest 
more  faintly  tinged  with  same;  bill  yellow,  tijjped  with  dusky.  Adult  female 
in  summer:  Pure  white,  the  back  and  scapulars  narrowly  streaked  with 
blackish  (streaks  broader  and  more  wedge-shaped  on  scapulars),  tertiala  with 
most  of  concealed  portion  l)lackish,  the  outer  webs  partly  huffy  brown,  outer 
wobs  of  second  to  fourth,  fifth,  or  sixth  quill  dusky  quite  to  the  base,  but 
broadly  edged  with  white,  all  of  them  broadly  margined  at  tips  with  the 
same;  alula)  dusky  bordered  Avith  white,  and  prit.aiy  coverts  sometimes 
duskj'  medially,  but  often  entirely  white  ;  four  middle  tail-feathers  blackish 
or  dusky,  broadly  margined  (both  webs)  with  white,  this  involving  nearly 
Avhole  of  outer  Aveb  of  next  to  middle  pair;  bill  dusky.  In  wifter  similar, 
but  upper  parts,  especially  top  of  head  and  ear-coverts,  washed  with  rusty, 
and  bill  yellow,  tipped  Avith  dusky.  Young :  Top  of  head,  hind-neck,  back, 
scapulars,  rump,  and  loAver  tail-coverts  brownish  gray  (rather  paler  than 
in  P.  nivalis),  tho  scapulars  and  interscapulars  dusky  centrally,  forming  broad 
but  indistinct  streaks ;  tertials  Avith  tips  of  both  Avebs  and  broad  edging  to 
outer  web  umber-bi'OAvn,  tho  rest  black ;  wings  otherwise  chiefly  Avhite,  but 
mai"ked  Avith  dusky,  as  in  adults ;  loAver  parts  dull  Avhite,  purer  posteriorly, 
tinged  Avith  pale  smoky  gray  anteriorly  ;  bill  lemon-yelloAv.  Male  :  Length 
about  7.00-7.50,  Aving  4.00-4.65  (4.62).  "tail  3.10-3.15  (3.12).  culmen  .44,  gonys 
.24-.25.  Female:  L^Migth  about  6.50-7.00,  wing  4.20-4.30  (4.25),  tair2.70- 
2.90  (2.83),  culmen  .42-.43,  gonys  .23.  Hab.  Breeding  on  Hall  Island  (prob- 
ably also  St.  Matthew's  Island),  Bering's  Sea,  and  in  winter  visiting  Avostern 
coast  of  Alaska  (3t.  Michael's  to  Nushagak). 

635.  P.  hyperboreus  Eidqw.    McKay's  Snowflake. 


1  Now  gubspooies.    Typo,  No.  106,695,  Ottor  Island,  Boring's  Son,  Juno  8, 1886  j  C.  H.  Townsond. 


404 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


C^i' 


Genus  CALCARIUS  Bechstein.    (Pago  383,  pi.  CVIL,  fig.  6.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  :  Top  of  head  black ;  hind-ueck  deep  rufous 
or  buff;  rest  of  upper  parts  light  brownish,  broadly  streaked  with  dusky  or  black; 
outer  tail-feathers  with  more  or  loss  of  white.  Adult  females :  Above  similar  to 
males,  but  without  black  on  head,  and  usually  without  distinct  rufous  or  buff  on 
hind-neck ;  lower  parts  mainly  dull  whitish  or  buffy.  Nest  on  ground,  composed 
of  dried  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  feathers,  etc.  J^ggs  3-6,  dull  whitish,  spotted  or 
speckled  with  brown  (varying  to  nearly  uniform  brownish). 

a^  Wing  more  than  3.50 ;  all  the  tail-feathers  with  inner  webs  dusky  at  base  (in 
C.  pifn-:s  confined,  on  exterior  feather,  to  inner  edge). 

6'.  Inne.  .  '  f  outer  tail-feather  chiefly  dusky  ;  under  wing-coverts  and  axil- 
lars  ,  ish  white,  distinctly  grayish  beneath  surface  ;  breast  and  belly 
white.  Adult  vude  in  summer  :  Head  and  chest  deep  black,  relieved  by  a 
broad  white  or  buffy  stripe  behind  eye,  continued  downward  (vertically) 
behind  ear-coverts  and  then  backward  along  sides  of  chest ;  sides  broadly 
streaked  or  striped  with  black  ;  rest  of  under  parts  white  ;  hind-neck  deep 
chestnut-rufous  ;  lesser  wing-coverts  grayish,  feathers  black  in  centre. 
Adult  male  in  winter :  Black  of  head  confined  to  crown,  posterior  and 
lower  border  of  ear-coverts,  lowo"  part  of  throat,  and  patch  on  chest, 
and  more  or  less  obscured  by  whitish  or  pale  bi'ownish  tips  to  feathers ; 
sides  of  1  cad  (including  lores  and  greater  part  of  ear-coverts)  mostly 
dull  light  brownish  ;  rufous  on  hind-neck  also  similarly  obscured.  Adult 
female  in  summer :  Much  like  winter  male,  but  markings  more  sharply 
defined,  black  areas  of  chest,  etc..  more  restricted  and  still  more  broken, 
hind-neck  streaked  with  blackish,  and  size  smaller.  Adult  female  in  ivin- 
ter :  Similar  to  summer  plumage,  but  browner  and  less  sharply  streaked 
above,  hind-neck  often  without  trace  of  rufous,  lower  parts  dull  brown- 
ish white,  and  dusky  markings  of  chest,  etc.,  very  indistinct.  Young : 
Above  taw  \y  buffy,  everj'-where  (except  on  wings  and  tail)  broadly 
streaked  with  black ;  beneath  pale  buffy,  the  lower  thi-oat,  cliest,  and 
sides  of  breast  broadly  streaked  with  blackish.  Male :  Length  about 
6.10-6.90,  wing  3.60-3.90.  Female  :  Length  about  6.50-6.00,  wing  3.50- 
3.60.  Fggs  .83  X  -00,  varying  from  dull  whitish  spotted  with  brown  to 
nearly  uniform  umber-brown.  Hab.  Circumpolar  regions ;  in  North 
America  migrating  sout}\ward  to  northern  United  States,  sometimes  as 
far  as  South  Carolina  (rarely),  Kentucky,  Kansas,  Nevada,  etc. 

536.  C.  lapponicus  (Linn.).    Lapland  Longspur. 

6'.  Inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  chiefly  white;  under  wing-covorts  j.nd  axil- 
lars  wholly  pure  white ;  entire  lower  parts  buffy.  Adult  male  in  summer  : 
Top  and  sides  of  head  deep  black,  relieved  by  a  broad  white  stripe  bo- 
bind  eye,  a  narrow  white  stripe  along  middle  portion  of  car-coverts,  and 


CALCARIVS. 


405 


tp  rufous 
»r  black ; 
milar  to 
i-  buff  on 
omposcd 
)otted  or 


,  base  (in 

and  axil- 
[ind  belly 
jved  by  a 
ertically) 
8  broadly 
leck  deep 
n  centre. 
3rior  and 
on  chest, 
feathers ; 
i)  mostly 
Adult 
}  sharply 
e  broken, 
lie  in  ivin- 
streaked 
U  brown- 
Young  : 
broadly 
icst,  and 
th  about 
ing  3.50- 
brown  to 
in  North 
etimes  as 

Longspur. 

.nd  axil- 

summer : 

stripe  bo- 

rcrts,  and 


a  white  malar  stripe,  much  widest  posteriorly;  hind-neck  and  entire 
lower  parts  deep  ochraceous-buif,  the  first  streaked  with  dusky  ;  anterior 
lesser  wing-coverts  deep  black,  posterior  ones  pure  white,  forming  a  con- 
spicuous bar,  widest  above.  Adult  male  in  winter  :  Black  of  head  entirely 
replaced  bj''  streaked  brownish,  the  throat  and  chest  also  more  or  less 
streaked  with  dusky;  otherwise  much  as  in  summer,  but  middle  and 
greater  wing-coverts  distinctly  tipped  with  white.  Adult  female  in  sum- 
mer :  Much  like  winter  male,  but  smaller,  paler,  and  grayer,  without  deep 
black  or  pure  white  on  lesser  wing-coverts  ;  in  winter,  similar,  but  more 
buff}'.  Male :  Length  6.40-6.50,  wing  3.60-3.70.  Female  :'  Length  about 
5.50-6.00,  wing  3.45-3.60.  Eggs  .83  X  -50,  similar  to  those  of  C.  lapponi- 
cus,  but  averaging  lighter  in  color,  the  whitish,  distinctly  sjiotted  style 
prevailing.  ITab.  Interior  of  Arctic  America  (chiefly  Mackenzie  River 
Valley)  in  summer,  bi'eeding  north  to  Arctic  coast  and  upper  Yukon 
Valley ;    south,  in   winter,  over  Great  Plains  and  prairies  to  Illinois, 

Texas,  etc 537.  C.  pictus  (Swains.).    Smith's  Longspur. 

rt'.  Wing  not  more  than  3.50;  all  the  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  with  basal 
portion  of  inner  webs  white  (outer  webs  also,  except  two  middle  pairs). 
Adult  male  in  summer:  Top  of  head,  stripe  behind  eye,  spot  on  lower  part 
of  ear-coverts,  chest,  breast,  and  belly,  black,  the  lower  parts  sometimes 
touched  with  rufous  or  chestnut ;  hind-neck  deep  rufous;  broad  super- 
ciliary stripe,  chin,  and  throat  white  ;  cheeks  pale  buff,  this  sometimes 
overspreading  lores,  ear-coverts,  chin,  and  upper  throat ;  infulljAumage, 
the  lesser  wing-coverts  deep  black,  with  posterior  row  pure  white. 
Adult  male  in  winter :  Black  of  head  and  lower  parts  more  or  less  ob- 
scured or  even  concealed  by  light  brownish  or  dull  buffy  tips  to  the 
feathers ;  otherwise,  essentially  as  in  summer.  Adult  female :  Above 
light  grayish  buffj'  brown,  streaked  with  dusky ;  beneath  pale  grayish 
buffy  brown,  or  dull  grayish  buff,  the  breast  and  belly  sometimes 
streaked  with  darker;  under  tail-coverts  dull  buff}'  whitish.  (Plumage 
softer  and  colors  more  blended  in  winter.)  Young:  Above  duskj',  the 
feathers  edged  and  margined  with  dull  whitish  and  pale  brownish 
buff;  wing-coverts  tipped  with  dull  whitish;  an  indistinct  streaked 
whitish  superciliary  stripe;  ear-coverts  streaked  dusky  and  pale  brown- 
ish; malar  region,  chin,  and  throat  white,  flecked,  more  or  less,  with 
grayish  dusky;  rest  of  lower  parts  dall  grayish  buff,  streaked,  especially 
on  breast,  with  dusky.  Length  5.25-6.50,  wing  3.20-3.50.  Eggs  .75  X 
.56,  dull  white,  pinkish  white,  buffy  white,  or  greenish  white,  distinctly 
speckled  or  spotted  with  various  shades  of  brown  and  blackish.  JIab. 
Great  Plains,  north  to  the  Saskatchewan;  south,  in  winter,  to  Texa.s, 
New  Mexico  Arizona,  and  table-lands  of  Mexico. 

538.  C.  ornatus  (Towns.).    Chestnnt-oollared  Longspur. 


# 


406 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  RHYNCHOPHANES  Baird.    (Page  383,  pi.  CVIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  white,  broadly  tipped  with  black  (outer 
feathers  almost  entirely  white).  Adult  male  in  summer :  Middle,  and  posterior 
lesser,  wing-coverts  rufous ;  crown,  rictal  stripe,  and  crescentic  patch  on  chest 
bUiclf ;  sides  of  head  grayish  ;  back,  etc.,  gray  or  brownish,  streaked  with  dusk}' ; 
lower  parts  (except  chest)  white,  tinged  laterally  with  grayish.  Adult  male  in  win- 
ter:  Crown  and  other  upjjer  parts  dull  brownish  buff,  streaked  with  dusky;  black 
rictal  streak  obsolete,  and  black  patch  on  chest  hidden  by  light  dull  huffy  tips  to 
feathers.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  winter  male,  but  without  concealed  black  on 
chest  or  rufous  on  Aving-coverts ;  the  colors  brownish  above  and  dull  huffy  be- 
neath in  winter,  grayer  above  and  whiter  beneath  in  summer.  Young :  Upper 
parts  dusky,  the  feathers  broadly  bordered  with  pale  graj'ish  buff;  beneath  white, 
distinctly  washed  with  buff  across  chest,  where  sometines  indistinctly  streaked. 
Length  about  5.12-6.50,  wing  3.30-3.80,  tail  2.25-2.80.  Mest  on  ground  in  open 
phxces,  composed  of  dried  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  the  same,  usually  mixed  with  hair 
and  feathers.  Eggs  3-6,  .79  X  -60,  similar  to  those  of  Calcarius  ornatus,  but  usually 
with  grou"d-colo''  more  olive.  Hab.  Great  Plains,  breeding  from  western  Kansas 
north  to  tl.e  Saskatchewan,  migrating  south,  in  winter,  through  Texas,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  Arizona  to  plateau  of  Mexico 539.  R.  mccownii  (Lawr.). 

McCown's  Longspur. 


Genus  POOCffiTES  Baird.    (Page  384,  pi.  CVIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Above  brownish  or  brownish  gray,  everywhere  streaked  with  dusky  ; 
lesser  wing-coverts  more  or  less  distinctly  rusty,  sometimes  inclining  to  rufous ; 
outer  tail-feathei's  partly  white ;  lower  parts  dull  white,  streaked  along  sides  of 
throat  and  across  chest  with  dark  grayish  brown.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but 
markings  less  shai'ply  defined.  Nest  on  ground,  in  open  grassy  places,  composed  of 
dried  grasses,  etc.  Eggs  3-6,  pale  buffy,  pinkish  buff}*,  or  dull  whitish,  stained  with 
rusty  brownish  and  speckled  or  otherwise  marked  with  a  deeper  shade  of  the  same, 
usually  mixed  with  darker  spots  or  lines. 

a'.  Colors  browner,  with  broader  streaks ;  wing  and  tail  averaging  shorter,  and  bill 
stouter;  length  5.50-6.70,  wing  2.95-3.40  (3.17),  tail  2.40-2.75  (2.57),  exposed 
culmen  .38-.46  (.42),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .30-.35  (.32),  tarsus  .80-87  (.83). 
Eggs  .81  X  -60.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to  Nova  Scotia  and  On- 
tario, west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains,  breeding  from  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
Missouri  northward 540.  P.  gramineus  (Gmel.).    Vesper  Sparrow. 

a'.  Colors  grayer,  with  narrower  sti*eaks ;  wing  and  tail  averaging  longer,  and  bill 
more  slender;  length  about  6,00-6.75,  wing  3.00-3.50  (3.27),  tail  2.40-2.80 
(2.65),  exposed  culmen  .40-.48  (.43),  depth  of  hill  at  base  .25-.28  (.26),  tarsus 


AMMODRAMUS. 


407 


.1.) 


jk  (outer 
posterior 
on  chest 
h  dusky ; 
lie  in  win- 
:y ;  black 
y  tips  to 
black  on 
buffy  bc- 
r ;  Upper 
,th  white, 
streaked. 
1  in  open 
with  hair 
it  usually 
n  Kansas 
iew  Mex- 
,  (Lawr.)- 
Longspur. 


dusky ; 

0  rufous ; 
sides  of 

adult,  but 
1 posed  of 
ined  with 
the  same, 

and  bill 
,  exposed 
-.87  (.83). 

1  and  On- 
icky,  and 
Sparrow. 

',  and  bill 
2.40-2.80 
6),  tarsus 


.82-.90  (.84).  Eggs  .84  X  -60.  Hab.  Western  North  America,  north  into 
British  America,  east  to  Manitoba  and  eastern  border  of  the  Great  Plains, 
south  to  plateau  of  Mexico. 

540a.  P.  gramineus  confinis  Baird.    Western  Vesper  Sparrow. 

Genus  AMMODRAMUS  Swainson.     (Page  384,  pi.  CVIIL,  figs.  3-7;  pi.  CIX., 

fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Upper  parts  conspicuously  streaked  (except  in  A.  ma- 
ritimus),  the  chest  and  sides  also  streaked  in  most  species ;  some  species  with  the 
edge  of  the  wing  and  a  supraloral  streak  yellow.  Nest  on  ground,  in  grassy  places, 
or  in  grass  or  sedges  in  marshes.     Eggs  3-6,  speckled  or  spotted. 

a}.  Outer  pair  of  tail-feathora  longer  than  middle  pair;  difference  between  lyngth 
of  tail  and  wing  much  greater  than  length  of  bill  from  nostril  (the  wins; 
much  the  longer),  and  depth  of  bill  at  base  much  less  than  its  length  from 
nostril. 
h^.  Tail  three  times  as  long  as  tarsus,  flightly  cmarginato,  or  double-rounuad, 
the  depth  of  the  emargination  much  less  than  the  distance  fr  ^m  eye  to 
nostril,  the  feathers  broader  and  less  pointed  at  tip.     Nest  on  gi-^uiid,  in 
meadows  or  c'^her  grassy  places.     Eggs  pale  brownish,  varying  to  dull 
whitish,  or  greenish  white,  spotted,  speckled,  or  blotched  with  brown, 
occasionally  with  a  few  darker  lines  or  spots.     (Subgenus  Passerculus.) 
c'.  Culmen  straight  or  even  depressed  (concave)  in  middle  portion,  the  bill 
decidedly  compressed ;  primaries  exceeding  tertials  by  more  than 
length  of  exposed  culmen  ;  upper  parts  conspicuously  streaked  with 
blackish. 
d^.  Exposed  culmen  not  longer  than  hind-toe,  without  claw,  and  w'ng 
more  than  seven  times  as  long  as  exposed  culmen. 
Above  pale  grajMsh,  the  top  of  head  and  back  streaked  with 
pale  brown  and  blackish,  the  latter  enclosed  as  a  narrower 
streak  within  the  former;   median  stripe  on  crown  dull 
light  grayish  buff  or  dull  buffy  whitish  ;  superciliary  stripe 
similar,  but  paler,  rarely  yellowish  anteriorly ;  outer  sur- 
face of  greater  wing-coverts  and  tertials  pale  buffy  brown  ; 
malar  stripe  pale  buff  or  whitish  ;  lower  parts  white  tinged 
with  pale  brownish  bxiff  along  sides  (sometimes  acroas  chest 
also),  the  chest  and  side.-,  streaked  with  brown  (darker  me- 
dially) ;  length  6.00-6.75  (6.50),  wing  2.85-.^.20  (.3.02),  tail 
2.25-2.55  (2.38),  exposed  culmen  .38-.45  (.41),  depth  of  bill 
at  base  .25-.28  (.26),  tarsus  .85-.95  (.93).     Eggs  .81  X  .62. 
Hab.  Breeding  on  Sable  Island,  Nova  Scotia;  in  winter, 
migrating  along  Atlantic  coast,  south  to  Virginia  and  coa-^t 
of  Texas...  541.  A.  princeps  (Mayn.).    Ipswich  Sparrow. 


408 


r 

It'    > 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

(P.  Exposed  culmen  longer  than  hind-toe,  without  claw,  and  wing  less 
than  seven  times  as  long  as  tarsus. 

Above  grayish  brown,  streaked  with  black,  the  broad  black 
streaks  on  back  edged  with  narrower  dull  whitish  or  light 
buify  grayish  streaks ;  superciliary  stripe  usually  decidedly 
yellow,  especially  anteriorly,  rarely  without  yellow ;  be- 
neath white,  sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  buffy  laterally 
and  across  chest  (especially  in  winter),  the  sides  of  throat, 
chest,  sides,  and  flanks  sti'eaked  with  blackish.  Young 
essentially  similar  to  adults,  but  lighter  streaks  of  upper 
parts  more  butty,  dusky  streaks  of  lower  parts  less  sharply 
defined,  and  superciliary  stripe  usually  without  yellow,  and 
finely  streaked  with  dusky. 
e\  Superciliary  and  median  crown-etripes  very  distinct ;  flanks 
rather  narrowly  streaked ;  lower  tail-coverts  usually  with- 
out visible  streaks. 
/^  Wing  averaging  more  than  3.00,  and  never  (?)  less  than 
2.90. 

General  tint  above  light  grayish  brown,  with  broad 
black  and  narrower  light  grayish  streaks  of  back 
sharply  contrasted ;  superciliary  stripe  usually 
decidedly  j'cllow  throughout  (brighter  anteri- 
orly); length  about  5.80-6.15,  wing  2.90-3.20 
(3.07),  tail  2.10-2.40  (2.24),  exposed  culmen  .40- 
.50  (.46),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .25-.32  (.29),  tarsus 
.85-.95  (.90).  Hab.  Northwest  coast,  from  Una- 
lashka  eastward  and  southward  (to  northern  Cali- 
fornia in  winter?) 542.  A.  sandwichensis 

(Gmfx.).    Sandwich  Sparrow. 
.A  Wing  averaging  much  less  than  3.00,  and  never  (?)  more 
than  2.90. 
g^.  Bill  stouter  (usually  more  than  .22,  and  averaging  .24, 
deep  at  base). 
Colors  much  as  in  A.  sandwichensis,  but  aver- 
aging    browner,     with     superciliary     stripe 
less    continuously  or  conspicuously  yellow; 
length  about  4.85-5.50,  wing  2.60-2.90  (2.73), 
tail  1.90-2.20  (2.07),  exposed  culmen  .38-.43 
(.40),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .21-.27  (.24),  tar- 
sus   .78-.90    (.82).      Eggs    .78  X  -56.      Hab. 
Eastern     North     America,     breeding     from 
northern   United    States    to    Labrador    and 
Hudson's  Bay  Territory. 

542a.  A.  sandwichensis  savanna 
(WiLs.).    Savanna  Sparrow. 


K'-.-jS'iII 


AMMODRAMUS. 


409 


g^.  Bill  smaller  and  more  slender  (usually  less  than  .22, 
and  averaging  only  .21,  deep  at  base). 
h^.  Paler  and  grayer,  averaging  more  so  than  A. 
sandwichensis ;  length  4.75-5.90,  wing  2.65- 
2.90  (2.80),  tail  1.95-2.30  (2.14),  exposed  cul- 
men  .37-.40  (.39),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .20- 
.22  (.21),  tarsus  .75-.85  (.80).  Eggs  .75  X  .55. 
Hab.  Western  North  America,  except  (in 
general)  Pacific  coast;  breeding  from  Rocky 
Mountain  plateau  north  to  the  Yukon  district 
of  Alaska,    migrating    south,   in   winter,   to 

Mexico 5426.  A.  sandwichensis  alaudi- 

nus  (BoNAP.).  Western  Savanna  Sparrow. 
A*.  Dai'kcr  and  browner,  averaging  more  so  than  A. 
savanna,  with  the  breast  and  sides  usually 
more  heavily  (sometimes  more  thickly) 
streaked,  the  whole  head  often  suffused  with 
yellow;  wing  2.50-2.75  (2.65),  tail  1.95-2.15 
(2.02),  exposed  culmen  .40-.43  (.41),  depth  of 
bill  at  base  .21-.25  (.22),  tarsus  .65-.80  (.79). 
Eggs  .75  X  -56.  Hab.  Salt  marshes  about 
San  Francisco  Bay,  California. 

542c.  A.  sandwichensis  bryanti  Eidgw. 
Bryant's  Marsh  Sparrow. 
e*.  Superciliary  and  median  crown-stripes  usually  very  indistinct 
(sometimes   nearly   obsolete) ;    longer    lower    tail-coverts 
streaked  with  black  (streaks  rarely  concealed). 
Similar  to  A.  sandwichensis  bryanti,  but  upper  parts  more 
heavily  streaked  with  black  on  a  much  more  uniform 
and  more  olivaceous  brown  ground,  sides  of  head  and 
neck   darker,  anterior   portion  of  superciliary  stripe 
duller,   more    olivaceous,   yellow,   lower    parts    more 
thickly  and  heavily  marked  with  black,  wing  and  tail 
shorter,  and  bill  larger ;  length  about  5.00-5.25,  wing 
2.45-2.70  (2.58),  tail  1.80-2.10  (1.97),  exposed  culmen 
.40-.50  (.44),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .21-.25  (.23),  tarsus 
.78-.85  (.82).     Hah.  Salt  marshes  of  southern  Califor- 
nia, south  to  Todoa  Santos  Island,  Lower  California. 
543.  A.  beldingi  Ridqw.    Belding's  Harsh  Sparrow, 
c*.  Culmen  regularly  curved  from  the  base,  without  depression  in  middle 
portion,  the  bill  more  swollen  ;  primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by 
less  than  length  of  exposed  culmen ;  upper  parts  indistinctly  streaked 
with  darker. 
d}.  Bill  from  nostril  .36,  or  more ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  .26,  or  more ; 
general  color  above  light  brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown; 

62 


410 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


length  about  5.30,  wing  2.55-2.95  (2.71),  tail  1.5)5-2.30  (2.11), 
exposed  culmon  .48-.52  (.49),  deptli  of  bill  i;t  base  ,26-.29 
(.28),  tarsus  .80-.95  (.87).  Hab.  Coasts  of  southern  California, 
Lower  California,  and  Sonora;  south,  in  wiutci',  to  Cape  St. 
Lucas  and  Guaymas. 

544.  A.  rostratus  Cass.    Large-billed  Sparrow. 

(P.  Bill  from  nostril  only  .32,  depth  of  bill  at  base  only  .22 ;  general 

color  above  dull  brownish  slate;  length  about  5.00-5.15,  wing 

2.55,  tail   1.95,  culraen  .45,  tarsus  .82.     Hab.  Vicinity  of  Cape 

St.  Lucas 544rt,  A.  rostratus  guttatus  (Lawr.). 

St.  Lucas  Sparrow. 

fc".  Tail  only  two  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  tarsus,  deeply  emarginate,  the 

lateral  pair  of  feathers  longest,  the  depth  of  the  emargination  equal 

to  distance  from  eye  to  nostril,  the  feathers  all  narrow  and  pointed 

at  tip.     (Subgenus  Centronyx  Baird.) 

Adult :  Head  ochraceous  or  buffy,  deepest  on  crown,  nearly  or  quite 
white  on  chin  and  throat ;  top  of  head  streaked  Avith  black,  es- 
pecially laterally ;  maxillary  stripe  bordered  above  and  below  by 
blackish  rictal  and  submalar  stripes ;  lower  parts  white,  the  chest, 
sides,  and  flanks  streaked  with  black ;  upper  parts  light  brownish, 
vai'ied  by  lighter  edgings  and  blackish  spotting.  Young :  Similar 
to  adult,  but  feathers  of  crown  and  back  distinctly  bordered  with 
bufty,  and  streaks  on  chest  less  sharply  defined.  In  lointer,  the 
buffy  coloring  much  more  pronounced  than  in  summer,  strongly 
tingeing  chest  and  sides.  Length  5.10-5.85,  wing  2.65-3.05.  Nest 
on  ground,  in  open  grassy  situations,  composed  of  dried  grasses, 
etc.  Eggs  3-5,  .79  X  .59,  whitish  (varying  in  tint),  spotted  with 
reddish  bi'own  and  lined  with  black.  Hab.  Great  Plains,  from 
Dakota  and  Montana  to  the  Saskatchewan  in  summer ;  south,  in 
winter,  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

545.  A.  bairdii  (Ald).    Baird's  Sparrow. 
a'.  Outer  pair  of  tail-feathers  shorter  than  middle  pair;  difference  between  length 
of  tail  and  wing  not  greater  than  length  of  bill  from   nostril,  or  else  tail 
longer  than  w'ing  and  much  graduated  ("  Coturtiiculus"  leconteii),  or  depth  of 
bill  at  base  equal  to  its  length  from  nostril  ("  Coturniculus"  savannarum). 
fc*.  Crown  divided  by  a  very  distinct  lighter  median  stripe,  between  two  latei'al 
blackish  ones.     Nest  on  ground,  bulky,  with  deep  cavity,  often  more  or 
less  arched  over  on  top,  composed  of  dried  grasses.     Eggs  3-5,  white, 
speckled  or  spotted,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  reddish  bi'own,  some- 
times mixed  with  a  few  small  blackish  markings  and  touches  of  lilac- 
gray.    (Subgenus  Coturnictilus  Bonap.) 
c^  Tail  double-rounded,  the  lateral  feathers  only  a  little  shorter  than  mid- 
dle pair  (difference  between  their  tips  much  less  than  length  of  bill 
from  nostril),  the  middle  pair  much   shorter  than  next  (longest) 
pair ;  bill  stout,  its  depth  at  base  equal  to  or  greater  than  length 


AMMODRAMUS. 


411 


the 


from   nostril.      Adult:   Crown   blackish  or   dark   brown,   streaked 
with  light  grayish  bufty  and  divided  by  a  very  distinct   median 
lino  of  pale   grayish    buffj   rest   of    upper  parts    mixed   grayish, 
bufty,  and  reddish  brown,  spotted  with  black ;  sides  of  head,  chin, 
throat,  chest,   and   sides   plain   bufty,   the   chest   and  sides   indis- 
tinctly streaked  vvith  brown  in  winter;  belly  white  ;  edge  of  wing 
yellow.     Young :  Essentially  like  adult,  but  with  little  if  any  red- 
dish brown  on  upper  parts,  which  have  feathers  more  conspicuously 
bordered  with  palo  bufty  and  dull  whitish,  and  the  median  crown- 
stripe  more  ashy  whitish ;  lower  parts  entirely  dull  huffy  whitish, 
the  chest  distinctly  streaked  with  dusky. 
d}.  Darker  colored,  with  (usually)  shorter  wing  and  tail  and  thicker 
bill ;    length  about  4.85-5.20,  wing  2.35-2.G0  (2.43),  tail  1.80- 
2.00  (1.87),  exposed  culmen  .40-.47  (.43),  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.28-.31    (.29),    tarsus    .75-.82    (.73).      Eggs   .73   X   -58.      Hab. 
Eastern    United   States   and    southern    Canada,   wintering   in 
Gulf  States,  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Porto  Eico,  and  Gulf  coast  of 

Mexico 546.  A.  savannarum  passerinus  (AYils.). 

Grasshopper  Sparrow. 
(P.  Paler,  with  (usually)  longer  wing  and  tail,  and  more  slender  bill; 
length  about  5.00-5.50,  wing  2.50-2.60  (2.52),  tail  1.76-2.00 
(1.91),  exposed  culmen  .40-.47  (.42),  depth  of  bill  at  ba.se  .20- 
.28  (.25),  tarsus  .75-.80  (.77).  Eggs  .75  X  -57.  Hab.  Western 
United  States,  east  to  Great  Plains,  south  over  table-lands  of 

Mexico 546rt.  A.  savannarum  perpallidus  Ridow. 

Western  Grasshopper  Sparrow. 

c*.  Tail  graduated,  the  latei-al  feathers  much  shorter  than   middle  pair 

(diff'erence  between  their  tips  much  greater  than  length  of  bill  from 

nostril),  the  middle  pair  longest. 

d}.  Tail   not   longer  than  wing,  its   graduation   decidedly  less  than 

length  of  exposed  culmen  ;  bill  stout,  its  depth  at  base  nearly 

or  quite  equal  to  length  from    nostril ;    a  blackish  rictal  and 

(usually)  siibmalar  streak.     Adult :  Head  and  neck  buff'}'  olive, 

the  crown  heavily  streaked,  except  along  middle  line,  with 

black,  the  hind-neck  much  more  narrowly  streaked ;  back  and 

scapulars  chestnut     o.Lhers  centred  with  black  and  narrowly 

edged  or  bordereu   ^.\.h  whitish;    wings  mainly  chestnut;   a 

blackish  streak  behind    eye,    another  from  corner  of  mouth, 

and  another  along  each  side  of  chin  and  upper  tliroat  (last 

sometimes    indistinct) ;   chin   and   throat   pale   buff"   or   huffy 

whitish  ;  chest,  sides,  and  flanks  deeper  buffy',  streaked  with 

blackish;  belly  whitish.      Young:  Above  dull  brownish  bufty, 

streaked  and  spotted  with  black  ;  beneath  light  buff",  the  sides 

(but  not  chest)  streaked  with  black ;  a  distinct  black  streak 

from  corner  of  mouth,  but  none  on  side  of  chin  or  throat. 


''i- 

'f 


412 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


r-St\- 


Length  about  4.75-5.25,  wing  2.10-2.20,  tail  1.90-2.05.  E(j<js  .74 
X  .57.  Mab.  Eastern  United  State.s,  north  to  Ontario  and 
southern  New  England,  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains;  winters 
in  Gulf  States..  547.  A.  henslowii  (Auu.).  Henslow's  Sparrow. 
iP.  Tail  decidedly  longer  than  wing,  iis  graduation  greater  than  length 
of  exposed  culmen ;  bill  small  and  slender,  its  depth  at  base 
less  than  length  from  nostril  ;  no  dusky  rietal  or  submalar 
streaks.  Adult:  Median  crown-stripe  butt' a"*"norly,  the  rest 
pale  buffy  grayish  or  dull  butty  whitish  ;  latei  i^jes  streaked 

blackish  and  brownish,  the  -former  usually  predominating 
(nearly  uniform  black  in  summer) ;  hind-neck  streaked  chest- 
nut and  pal 3  buffy  or  buffy  grayish  ;  sides  of  head,  including, 
broad  superciliary  stripe,  buffy  (deeper,  almost  ochraceous,  in 
winter,  paler,  sometimes  nearly  white,  in  summer),  the  lores 
and  ear-coverts  light  gra^'ish  or  brownish,  the  latter  bordered 
above  by  a  blackish  streak,  becoming  larger  posteriorly  ;  ante- 
rior and  lateral  lower  parts  buffy,  the  sides  and  flanks  streaked 
with  blackish  ;  belly  white ;  upper  parts  brownish,  spotted  or 
striped  with  blackish  and  streaked  Avith  whitish  or  buffy. 
Yonng :  General  color  buff,  deeper  above,  paler  beneath,  the 
belly  whitish;  upper  parts  streaked  and  striped  with  blackish, 
the  chest,  sides,  and  flanks  more  narrowly  st  iked  with  the 
same.    Length  4.40-5.50,  wing  1.87-2.0G,  tail  2.25.   Xest  in 

damp  or  marshy  meadows.  I'Jggs  about  .75  ,^  ,  speckled  or 
spotted  sparsely  on  larger  end  with  brown  and  black  (sometimes 
thickly  speckled  or  sprinkled  with  brown).  Hab.  Great  Plains 
and  more  western  prairies,  breeding  from  Dakota,  Minnesota, 
etc.,  to  Manitoba,  migrating  southward  and  eastward,  in  winter, 
through  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  etc.,  to  South  Carolina,  and 
Gulf  States  from  Florida  to  Texas. 

548.  A.  leconteii  (Aud.).    le  Conte's  Sparrow. 
i'.  Crown   without  distinct    median    stripe.      JVest  on    or   near   ground,   in 
marshes,  supported  between  upright  stalks  of  sedges  or  coarse  grasses 
(sometimes  in  low  bushes),  composed  of  dried  grasses  or  sedges,  the  en- 
trance occasionally  through  one  side.     I^ggs  3-5,  whitish  speckled  or 
spotted  with  bi'own.    (Subgenus  Ammodramus  Swains.) 
c'.  Edge  of  wing  very  pale  yellowish,  supraloral  streak  deep  buff  or  ochra- 
ceous, like  the  rest  of  the  very  distinct  superciliary  stripe ;  malar 
stripe  deep  buff  or  ochraceous.    (Above  olivaceous,  mixed  or  glossed 
with  ashy,  the   sides  of  the   back  streaked  with   ashy,  buffy,  or 
whitish,  the  crown  with  two  broad  lateral  stripes  of  sepia-brown 
enclosing  a  narrower  and  less  distinct  one  of  grayish ;  chest  and 
sides  more  or  less  distinctly  washed  with  buff  or  ochraceous  (often 
deeply  of  this  color)  and  streaked  with  dusky  or  grayish.     Young  : 
Above  dull  ochraceous,  the  back  broadly  streaked  with  black,  and 


AMMODRAMUS. 


413 


sides  of  tbo  crown  chiofly  of  the  lattei*  color;  lo^vor  parts  entirely 

buff,  streaked  on  chest  with  dusky.) 
d}.  Colors  of  upper  part  usually  not  shaqily  contrasted ;  chest  often 
nearly  white,  and  frequently  with  the  streaks  dusky,  or  black- 
ish, and  very  sharply  defined  ;  length  4.80-5.85.  Male:  Wing 
2.17-2.36  (2.27),  tail  1.90-2.25  (2.06),  culmen  .53-.5')  (.57),  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .23-.27  (.25),  tarsus  .86-.91  (.89>  Female:  Wing 
2.18-2.42  (2.23),  tail  1.90-2.13  (1.98),  culmen  .53-.58  (.56),  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .2.3-.26  (.24),  tarsus  .85-.87  086).  Eijgs  .76  X 
.57,  brow^nish  white,  finely  speckled  or  simnkled  with  dull  rusty 
brown.  Hnb.  Salt  marshes  of. Atlantic  coast,  from  Prince 
Edward  Island  and  Nova  Scotia  to  North  Carolina. 

549.  A.  caudacutus  (Gmel.).  Sharp-tailed  Sparrow, 
d*.  Colors  of  upper  parts  usually  very  sharply  contrasted,  especially 
the  chalky  white  streaks  of  back,  as  compared  with  the  rich 
umber-brown  ground-color ;  chest  and  sides  usually  very  deep 
buff  or  ochraceous,  never  (?)  very  distinctly  or  sharply  streaked 
with  dusky.  Male:  Wing  2.12-2.33  (2.24),  tail  1.98-2.21 
(2.07),  culmen  .49-.53  (.51),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .23-.26  (.25), 
tarsus  .80-.87  (.84).  Female:  Wing  2.15-2.20  (2.18),  tail  1.83- 
2.09  (1.99),  culmen  .50-.52  (.51),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .23-.26 
(.25),  tarsus  .82-.85  (.83).  Ilab.  Fresh-water  marshes  of  east- 
ern United  States,  chiefly  in  Mississippi  Valley;  east  during 
migrations   to   marshes  of  Atlantic   coast   (Massachusetts   to 

South  Carolina) 549a.  A.  caudacutus  nelsoni  Allen. 

Nelson's  Sparrow, 
c'.  Edge  of  wing  and  supraloral  streak  yellow ;  no  distinct  8U])erciIiary 

sti'ipe  ;  malar  stripe  whitish. 
d}.  Above  nearly  plain  olivaceous,  tinged  with  ashj',  the  wings  and 
tail  more  brownish;  beneath  grayish  white,  the  chest  streaked 
with  dull  grayish.  Young :  Crown  and  back  broadly  streaked 
with  black  ;  lower  parts  huffy  white,  the  chest  and  sides  streaked 
with  dusky.  Length  about  5.25-6.00,  wing  2.40-2.55,  tail  2.10- 
2.25,  culmen  .60-.67,  tarsus  .90-. 95.  Eggs  .80  X  -62,  greenish 
white  or  brownish  white,  eoarsf'y  speckled  with  umber-brown. 
Hab.  Salt  marshes  of  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts,  from  Massachu- 
setts to  Texas..  550.  A.  maritimus  (Wils.).  Seaside  Sparrow. 
<P.  Above  black,  indistinctlj'  streaked  with  olive  and  grayish  ;  beneath 
white,  broadly  streaked  on  breast  and  sides  with  black ;  edge 
of  wing  and  short  stripe  on  sides  of  forehead  bright  yellow ; 
length  5.75-6.25  (5.95),  wing  2.25-2.40,  tail  2.10-2.50,  culmen 
.50-.60,  tarsus  .80-.92.    Hab.  Southeastern  Florida  (marshes  of 

Indian  Eiver) 551.  A.  nigrescens  Eidgw. 

Dusky  Seaside  Sparrow. 


414 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


rate 


Genus  CHONDESTES  Swainson.    (Page  383,  pi.  CIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish  or  brownisli  pray,  the  back  streaked 
with  blackish;  tail-feath( rs  (except  middlo  pair)  broadly  tipped  with  white; 
lower  parts  chieflj  white.  Adxdt :  Crown  and  ear-coverts  chestnut,  the  former 
divided  medially  by  a  pale  brownish  gray  or  grayish  buff  stripe  (whitish  anteri- 
orly), the  chestnut  passing  anteriorly  into  l^liickish ;  a  black  streak  across  'ores, 
and  one  along  each  side  of  throat ;  a  small  black  spot  on  middle  of  chest.  Young : 
Crown  and  ear -coverts  gi-a3ash  brown,  the  former  streaked  with  blackish ;  whole 
plumage  usually  more  or  less  suffused  with  buffy,  and  chest  streaked  with  dusky. 
JVcst  on  ground  or  in  bushes  or  trees,  composed  of  dried  grasses,  etc.  Eggs  3-5, 
pure  white  (sometimes  with  a  faint  bluish  or  bi'ownish  tinge),  speckled  and  lined, 
chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  black  and  dark  brown. 

a}.  Averaging  darker  and  grayer,  with  black  stieaks  on  back  broader  and  chestnut 
of  head  rather  darker;  wings  and  tail  shorter;  length  5.75-6.75,  wing  3.20- 
3.80  (3.49),  tail  2.70-3.00  (2.82).  Eggs  .80  X  -61.  ITab.  Mississippi  Valley, 
north  to  southern  Michigan,  east  to  Ohio  (casually  to  Atlantic  coast),  south 
to  eastern  Texas,  Louisiana,  etc. 

552.  C.  grammacus  (Say).    lark  Sparrow. 

a'.  Averaging  paler  and  browner,  with  black  streaks  on  back  narrower,  and  chestnut 
of  head  rather  lighter ;  wings  and  tail  longer;  length  G. 50-7. 25,  wing  3.35- 
3.70  (3,58),  tail  2.60-3.35  (2.93).  Eggs  .80  X  -63!  JIab.  Western  United 
States,  fast  to  Great  Plains  and  middle  Texas,  south  over  table-lands  of 
Mexico. 

552rt.  C.  grammacus  strigatus  (Swains.).    Western  lark  Sparrow. 


Genus  ZONOTRICHIA  Swainson.    (Page  385,  pi.  CIX.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters, — Back  brownish,  streaked  with  blackish ;  lower  back, 
rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  plain  olive-brownish  or  gr.ayish  brown  ;  wing  with  two 
white  bands;  tert'als  and  uppermost  greater  wing-coverts  broadly  edged  with 
chestnut,  this  passing  terminally  into  white  ;  tail  without  Avhite  ;  lower  parts  plain 
whitish  or  grayisli  (streaked  in  young).  Adults  with  head  wholly-  black  {Z.  quer- 
yla),  or  else  with  a  broad  black  stripe  on  each  side  of  crown.  Nest  on  or  near 
ground,  in  open  places  (sometimes  in  bu.shes),  composed  of  dried  grasses,  etc. 
Eggs  3-5,  pale  greerash  bhio,  greenish  white,  or  buffy  whitish,  spotted,  speckled, 
or  sprinkled  with  rusty  brown. 

a\  Top  of  head  black,  without  trace  of  median  stripe,  or  of  yellow ;  sides  and  flanks 


ZONOTRICHIA. 


415 


light  buffy  brown,  broadly  streaked  with  dusky ;  adult  with  whole  chin  and 
throat,  lores,  and  top  of  head  uniform  black. 
Adult:  Sides  of  head  dull  brownish  white  or  light  grayish  brown;  rest 
of  head  mainly  uniform  blaok ;  breast  (except  centrally)  and  belly  pure 
white.  Immature :  Top  of  head  black,  but  this  much  obscured  by 
whitish  or  buffy  borders  to  feathers ;  whole  side  of  head,  including  sides 
of  forehead  and  superciliarj'^  region,  buffy;  chin  and  throat  white,  bor- 
dei'ed  along  each  side  by  a  blackish  streak  (sometimes  blotched  with 
black)  ;  middle  of  chest  blotched  or  spotted  with  black  rv  dark  brown  ; 
otherwise  like  adult ;  length  6.75-7.75,  wing  3.20-3.G0  (average  about 
3.40),  tail  3.30-3.75.  F<jgs  (identification  somewhat  doubtful),  .87  X  -68, 
buffy  whitish,  thickly  speckled  with  burnt-umber,  slightly  mixed  with 
purplish  gray.  Hab.  More  eastern  Great  Plains  and  more  western 
prairies,  breeding  from  eastern  Montana  (?)  north  to  Manitoba ;  south, 
in  winter,  to  Texas,  and  east  to  Iowa,  western  lUinoIs,  Missouri,  etc. 

553.  Z.  querula  (Nutt.).    Harris's  Sparrow, 
a'.  Top  of  head  black  or  brown,  divided  bj^  a  distinct  median  stripe  of  white,  buff, 
3'ollow,  or  gray ;  sides  and  flanks  grayish  brown,  without  di.><tinct  streaks, 
or  else  with  sides  of  forehead  yellow  and  back  rusty  brown  ;  adults  with 
chin  and  throat  whitish  or  light  grayish. 
b^.  Back  gray,  grayish  brown,  or  smokj^  brown,  streaked  with  brown  or  black; 
chin  ana  throat  not  abruptl)^  white;  sides  of  forehead  not  yellow. 
c^.  Middle  crown-stripe  entirely  white,  ashy,  or  buffy  ;  top  of  head  without 
yellow. 

Adults  with  lateral  crown-stripes  deep  black,  median  stripe  white  or 

pale   ashy ;    a   broad  white    superciliary  stripe,  below  which  is  a 

narrower  black  stripe  behind  eye  (sometimes  continued  in  front  of 

it).      Immature,  with  lateral  crown-stripes  and  streak  behind   eyo 

chestnut-brown  or  burnt-umber  brown,  middle   crown-stripe   dull 

buffy,  superciliary  stripe  dull  light  buffy  grayish. 

d'.  Edge  of  wing  white;  white  or  buffj'  median  crown-stripe  broad  as 

or  broader  than  lateral  black  or  brown  stripes;  adults  with 

back  ashy  streaked  with  burnt-umber  or  vandyke-brown,  and 

chest  ashy. 

c*.  Lores  black  or  dark  brownish,  the  white,  grayish,  or  dull  buff 

Bupcrciliaiy  stripe  not  reaching  to  1)111 ;  length  6.50-7.50, 

wing  3.00-3.30  (3.19),  tail  2.80-3.20  (3.00),  exposed  cubnen 

.38-.45   (.41),   tarsus   .90-.98   (.91).      E<j(js   .85  X  -61,  palo 

greenish  blue,  varying  to  pale  cinnamon-brown,  speckled, 

sprinkled,  or  spotted  with  reddish  brown.     Hab.  Breeding 

from  higher  mountain  ranges  of  western  United  States, 

Sierra  Nevada,  Rocky  Mountains,  and  eastward,  north  of 

Great  Lakes,  to  Labrador;  in  winter,  over  whole  of  United 

States,  and  south  into  Mexico. 

654.  Z.  leucophrys  (Fonsx.).    White-crowned  Sparrow. 


■f 


416 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


r.Wt 


e".  Lores  entirely  I'ght  ashy  or  buffy,  continuous  with  the  super, 
ciliary  stripe  of  same  color;  length  6.00-7.17,  wing  2.90- 
3.30  (3.09),  tail  2.85-3.10  (2.98),  exposed  culmen  .38-.42 
(.40),  tarsus  ,85-.92  (.88).  Eggs  .86  X  -60,  similar  to  those 
of  Z.  leucophrys,  but  cinnamon-colored  or  rusty  style  pre- 
dominating, instead  of  the  reverse.  Hab.  Breeding  through- 
out Alaska  (except  coast  east  and  south  of  the  peninsula), 
and  eastward  through  Mackenzie  Eiver  basin ;  in  winter, 
south  throughout  western  United  States  into  Mexico,  east 
to  edge  of  Great  Plains  (casually  farther). 

555.  Z.  inte     ..edia  Ridgw.    Intermediate  Sparrow. 
(P,  Edge  of  wing  pale  yellow ;  white,  ashy,  or  buffy  median  crown- 
stripe  usually  narrower  than  '       c  or  brown  lateral  stripes; 
adult  with  back  smoky  brown   .>r   olivc-bvown,  striped  with 
dark  sepia-brown  or  sooty  blackish,  and  chest  brownish  gray. 
Lores  ashy  or  otherwise  light-colored,  as  in  Z.  intermedia  ; 
length  about  5.75-6.75,  wing  2.70-3.20  (2.92),  tail  2.60-3.00 
(2.75),  exposed  culmen  .35-.48  (.41),  tarsus  .82-1.00  (.91). 
Eggs  .84  X  -64,  colored  like  those  of  Z.  intermedia.     Hab. 
Coast  ranges  of  California  and  north  to  British  Columbia. 
556.  Z.  garabeli  (Nutt.).    Gambel'B  Sparrow. 
c*.  Middle  crown-stripe  yellow  anteriorly  (whole  forehead  suffused  with 
yellow  in  younger  birds). 

Adult:  Median  crown-stripe  yellow  for  anterior  half,  or  more, 
then  ashy.  Immature  birds  with  yellow  duller  and  more  or  less 
streaked  or  flecked  with  dusky,  the  lateral  stripes  poorly  de- 
fined, brownish,  streaked  with  darker.  (In  genei'al  coloring, 
except  on  head,  closely  resembling  Z.  gambeli.')  Length  about 
7.00-8.00,  wing  3.00-3.40,  tail  3.25-3.50.  Eggs  .82  X  -61,  col- 
ored like  the  more  distinctly  spotted  style  of  Z.  leucophrys. 
Hab.  Pacific  coast,  breeding  from  northern  California  (?)  north 
to  Norton  Sound,  Alaska;  during  migrations,  cast,  irregularly, 
to  Rocky  Mountains,  casually  to  Wisconsin. 

557.  Z.  coronata  (P.all.).    Oolden-crowned  Sparrow. 
6'.  Back  rusty  brown,  or  chestnut,  streaked  with  blackish  ;  chin  and  upper 
throat  white,  abruptly  contrasted  with  ash-gray  of  lower  throat  and 
chest ;  sides  of  forehead  yellow. 

Adult:  Top  of  head  with  a  narrow  grayish  white  median  and  two 
broad  black  lateral  stripes ;  superciliary  stripe  bright  yellow  ante- 
riorly (back  to  above  eye),  the  rest  whitish.  Immature :  Superciliary 
and  median  crown-stripes  dull  buffy  or  light  brownioh,  the  former 
more  or  less  distinctly  yellowish  anteriorly;  lateral  'irown-stripoa 
dark  brownish ;  ash-gray  of  ear-coverts  and  chest  obscured  by 
brownish.  Young :  Broad  lateral  crown-stripes  dull  vandyko-b.o ..  n, 
narrow  median  stripe  dull  whitish  or  pale  brownish ;  superciliary 


SPIZELLA. 


417 


le  super, 
ng  2.90- 
i  .38-.42 
to  those 
tylo  pre- 
through- 
ninsula), 
II  wintei", 
jico,  east 

Sparrow, 
n  crown- 
l  stripes; 
ped  with 
jh  gray. 
termedia ; 
2.60-3.00 
L.OO  (.91). 
'w.     Hab. 
iolumbia. 
I  Sparrow. 
used  with 

or  more, 
ore  or  less 
poorly  de- 
coloring, 
gth  about 
X  .61,  col- 
leiicophrys. 
(?)  north 
regularly, 

I  Sparrow. 

iviid  upper 
iroat  and 

and  two 
How  ante- 
iperciliary 
he  former 
wn-stripes 
soured  by 
ko-b .  o ..  n, 
iperciliary 


stripe  dirty  brownish  white,  scarcely,  if  at  all,  yellowish  anteri- 
orly; throat  not  distinctly  whitish,  and  chest  dirty  brownish  white, 
streaked  with  dusky.  Length  6.30-7.65,  wing  2.80-3.15,  tail  3.05- 
3.35.  JEggs  .83  X  .59)  similar  in  color  to  those  of  Z.  intermedia. 
Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  northern  United  States 
northward ;  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains,  casually  to  Utah. 

558.  Z.  albicollis  (Gmel.).    White-throated  Sparrow. 


Genus  SPIZELLA  Bonaparte.    (Page  385,  pi.  CIX.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Back  and  scapulars  brownish,  streaked  with  black ; 
lower  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  plain  grayish  or  grayish  brown,  or  else 
very  indistinctly  streaked  ;  greater  wing-coverts  (and  usually  middle  coverts  also) 
tipped,  more  or  less  distinctly,  with  white  or  light  brownish ;  lower  parts  plain 
whitish,  grayish,  or  pale  brownish  (belly  always  white)  in  adult,  streaked  with 
dusky  in  young,  except  of  S.  atrigularis. 

a'.  With  head  more  or  less  conspicuously  marked,  but  without  black  on  chin  or 

throat ;  young,  streaked  beneath. 

b^.  Wing  with  two  distinct  white  bands ;  lower  mandible  yellow ;  adult  with 

dusky  spot  in  centre  of  chest.    (Adult :  Top  of  head  and  streak  behind 

eye  deep  rufous  ;  rest  of  head  and  neck  plain  ashj',  the  hind-nock  tinged 

with  brown  ;  back  mixed  rufous  and  light  tawny  or  dull  buff'y,  streaked 

with  black ;   lower  parts  pale  ashy  anteriorly  and  laterally,  the  sides 

and  flanks  tinged  with  butfy  (strongly  so  in  winter).     Young :  Top  of 

head  dull  brownish,  streaked  with  dusky ;  superciliary  stripe  and  sides 

of  head  and  neck  dull  whitish,  finely  streaked  with  darker ;  chest  pale 

dull  bufFy,  tinged  laterally  with  rusty,  and  distinctly  streaked  with 

dusky.     Nest  on  ground  or  in  low  bushes,  composed  of  dried  grasses, 

feathers,  etc.    Eggs  3-5,  colored  like  those  of  Zonotrichia  leucophrys.) 

c*.  Plumage  darker  throughout,  the  ground-color  of  back  largely  rusty  or 

rufous,  and  the  black  streaks  broader ;  rufous  of  crown  darker,  and 

never  with  more  than  a  slight  indication  of  median  ashy  stripe ; 

outer  webs  of  greater  wing-coverts  and  tertials  bright  rufous  or 

rusty ;  whitish  or  light  ashy  edgings  to  tail-feathers  narrower,  wings 

and  tail  shorter,  bill  rather  stouter,  etc. ;  length  about  6.00-6.50, 

wing  2.80-3.10  (2.95),  tail  2.60-2.90  (2.70).    Eggs  .76  X  .58.     Hab. 

Eastern  North  America,  breeding  in  Labrador  and   region  about 

Hudson's  Bay ;  south,  in  winter,  through  eastern  United  States, 

west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains. 

559.  S.  monticola  (Gmel.).    Tree  Sparrow. 
c*.  Plumage  paler  throughout,  the  ground-color  of  back  with  little  if  any 

63 


418 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


rusty  or  rufous,  and  the  black  streaks  narrower ;  rufous  of  crown 
paler  and  frequently  (especially  in  wintei-)  with  distinctly  indicated 
(sometimes  broad  and  continuous)  median  ashy  stripe ;  outer  webs 
of  greater  wing-coverts  and  tertials  paler,  more  buffy  or  ochraceous ; 
whitish  edgings  to  tail-feathers  broader,  wings  and  tail  longer,  bill 
rather  more  slender,  etc. ;  length  about  6.00-6.75,  wing  2.80-3.15 
(3.07),  tail  2.65-3.05  (2.85).  Eggs  .78  X  .55.  Hah.  Western  North 
America,  breeding  in  Alaska  (and  for  an  undetermined  distance 
southward),  wintering  in  western  United  States,  south  to  Texas, 
New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

559a.  S.  monticola  ochracea  Brewst.    Western  Tree  Sparrow. 
6*.  Wing  without  two  distinct  white  bands ;  lower  mandible  without  yellow ; 
adult  without  dusky  spot  in  centre  of  chest. 
&.  Wing  decidedly  longer  than  tail. 

J}.  Tarsus  less  than  twice  as  long  as  culmen  ;  a  distinct  dusky  streak 
behind  eye. 
e'.  Colors  lighter,  the  adult  with  crown  deep  rufous  and  lower 
parts  whitish  or  very  pale  ashy.     Summer  adult :  Top  of 
head  rufous,  sometimes  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  indica- 
tion of  an  ashy  median  line ;  forehead  black,  divided  by  a 
white  median  line;   a  broad  white  or  pale  grayish  super- 
ciliary stupe,  bounded  below  by  a  narrow  blackish  stripe 
through   eye ;  ear-coverts  and  sides  of  neck  ashy ;   lower 
parts  white  or  ashy  white,  more  tinged  with  ashy  on  sides ; 
bill  black.     Winter  adult:   Essentially  similar  to  summer 
plumage,  but  colors  duller  and  darker,  more  or  less  tinged 
with  brown  on  lower  parts,  black  on  forehead  indistinct  or 
obsolete,  and  rufous  of  crown  usually  more  or  less  stx'eaked 
with  dusky;  bill  cinnamon-brownish.     Young:  Top  of  head 
light  brownish,  distinctly  streaked  with  blackish ;    super- 
ciliary stripe  buffy  whitish,  narrowly  streaked  with  dusky ; 
breast,  etc.,  streaked  with  dusky.    Nest  in  trees  or  bushes, 
often  about  houses,  composed  of  slender  grass-stems,  etc., 
and  lined  with  horse-hairs.     Eggs  3-5,  light  greenish  blue, 
speckled,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  black  and  bi'own. 
/*.  Darker  colored,  the  back  decidedly  tinged  with  rusty  and 
more   broadly  streaked    with   black,  ear-coverts  usu- 
ally deeper  gray,  more  distinctly'  contrasted  with  purer 
white  superciliary  stripe  and  throat,  the  wings  and  tail 
averaging  decidedly  shorter;  length  5.00-5.85,  wing 
2.55-2.90  (2.75),  tail  2.20-2.60  (2.37).     Eggs  .69  X  -BO. 
Hab.   Eastern  North  Amoi'ica,  north  in  the  interior 
to  Great  Slave  Lake,  west  to  Great  Plains ;  wintering 
from  about  40°  southward. 

560.  S.  socialis  (Wilb.).    Chipping  Sparrow. 


SPIZELLA. 


419 


crown 
dicatcd 
3r  webs 
aceous ; 
^er,  bill 
80-3.15 
I  North 
listanco 

Texas, 

parrow. 

yellow ; 


y  sti*eak 

id  lower 
Top  of 
t  indica- 
led  by  a 
h  super- 
jh  stripe 
r ;  lower 
)n  sides ; 
summer 
58  tinged 
stinct  or 
streaked 
of  bead 
super- 
dusky  ; 
bushes, 
ms,  etc., 
sh  blue, 
wn. 

sty  and 
rtB  usu- 
th  purer 
and  tail 
15,  wing 
9  X  BO. 
interior 
intoring 

Sparrow. 


/'.  Paler,  the  back  light  brown,  with  little  if  any  rusty  tinge, 
and  more  narrowly  streaked  rith  black,  ear-coverts 
usually  paler  gray,  contrasting  less  strongly  with 
duller  or  more  grayish  white  of  superciliary  stripe  and 
throat,  the  wings  and  tail  averaging  decidedly  longer  ; 
length  5.25-5.90,  wing  2.65-2.90  (2.80),  tail  2.40-2.70 
(2.51).  Eggs  .67  X  -50.  Mab.  Western  North  America, 
east  to  Rocky  Mountains,  north  to  beyond  60°,  in 
summer ;  south,  in  winter,  to  southern  Mexico. 

560a.  S.  socialis  arizonse  (Coues). 
Western  Chipping  Sparrow. 
e'.  Colors  darker,  the  adult  with  crown  dai'k  chestnut  and  lower 
parts  ashy,  becoming  whitish  only  on  belly  and  under  tail- 
coverts.  (Otherwise  like  S.  socialis  in  colors.)  Wing  2.80, 
tail  2.45,  culmen  .40,  tarsus  .68.  Hub.  Highlands  of  Guate- 
mala. 

S.  pinetorum  Salv.     Guatemalan  Chipping  Sparrow.' 
d*.  Tarsus  more  than  twice  as  long  as  culmen ;  no  dusky  streak  be- 
hind eye. 

Adult:  Top  of  head  dull  tawny  brown,  indistinctly  streaked 
with  darker  brown ;  rest  of  head,  including  anterior  por- 
tion of  forehead,  plain  ashy,  becoming  gradually  paler 
(almost  white)  on  chin  and  throat ;  chest  very  pale  gray- 
ish buffy,  the  sides  and  flanks  similar  but  rather  doepor ; 
belly  and  under  tail-coverts  white ;  back  grayish  tawny, 
broadly  fc- caked  with  black;  middle  wing-coverts  tipped 
with  pale  buffy,  but  greater  coverts  without  light  tips; 
bill  cinnamon ;  length  (skin)  about  4.50,  wing  2.70,  tail 
2.50,  culmen  .35,  tarsus  .72.  Hab.  New  Mexico  (vicinity 
of  Silver  City). 

564.  S.  wortheni  Ridgw.    Worthen's  Sparrow.' 
c'.  Wing  not  longer  than  tail  (usually  shorter). 

(IK  Upper  parts  with  more  or  less  of  rusty,  and  top  of  head  and 
hind-neck  without  dusky  streaks.  {Adult:  Top  of  head  with 
two  rusty  or  sandy  brownish  lateral  stripes  and  a  dull  grayish 
median  stripe,  the  latter  often  indistinct,  sometimes  nearly 
obsolete ;  back  streaked  with  black,  on  a  uniform  rusty,  rusty 
and  buff'y  grayish,  or  chiefly  buffy  grayish,  ground ;  both  rows 
of  wing-coverts  tipped  with  whitish  or  light  buffy;  a  rusty 
streak  behind  ej'e,  enlarged  to  a  spot  posteriorly,  sides  of  head 

^  Sp\»eUa  p\netor»m  Sai.VIN,  P.  Z.  S.  18fi.1,  189. 

'  It  is  somowhat  doubtful  whether  thla  species  is  correctly  placed  in  the  section  oharaotoriied  by  having  the 
wing  longer  than  the  tail,  since  in  the  type,  and  only  linown,  specimen  the  tail-fenthers  are  very  much  worn. 
In  i-aso,  however,  of  its  being  dctorinincd  by  perfect  specimens  to  belong  in  the  same  section  with  >Si.  ptieilla 
and  allies,  it  can  be  easily  reoogniied  by  its  peculiar  coloration,  an  described  above. 


) 


420 


~JS} 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Otherwise  grayish,  but  tinged  with  brownish  or  buffy  in  win- 
ter ;   sides  of  breast  with  a  rusty  spot ;  lower  parts  whitish, 
tinged  with   grayish  or  buffy,  or  both,  anteriorly;    bill   red- 
dish  cinnamon.      Young:    Essentially   like   adult,   but   colors 
duller  and   more   suffused,  markings  of  head   much  less  dis- 
tinct, and  lower  parts,  especially  breast,  streaked  with  dusky.) 
e^  Color  much  more  rusty  above,  with  median  grayish  crown- 
stripe  usually  very  narrow  and  indistinct  (sometimes  obso- 
lete), and  wings  and  tail  shorter ;  length  5.10-6.00,  wing 
2,45-2.70,  tail  2.50-2.80.    Nest  on  or  near  ground  in  old 
weed-grown    fields,   thickets,   etc.,   composed    mainly  of 
slender  dry  grass-stems.     Eggs  3-5,  .68  X  -51,  white,  green- 
ish white,  or  buffy  white,  speckled  with  reddish  brown. 
Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  southern  Canada,  west 
to  edge  of  Great  Plains  (eastern  Nebraska,  Fort  Smith, 
Arkansas,  eastern  Texas,  etc.). 

563.  S.  pusilla  (Wils.).  Field  Sparrow. 
e'.  Color  much  less  rusty  above,  with  median  grayish  crown-stripo 
always  (?)  broad  and  very  distinct,  the  lateral  ci'own-stripes 
and  postocular  streak  much  paler  and  less  rusty  brown, 
back  pale  grayish  buffy,  more  narrowly  streaked  with  black 
and  slightly  tinged  or  mixed  with  rusty,  and  wings  and  tail 
longer;  length  about  5.80-6.10,  wing  2.60-2.80,  tail  2.80- 
3.10.  Hab.  Great  Plains,  from  southern  Texas  (Laredo, 
etc.)  north  to  Wyoming  Territory  and  western  Nebraska. 
— .  S.  pusilla  arenacea  Chadb.  Western  Field  Sparrow.* 
(P.  Upper  parts  without  any  rusty,  and  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  dis- 
tinctly streaked  with  dusky, 
c'.  Head  distinctly  striped ;  ear-coverts  light  buffj'  brown,  in 
marked  contrast  with  the  very  distinct  broad  superciliary 
and  malar  stripes  of  dull  whitish,  and  ashy  of  sides  of  neck. 
Adult :  Top  of  head  pale  raw-umber  brown,  broadly 
streaked  with  black  and  divided  by  a  distinct  median 
stripe  of  light  bi'ownish  gray ;  light  brown  ear-coverts 
bordered  above  by  a  very  distinct  postocular  streak  of 
dark  brown  or  dusky,  and  along  lower  edge  by  a  rictal 
streak  of  the  same ;  whitish  malar  streak  usually  bordered 
below  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  grayish  or  brownish 
streak  along  each  side  of  throat ;  hind-neck  and  sides  of 
neck  ashy,  in  more  or  less  marked  contrast  with  brown  of 
ear-coverts  and  crown ;  back  light  brown,  broadly  streaked 
with  black.  (/«  winter,  the  colors  much  bi'owner,  obscuring 
gray  of  neck  and  strongly  tingoing  chest  and  sides.)   Young: 


1  Spixella  putilla  areimcea  Cuadbouu.se,  Auk,  iii.  A{iril,  ISSO,  243. 


SPIZELLA. 


421 


Upper  parts  mox-o  buflfy  or  "clay-colored,"  with  blackish 
streaks  broader  and  less  sharply  defined ;  dusky  postocular 
and  rictal  streaks  less  distinct  (sometimes  nearly  obsolete)  ; 
chest,  sides,  and  flanks  streaked  with  dusky.  Length 
about  5.00-5.75,  Aving  2.20-2.50  (2.39),  tail  2.30-2.60  (2.44). 
JVest  in  bushes  in  open  situations.  Eggs  3-6,  .66  x  -49, 
light  greenish  blue,  speckled,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with 
brown.  Mab.  Great  Plains,  north  to  the  Saskatchewan, 
west  to  base  of  Eocky  Mountains,  east,  irregularly,  to  Wis- 
consin and  northern  Illinois,  south  to  Texas  and  New 
Mexico  (in  winter,  to  Lower  California  and  over  table- 
lands of  Mexico  to  Guanajuato). 

561.  S.  pallida  (Swains.).  Clay-colored  Sparrow. 
e'.  Head  not  distinctly  striped,  and  ear-coverts  not  distinctly 
brownish.  Adult:  Top  of  head,  hind-neck,  back,  and 
scapulars  light  grayish  brown,  streaked  with  blackish; 
sides  of  head  nearly  uniform  light  grayish  brown,  but 
ear-coverts  perceptibly  (not  conspicuously  or  abruptly) 
browner,  usually  without  distinct  dusky  streak  along 
upper  or  lower  margins ;  top  of  head  without  distinct  me- 
dian stripe  (usually  with  merely  a  trace  of  such  stripe). 
{In  winter,  not  essentially  different,  but  general  cast  of 
plumage  perceptibly  browner  than  in  summer.)  Young  : 
Essentially  like  adult,  but  chest  and  sides  streaked  with 
dusky,  and  streaks  on  upper  parts  less  sharply  defined. 
Length  5.00-5.60,  wing  2.35-2.55  (2.45),  tail  2.35-2.70 
(2.51).  Nest  and  eggs  like  those  of  S.  pallida,  but  the  latter 
usually  moi'o  distinctly  marked,  averaging  about  .68  X  .49. 
Hab.  Western  United  States,  east  to  (and  including)  Eocky 
Mountains,  south  (in  winter  only  ?)  to  northwestern  Mexico. 
562.  S.  breweri  Cass.  Brewer's  Sparrow, 
a'.  Head  and  neck  plain  grayish  ;  chin  and  upper  throat  black  in  adult. 

Adult :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  plain  ash-gray,  changing  to  white  on 
belly  and  lower  tail-coverts ;  chin  and  upper  throat  black ;  back  and 
scapulars  rusty  brownish,  narrowly  streaked  with  black.  Young :  Simi- 
lar to  adult,  but  black  of  chin  and  throat  replaced  by  the  general  gray 
color.  Length  about  5.50-5.75,  wing  2.40-2.50,  tail  2.70-2.90.  JVest  in 
bushes.  Eggs  3-5,  .68  X  -50,  plain  light  greenish  blue.  Jfab.  Mexico, 
north  to  southern  border  of  United  States  (lower  Eio  Grande  to 
southern  California)  ;  Lower  California. 

565.  S.  atrigularis  (Cab.).    Black-ohmned  Sparrow. 


iHl  ■: 


422 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


fStt 


Genus  JUNCO  Waqler.    (Page  385,  pi.  CIX.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult :  Plumage  chiefly  plain  grayish,  entirely  without 
streaks,  and  usually  without  distinct  mai'kings  on  wings ;  belly,  under  tail-coverts, 
and  outer  tail-feathers  white.  Young  :  Profusely  streaked,  both  above  and  below, 
the  ground-color  of  the  lower  parts  everywhere  dull  whitish ;  outer  tail-feathers 
white,  as  in  the  adult.  JVest  usually  on  ground,  rather  bulky,  composed  of  dried 
grass-stems,  etc.,  lined  with  softer  materials.  Eggs  3-5,  whitish,  usually  more  or 
less  speckled  with  reddish  brown. 

a}.  Sides  ash-gray,  like  chest,  or,  if  inclining  to  pinkish,  this  color  not  abruptly 
defined  against,  or  contrasted  with,  gray  or  dusky  of  chest. 
b^.  Back  gray,  like  chest ;  bill,  in  life,  pale  flesh-color,  purplish  horn-coloi',  or 
pinkish  white,  with  dusky  tip  ;  iris  dark  brown,  or  claret-color, 
c'.  Wing  usually  with  two  distinct  white  bands;  larger  (length  about  6.00- 
7.00,  the  wing  averaging  more  than  3.25). 

Uniform  plumbeous-gray,  the  head  not  darker ;  bill,  in  life,  livid 
pinkish,  with  dusky  tip.  3Iale:  Wing  3.15-3.65  (3.44),  tail  3.00- 
3.39  (3.20),  culmen  .52-.54  (.53),  tarsus  .85-.90  (.86).  Female  : 
Wing  3.23-3.48  (3.30),  tail  3.10-3.28  (3.15),  culmen  .52-.54  (.53), 
tarsus  .80-.88  (.84).  Hab.  Rocky  Mountains,  in  Colorado  and 
Wyoming,  straggling  east,  in  winter,  to  middle  Kansas. 

566.  J.  aikeni  Eidgw.    White-winged  Jnnco. 
c*.  Wing  usually  without  trace  of  white  bands ;  smaller  (length  about  5.50- 
6.25,  the  wing  averaging  less  than  3.20). 
•     rf^  Plumage   slate-gray,   the  head  perceptibly   darker,   approaching 
blackish  slate  (often  ncarlj^  black  anteriorly)  in  the  male,  the 
female  (especially  younger  birds)  often  strongly  tinged  with 
brownish,  the  sides  washed  with  light  pinkish  brown ;  bill,  in 
life,  delicate  light  flesh-color,  or  pinkish  white.     2fale :  Wing 
3.00-3.25  (3.09),  tail  2.68-2.90  (2.82),  culmen  .46-.51  (.49),  tar- 
sus .80-.86  (.83).     Female :  Wing  2.87-3.10  (2.95),  tail  2.60-2.98 
(2.74),  culmen  .47.-.50  (.49),  tarsus  .80-.85  (.83).     Eggs  .76  X 
.58,  colored  like  those  of  Spizella  piisilla.  Hab.  Northern  North 
America,  breeding  from  northern  Maine  to  Alaska  (except  Pa- 
cific coast  district,  or  south  and  east  of  the  peninsula) ;  in  win- 
ter, whole  of  eastern  United  States,  and  sparingly  westward  to 
Pacific  coast...  567.  J.  hyemalis  (Linn.).    Slate-colored  Junoo. 
cP.  Plumage  much  as  in  J.  aikeni,  but  softer  and  more  decidedly  plum- 
beous, the  wing-bands  always  (?)  obsolete ;  bill,  in  life,  livid  or 
purplish  horn-color.   Male :  Wing  3.03-3.25  (3.17),  tail  2.81-3.07 
(2.97),  culmen  .50-.51  (.51),  tarsus  .88-.90  (.89).  Female:  Wing 


JUNCO. 


423 


J.OO- 


2.98-3.10  (3.04),  tail  2.80-2.8G  (2.78),  culracn  .50-.51  (.50),  tar- 
sus .89.     Hab.  Higher  portions  of  southern  AUeghanios. 

5676.  J.  hy emails  carolinensis  Brewst.    Carolina  Jonco. 
f.  Back  rusty  brown  or  rufous,  decidedly  different  from  color  of  chost. 

c^  Greater  wing-coverts  and  tertials  with  outer  webs  chiefly  or  entirely 
gray,  like  rest  of  wing, 
d'.  Bill  light  flesh-color  or  purplish  Avhite,  and  iris  dark  brown, 
or  claret-color,  as  in  J.  hyemalis ;  head,  neck,  chest,  eides. 
and  upper  parts  except  back,  ash-gray,  the  belly  rather  ab- 
ruptly white,  and  the  back  rusty  or  rufous  ;  length  about  6.00- 
6.50.  Male:  Wing  3.18-3.42  (3.28),  tail  2.93-3.27  (2.99),  culmen 
.50-.52  (.51),  tarsus  .80-.87  (.82).  Female:  Wing  2.95-3.26  (3.08), 
tail  2.85-3.07  (2.96),  culmen  .50-.52  (.51),  tarsus  .77-85  (.81). 
Eggs  .80  X  -59,  white,  dull  pinkish  white,  or  greenish  white, 
speckled  (usually  very  minutely),  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with 
reddish  brown.  Hab.  Eocky  Mountain  district,  breeding  from 
Foi't  Bridger  southward. 

569.  J.  caniceps  (Woodh.).  Oray-headed  Janco. 
(P.  Bill  with  upper  mandible  blackish,  lower  yellowish ;  iris  yellow ; 
plumage  as  in  J.  caniceps,  but  paler  beneath,  the  much  paler 
ash  of  chest  and  sides  fading  gradually  into  white  of  belly ; 
length  about  6.25-6.60.  Male :  Win^j  3.05-3.40  (3.25),  tail  2.97- 
3.22  (3.11),  culmen  .49-.53  (.51),  tai»us  .77-.82  (.80).  Female: 
Wing  3.10-3.20  (3.13),  tail  2.93-3.10  (3.01),  culmen  .49-.52  (.50), 
tarsus  .77-.81  (.79).  Fggs  .77  X  -60,  plain  greenish  white,  some- 
times with  very  minute  reddish  brown  sprinkling  or  "  dusting" 
in  ring  round  larger  end.  Hab.  Southern  Rocky  Mountains 
(New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona), 

570a.  J.  cinereus  dorsalis  (IIf.nry).    Red-backed  Jnnco. 
c*.  Greater  wing- coverts  and  tertials  with  outer  webs  chiefly  rusty  or  ru- 
fous.   (Upper  mandible  blackish,  lower  yellowish,  and  iris  yellow, 
as  in  J.  cinereus  dorsalis.) 
dK  Outer  tail-feather  with  more  than  half  of  the  inner  web  white ; 
rump  gray  (rarely  tinged  with  olive) ;  back  bright  rusty  or 
rufous, 
e*.  Eump  and  top  of  head  slate-gray,  the  former  sometimes  tinged 
with   olive ;    lower   parts   entirely   dull   whitish,   shaded, 
more  or  less,  with  palo  gi'ayish  anteriorly ;  wing  2.77-3.20 
(3.00),  tail  2.75-3.12  (2.94),  culmen  .51-.53  (.52),  tarsus  .83- 
.90  (.87).    Hab.  Highlands  of  Mexico. 

J.  cirerttus  (Swains.).     Mexican  Junco.* 

c*.  Eump  and  top  of  head  clear  ash-gray,  the  former  without 

olive  tinge ;  lower  parts  usually  decidedly  ushy  antei  iorly 


1  Fringilla  einerea  Swains.,  Philos.  Mag.  i.  1827,  435.    Junco  cinertui  Cab.,  Mus.  Hein.  i.  1850,  134. 


424 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ir 


and  laterally  ;  length  about  6.25-6.50,  Male  :  "Wing  2.95- 
3.30  (3.28),  tail  2.88-3.33  (3.18),  culmen  .50-.53  (.51),  tarsus 
.83-.90  (.86).  Female :  Wing  2.95-3.20  (3.04),  tail  2.82- 
3.18  (3.02),  culraen  .50-.53  (.51),  tarsus  .78-.87  (.84).  Eggs 
.78  X  -60,  plain  greenish  white.  Hab.  Southern  Ai-izona 
and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 

570.  J.  cinereus  palliatus  Hidqw.    Arizona  Jnnco. 
rf'.  Outer  tail-feather  with  rather  less  than  half  of  inner  web  white; 
rump  and  back  olivaceous,  the  latter  tinged  with  rusty. 

Lower  parts  dull  ash-gray  inclining  to  whitish  on  belly;  top 
of  head  dusky  gray  or  slate-color;  wing  3.02-3.13  (3.08), 
tail  2.98-3.07  (3.01),  culmen  .61-.62  (.61),  tarsus  .95-.98 
(.97).    Ifab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala. 

J.  alticola  Salv.     Guatemalan  Junco.* 
a'.  Sides  distinctly  light  pinkish  brown  (vinaceous),  or  ochraceous,  very  different 
from  color  of  chest. 
b^.  Sides  pinkish  or  vinaceous;  bill,  in  life,  pinkish,  tipped  with  dusky,  and  iris 
dark  brown,  or  claret-color  (as  in  J.  hyemalis  and  allies). 
&.  Wing  nearly  or  quite  seven  times  as  long  as  culmen. 

d}.  Adult  male  with  head,  neck,  and  chest  black,  or  very  dark  slaty ; 
back  and  scapulars  umber-brown  ;  length  6.25-6.75,  wing  2.90- 
3.30  (3.09),  tail  2.65-3.17  (2.85),  culmen  .45-.51  (.50),  tarsus  .77- 
.82  (.80),  middle  toe  .54-.58  (.57).  Adult  female  with  head,  etc., 
dull  slate-gray,  washed  with  brown  on  crown  and  hind-neck ; 
otherwise  much  like  male,  but  colors  duller ;  length  5.65-6.75, 
ring  2.80-3.12  (2.91),  tail  2.51-2.97  (2.76),  culmen  .48-.52  (.50), 
tarsus  .78-.84  (.80),  middle  toe  .53-.58  (.56).  Eggs  .75  X  -58, 
similar  iii  color  to  those  of  J.  hyemalis.  Ilab.  Western  North 
America,  breeding  along  Pacific  coast,  from  California  to  Sitka. 
567a.  J.  hyemalis  oregonus  (Towns.).  Oregon  Junco. 
d}.  Adult  male  and  female  (sexes  essentially  alike)  with  head,  neck,  and 
chest  clear  plumbeous,  the  lores  blackish,  in  strong  contrast; 
back  and  scapulars  hair-brown.  Male :  Wing  3.15-3.40  (3.26), 
tail  2.92-3.33  (3.07),  culmen  .48-.52  (.50),  tarsus  .80-.88  (.82), 
middle  toe  .53-.57  (.55).  Female:  Wing  2.95-3.28  (3.11),  tail 
2.70-3.12  (2.94),  culmen  .49-.50  (.50),  tarsus  .75-.83  (.80),  mid- 
dle toe  .52-.58  (.55).  Eggs  4-5,  .81  X  -60,  whitish,  spotted  with 
light  reddish  brown  and  lilac-gray,  usually  in  ring  or  wreath 
round  larger  end.  Hab.  Eocky  Mountain  district,  breeding 
from  Fort  Bridger  northward. 

568.  J.  annectens  (Baird).    Fink-sided  Jnnco. 
c*.  Wing  less  than  five  times  as  long  as  culmen. 

Adult  (sexes  alike) :  Above  dull  slaty,  decidedly,  but  not  abruptly, 


>  Junco  alticola  Salvin,  P.  Z.  S.  1863,  189. 


AMPHISPIZA. 


425 


browner  on  the  back  ;  head,  neck,  and  chest  slate-grayish,  paler 
on  throat  and  chest,  darker  on  crown ;    lores  black.     3Iak : 
Wing  2.70-2.85  (2.75),  tail  2.50-2.60  (2.56),  culmen  .55-.58  (.58), 
tarsus  .80-.85  (.84),  middle  toe  .55-.60  (.56).     Female:  Wing 
"  2.50-2.65  (2.57),  tail  2.30-2.45  (2.40),  tarsus  .80-.85  (.81),  middle 
toe  .55-.60  (.56).     Eggs  .80  X  -59,  dull  white,  speckled,  chiefly 
round  larger  end,  with  reddish  brown.    Hab.  Guadalupe  Island, 
Lower  California...  572.  J.  insularis  Eidgw.    Onadalnpe  Junco. 
b*.  Sides  ochraceous,  or  cinnamon-buif.   Adult  (sexes  alike) :  Entire  back,  scapu- 
lars, and  wing-coverts  nearly  uniform  cinnamon-brown  (duller  in  female); 
sides  and  top  of  head  and  nock,  with  hind-neck,  ash-gray,  the  latter 
tinged  with  brown ;    chin,  throat,  and  chest  grayish  white,  the  latter 
sometimes   tinged  with  fulvous ;    upper  mandible  black,  lower  bright 
3'ellow  (in  life) ;  iris  bright  yellow ;  wing  2.60-2.80,  tail  2.60-2.80,  cul- 
men  .45-.50,  tarsus  .80,  middle  too  .55.     Hab.  Mountains  of  southern 
Lower  California 571.  J.  bairdi  Belding.    Baird's  Jnnoo. 


Genus  AMPHISPIZA  Coues.    (Page  385,  pi.  CIX.,  figs.  6,  7.) 

Species. 

a'.  A  continuous  white  superciliary  stripe.     (Above  plain  grayish  brown,  the  back 
very  indistinctly  streaked  with  darker  in  young  only.) 

Adult  (sexes  alike)  :  Lores,  chin,  thi'oat,  and  chest  uniform  black  ;  a  malar 
stripe  (reaching  not  quite  to  bill),  sides  of  chest,  and  belly,  white ;  sides 
grayish,  becoming  browner  on  flanks.     Young:  No  distinct  black  mark- 
ings on  head  or  neck ;  chin  and  throat  white,  often  more  or  less  clouded 
or  flecked  with  grayish,  the  chest  more  distinctly  marked  with  the 
same ;  wing-coverts  and  tertials  light  brown.     Length  5.00-5.75,  wing 
about  2.60-2.75,   tail   2.65-2.90.      Nest  in  bushes  ("sage"  bushes,  and 
other  desert  shrubs),  composed  of  fine  thin  shreds  of  bark,  etc.     JEggs 
.71  X  -54,  plain  greenish  or  bluish  white.     Hab.   Southwestern  United 
States    (from   Texas   to   Lower   California)   and   contiguous   parts  of 
Mexico,  north,  in  the  interioi",  to  Nevada,  Utah,  and  western  Colorado. 
573.  A.  bilineata  (Cass.).    Black-throated  Snarrow. 
rt*.  A  white  supraloral  spot,  but  no  superciliary  stripe. 
b^.  No  streaks  on  sides ;  wing  with  two  white  bands, 
c'.  Lesser  wing-covcrts  grayish  or  blackish. 

d^.  Rump  cinnamon-rufous  ;  lesser  wing-coverts  blackish.  Adult:  Up- 
per part  of  throat  black,  the  point  of  the  chin  white;  fore-neck 
and  lower  part  of  throat  uniform  ash-gray ;  top  of  head  gray- 
ish, streaked  with  black ;  a  broad  white  malar  stripe ;  lores 
and  beneath  eyes  black ;  sides  and  under  tail-coverts  light 
ochraceous-cinnamon ;  belly   white ;    back   brownish,   broadly 

64 


426 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


■,-«'; 


streaked  with  black;  wing  about  2.80,  tail  3.20-3.40.     Hah. 
Southern  Mexico  (Vera  Cruz,  Puobla,  etc.). 

A.  mystacalis  (Hartl.).  Hartlaub's  Sparrow.' 
d*.  Rurap  slato-gray;  lesser  wing-coverts  slate-gray.  Adult:  Sides 
of  chin  and  throat  and  spot  on  chest  black,  enclosing  a  white 
stripe ;  top  of  head,  lores,  cheeks,  and  oar-coverts  dull  brownish 
slate ;  sides  and  flanks  slate-gray,  middle  of  breast  and  belly 
white;  under  tail-coverts  plumbeous,  tipped  with  white;  wing 
2.75,  tail  2.70,  culmen  .48,  tarsus  .80,  middle  toe  .58.  Hah. 
Mexico. 

A.  quinquestriata  (ScL.  &  Salv.)    Five-striped  Sparrow.' 
o*.  Lesser  wing-coverts  cinnamon-rufous. 

Bump  and  sides  brownish.  Adult :  Malar  stripe,  supraloral  spot, 
and  broad  patch  on  chin  and  throat,  white ;  sides  of  chin  and 
thi'oat,  and  very  broad  collar  across  chest  (widest  laterally), 
black;  wing  2.50-2.70,  tail  3.00-3.30,  culmen  .50,  tarsus  .85, 
middle  toe  .60.    Hah.  Southern  Mexico  (Puebla). 

A.  humeralis  (Cab.).     Ferrari- Perez's  Sparrow.* 
h''.  Sides  streaked  with  grayish  or  dusky ;  wing  without  white  bands.    {Adidt  : 
Supraloral  spot,  orbital  ring,  broad  malar  stripe,  chin,  throat,  and  lower 
parts  generally,  white ;  more  or  less  distinct  stripe,  or  series  of  streaks, 
along  each  side  of  throat,  and  spot  on  middle  of  chest,  dusky  or  gray- 
ish ;    sides  and  flanks  pale  bi'ownish,  or  tinged  with   brownish,  and 
streaked   with   darker.       Young:    Upper   parts  light   grayish    broAvn, 
streaked  with  dusky ;    chest   distinctly  streaked  with    dark   grayish ; 
wing-coverts  tipped  with  dull  buify  whitish,  or  pale  buff,  producing  two 
tolerably  distinct  bands ;  otherwise,  much  like  adult.) 
c^  Above  dark  hair-brown  (grayer  on  head  and  neck),  the  bade  usually 
without  distinct  streaks ;  sides  of  throat  marked  with  a  broad,  con- 
tinuous stripe  of  blackish ;    sides  and  flanks  light  bi-own  ;  length 
about  5.50-5.75.     31ale  :  Wing  2.51-2.80  (2.64),  tail  2.60-2.95  (2.77). 
Female:    Wing  2.40-2.55  (2.60),  tail  2.55-2.90  (2.77).    Hah.   Cali- 
fornia, south  to  Capo  St.  Lucas. 

574.  A.  belli  (Cass.).    Bell's  Sparrow. 
c*.  Above  light  grayish  brown,  tinged  with  ash-gray,  the  back  usually 
very  distinctly  streaked  with  dusky;  i^tdes  '  .  throui   marked  with 
a  series  of  narrow  dusky  grayish  st^-  '    i  no  continuous  stripe; 

sides  and  flanks  very  faintly  tinged  ii,'ht  brown     '  'Ugth  6.00- 

7.00.    Male :  Wing  2.95-3.20  (3.09),  2.75-"  20  (2.yu).     Female : 

Wing  2.90-3.10  (2.97),  tail  2.75-3.07  (2.91.' ,.    ^'  ,t  on  ground,  beneath 


^  Zonotrichia  mystacalis  IIartl.,  Rev.  Zool.  Jan.  1852,  .S. 

*  Zonotrichia  quinquestriata  ScL.  A  Salv.,  P.  Z.  S,  1868,  323.  Amphiapixa  quinquestriata  RiDOW.,  Ibis, 
Oct.  1883,  400. 

^Hxmophila  humeralis  Cab.,  Mus.  Hein.  i.  1850,  132.  Amphiipiza  ferrariperezi  RiDOW.,  Auk,  iii.  July, 
1886,  332. 


PEVC.EA. 


427 


"sage"  bush,  composed  of  fine  thin  shreds  of  ''sage-brush"  bark, 
dried  grass-stems,  etc.  I^'jgs  3-4,  .77  X  -55,  greenish  white  or  dull 
grayish  white,  speckled,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  w^ith  reddish  brown, 
mixed  with  a  few  darker  markings.  Hab.  Artemisia  plains  of 
western  United  States,  north  to  southern  Idaho,  Montana,  and 
Wyoming  Territories,  east  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  south  to 
northern  Mexico  and  interior  of  southern  California  (San  Bernar- 
dino County,  etc.). 

574(7.  A.  belli  nevadensis  Eidow.    Sage  Sparrow.' 


Genus  PEUC^A  Audubox.    (Page  386,  pi.  CX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characteks. — Adults :  Upper  parts  more  or  less  streaked  with  rusty 
and  grayish ;  top  of  head  streaked  with  brown,  or  rusty,  and  gi'ayish,  or  else  plain 
rusty;  no  distinct  light  bands  on  wing;  lower  parts  plain  light  dull  grayish  or 
dull  buffy,  the  belly  white  or  whitish.  Young :  Above  more  tawny  or  buffy,  and 
more  distinctly  streaked,  than  in  adult ;  lower  parts  whitish  or  yellowish  buff,  the 
chest,  etc.,  streaked  with  dusky.  Ifest  on  or  near  ground.  I^ggs  3-5,  plain  white 
or  bluish  white. 

a}.  Tarsus  not  more  than  .85. 

b^.  Lesser  wing-coverts  brown  or  rusty  centrally,  margined  with  paler, 
c'.  Edge  of  wing  more  or  less  distinctly*  tin^od  with  yellow. 

rf'.  Middle  tail-feathers  without  indications  of  distinct  bars;   flanks 
without  distinct  streaks, 
e*.  "Whole  belly  and  lower  part  of  breast  dull  white,  the  sides, 
flanks,  and  chest  pale  grayish  buff  (deepest  on  chest). 
/^  Darker,  the  streaks  on  upper  parts  chestnut,  the   back 
always  (?)  streaked  Avith  black  ;  length  5.60-6.25,  wing 
2.20-2.50  (2.35),  tail  2.38-2.70  (2.57),  culmen   .50-.52 
(.51),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .26-.28  (.27),  tarsus  .76-.80 
(.79).     .Eggs  .73  X  -60,  plain  pure  white.     Hab.  Florida 
and  lower  Georgia. 

575.  P.  aestivalis  Light.  Fine-woods  Sparrow. 
/'.  Lighter,  with  streaks  on  upper  pai'ts  bright  rusty,  the 
back  often  (usually  ?)  without  black  streaks ;  length 
5.30-6.25,  wing  2.35-2.60  (2.47),  tail  2.55-2.70  (2.61), 
culmen  52-.60  (.56),  depth  of  bill  .27-.29  (.28),  tarsus 
.75-.83  (.78).  Hab.  Southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States 
and  lower  Mississippi  Valley,  north  to  North  Carolina, 
eastern  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  southern   Illinois  and 


^  With  scarcely  any  doubt  a  distinct  species. 


1^1 


428 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ill' r 


i**ii 


Indiana  (to  at  least  40°),  west  to  middle  northern 

Texas 575a.  P.  aestivalis  bachmani  (AuD.). 

Baohman's  Sparrow. 

e".  Entire  lower  parts  pale  dull  grayish  buff,  paler  on  throat,  the 

middle  of  the  belly  sometimes  nearly  white. 

/'.  Larger  and  lighter  colored.     Adult:    Above  dull  light 

grayish   brown,  more  or  less   mixed  with  rusty,  the 

back,  and  sometimes  top  of  head,  stref.ked  with  black. 

Young:  Above   dull   light  graj'iah   buff,   everywhere 

broadly  streaked  with  dusky ;  lower  parts  pale  dingy 

buff,  the  throat,  chest,  and  sides  of  breast  streaked 

with  duskj  ,  greater  wing-coverts  broadly  edged  with 

light  tawny.     Length  about  G.00--6.50,  wing  2.45'-2.75 

(2.55),  tail  2.50'-2.90  (2.70),  culmen  .51-.55  (.53),  depth 

of  bill  at  base  .25-.28  (.26),  tarsus  .60-.65  (.62).    Eggs 

.72  X  -58,  plain  pure  white.    Hab.  Northern,  central, 

and  western  Mexico,  south  to  Guanajuato  and  Colima, 

north  to  southern  Arizona  and  Rio  Grande  Valley. 

576.  +  577.  P.  mexicana  (Lawr.). 

Mexican  Sparrow.* 

/'.  Smaller  and  darker  colored ;  upper  parts  heavily  streaked 

with  blackish  on  a  grayish  and  rusty  ground  ;  wing 

2.50-2.55,  tail  2.60-2.G5.     Hab.   Southeastern  Mexico 

(Vera  Cruz,  etc.). 

P.  botterii  Scl.    Botteri's  Sparrow.* 
iP.  Middle  tail-feathers  with  decided  indications  of  transverse  bars, 
projected  from  a  dark  brown  median  stripe;   flanks  broadly 
streaked  with  dark  brownish. 

Adult:  Above  grayish,  spotted  with  clear  umbei'-brown  and 
dusky,  the  upper  tail-coverts  with  eubtcrminal  transverse, 
more  or  less  ci'oscentic,  spots  of  dusky  ;  beneath  dull  gray- 
ish white,  faintly  tinged  with  brownish  on  chest  and  sides; 
length  6.00-6.75,  wing  2.50-2.70,  tail  2.G5-2.90,  culmen  .50- 
.53,  tarsus  .77-82.    Eggs  .73  X  -50,  plain  pure  white.    Hab. 
Southwestern  border  of  United  States  (Texas  to  Arizoiia) 
and  northern  Mexico ;  north,  in  summer,  to  middle  Kansas. 
578.  P.  cassini  (Woonn.).    Cassin's  Sparrow. 
Edge  of  wing  dull  white  or  grayish.     (Adult :    Crown  chiefly  ferru- 
ginous, often  quite  tmiform  ;  upper  parts  grayish  or  grayish  brown, 
the  back   and   scapulars  broadly  streaked  with  rusty  or  brown ; 


1  The  minimum  monsurements  of  wing  and  tail,  as  given  above,  are  vcy  unsatisfactory,  the  gpcoimcns  from 
which  they  wore  talvon  having  the  quills  ami  tail-feathers  much  worn.  The  true  average,  therefore,  should  be 
considerably  higher— at  least  2.P0  for  the  wing  and  2.75  for  the  tail. 

» Includes  also  P.  nritoiiK  Ilinnw.,  which  proves  to  bo  not  separable. 

>  Zunntrichia  botlerii  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  214.    I'tucKa  bolterii  ScL.,  Cat.  Am.  D.  18G2,  116. 


PEVCJEA. 


429 


northern 
li  (AuD.). 
Sparrow. 

iroat,  the 

ull  light 
list}',  the 

th  black. 
Brywhere 
alo  dingy 

streaked 
ged  with 
2.4.5'-2.75 
•3).  depth 
2).  Eggs 
,  central, 
i  Col i ma, 
alley. 

(Lawr.). 
Sparrow.' 

streaked 
id  ;  wing 
!i  Mexico 

Sparrow.* 

srso  bars, 
1  broadly 

•own  and 
ansverso, 
lull  gray- 
nd  sides ; 
men  .50- 
ie.  Hab. 
Arizona) 
»  Kansas. 
Sparrow. 
[ly  ferru- 
h  brown, 
brown ; 

Qlmcns  from 
e,  should  bo 


lower  parts  light  grayish  brown,  or  dull  grayish  buff,  paler  on 
throat  and  belly;   a  distinct  broad  black  streak  on  each  side  of 
throat,  bordered  above  by  a  maxillary  stripe  the  same  color  as 
throat ;  a  rusty  postocular  streak.     Young :  Upper  parts,  including 
top  of  head,  dull  brownish,  streaked  with   darker;    lower  parts 
dingy  pale  grayish  buff,  the  chest  and  sides  streaked  with  dusky ; 
otherwise,  much  like  adult.) 
d^.  Feathers  of  back  largely  rusty  or  chestnut  centrally ;  prevailing 
color  of  upper  parts  dull  brownish. 
e\  Smaller:  Length  about  5.50-5.75,  wing  2.20-2.40  (2.32),  tail 
2.50-2.70  (2.58),  culmen  .48-.50  (.49),  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.20-.22  (.21),  tarsus  .75-.80  (.79).     Eggs  .78  X  .60,  plain 
bluish  white.     Hab.  California. 

580.  P.  ruficeps  (Cass.).    Rufous-crowned  Sparrow. 
€'.  Larger:  Length  6.10-6.P0,  Aving  2.50-2.80  (2.G0),  tail  2.75-3.00 
(2.89),  culmen  .50.-58  (.52),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .25-.27 
(.26),  tarsus  .78-.90  (.81).     (Colors  rather  lesH  bright  than 
in  P.  ruficeps,  with  the  rusty  less  bright  and  the  lower 
parts  rather  less   fulvous,  but  the  difference  very  slight 
and  not  entirely  constant.)     Nest  on  ground,  in  or  by 
tufts  of  grass.    Eggs  3^,  .83  X  -60,  plain  white.    Hab. 
Tablelands  of   Mexico,   from    Oaxaca    north   to    Lower 
California,  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  west- 
ern Texas. 
580a.  P.  ruficeps  boucardi  (Sol.).    Bouoard's  Sparrow. 
rf'.  Feathers  of  back  dull  brownish  (not  rusty)  centrally,  with  black- 
ish  shaft-streaks;   prevailing   color  of  upper  parts  ashy,  es- 
pecially on  back  and  scapulars ;   measurements  essentially  as 
in  P.  boucardi.    Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  (highlands  of  Vera  Cruz, 
etc.),  north  to  central  Texa?. 

5806.  P.  ruficeps  eremceca  Buown.    Rock  Sparrow. 

b*.  Lesser  wing-covei'ts  uniform    bright    cinnamon-rufous   (except    in    first 

plumage). 

Adult:   Top   of  head   streaked  broadly  with   dark  rufous  or  rusty 

(sometimes  nearly  uniform  rufous)  and  narrowly  with  grayish,  the 

latter  also  foi-ming  a  move  or  less  distinct  median  line;  a  broad 

superciliary  strii)0  and  sides  of  head  generally  light  grayish  ;  upper 

parts  brownish  gray  or  light  grayish  brown,  the  l)ack  and  scapulars 

streaked    with  blackish  ;    lower   parts   grayish  white ;  a  blackish 

streak  along  each  side  of  throat,  another  from  corner  of  mouth,  and 

a  rusty  postooulivr  streak.      Young :  Upper  parts,  including  whole 

top  of  head,  light  bi'own,  broad!/  streaked  with  blackish  ;  lesser 

wing-coverts  dusky  centrally,  margined  with  pale  brownish  buff; 

lower  parts  whitish,  the  chest  and   sides  broadly  streaked  with 

dusky.     Length   5.70-5.90,  wing  2.40-2.55,  tail   2.80-3.00,   tarsus 


430 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


about  .75.    Eggs  .75  X  -54,  plain  bluish  white.    Hab.  Southern  Ari- 
zona   579.  P.  carpalis  Coues.   BnfoTu-winged  Sparrow. 

z'.  Tarsus  .90,  or  more. 

Adult :  Above  brownish  gray,  the  back  and  scapulars  distinctly  streaked 
with  blackish;  top  of  head  umber-brown,  streaked  with  black,  and 
divided  medially  by  a  stripe  of  ash-gray ;  eyelids  conspicuously  whitish, 
but  this  surrounded  by  dusky;  malar  stripe,  chin,  throat,  and  belly 
white ;  chest  palo  brownish  gray,  changing  to  a  more  buffy  tint  along 
sides;  a  blackish  streak  along  each  side  of  throat;  wing  2.70-2.75,  tail 
3.00-3.20,  exposed  culmen  .47-50,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .27-.30,  tarsus 
.90-.95.    Hab.  Southern  Mexico  (Oaxaca). 

P.  notosticta  Scl.  &  Salv.    Oaxaca  Sparrow.^ 


"Vii 


Genus  MELOSPIZA  Baird.    (P.-';;e  386,  pi.  CX.,  figs.  2,  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  grayish,  brownish,  olive,  or  rusty,  more  or  less 
distinctly  streaked,  especially  on  the  back,  with  darker ;  top  of  head  brownish, 
streaked  with  darker,  and  divided  medially  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  grayish 
stripe,  or  else  chestnut,  becoming  black  on  forehead  ;  wings  and  tail  brownish  (usu- 
ally more  or  less  rusty),  the  former  without  distinct  light  bands  ;  ear-coverts  and 
superciliary  stripe  grayish,  separated  by  a  brownish  or  dusky  pos,tocular  streak ; 
a  whitish,  light  grayish,  or  buffy  malar  stripe,  bordered  below  by  a  more  or  less 
distinct  brown  or  dusky  streak  along  side  of  throat ;  lower  parts  mainly  whitish, 
the  chest  and  sides  usually  streaked  with  rusty,  brown,  or  dusky.  Young  similar  to 
adults,  but  markings  less  sharply  defined  and  colors  more  blended.  Nest  in  low 
bushes  or  on  ground.  Eggs  light  greenish  or  dull  bluish  white,  more  or  less  spotted 
with  brown. 

a}.  First  quill  not  longer  than  seventh  ;  malar  stripe  white  or  light  grayish  ;  chest 
not  distinctly  bufiy. 
i'.  Adult  with  chest  white,  very  distinctly  streaked  or  spotted  with  brown, 
rusty,  or  blackish  ;  top  of  head  brown,  divided  by  a  more  or  less  distinct 
median  stripe  of  grayish,  and  without  black  on  forehead  or  occiput ; 
postocular  streak  brown  like  crown.      Eggs  dull  whitish,  palo  bluish 
green,  dilute  brownish,  etc.,  blotched,  spotted,  speckled,  or  sprinkled 
with  brown, 
c*.  Wing  less  than  3.10,  culmen  less  than  .64. 

<Z'.  Markings  of  plumage  verj'  distinct,  more  or  less  shai'ply  con- 
trasted with   the  ground-color,  the  latter  grayish,   olive,   or 
grayish  brown  on  upper  parts, 
e'.  Streaks  on  buck  more  or  loss  decidedly  blackish,  those  on  chest 
brownish  (not  rufous  or  decidedly  rusty)  or  blackish. 


1  Peueiea  notoitieta  ScL.  &  Salv.,  P.  Z.  S.  1808,  322. 


MELOSPIZA. 


431 


/*.  Lighter  colored,  with  ground-color  of  upper  parts  more 
or  less  distinctly  gi'ayish  ;  the  streaks  on  chest  brown- 
ish (rarely  blackish). 
g^.  With  shorter  wing  and  tail,  stouter  bill,  general  tone 
of  plumage  more  brown,  and  streaks  both  above 
and  below  bi'oader ;  length  6.00-6.75,  wing  2.45- 
2.80  (2.60),  tail  2.58-3.02  (2.75),  culmen   .50-.54 
(.52),  depth  of  bill  .27-.30  (.29),  tarsus  .81-.90  (.85). 
Eggs  .79  X  -59.    Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and 
British  Provinces,  west  to  base  of  Eocky  Moun- 
tains ;  breeding  chiefly  north  of  40°,  except  east 
of  Alleghanies. 

581.  M.  fasciata  (Gmel.).  Song  Sparrow. 
g"*.  With  longer  wing  and  tail,  smaller  and  more  slender 
bill,  general  tone  of  plumage  more  gray,  and 
streaks,  both  above  and  below,  nari'ower ;  length 
6.25-7.00,  wing  2.52-3.05  (2.74),  tail  2.58-3.05 
(2.91),  culmen  .49-.51  (.50),  depth  of  bill  .26-.28 
(.27),  tarsus  .86-.93  (.90).  Eggs  .79  X  58.  Hab. 
Eocky  Mountain  district,  west  to  Nevada,  eastern 
Oregon,  and  eastern  Washington  Territory. 

5816.  M.  fasciata  montana  (Hensh.). 
Monutain  Song  Sparrow. 
/'.  Darker,  with  ground-color  of  upper  parts  decidedly  brown 
or  olive,  the  dark  streaks,   both  above  and  below, 
heavier  and  blacker, 
gf'.  Thighs  raiher  light  grayish  brown,  or  hair-brown ; 
spots  on  chest    smaller    and    narrower,  always 
distinct  from  one  another. 
h\  Larger,  with  stouter  bill ;  length  6.25-6.50,  wing 
2.45-2.80  (2.62),  tail  2.68-3.14  (2.88),  culmen 
.50-.59  (.53),  depth  of  bill  .26-.31  (.28),  tar- 
sus .84-.94  (.90).     Eggs  .86  X  .64.     Hab.  In- 
terior districts  of  California,  including  eastern 
side  of  Sierra  Nevada. 

581c.  M,  fasciata  heermanni  (Baird). 

Heermann's  Song  Sparrow. 

A*.  Smaller,  with   slondcrcr  bill ;   length  4.70-5.75, 

wing  2.15-2.50   (2.35),  tail   2.00-2.68   (2.44), 

culmen  .50-.55(.52),  depth  of  bill  .24-.28  (.26), 

tarsus  .81-.89   (.86).     Eggs  .74  X  -58.     Hah. 

Coast  of  California.  58ld.  M.  fasciata  sam- 

uelis  (Baird).    Samnels't  Song  Sparrow. 

g*.  Thighs  deep  tawny-  or  umbcr-brown  ;  spots  on  chest 

larger  and  broader,  oftou  united  into  a  largo  patch. 


<!.- 


432  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

Darker  and  richer  colored  throughout  than  in 
either  M.  heermanni  or  M.  samuelis,  the  gen- 
eral size  much  as  in  former,  but  bill  much 
more  slender  and  tarsi  longer;  wing  2.50- 
2.80  (2.62),  tail  2.50-2.70  (2.60),  culmen  .52- 
.55  (.54),  depth  of  bill  .22-.27  (.25),  tarsus  .90- 
.95  (.93).  Hob.  Southern  Mexico  (Puebla, 
Valley  of  Mexico,  etc.). 

M.  fasciata  mexicana  Bidqw.     Mexican  Song 

Sparrow.^ 
e".  Streaks  on  back   rusty,  usually  without  blackish  shaft-line ; 
streaks  on  chest  clear  rusty  or  rufous;  length  6.10-6.50, 
wing  2.40-2.73  (2.59),  tail  2.65-3.05  (2.83),  culmen  .49-.52 
(.51),  depth  of  bill  .27-.29  (.28),  tarsus  .81-.90  (.86).    Hab. 
Arizona  (in  lower  districts). 
581a.  M.  fasciata  fallax  (Baird).  Desert  Song  Sparrow. 
d'.  Markings  of  plumage  more  or  less  obscured  by  the  prevalent  dull 
rusty  or  sooty  coloring, 
e'.  Smaller,  with  general  tone  of  coloration  more  rusty ;  length 
about  6.00-7.00,  wing  2.43-2.83  (2.63),  tail  2.40-2.98  (2.73), 
culmen  .53-.58  (.55),  depth  of  bill  .26-.30  (.28),  tarsus  .87- 
.92   (.90).    Eggs  .82  X  -59.    Hab.   Pacific    coast  district, 
breeding  from  western  Oregon  (and  northern  California  ?) 
north  to  British  Columbia  (Vancouver  Island,  etc.). 
581t;.  M.  fasciata  guttata  (Nutt.).  Busty  Song  Sparrow. 
e'.  Larger,  with  general  tone  of  coloration  more  sooty ;  length 
about  6.50-7.50,  wing  2.62-3.05  (2.87),  tail  2.65-3.18  (2.89), 
culmen  .56-.61  (.58),  depth  of  bill  .25-.28  (.27),  tarsus  .95- 
1.05  (1.00).     Hab.  Coast  of  southern  Alaska  (and  northern 
British  Columbia  ?). 
581/.  M.  fasciata  rufina  (Brandt).  Sooty  Song  Sparrow. 
c'.  Wing  more  than  3.10,  culmen  .64,  or  more. 

Plumage  much  as  in  M.  rnfina,  but  decidedly  grayer ;  length  about 

7.50-^8.75,  wing  3.20-3.50  (3.36),  tail  3.08-3.60  (3.44),  culmen  .64- 

.72  (.69),  depth  of  bill  .30-.32  (.31),  tarsus  1.05-1.15  (1.11).   Eggs 

.89  X  '66.    Hah.  Aleutian  Inlands,  and  east  to  Fort  Kenai,  Alaska. 

582.  M.  cinerea  (Gmel.).    Aleutian  Song  Sparrow. 

v.  Adult  with  chest  grayish  (tinged  with  brown  in  winter),  very  indistinctly 

or  not  at  all  streaked  or  otherwise  marked  ;  top  of  head  plain  chestnut, 

becoming  black  on  forehead  and  sides  of  occiput,  or  else  very  broadly 

streaked  with  black  and  divided  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  median  lino 

of  light  ashy  or  dull  buffy ;  postocular  streak  dusk}'. 

Adult:  Sides  of  head  and  neck,  together  with  chest, ashy,  tinged  with 


1  Mclvipiza  mcloiiia,  var.  mexicana  RiDOW.,  in  Hist,  N.  A.  D.  ii.  1874,  18, 


PASSERELLA. 


433 


brown  in  winter  and  more  or  less  stained  with  j^ellowish  in  imma- 
ture birds.  Young  :  Above  heavily  streaked  with  blackish,  the  an- 
terior and  lateral  lower  parts  also  distinctly  streaked.  Length  5.25- 
6.00,  wing  about  2.30-2.50,  tail  2.40-2.70.  Eggs  .76  X  -56,  pale  bluish 
gi*een  or  greenish  white,  coarsely  spotted  or  blotched  with  brown 
(rai-ely  speckled).  Hah.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from 
northern  United  States  north  to  Newfoundland,  Labrador,  and  Fort 
Simpson  ;  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains,  casually  to  Utah. 

584.  M.  georgiana  (Lath.).    Swamp  Sparrow. 
rt'.  First  quill  longer  than  sixth  ;  malar  stripe  and  broad  band  across  chest  'juflf,  the 
latter  narrowly  streaked  with  black. 
Adult:    Top  of  head  hazel-brown  sharply  streaked  with  black  and  di- 
vided by  a  median  grayish  line ;  back  olive-grayish  or  brown,  sharply 
streaked  with  black.     Young  :  Not  essentially  different  from  adult,  but 
colors  more  suflFused  and  with  streaks  less  sharply  defined.      Length 
5.25-6.00,  wing  2.30-2.65,  tail  2.30-3.00.     Eggs  .77  X  -57,  dull  whitish, 
greenish  white,  or  (usually)  brownish  white  or  pale  brownish,  marked 
like  those  of  31.  georgiana.     Hab.  AVholo  of  North  America,  breeding 
from  northern  border  of  United  States  northward,  and   south   along 
higher  mountain  ranges...  583.  M.  lincolni  (AuD.).    Lincoln's  Sparrow. 


Genus  PASSERELLA  Swainson.    (Pago  384,  pi.  CX.,  figs.  3,  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish  gray,  brownish,  or  rusty,  the  upper 
tail-coverts,  tail,  and  wings  usually  much  more  rufeseent  than  other  portions  ;  the 
back  (sometimes  top  of  head  also)  sometimes  streaked  with  rusty ;  lower  parts 
white,  more  or  less  thickly  marked  with  triangular  spots  of  brown,  rusty,  or  dusky, 
especially  on  chest  (where  these  spots  are  sometimes  united  into  a  more  or  less 
conspicuous  patch,  as  also  on  sides  of  throat),  the  sides  and  flanks  striped  or  broadly 
streaked  with  the  same  color.  Young  not  materially  diflPerent  from  adults.  Nest 
on  ground,  or  near  ground  in  bushes.  Eggs  3-5,  pale  bluish  green,  dull  brownish 
white,  or  light  brownish,  speckled,  spotted,  or  blotched  with  brown  (sometimes 
nearly  uniform  chocolate-brown). 

a'.  Wing  longer  than  tail ;  spots  on  chest  larger,  more  blended. 

6'.  Upper  parts  mixed  deej)  rusty  and  brownish  grny,  in  variable  proportion ; 
if  grayish  predominating,  the  back  (sometimes  top  of  head  also)  streaked 
with  rusty ;  wing-coverts  usually  narrowly  tipped  with  whitish,  pro- 
ducing two  more  or  less  distinct  bars  ;  mai'kings  on  lower  parts  chiefly 
(or  entirely)  deep  rusty;  length  6.20-7.50,  wing  3..30-3.70  (3.50),  tail 
2.80-3.15  (3.02),  exposed  culmen  .43-.47  (.45),  depth  of  bill  .30-.33  (.,32), 
tarsus  .97-1.04  (1.01),  hind-cl-iw  .38-.43  (.3").  Eggs  .91  X  .63,  the  deep 
brownish  stylo  very  frequent.  Hab.  Northern  North  America,  breeding 
from  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Labrador  to  Alauka  (everywhere  north 

66 


434 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


of  the  peninsula) ;  in  winter,  over  whole  of  eastern  United  States  to 

Gulf  coast 585.  P.  iliaca  (Merr.).    Fox  Sparrow. 

fc'.  Upper  parts  plain  grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray,  with  wings,  upper  tail- 
coverts,  and  tail  rusty  brownish,  or  else  continuously  deep  vandyke- 
brown ;  wing-coverts  without  lighter  tips,  and  back  without  trace  of 
streaks ;'  markings  on  lower  parts  vandyke-brown ;  length  7.00-7.50, 
wing  3.00-3.50  (3.24),  tail  2.85-3.20  (3.03),  exposed  culmen  .43-.50  (.46), 
depth  of  bill  .29-.32  (.30),  tarsus  .99-1.02  (1.00),  hind-claw  .42-.50  (.46). 
Eggs  .90  X  -66,  the  brownish  style  comparatively  rare  (?).  Hab.  Pacific 
coast,  breeding  from  southern  Alaska  (British  Columbia?)  to  U^alashka; 
south,  in  winter,  to  southern  California. 

585a.  P.  iliaca  unalaschcensis  (Gmel.).    Townsend's  fiparrow. 

a*.  Wing  shorter  than  tail ;  spots  on  chest,  etc.,  smaller,  more  scattered.     (Upper 

parts  plain   brownish   gray,    becoming  rusty   brownish  on  wings,  upper 

tail-coverts,  and  tail.) 

ft*.  Larger,  with  longer  tail  and  larger  and  much  thicker  bill ;  length  7.00-7.75, 

wing  3.10-3.45  (3.27),  tail  3.30-3.80  (3.50),  exposed  culmen  .43-.55  (.48), 

depth  of  bill  .38-.45  (.40),  tarsus  .90-1.00  (.96),  hind-claw  .40-.52  (.46). 

Eggs  .86  X  -64,  colored  like  those  of  P.  unalaschcensis.     Hah.  Mountains 

of  California,  including  eastern  slope  of  Sierra  Nevada. 

5856.  P.  iliaca  megarhyncha  (Baird).  Thick-billed  Sparrow. 
6'.  Smaller,  with  smaller  and  slenderer  bill;  length  6.80-7.65,  wing  3.05-3.35 
(3.20),  tail  3.20-3.50  (3.34),  exposed  cu.men  .40-.49  (.43),  depth  of  bill 
.29-.32  (.31),  tarsus  .90-.96  (.93),  hind-claw  .40-.50  (.45).  Eggs  .85  X 
.64,  colored  like  those  of  P.  unalaschcensis.  Hab.  Eocky  Mountains, 
west  across  Great  Basin  (occasional  in  California  during  migrations) ; 
cast,  in  winter,  to  Great  Plains  (Kansas,  etc.). 

585c.  P.  iliaca  schistacea  (Baird).    Slate-colored  Sparrow. 


Genus  EMBERNAGRA  Lesson.     (Page  385,  pi.  CX.,  fig.  6.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Above  plain  olive-green,  the  top  of  the  head  with  two  dull  chestnut- 
brown  (lateral)  and  one  grayish  or  olivo-greenish  (median)  stripes;  sides  of  head 
gi-ayish,  with  a  brown  streak  behind  eye ;  lower  parts  dull  white,  strongly  tinged 
anteriorly  and  laterally  with  pale  buffy  grayish  ;  edge  of  wing  bright  yellow. 

rt'.  Upper  mandible  reddish  brown;  legs  and  feet  pale  brown;  stripes  on  crown 
entirely  chestnut-brown,  not  sharply  defined. 
6".  Bill  slender,  its  depth  at  base  not  more  than  .25 ;  the  length  of  upper  man- 
dible from  nostril  to  tip  .35-.38 ;  flanks  pale  grayish  buff",  or  light  gray- 


^  E.xcopt  in  ftpooimonn  approoohing  P.  iliaca  ;  Buch  aro  sometimes  almost  undistinguishable  as  far  as  color 
Is  concerned  from  /'.  trhintncea  except  by  the  brown  or  rusty  streaks  on  book;  the  proportions,  however,  may 
apparently  always  be  relied  upon  to  distinguish  them. 


PIPILO. 


435 


ish  fulvous;  under  tail-coverts  pale  buff;  length  6.00-6.75,  wing  2.60- 
2.75,  tail  2.50-2.70,  tar.su8  .90-95.  Kcst  in  low  bushes,  composed  of  dried 
twigs,  straws,  etc.,  the  top  partially  or  conapletoly  domed.  JE!(j(js  2-4, 
.89  X  -64,  plain  pure  white.     Hab.  Lower  llio  Grande  Valley  in  Texas, 

and  southwai'd 586.  E.  rufivirgata  Lawr.    Texas  Sparrow. 

fc'.  Bill  stouter,  its  depth  at  base  .28-.33,  length  of  upper  mandible  from  nostril 
to  tip  .35-.40 ;  flanks  deep  drab  or  raw  umber-brown  ;  lower  tail-coverts 
deep  fulvous-buff;  wing  2.55-2.75,  tail  2.30-2.70,  tarsus  .85-.90.  Hab. 
Southern  Mexico. 

E.  rufivirgata  crassirostris  Baird.     Cordova  Sparrow.' 
Upper  mandible  dark  brown   or  brownish  black ;  legs  and  feet  deep  brown ; 
crown-stripes  sharply  defined,  black  anteriorly,  mixed  chestnut  and  black 
posteriorly,  the  broad  median  stripe  clear  ash-gray  throughout. 

Bill  slender,  and  posterior  lower  parts  pale,  as  in  E.  rufivirgata  ;  depth  of 
bill  at  base  .26-.28,  length  from  nostril  .35-.40,  wing  2.50-2.68,  tail  2.60- 
2.80,  tarsus  .85-.95.    Hab.  Yucatan  (Merida). 

E.  rufivirgata  verticalis  Hidqw.    Striped-crowned  Sparrow.' 


Genus  PIPILO  Vieillot.    (Page  384,  pi.  CXL,  figs.  1,  3.) 

Species. 

(Nest  on  ground,  in  bushy  plai.   .,  in  bushes,  brambles,  vines,  or  small  trees. 
Eggs  3-5,  more  or  less  spotted.) 

a^.  Throat  and  chest  black  or  brownish,  in  abrupt  contrast  with  white  of  breast 
and  belly ;  sides  and  flanks  rufous  or  rusty.    Eggs  white,  pinkish  white,  or 
dilute  cinnamon  or  vinaceous,  thickly  speckled  or  spi'inkled  with  reddish 
brown. 
6'.  Wings  and  tail  black  or  brownish,  like  chest,  etc. 

c*.  Wing-coverts  and  scapulars  without  white  markings.     (Adult  male: 
Head,  neck,  cheet,  and  upper  parts  uniform  black  ;  basal  portion 
of  quills,   and   edge  of  outer  web   near  middle,    white,  the  two 
sometimes  confluent ;   a  largo  white  patch  at  tip  of  inner  webs 
of  three   or  four  outer  tail-feathers.     Aihdt  female:   Similar  to 
male,  but  black  everywhere  replaced  by  umber-brown.      Young : 
Wings  and  tail  much  as  in  adult;  head,  neck,  back,  and  chest  dull 
fulvous,  streaked  with  blackish.) 
d}.  Larger,  with  larger  white  markings  on  quills  and  tail-feathers ; 
iris  of  adult  male  bright  carmine-red ;  length  7.50-8.75,  wing 
3.30-3.75  (3.60),  tail  3.55-4.10  (3.84),  white  space  on  outer  tail- 
feather  1.30-1.60  long.    Eggs  .94  X  .71.    Hab.  Eastern  United 


I; 

I; 


•  Embernagra  rufivirgata,  0.  crai$iroitri»  RiDow.,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.  i.  Doc.  17,  \S'S,  248,  249  {ex  "  E. 
rufivirgata  var.  cra»tinottri$  Baird,  MS."). 

2  Embernagra  rufivirgata,  y.  v»rtioali§  RiDOW.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mub.  i.  Deo.  17,  1878,  248,  249. 


mm 


436  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

States,  -west  to  Minnesota,  eastern  Dakota,  Kansas,  and  Texaa^ 
south  to  Gulf  coast. 

587.  P.  erythrophthalmus  (Linn.).    Towhee. 

<P.  Smaller,  with  smaller  white  markings  on  quills  and  tail-feathers ; 

iris  of  adult  male  usually  yellowish  or  whitish  ;  length  7.00- 

8.25,  wing  2.95-3.20  (3.10),  tail  3.55-3.90  (3.71)  ;  white  space  on 

outer  tail-feather  only  .66-.75  long.    Eggs  1.01  X  -69  (?).    Hab. 

Florida 587a.  P.  erythrophthalmus  alleni  Coues. 

White^yed  Towhee. 
c*.  Wing-coverts  tipped  with  white,  and  scapulars  more  or  less  streaked 
with  the  same. 
d}.  Back  more  or  less  streaked  with  white  (these  streaks  sometimes 
concealed  or  even  obliterated  in  middle  of  back,  but  always 
distinct  along  sides  of  back,  next  to  scapulars), 
e*.  Streaks  on  back  very  conspicuous,  and  other  white  markings 
greatly  developed,  the  white  on  wing-coverts  forming  two 
broad,  continuous  bars  across  wing,  the  white,  edgings  to 
quills  and   tertials   always  distinct,  and  white  tei-minal 
space  on  outer  tail-feather  more  than  1.00  long;    adult 
females  with  general  color  of  head,  neck,  chest,  and  upper 
parts  grayish  brown  or  olive-brown. 
/'.  Adult  male  with   rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  remiges,  and 
edges  of  tail-feathers  olive  brownish  (sometimes  in- 
clining to  smoky  grayish),  the   back   and   scapulars 
mixed  with  the  same  color. 

Wing  3.25-3.75,  tail  3.95-4.20,  exposed  cu'  len  .52- 
.55,  tarsus  1.10-1.12,  middle  toe  .75-.80 ;  white 
space  on  outer  tail-feather  1.30-1.50,  involving 
both  webs.  Hab.  Southern  and  central  Mexico 
and  highlands  of  Guatemala. 

P.  tnaculatus  Swains.     Mexican  Towhee.' 
/'.  Adult  males  with  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  etc.,  black,  or 
but  slightly  intermixed  with  grayish  (rumj)  sometimes 
uniform  olive-grayish). 
g^.  Lighter  colored,  with  white  markings  more  exten- 
sive, and  rufous  of  sides,  etc.,  paler,  more  ochra- 
ceous ;  white  edgings  to  primaries  sometimes  de- 
veloped into  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  patch  at 
base ;  white  on  outer  tail-feather  occupying  more 
than  the  exposed   half  (1.30-1.75  long).    Adxdt 
female  with   head,  neck,  chest,  rump,  etc.,  broc- 
coli-brown.     Young :    Similar    to    corresponding 
stage  of  P.  erythrophthalmus,  but  less  tawny,  and 

1  PipUo  maculatui  SwAixs.,  Phil.  Mag.  n.  b,  i.  1827,  434. 


PIPILO. 


437 


ad  Texaa^ 

Towhee. 

■feathers ; 
5th  7.00- 

space  on 
:?).  Hab. 
ni  CouES. 
I  Towhee. 

streaked 

ometimcs 
it  always 

markings 
ming  two 
dgings  to 
terminal 
\g ;  adult 
vnd  upper 


igcs,  and 
(times  in- 
scapulars 

icn  .52- 
JO;  white 
involving 
il  Mexico 

n  Towhee.' 

black,  or 

ometimes 

>ro  exten- 
>ro  ochra- 
timcs  de- 
patch  at 
nng  more 
).  Adult 
etc.,  broc- 
Bsponding 


iwny, 


and 


with  wing-coverts  much  more  distinctly  tipped 
with  white  or  buffy.  Length  8.00-8.75,  wing  3.30- 
3.50  (3.43),  tail  3.90-4.25  (4.07),  exposed  culmon 
.49-.54  (.52),  tarsus  1.03-1.10  (1.08).  Eggs  .94  X 
.70.  Hab.  Great  Plains,  north  to  the  Saskatche- 
wan, south  (in  winter  only?)  to  Texas,  east  to 
Indian  Territory,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  etc.,  west  to 

base  of  Rocky  Mountains 588.  P.  maculatus 

arcticus  Swains.  Arctic  Towhee. 
J/'.  Darker,  with  white  markings  more  restricted,  and 
rufous  of  sides,  etc.,  deeper;  white  edgings  of 
primaries  never  developed  into  a  basal  patch ; 
white  space  on  outer  tail-feather  occup^-ing  not 
more  (usually  less)  than  terminal  exposed  half 
(1.10-1.35  long).  Adult  female  with  head,  neck, 
chest,  rump,  etc.,  dusky  gi'ayish  brown.  Young 
hardly  distinguishable  from  corresponding  stage 
of  P.  arcticus.  Length  8.50-8.90,  wing  3.40-3.(]0 
(3.52),  tail  4.00-4.40  (4.25),  exposed  culmen  .50- 
.59  (.53),  tarsus  1.03-1.12  (1.09).  Eggs  .95  X  -68. 
JIab.  Rocky  Mountains  and  west  to  interior  of 
California,  north  to  eastern  AVashington  Territory, 
etc.,  south  to  northern  Mexico  and  Lower  Cali- 
fornia.. 588a.  P.  maculatus  megalonyx  (Baird). 

Spurred  Towhee. 
c'.  White  streaks  on  back  obsolete  or  concealed,  except  on  outer- 
most interscapulars,  and  other  white  markings  much  re- 
stricted ;    white  at  tips  of  wing-coverts  I'cduced  to  small 
roundish  spots,  that  on  edges  of  quills  and  tertials  very  in- 
conspicuous— sometimes  quite  obsolete — that  on  outer  tail- 
feathers  less  than  1.00  in  length ;    adult  females  with  gen- 
eral color  of  head,  neck,  chest,  and  upper  parts  dai'k  sooty 
brown  or  dusky  sepia.    (Rufous  of  sides,  etc.,  also  decidedly 
deeper.) 
/'.  Larger,  the  wing  averaging  more  than  3.30,  tail  avei'aging 
more  than  3.80;  length  8.00-8.G0,  wing  3.25-3.45  (3.35), 
tail  3.60-4.10  (3.90),  exposed  culmen  .52-.58  (.54),  tar- 
sus  1.07-1.13  (1.10).     Eggs  .94  X  -70.     Hab.  Pacific 
coast,  from  California  to  British  Columbia....  5886.  P. 
maculatus  oregonus  (Bell).    Oregon  Towhee. 
/'.  Smallei*,  the  wing  averaging  less  than  3.10,  tail  averaging 
less  than  3.60  ;  length  about  6.50-7.50,  wing  2.90-3.25 
(3.06),  tail  3.25-3.80  (3.56),   tarsus   1.00-1.10  (1.06). 
Hab.  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

589.  P.  consobrinus  Riduw.    Onadalnpe  Towhee. 


il    Si    I' 

«•« .  .... 


438  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

cP.  Back  without  white  streaks.     (Adult  males  with  general  color 
of  upper  parts  dusky  grayish  brown,  the   outermost   scapu- 
lars with  outer  webs  partly  white,  and   both  rows  of  wing- 
coverts  tipped  with  small  white  spots;  only  one  or  two  outer 
tail-feathers  with  white  terminal  spots,  these  very  small — less 
than  .90  long.) 
e\  Larger ;  Wing  3.30,  tail  3.70,  culraon  .60,  tarsus  1.15.     Adult 
male:  Head,  neck,  and  chest   brownish   black,  becoming 
dark  grayish  brown,  indistinctly  streaked  with  darker,  on 
top  of  head  and  hind-neck ;  back  and  scapulars  umber- 
brown,  tinged  with  rusty,  broadly,  though  rather  indis- 
tinctly,   streaked   with    dusky.     Ilab.    Southern    Mexico 
(Puebla).  p.  submaculatus  Kidqw.     Subtnaculated  Towhee.* 

e'.  Smaller:  Wing  2.G0-2.80  (2.74),  tail  3.00-3.15  (3.07),  exposed 
culmen  .49-.53  (.50),  tarsus  .9-4-1.01  (.98).  Adult  male  : 
Head,  neck,  chest,  and  upper  parts  dark  sooty  graj'ish 
brown.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  browner. 
Hab.  Socorro  Island,  western  Mexico. 

P.  carmani  Lawr.    Socorro  Towhee.' 
b'.  Wings  and  tail  olive-green.    (Adult  males  with  head,  neck,  and  chest  black, 
breast  and   belly  white,  and   sides   rufous,  as  in  P.  erythrophthalmus 
and  allies;  females  unknown.) 
c^  Tail  4.50,  or  more ;  top  of  head  without  rufous  spot,  and  throat  with- 
out white  patch. 
d}.  Back  and  scapulars  streaked  with  blackish  and  pale  yellow,  the 
outer  webs  of  exterior  scapului's  almost  wholly  of  this  color; 
middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  tipped  with  pale  yellow,  form- 
ing two  distinct  bands  across  wing;  three  outer  tail-feathers 
with  terminal  portion  of  inner  web  abruptly  pale  yellow  or 
yellowish    white,   the   spot  on   outermost   feather  about  1.10 
long ;  length  about  8.75-9.00,  v,  ing  3.70-3.80,  tail  4.60,  culmen 
.70-.75,  tarsus  1.15-1.25.     Hab.  Valley  of  Mexico. 

P.  macronjrx  Swains.  Swainson's  Towhee." 
rf*.  Back  and  scapulars  plain  olive-green ;  wing-coverts  without  dis- 
tinct yellowish  tips,  and  whitish  or  light  yellowish  spots  at 
tips  of  outer  tail-feathers  not  sharply  defined ;  length  about 
8.00-8.50,  tail  4.50,  culmen  .68,  tarsus  1.15-1.25.  Hab.  South- 
ern Mexico  (Oaxaca). 

P.  chlorosoma  Baird.     Green-backed  Towhee.* 
c*.  Tail  not  moi'e  than  4.00;  top  of  head  with  a  rufous  spot,  and  throat 
with  a  white  patch. 

'  Pipilo  lubmaculatui  RiDOW.,  Auk,  iii.  July,  1S86,  332. 
'  Pipilo  carmani  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  x.  1871,  7. 

*  Pipilo  macronyx  Swains.,  Philos.  Mag.  n.  8.  i.  1827,  434. 

*  Pipilo  chloroioma  Baird,  Hist.  N.  Am.  B.  it.  1874,  105. 


PIPILO. 


439 


Adult 


Adult  male :  Similar  to  same  sex  of  P.  macronyx,  but  with  shorter 
tail,  rufous  of  sides,  etc.,  paler  and  raoi'O  oehraceous,  and  differ- 
ing in  coloration  of  the  head,  as  above  ;  wing  3.60,  tail  3.90,  cul- 
mon  .62,  tarsus  1.15.     Hub.  Southern  Mexico  (Piiebla). 

P.  complexus  liioaw.    Complex  Towhee.' 
Throat  and  chest  neither  black  nor  brown,  abruptly  contrasted  with  color  of 
breast,  which  is  never  white ;  sides  and  flanks  not  rufous  or  rusty. 
6'.  Wings  and  tail  olive-green  ;  edge  of  wing,  under  wing-coverts,  and  axillars 
bright  yellow  ;  chest  and  sides  plain  ash-gray. 

Adult  (sexes  alike)  :  Crown  and  occiput  uniform  rufous ;  forehead  and 
sides  of  head  deep  ash-gray,  the  former  with  a  broad  white  streak 
along  each  side;  a  white  malar  streak,  bordered  below  by  a  dusk}' 
lino  along  each  side  of  throat,  passing  posteriorly  into  ash  of  clust; 
chin  and  throat,  abruptly,  Avhito.  Young:  Above  olive-grayish, 
streaked  with  dusky;  lower  parts  dingy  whitish,  the  chest,  etc. 
streaked  with  dusky.  Length  7.00-7.85,  wing  3.00-3.30,  tail  3.50- 
3.90.  Eggs  .84  X  -65,  whitish,  speckled  or  sprinkled  with  reddish 
brown  (averaging  rather  paler,  with  finer  speckling,  than  egg  of  P. 
erythrophthalmus,  etc.).  llab.  Rocky  Mountain  district,  north  to 
eastern  Oregon,  Idaho,  Montana,  etc.,  west  to  Sierra  Nevada,  south 

into  Mexico 590.  P.  chlorurus  (Towns.).     Green-tailed  Towhee. 

b'.  Wings  and  tail  grayish  brown ;  edge  of  wing  white  or  pale  cinnamon-buffy, 
under  wing-coverts  and  axillars  pale  cinnamon  or  brownish  gray.     Eggs 
white,  greenish  white,  bluish  white,  or  pale  greenish  blue,  speckled  or 
spotted,  chiefly  round  larger  end,  with  dark  brown  and  black,  often  with 
short  "  pen-lines"  of  the  latter  color. 
cV  Lores  and  chin  whitish  or  buffy ;  lower  throat  or  chest,  or  both,  flecked 
with  dusky. 
d^.  Throat  white,  crossed,  at  about  the  middle,  by  a  band  of  oehra- 
ceous or  buff,  this  occupying  the  posterior  half,  or  more,  of 
malar  region. 
Above  uniform  grayish  brown,  the  middle  wing-coverts  tipped, 
more  or  loss  distinctly,  with  white ;  chest,  breast,  and  belly 
white,  the  first  flecked  with  grayish,  and  along  posterior 
boi'der  of  white  throat-patch  spotted  with  dusky,  some- 
times forming  a  nearly  continuous  dusky  line ;  sides  of 
breast  and  sides  gray  or  brownish  gray,  flanks  and  under 
tail-coverts  oehraceous ;  length  about  7.00,  wing  3.25-3.30, 
tail  3.60-3.70.     Hab.    Southern  Mexico  (Oaxaca,  Puebla, 
etc.). 

P.  rutilus  LiCHT.     Sclater's  Towhee.* 
(P.  Throat  (also  chin  and  malar  region)  buffy,  oehraceous,  or  tawny, 
e*.  Paler,  with  throat,  etc.,  buffy,  sides  ashy,  middle  of  belly  dis- 


1  Pi'pih  complexut  Ridgw.,  Auk,  iii.  July,  1886,  3,32. 

*PipUo  rutilu*  LicHT.,  Preia-Vorz.  1830,  No.  71.     {P.  albicollu  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  304.) 


^ 


^5  J 


440  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

tinctly  white,  under  tail-coverts  ochraeeous,  and  upper 
parta  brownish  gray. 
p.  Top  of  head  only  slightly,  if  at  all,  browner  or  more  ru- 
fescent  than  back;  wing  3.40-4.00  (3.59),  tail  3.G0- 
4.25  (3.88),  culmcn  .60-.65  (.63),  tarsus  .95-1.05  (.99). 
Hab.  Mexico,  north  nearly  to  United  States  boundary ; 
southern  New  Mexico? 

P.  fuscus  Swains.    Brown  Towhee.' 
/'.  Top  of  head  conspicuously  rufcscent. 

(f.  Largoi',  with  less  abrupt  contrast  between  grayish 
(or  dull  whitish)  of  chest  and  buffy  of  throat; 
chest  and  bides  usually  less  distinctly  or  less 
deeply  gray ;  hinder  portion  of  belly  and  flanks 
ochraeeous,  like  under  tail-coverts.  Young  :  Above 
dull  grayish  brown,  very  indistinctly  streaked 
with  darker,  the  middle  and  greater  wing-cov- 
erts edged  and  tipped  with  pale  fulvous;  lower 
•  parts   dull  white,  changing  to   light  fulvous  on 

under  tail-coverts,  etc.,  the  whole  chest,  breast, 
sides,  sides  of  throat,  etc.,  streaked  with  dusk}-. 
Length  8.10-8.80,  wing  3.50-3.90  (3.73),  tail 
4.20-4.50  (4.34),  exposed  culraen  .55-.63  (.60), 
tarsus  1.00-1.09  (1.03).  Eggs  .97  X  -68,  white, 
greenish  white,  or  dull  bluish  white,  speckled 
or  spotted  round  larger  end  with  black  and 
rich  madder-brown.  Hab.  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona   591.  P.  fuscus  mesoleucus  (Baird). 

G&xion  Towhee. 
g*.  Smaller,  with  more  abrupt  contrast  between  grayish 
of  chest  and  buffy  of  throat  (the  latter  often  much 
palest  posteriorly),  chest  and  sides  more  distinctly 
or  deeply  gray  ;  hinder  portion  of  belly  white, 
of  flanks  grayish ;  length  about  7.90-8.25,  wing 
3.40-3.70  (3.52),  tail  3.85-4.25  (4.08),  exposed  cul- 
men  .53-.59  (.56),  tarsus  .93-1.06  (1.01).  Eggs  .91 
X  -65,  greenish  white  or  veiy  pale  greenish  blue, 
speckled  on  or  round  larger  end  with  black  and 
dark  brown,  sometimes  mixed  with  a  few  "pen- 
lines"  of  black.    Sab.  Lower  California. 

591a.  P.  fuscus  albigula  (Baird). 

Saint  Lucas  Towhee. 

t''.  Darker,  with  throat,  etc.,  cinnamon-ochi-aceous  or  tawny,  sides 

grayish  brown,  middle  of  belly  dull  whitish  or  pale  dull 

J  Pipilo  futcnt  Swains.,  Philoa.  Mag.  n.  s.  i.  1827,  434. 


CARDINALIS. 


441 


upper 


grayish 
'  throat; 

or  less 
d  flanks 
' ;  Above 
streaked 


buffy,   under  tail-coverts  deep  tawny,   and    upper  parts 
deeper  brownish  gray,  or  grayish  brown. 
Light  or  tawny  cinnamon -ochraceous  of  throat  usually 
spotted  or  flecked  with  dusky ;  top  of  head  browner 
than  back,  but  not  rufescent.      Young :  Above  similar 
to  adult,  but  browner,  the  middle  and  greater  wing- 
coverts  edged  and  tipped  with  isabella-color  ;  beneath 
dull  light  butty,  changing  to  dull  tawny  buff  posteriorly 
and  on  throat,  and  to  dull  grayish  brown  along  sides, 
the  entire  fore-neck,  chest,  breast,  etc.,  streaked  with 
grayish    dusky.      Length    8.50-9.00,   wing    3.70^.00 
(3.87),   tail   4.40-4.75    (4.53),  exposed   culmen  .55-.62 
(.57),  tarsus  1.10-1.16  (1.13).    Eggs  .99  X  .61,  colored 
like  those  of  P.  albigula.     Hah.  California. 
591&.  P.  fuscus  crissalis  (Via.).  Californian  Towhee. 
c*.  Lores  and  chin  dusky ;  lower  throat  and  chest  plain  light  butfy  cinna- 
mon, or  fawn-color. 
Above  plain  grayish  brown,  becoming  more  decidedly  brown  on 
top  of  head ;   quills  edged  with  grayish ;   lower  parts  nearly 
uniform  light  fawn-color,  paler  on  belly  and  changing  to  cinna- 
mon-tawny on  under  tail-coverts ;  length  8.50-9.00,  wing  3.40- 
3.90,  tail   4.75-5.00.      Eggs  .99  X  -70,  pale  greenish  blue   or 
bluish  white,  speckled  and  scratched  on  or  round  larger  end 
with  dark  brown,  sometimes  mixed  with  madder-brown.     Hab. 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  north  into  southei-n  Utah  and  Colo- 
rado   592.  P.  aberti  Baird.    Abert's  Towhee. 


Genus  CARDINALIS  Bonaparte.    (Page  382,  pi.  CXII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  bright  vermilion-red,  dai'ker  on  upper 
parts ;  feathers  round  base  of  bill  black  (restricted  to  chin  in  C.  phoeniceus).  Adult 
females  brownish  above,  pale  tawny  or  buffy  beneath,  the  crest,  wings,  and  tail  dulh 
reddish.  Young  much  like  adult  female,  but  colors  duller,  the  bill  blackish.  Nest 
a  rather  frail  structure  of  fine  rootlets,  strips  of  grape-vine  bark,  etc.,  in  bushes, 
brambles,  grape-vines,  or  low  trees.  Eggs  2-4,  white,  greenish  white,  or  brownish 
white,  spotted  or  speckled  with  various  shades  of  brown  and  lilac-gray. 

a*.  Culmen  nearly  straight  to  near  tip,  where  gently  curved ;  upper  mandible  about 
as  deep  as  the  lower,  its  edge  slightly  lobed  anterior  to  the  slight  angle, 
without  grooves ;  color  of  bill  bright  vermilion-rcd  in  life ;  feathers  all  round 
base  of  bill  black,  the  throat  also  black.  Adult  females  with  under  wing- 
coverts  pinkish  red. 
6*.  Feathers  of  crest  soft,  blended ;  male  with  crest  brownish  red  or  deep  ver- 

66 


442  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

milion,  back  and  rump  deep  brownish  rod ;  tail  3.85  or  more  (usually 
moro  than  4.00). 
c'.  Adult  male  with  black  of  lores  distinctly  connected  across  forehead. 

Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  fine  vermilion,  the  crest, 
much  duller  (more  like  color  of  upper  parts).  Adult  female 
with  breast,  etc.,  grayish  buffy  or  light  tawny ;  upper  parts 
olive-grayish  (wings  and  tail  much  as  in  the  male) ;  capis- 
trum  (i.e.,  differently  colored  patch  round  base  of  bill,  including 
upper  part  of  throat)  dull  light  grayish.  Length  7.50-9.25, 
wing  (male)  3.55-4.00  (3.70),  tail  3.90-4.C0  (4.20),  culmen  .72- 
.82  (.78),  depth  of  bill  through  base  .60-.67  (.(52),  tarsus  .90-1.00 
(.97).  E(jgs  .99  X  -73.  Hch.  Eastern  United  States,  north 
regularly  to  40°  (casually  or  irregularly  nearly  to  northern 
border),  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains,  south  to  Gulf  coast 
(Florida  to  southern  Texas). 

593.  C.  cardinalis  Linn.    Cardinal. 

c".  Adult  males  with  black  of  lores  not  connected  across  forehead ;    bill 

stouter. 

J'.  Color^i  paler  than  in    C.  virginianus,  tlio   female  with  the  capis- 

trum  grayish  white  and  very  indistinct. 

c\  Larger:  Length  (male)  about  9.40-9.50,  wing  4.00-4.15  (4.0G), 

tail  4.60-5.10  (4.97),  culmon  .85-.90  (.86),  depth  of  bill  at 

base  .65-.70  (.68).  tarsus  1.07-1.12  (1.08).     Eggs  1.00  X  -'^5. 

Hab.  Western  Mexico,  south  to  ^lazallan,  north  to  southern 

Arizona 593a.  C.  cardinalis  superbus  Kidow. 

Arizona  Cardinal. 

c".  Smaller:     Length    (male)    about    8  00-8.50,    wing    3.60-3.80 

(3.70),  tail  4.30-4.60  (4.40),  culmen  .75-.85  (.79),  depth  of 

bill  at  base  .62-.68  (.66),  tarsus  .95-1.05  (1.01).     Eggs  1.00 

X -72.     Hab.  Lower  California 5936.  C.  cardinalis 

igneus  (Haird).    Saint  Luoas  Cardinal. 

d^.  Colors  darker  and   richer  than  in   C.  airdinalis,  the  female  with 

the  capistrum  dark  grayish,  or    grayish   black,  very  distinct. 

d.  Larger:  Wing  (adult  males)  3.60,  or  moro,  tail  4.20,  or  more. 

Wing  3.60-3.85  (3.67),  tail  4.20-1.50  (4.29),  culmen  .82- 

.90  (.87).  depth  of  bill  at  base  .60-.7O  (.67),  tarsus  ,95- 

1.05  (1.0'').     JLib.  Eastern  and  central  Mexico  (north 

to  IMiradov). 

C.  cardinalis  cocchieus  Hinnw.     Mexican  Cardinal.' 

e*.  Smaller:    Wing  (adult  males)  loss   than  3.G0,   tail  less  than 

4.20. 

/'.  Brighter  colored,  with  smaller  bill;  female  with  breast, 

etc.,  brigl  t  ochraceouH-tawny,  back  tawnj-  olive,  the 


'  CardinalU  viryinianui  var.  cocci«e»4#  Ridqw.,  Am.  Jour.  Sol.  i  Arts,  v.  Jan.  1873,  39. 


PYRRHVLOXIA. 


443 


capistrum  deep  black ;  wing  (adult  males)  3.30-O.40 
(3.32),  tail  3.85-4.10  (3.98),  culmen  .80-.85  (.81),  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .G2-.C5  (.G3),  tarsus  .95-1.00  (.97).  Uab. 
Yucatan. 

C.  cardinalis  yucatanicus  IIiduw.  Yucatan  Cardinal.^ 
p.  Darker  colored,  the  adult  female  with  breast,  etc.,  dull 
tawny,  back  deep  broccoli-brown,  the  capistrum 
blackish  slate;  wing  (adult  males)  3.55,  tail  4.00,  cul- 
men .80-.82,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .G7-.70,  tarsus  1.00. 
Hab.  Island  of  Cozumel,  Yucatan. 

C.  cardinalis  saturatus  liiouw.     Cozumel  Cardinal.' 

6*.  Feathers  of  crest  stiffish,  more  distinctly  outlined  (cresi  much  as  in  C.  phcc- 

niccus) ;  ri'i  j  with   crest  light   scarlet-vermilion,  bii.ck  light  brownish 

red,  the   i  '<nip   decidedly  lighter  and  purer  red  :  tail  not  moi'o  than 

3.80  (?).     (Female  unknown.) 

Wing  (adult  males)  3.35-3.45,  tail  3.80,  culmen  .70-75,  depth  of  bill  at 
base  .58  (the  bill  more  depressed  aUv'  with  more  curved  culmen  than 
in  any  of  the  races  of  C.  cardinalis)  ;  tarsus  .90.     Ilab.  Southwestern 

Mexico  (Colima,  etc.). 

C.  carneus  (Lkss.).     Colima  Cardinal.' 

a'.  Culmen  much  arched;  upper  mandible  not  as  deep  as  lower,  grooved  anterior 

to  nostril,  it>.  edge  not  lobed,  and  tiie  angle  very  abrupt  ;  color  of  bill  in  life 

(and  in  dried  skins  also)  whitish  brown  ;  feathers  round  base  of  bill  red.  ex- 

ce[(i,  on  chin  and  anterior  border  of  malar  region.     Adult  fcnudc  with  under 

wing  coverts  buC 

Adult  miilr :  Cfenoral  coloration  much  like  that  of  ('.  carneus,  but  red  of  a 

ratfcer  lighter  hue,  the  chief  difference  consisting  in  the  much  more  ro- 

strlcted  black  capistrum  and  the  totally  diflPeront  color  (as  well  as  shap*) 

of  the  bill ;    wing  3.30-3,55,   tail   3.30-3.90.      Jf.ih.    Northern  coast  uf 

South  America  (Trinidad,  Venezuela,  rolombia,  etc.). 

C.  phoeniceuB  Uoui.d.     Venezuelan  Cardinal.* 


Gkni's  PYRRHULOXIA   Bdnai'aute.     (Page  382,  pi.  CXII.,  fig.  ♦.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Crest,  featherp  bordering  base  of  bill  all  rnund.  tail-feathers,  and 
basal  portions  of  (luil's  an.l  sec()iularies,  dark  brownish  red.  or  burnt-carmine; 
throiit  and  meilian  lower  parts  ]turo  caniiiiie-i-ed,  tlie  lateral  lower  parts  light 
grayish;  rest  of  upper  parts  plain  gi.ivish;  bill  bright  yellow  or  orange  jti  sum- 
mer, more  horn-colored  in  winter  or  young  birds.  Adult  /(■  male :  T'^pper  ]»arts  as 
in  tlie  male,  but  red  of  crest,  wings,  and  tail  more  restricted,  as  well  as  duller ;  lowir 


1  \ow  sub.'pcciog. 

'  Ciirilhtnli»  miiiirnliif  Rlixnv.,  Drsnr.  Now  P]i.  II.  Coinmol,  Feb.  2(1,  IctSS,  4. 

»  CtriUmxUi  cnrneut  Lkss.,  Rov.  Zool.  1S4.1,  209. 

*  C<ir(/iiia/i»/>A<riiiMi(»  ftoi'LD,  P.  Z.  S.  1837,  111. 


444 


NORTir  AMEPJCAN  BIRDS. 


■■::Xi 


parts  light  brownish  gray  (without  any  re<!).  Young  :  Like  adult  female,  but  bill 
more  or  less  dusky.  Length  '  f-o7t,  ••^ing  3.60-3.83,  tail  4.35-4.80.  2^est  and 
eggs  like  those  of  Cardinalis,  but  the  latter  smaller,  averaging  .94  X  -73.  Ilab. 
Northern  Mexico  and  contiguous  border  of  United  States,  from  southern  Texas  to 
southern  Arizona  and  Lower  California..  594.  P.  sinuata  Bonap.    Texan  Cardinal. 


Genus  HABIA  Eeichenbacb.    (Page  383,  pi.  CXI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  head,  wings,  and  tail  black  ;  two  broad 
bands  aer()ss  wing,  patch  at  base  of  quills,  and  terminal  portion  of  inner  webs  of 
outer  tail-feathors,  white  ;  under  wing-coverts  rose-pink  or  gamboge-yellow.  Adult 
females  with  Avings  and  tail  similar,  but  black  duller  and  white  markings  more  re- 
stricted ;  other  black  portions  of  male  replaced  by  brownish,  streaked  with  dusky ; 
under  wing-coverts  sattVon-yellow  or  lemon-yellow  ;  breast  streaked.  Nest  a  very 
thin  saucer-shaped  structure,  composed  of  wiry  rootlets,  etc.,  in  bushes  or  low  trees 
Eijgs  2-4,  bluish  green  or  greenish  blue,  s})eckled  with  clove-brown,  vandyke-brown, 
or  burnt-umber. 


rt'.  Under  wing  coverts  rose-rod  (male)  or  saffron-yellow  (female). 

Adult  iu'de:  Ilead,  neck,  back;  wings,  and  tail  uniform  deep  b:.  -  a.  the 
wings  and  tail  varied  with  white,  as  described  above;  breast  (some- 
times throat  also)  and  under  wing-coverts  pure  rose-red  ;  rest  of  lower 
parts,  with  rump,  pure  white.  Adult  female  :  Black  of  male  replaced  by 
dull  brownish,  striaked  with  dusky  ;  breast  brownish  while,  streaketd 
Avitii  dusky;  undor  wing-coverts  pale  salmon-yellow  or  Biiffron-yilow. 
Young  mnle,  first  atitumn :  Wings  and  tail  as  in  adult  luule  ;  head,  n-fk, 
and  back  brown,  streaked  with  black;  throat  and  sides  brownish  w^^ite, 
or  pale  brownish,  streaked  with  bla<'k  ;  chest  more  or  less  oxtfnsi\  v 
tinged  with  rose-red;  under  wing-coverts  pale  rose-red  t>r  ro>o-2Jiiii. 
Length  7.00-8.50,  wing  3.90-4.15,  tail  3.25-3.55.  Eggs  .95  X  -67.  Mah. 
Eastern  North  Aint-rica.  nortli  to  Canada,  br  "ling  from  northMtm 
United  States  northward;  south,  in  wititer,  through  Cuba  and 
America  to  northern  South  .America. 

595.  H.  ludoviciana  (Li.vn).    Bose-breaated 

fl*.  Under  wing-eoverts  clear  gamlmge-yellow,  or  lemon-yellow. 

Adult  viale :   Head  black,  tin*  throat,  ami  somotimos  a  posU* 
(occasionally  a  sTripo  on  middle  of  crowti  also),  light  cini 
ceous ;  wings  und   tail  black,  varied  with  whit«',  us   in    //   l'*^'* 
1>ack  mixt'il  blar-k  atid  light  cinnamon  (sometinifs  uniforn       .i  -i) ; 
collar  round  hind-neck,  and   most  of  lower  parts  uniform  butfy 
mon  ;  belly  and  under  wing-''overts  lemon-yellow ;    under  ti 
whit*'.     Adult  fiuhile  :  Abovt>  dusky  gniyisli  brown,  streaked,  e*ipeeiallj' 
on  bat     and  middle  line  of  crown,  with  pale  I'ulvous  or  bulfy  ;  fa<eneath 


atrxfm 


OUIRACA. 


445 


pale  fulvous  or  ochracoous,  streaked  on  sides  and  flanks  with  dusky, 
but  usually  without  streaks  on  breast ;  belly  pale  yellowish,  and  under 
wing-coverts  clear  lemon-yellow.  Young :  Much  like  adult  female,  but 
(especially  the  male)  more  iiuffy,  the  markings  more  suffused  with  the 
ground-color,  and  remiges  and  tail-feathers  tinged  with  olive-grccnish. 
Length  7.50-8.90,  wing  3.85-4.20,  tail  3.40-3.90.  Eggs  1.02  X  -70.  Hob. 
Western  United  States,  east  to  Great  Plains,  south  into  Mexico. 

596.  H.  melanocephala  (Swains.).    Black-headed  Grosbeak. 


l')W. 


.lly 


Genus  GUIRACA  Swainson.    (Pago  383,  pi.  CXI.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Co.MMON  CiiARACTEUS. — Aflult  malcs  plain  blue  or  bluish  black,  with  or  without 
rufous  or  chestnut  wing-bands;  adult  females  and  young  brownish. 

a'.  Middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  tipped  with  chestnut,  rufous,  or  huffy,  pro- 
ducing two  distinct  bands  across  wing;  first  quill  longer  than  fifth.     Nest  a 
compact,  deeply  cup-shaped  structure,  composed  of  dried  grasses,  plant-fibres, 
etc.,  placed  in  buslies,  tall  weeds,  etc.     Eggs  3-4,  plain  pale  greenish  blue  or 
bluish  white.     (Ailidt  males:    Uniform  dull  ultramarine-blue;   lores  black; 
wings  and  tail  blackish,  the  feathers  edged   with  bluish,  the  fornier  with 
two   broail    rufous   ])ands.      Adult  females:    Above  fulvous-brown,  beneath 
paler  fulvous ;   wings    and    tail    duskj',  the   former  with   two  light  fulvous 
bands.      Young:    Similar  to  adult  female,  but  colors  more  ochraceous,  the 
wing-bands  more  rusty,  etc.     Immattre  males:    The  plumage  of  the  adult 
Tnalo  and   female  mixed,  in  various   proportions,  according  to  age.     Adult 
7nales  in  winter:  Blue  of  back,  breast,  etc.,  more  or  less  obscured  by  light 
brownish  or  huffy  tips  to  feathers.) 
6'.  Smaller;  blue  deeper  or  more  purplish;  wing-bands  much  narrower,  deeper 
rufous,  that  across  tips  of  greater  coverts  usimlly  not  more  tlian  .15 
broad  (often  rot,  more  than  .10),  and  deeji  rufous  like  the  other  band; 
white  borders  to  lower  tail-coverts,  etc.,  narrower,  sometimes  nearly  ob- 
poKte;  fmale  and    i/oung  averaging   browner  or  more  lawny;    length 
6.35-7.50,  wing  (male    3.35-3.00  (3.50).  tail  2.70-2.90  (2.82).  exi>oHe<l  cul- 
men  .fi2-.00  (.64),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .52-.58  f  .55).     Eggs  .80  X  -66. 
Ifal).  More  southern  eastern  United  States;  north,  regidarly  (but  very 
lor'tilly),  to  Pt'unsylvania.   Kentucky,  Kansas,  etc.,  casually,  much  far- 
ther: Wv  st  to  Indian  Territory  (and  castirn  Texas?);  in  winter,  r'uba, 

Yuf-utan,  etc t^^7.  G.  caerulea  (Linn.).    Bine  Grosbeak. 

ft*.  Larger;  bluo  rather  lighter  and  less  purplish;  wing-bands  much  broader, 
paler  nifone  that  across  tips  of  greater  coverts  usually  .20-.30  wide,  and 
^oidod'v  piili'r  than  the  nnterior  band  ;  white  borders  to  lower  tail-cov- 
erts. •'  much  (nore  conspicuous,  rarely,  if  ev;'r,  iiidistinel  ;  fi'mnlr  and 
yoking  »v6rnging  gmyer,  or  less  tawny ;  length  7.00-S.OO,  wing  Onale) 
(3.68),  tail  3.00-3.20  (3.08),  exposed  oulmen  .62-.68  (.05),  ilepth 


446 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


of  bill  at  base  .55-.G0  (.56).    Eijrjs  .90  X  .65.    Hah.   Western  United 
States,  north  to  Colorado,  California,  etc.,  south  throughout  Mexico. 

-^.  G.  cserulea  eurhyncha  Coles.    Western  Blue  Grosbeak.' 

a*.  Wing-covorts  without  differently  colored  tips ;  first  quill  shorter  than  seventh 

(sometimes  shorter  than  eighth). 

Adult  male:    Entirely  dull  blue-black,  with  a  superficial  tinting  of  dull 

indigo-blue,  most  obvious  on  forehead,  superciliary  region,  checks,  and 

lesser  wing-covorts.    Adult  female:  Uniform  rich  vandyke-brown  (or  deep 

burnt-umber),  browner  above,  rather  Hgliter  and  brighter  brown  beneath. 

Length  about  6.00-G.50,  wing  3.00-3.30,  tail  2.G0-3.00,  exposed  culmcn 

.75-.85,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .65-.75.     Hah.  Central  America,  north  to 

Guatemala  and  eastern  Mexico  (Vera  Cruz). 

O.  cyanoides  concreta  (I)u  Bus).     Blue-black  Grosbeak.* 


Genus  PASSERINA  Vieillot.     (Page  385,  pi.  CXII.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

CoMMOjj  Characters. — Adult  males  very  brightly  colored,  with  more  or  less 
of  blue  in  the  plumage,  often  in  combination  with  other  ri-^'h  colors,  as  red,  yellow, 
purple,  or  green.  Adult  females  and  young  jdaiu  brownish  above,  beneath  similar, 
but  lighter.  Is\'Sts  in  bushes.  £(/gs  whitish,  sometimes  spotted  with  loddish  brown, 
oftener  plain. 

a\  Bill  larger  and  more  swollen,  the  lateral  outlines  decidedly  convex,  and  the  cut- 
ting-edge of  U]iper  mandible  convex  in  middle  jtortion.     (Subgenus  Ci/ano- 
cnmpsa  Cabanis.'') 
t'.  Gonys  not  more  than  .30;  wing  not  more  than  2,S5.     (Adult  males  dark 
blue,  becoming  bright  rich  blue  on  forehead,  su]>erciliary  region,  cheeks, 
rump,  and  lesser  wing-coverts;  female  and  young  brown,  paler  beneath, 
the  throat  and  middle  of  belly  whitish.) 
c'.  Blue  a  rich  dark  marine-blue  shade,  brightening  on  forehea<l,  etc.,  into 
nzuro  ;  length  about  5.00,  wing  2.00-2.85,  tail  2.20-2.35,  exposed  cul- 
mcn .40-.45.     Uah.  i-jouthern  and  eastern  Mexico,  north  to  lower 

Eio  Grande  Valley. 

P.  parellina  (Honap.).    Blue  Bunting.* 

f'.  Blue  an  indigo  shade,  brightening  on  forehead,  etc.,  into  cerulean  blue 

(almost  turquoise  on  forehead)  ;  length  about  5.00,  wing  2.80,  tail 


•  fliilrirrn  rirruffn,  var.  fiirhyiirhit  CnVKS,  Am.  Nat.  vill.  Sept.  1S74,  flfl.S. 

Althoii({h  two  of  the  three  ehiiractorH  <iri)(inn1ly  nsorlbcil  (i.e.,  lari^or  flic  and  diffcrpnt  color  of  bill)  ftiil  of 
(■ubrtniitiiitinn,  the  tliinl  (larRor  si/.i"),  tiiltrn  in  coniioi'tinii  «vith  wi'tl-nmrktvl  ilinVrrnfoM  of  pluiiinKC,  is  (juito 
Bufliuii'iit  10  fluiraiti'rizc!  the  wiwtcrii  (or,  riitlicr,  Hoiillnvoftuin)  liird  an  a  wi'll->lufined  ruco. 

'  Ci/itnofitj-i'n  cDiicrHii  Dv  Bis,  Bull.  Ao.  Brii.x.  xxil.  lHfi5,  150. 

"  Cifrinnciimpun  CaII.,  .'.  f,  O.  I*<(H,  I.     Type,  Oi/nnnlDxid  fuinHiiin  Bo^AP. 

♦  Ci/anoluxiit  fjardliiiii  IloNAI-.,  CjU-^p.  1.  180(1,  5U2.  I'unaerimi  imnlUmt  UlO«W,,  Pr.  U.  Sv  Nat.  M';s.  III. 
1880,  182. 


PASSERIXA. 


447 


2.55,    exposed    culmen    .45.    Hab.  Western    Mexico    (Mtxnzanillo 

Bay). 

P.  parellina  indigotica  Riduw.    Turquoise-fronted  Bunting.' 

6'.  Gonj's  more  than  .30 ;  wing  more  than  2.85. 

Young  male  {luhdt  male  and  female  unknown)  :  Above  brown  (of  a 
tint  intermediate  between  bistre  and  raw-umbor)  ;  beneath  similar 
but  paler;  quills  edged  with  ash-gray;  length  (skin)  5.50,  wing 
2.90,  tail  2.50,  exposed  culmen  .50,  gonys  .32,  depth  of  bill  at  base 
.42,  tarsus  .70.     Hab.  Southern  Mexico  (Tchuantepoc). 

P.  sumichrasti  Rinow.     Sumichrast's  Bunting.' 
a*.  Bill  smaller  and  less  swollen,  with  lateral  outlines  nearl}'  straight,  and  cutting- 
edge  of  upper  mandible  straight,  or  even  concave  in  middle  portion.     (Sub- 
genus Passerina  Vieill.) 
b\  Exposed  culmen  less  than  .45  ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  equal  to  or  greater 
than  length  of  bill  from  nostril, 
c'.  Belly  blue,  white,  purple,  or  dull  buffy. 

d^.  Wing  with  one  or  two  white  or  jialc  buflFy  bands;  belly  pure  white. 
Adult  male:  Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  turquoise-blue,  ihe 
back  darker  anil  duller;  middle  wing-coverts  broadly  and 
greater  coverts  narrowly  tipped  with  white  (Hometinies 
tinged  with  ochraceous) ;  breast  (sometimes  sides  also) 
deoji  ochraceous.  or  tawnj- ;  rest  of  lower  parts  white. 
Adult  female:  Above  grayish  brown,  tinged  with  bliiish  on 
rump,  the  wing  coverts  tipped  with  dull  whitish  or  buffy; 
anterior  lower  ])arts  pale  dull  l»utfy,  deeper  on  chest,  and 
fading  into  white  on  holly  aiwl  lower  tail-covcrts.  Yoitn//: 
Similar  to  ailiill  female,  but  without  blue  tinge  on  rump. 
Length  5.00-(i.2r),  wing  2.70-2,05,  tail  2.30-2.80.  Bjijs 
.74  X  55,  jtlain  bluish  white,  or  very  pale  greenish  blue. 
Jfab.  Western  United  States,  east  to  Groat  Plains,  south, 
in  winter,  to  western  Mexico. 

509.  F.  amoena  (Say).    Lazuli  Bunting. 
d*.  Wing  without  nny  distinct    light  bands  ;  belly  not  white,  ov  else 
breast  mort^  or  less  distinctly  streaked  with  darker, 
f'.  Culmen    gently    curved  ;     cutting-edge    of    upjier    mandible 
straight,  or  cvon  faintly  convex.     A<hilt  nhilr  :   Ilcatl,  nock, 
and  median  htwor  parts   rich    ultrumai-ino-blue,  changing 
gradually  to   rich  oorulean-bhio  on   rost  of  plumage,  the 
hiddon  portion  of  wing    and  tail-feathers  blackish;    lores 
black      A'hdt  t'riiiiili' :   Above  Immwm,  grayer  on  nnnji  ;  be- 
neath |>ale  luifVy  Ijrowni.sh,  boooming  nearly  or  •|uitt^  white 
on  belly,  deeper  and  more  >tr  less  streaked  with  darker  on 
bren»t    and    sides.      Yo*tn<j :    Similar  to  adult  female,  but 


»  Xrw  pubiipwlw;  tir*-  N'".  ^t**.  t'.  f,  >«  '<•  Mu«.,  f  «(!.,  Mnn«i»nil1ft  nny,  Feb.  I«fl3;  .John  Xnnfnu. 
»  New  ii|ieal«{  t|fa^  No.  .SOftsi,  L'.S.  Nut.  Mus.,  J  juv.,  IVhuaiilcin'c  City,  Ovi.  28,  I86»;  F.  8umieliia«t. 


448 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

browner.  Length  4.75-5.75,  wing  2.60-2.80,  tail  2.20-2.50. 
l^(j(js  .73  X  -53,  similar  in  color  to  those  of  P.  amoena  (some- 
times pure  white).  Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  more 
southern  British  Provinces,  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains; 
south,  in  winter,  to  Veragua. 

598.  P.  cyanea  (Linn.).    Indigo  Banting. 
e'.  Culmcn  strongly  curved;  cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  dis- 
tinctly concave.   Adult  male :  Forehead,  suporciliarj' region, 
lessor  wing-coverts,  and  rump  lavender-blue  or  purplish  ; 
crown  and  occiput  wine-red,  varying  to  vermilion ;  back 
and  scapulars  maroon-purplish;   sides  of  head  and  neck, 
and  lower  parts,  generally  plum-purplish,  changing  to  au- 
ricula-purple or  maroon  on  chest,  the  throat  usually  more 
reddish  ;  lores  black.     Adult  female  :    Above  plain  brown- 
ish ;  beneath  entirely  isabella-color,  or  dull  grayish  buff. 
/•.  Eathcr  larger,  or  with  longer  wing  and  tail ;  adult  male 
with    red   on   occiput   duller,  purple  of  thx-oat  more 
reddish  (sometimes  decidedly  red),  flanks  duller  and 
grayer,   ami   rump   bluer ;    length    about   5.50,  wing 
(male)  2.65-2.80  (2.71),  tail  2.30-2.50  (2.39).     Eggs  .78 
X  -58,  plain  dull  bluish  white.     Ilab.  Eastern  Mexico, 
north  to  lower  Rio  CJrande  Valley  in  Te.xas,  south  to 
Puebla..  600.  P.  versicolor  (JJonap.).  Varied  Banting. 
p.  Eather   smaller,   or  with    shorter  wing   and   tail;   adult 
male  with  red  on  occiput  brighter,  purple  of  throat 
less  reddish  (never  decidedly  red?),  flanks    brighter 
plum-purple,  and  rump  more  purplish  blue,  or  laven- 
der; length  about  5.50,  wing  (male)  2.50-2.05  (2.53), 
tail  2.05-2.30  (2.18).    Hah.  Lower  California  and  west- 
ern Mexico  (vicinity-  of  Mazatlan)..  — .  P.  versicolor 
pulchra  IIiduw.    Beautiful  Bunting.' 
Belly  red  or  yellow. 
(/'.  Tail  purplish  brown  (male)  or  green  (female).     Adult  male :  Head 
and  neck  purplish  smalt-blue  ;  eyelids,  and  entire  lower  parts, 
inchuling  chin  and  throat,  vermilion-rcd  ;  back  and  scapulars 
yellowish   green ;    rump  dull  purplish   red.     Adult  female  and 
young  nude :    Above  i)lain  olive-green,  including  tail ;  beneath 
dull  olive  3'ellowish.      Young :  Above  dull  olive,  the  wing-cov- 
erts indistinctly  tipped  with  paler;  beneath  dull  pale  grayish 
buflTy,  the  breast  and  sides  vi'ry  indistinctly  doudeil  with  gi'.iy- 
ish  brown.     Length  4.25-5.50,  wing  about  2.00-2.80,  tail  2.45- 
2.60.    Eggs  .77  X  -57,  bluish  while,  speckled,  chiefly  on  or  round 
larger  end,  with  reddish  brown.     Ilab,  Southern  Atlantic  and 


1  Now  8ub«|iocic'8 ;  typo,  No.  8T.'>tU,  U.  S.  Nut.  Mud.   MIriiflurci,  Lowor  Califurnin,  April  1, 18^2  ;  L.  BclJing. 


SPOROPHILA. 


449 


Gulf  States,  north  to  North   Carolina  and  southern  Illinois; 
south,  in  winter,  throui^h  eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America 

to  Panama 601.  P.  ciris  (Linn.),    Painted  Bunting. 

iP.  Tail  blue  (duller  in  female).  Adult  male :  Top  of  head  bri<5ht  yel- 
lowish green ;  rest  of  upper  parts  turquoise-blue,  the  back 
tinged  with  green ;  lores,  eyelids,  and  lower  parts  gamboge- 
yellow,  deepening  into  orange  on  chest.  Adult  female :  Above 
grayish  olive,  tinged  with  green  (especially  on  head),  changing 
to  dull  grayish  blue  on  upper  tail-coverts  and  tail  ;  lores,  eye- 
lids, and  lower  parts  dull  light-yellowish  ;  tinged  witii  olive  on 
chest  and  sides.  Length  about  4.50-5.00,  wing  2.45-2.75,  tail 
2.00-2.40.  Hab.  Southwestern  Mexico  (Puebla  and  Tehuante- 
pec  to  Colima). 

P.  leclancheri  Lafk.     Leclancher's  Bunting.* 

6'.  Exposed  culmen  more  than  .45 ;  depth  of  bill  at  base  less  than  length  of 

bill  from  nostril. 

Adult  male:    Rich  cobalt-blue,  more  purplish  on  top  of  head,  and 

changing  gradually  to  fine  cerulean-blue  on  posterior  upper  parts  ; 

eyelids  white;  lores  blackish;  feathers  of  chest,  breast,  and  upper 

belly  bright  vermilion  or  scarlet  immediately  beneath  the  surface; 

lower  belly,  flanks,  and  under  tail-coverts  uniform   delicate  flesh- 

piidc.      Adult  female:    Above  dull  brown,   changing   to  dull  light 

grayish  blue  on   rump,   upper  tail-coverts,  and   tail ;    lower  parts 

light  tawny  brown,  changing  to  pinkish  buff  on  belly  and  lower 

tail-coverts.    Length  5.25-5.55,  wing  2.70-2.85,  tail  2.20-2.30.    Hab. 

Southern  Mexico  (Tehuantcpec). 

P.  rositse  (Lawk  ).     Rosita's  Bunting.!* 


Genus  SPOROPHILA  C.\banis.    (Page  380,  pi.  CX.,  fig.  7.) 

Specks. 

Common  Chauacters. — Adult  males  varied  with  black  and  white,  or  pale  cinna- 
mon, or  grayish  (or  all),  the  under  wing-covorts  and  axillars,  and  spot  at  base  of 
quills  (sometimes  concealed  by  primary  coverts),  always  white.  Adult  females  ]»lain 
brownish  above,  the  wing  with  or  without  whitish  bands  ;  lower  parts  plain  olivo 
or  dull  buffy. 

f<'.  Middle  and  greater  wing-covcrts  tipped  with  white,  forming  two  more  or  loss 
distinct  bands  across  wing. 

Adult  male:  Toji  and  sides  of  head,  back,  scapulars,  wings,  upper  tnil-cov- 
erts,  tail,  and  bund  across  chest,  black  ;  rump  brownish,  or  brownish 
gray  ;  spot  on  lower  eyelid,  chin,  throat,  broad  collar  round  neck  (some- 


>  Pn»»rrinii  hflnnvhri-l  Lafu.,  Mbr.  ZooI.  IsM,  Oin.  |.|.  22. 
«  CynnoKiiixn  rotilit  Lawh.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  Fob.  I«74,  307. 

67 


450 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Ki 


times  interrupted  on  hind-neck),  and  rest  of  lower  parts  (except  black 
chest-band),  white  or  pale  buflfy.  Adult  female:  Above  plain  olive, 
rather  lighter  on  rump,  the  wings  varied  by  two  whitish  bands  across 
tips  of  middle  and  greater  coverts ;  lower  parts  dull  light  olive-buflFy. 
Immature  male:  Variously  intermediate  in  plumage,  according  to  age, 
between  adult  male  and  female,  as  described  above,  several  years  evi- 
dently being  required  to  attain  the  perfect  plumage.  Length  3.75-4.50, 
wing  1.90-2.10,  tail  1.85-2.05.  Nest  in  bushes,  composed  of  fine  rootlets, 
dried  grasses,  etc.,  horse-hairs,  etc.,  very  thin,  sometimes  semi-pensile. 
Eggs  (unknown).  Hah.  Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  in  Texas,  south 
through  eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Costa  TJica. 

602.  S.  morelleti  (Bonap.).    Morellet's  Seedeater. 
a*.  "Wing-coverts  without  lighter  tips. 

6'.  Adult  male :  Top  and  sides  of  head,  back,  scapulars,  wings,  upper  tail- 
coverts,  tail,  and  band  across  chest  black;  rump  and  lower  parts,  pos- 
terior to  black  chest-band,  pale  tawny  or  cinnamon-buff;  chin,  throat, 
and  sides  of  neck  white,  or  buffy  white.  Adult  female :  Above  plain 
grayish  brown ;  beneath  pale  grayish  buffy,  shaded  with  grayish  brown 
across  chest.  Immature  male:  Similar  to  adult,  but  back,  scapulars, 
wings,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  brownish  gray,  instead  of  black. 
Wing  about  2.10-2.25,  tail  1.90-2.00.  Ilab.  Western  Mexico,  north  to 
Mazatlan  and  Guanajuato,  south  to  Tehuantepec. 

S.  torqueola  Bonap.  Ochraceous-rumped  Seedeater.^ 
V*.  Adult  male :  Entirely  black,  except  under  wing-coverts  and  axillars  and 
a  spot  at  base  of  quills  (the  latter  sometimes  concealed  by  primarj' 
coverts),  which  are  pure  white.  Adult  female  :  Uniform  greenish  olive, 
paler  below.  Wing  about  2.10-2.25,  tail  1.95-2.20.  Ilab.  Eastern  Mex- 
ico (Vera  Cruz)  and  south  to  Costa  Rica. 

S.  corvina  Scl.    Black  Seedeater.* 


Genus  EUETHEIA  Reichenbacii.     (Page  380,  pi.  CX.,  fig.  8.) 

Species. 

Common  Ciiauacters. — Above  plain  olive-green,  beneath  blackish,  graj'^ish,  or 
whitish.  Adult  male  with  head  and  chest  (sometimes  nearly  whole  lower  parts) 
black,  the  former  with  or  without  yellow  markings.  Adult  female  Avith  the  black 
and  yellow  wanting,  or  but  faintly  indicated,  or  (in  E.  cannra)  with  chin  and  upper 
throat  chestnut-rufous  and  a  band  of  yellow  across  lower  throat,  extending  upward 
behind  ear-coverts  to  above  ey^s. 


•  Sprrnwphiln  tnrqnrohi  HoNAP.,  Concp.  i.  IS.^O,  495. 

»  Siieniwphila  roiriim  Sri,.,  P.  Z.  S.  ISftK,  .^Tit.     Spornphlln  corvina  Cass.,  Pr.  Ac.  Phil.  18(55,  109. 

NoTK, — A  fourth  Me.iiciin  spocics  is  S.  pnrrn  (Lawr,), — .V/ie/nio/i/nVfi  pitrra  Lawii.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sci.  ii. 
18S3,  ;1S2), — from  Tehiiantppec.  I  hnvo  pocn  the  typo,  which  is  a  femiilo  or  young  bird,  nml  believe  it  to  bo  a 
very  distinct  ("pecien,  the  mlult  iimie  of  wliifii  is  unl<nown.  The  typo  being  now  in  Eurojie,  I  nm  unfortunately 
not  iiblo  to  include  the  ^pecien  in  the  above  Bynopsis. 


SPIZA. 


451 


a'.  Head  without  trace  of  yellow. 

Adult  male  :  Head  ai.d  lower  parts  dull  black,  the  latter  becoming  grayish 
posteriorly;  rest  of  plumage  dull  olivo-grecn.  Adult  female:  Head  and 
lower  parts  dull  olive-grayish,  upper  parts  as  in  the  male.  Immature 
male:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  fore-part  of  head,  chin,  throat,  and 
middle  of  chest  blackish.  Length  about  4.00-4.25,  wing  2.00-2.10,  tail 
1.75-1.80.  Nest  in  bushes,  composed  of  dried  grasses,  etc.  Eggs  3-5,  .GG 
X  .48,  white  or  greenish  white,  speckled,  chiefly  on  or  round  larger  end, 
with  umber-brown  and  burnt-umber.     Ilab.  Bahama  Islands  ;  accidental 

or  casual  in  southern  Florida 603.  E.  bicolor  (Linn.).    Grassquit. 

a*.  Head  with  more  or  less  of  yellow. 

6'.  Adult  males  with  patch  covering  chin  and  upper  part  of  throat,  streak  or 

spot  over  lores,  and  edge  of  wing  bright  yellow,  the  rest  of  head,  with 

lower  throat  and  chest  (sometimes  breast  and  upper  belly  also),  black ; 

adult  females  without  chestnut  on  chin  or  throat,  the  plumage  also  devoid 

of  black  or  sharply  defined  yellow  markings  on  head. 

c\  Adult  male  with  black  of  head  restricted   to  forehead,  lores,  part  of 

malar  region,  lower  throat,  and  chest,  the  rest  of  head  (where  not 

occupied  by  yellow  markings)  olive-green.     Hab.  Greater  Antilles 

(Cuba,  Jamaica,  Haiti,  and  Porto  Rico). 

E.  olivacea  (Lixx.).    Yellow-faced  Grassquit.' 
c*.  Adxdt  male  with  whole  head  (where  not  occupied  by  yellow  markings) 
black  ;  black  of  chest  continued  over  breast  to  belly.     Hab.  Middle 
America,  from  eastern  Mexico  to  Panama. 

E.  olivacea  pusilla  (Swaixs.).  Mexican  Grassquit.' 
t'.  Adult  male  with  a  broad  crescent  of  bright  yellow  across  lower  throat,  the 
extremities  curving  upward  behind  car-coverts,  and  forward  above  them 
to  eye  ;  rest  of  head,  and  a  band  across  chest,  black  ;  i*est  of  lower  parts 
light  grayish,  becoming  white  on  crissum ;  upper  parts  olive-green. 
Adult  female:  Similar  to  male,  but  chin  and  upper  throat  chestnut- 
rufous,  instead  of  black,  the  black  on  chest  wanting.     Hab.  Cnba. 

E.  canora  (Gmgl.).    Melodious  Grassquit.' 

Genus  SPIZA  BoNAPAaTE.    (Page  384,  pi.  CXII.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown,  the  back  and 
scapulars  streaked  with  black  ;  top  of  head,  hind-neck,  sides  of  neck,  and  eai- 
coverts  plain  dull  grayish  or  brownish  gray  ;  a  white  or  yellow  superciliary  stripe, 
and  a  similar  malar  stripe  ;  chin  (sometimes  throat  also)  white. 


1  EmberUa  olimicea  LiNN.,  S.  N.  ed.  12,  1766,  ."{09. 

*  Tiarin pimllld  SwAlSH.,  Phil.  Mag.  i.  1827,  4.'!8.     Euelhtin  pniiill<i  Cab.,  Mui).  Ilcin.  i.  1860,  11(>. 

[Note. — On  the  ishiml  of  Coziimcl,  Yiioatnii,  occurs  ii  locnl  race  which  eoinbincH  perfectly  the  chanictcrs  of 
E,  olivaecn  anil  E,  fimillu.  This  has  boon  naiucd  by  me  E,  olivacea  intermedia,  in  Pr.  Biol.  8oo.  Wash,  iii. 
188.5,  p.  22.] 

'  Loxia  ctinura  Qmel.,  S.  N.  i.  1788,  858.       Euetheiti  canora  Qvsdl,,  J.  f.  0.  1874,  123. 


452 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a' 


Cr^ 


Lower  parts  whitish,  the  breast  (sometimes  middle  of  bellj-  also)  bright  yellow. 
Adult  male :  Lesser  and  middle  wing-coverts  rufous ;  a  black  patch,  of  ex- 
tremely variable  shape  and  extent,  on  lower  part  of  throat,  sometimes  con- 
tinued posteriorly  along  middle  lino  of  breast,  or  anteriorly  to  the  chin; 
breast  extensively  yellow,  the  forehead,  superciliary  stripe,  and  malar  stripe 
more  or  less  strongly  washed  or  overlaid  by  the  same.  Adult  female :  Simi- 
lar to  the  male,  but  much  duller,  the  yellow  of  breast,  malar  region,  and 
superciliary  stripe  fainter  and  more  restricted  (often  wanting  except  on 
breast);  throat  white,  bordered  along  each  side  by  dusky  spots  or  streaks 
(the  black  spot  of  the  male  usually  obsolete,  but  sometimes  indicated). 
Young :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  everywhere  tingtvl  with  dull  buify  or 
pale  ochraceous.  Length  5.75-6.80,  wing  2.80-3.30,  tail  2.35-2.90.  Kest  of 
dried  grass-stems,  etc.,  in  meadows  and  on  prairies,  in  bushes,  low  weeds,  or 
near  ground.  Eggs  3-5.  .81  X  -61,  plain  pale  blue.  Hob.  Eastern  United 
States  (chiefly  west  of  Alleghanics),  west  to  Rocky  Mountains,  north  to 
Massachusetts,  Now  York,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota;  south,  in  winter, 
through  Middle  America  to  northern  South  America ;  southwest  during 
miiirations  to  Arizona  and  Lower  California. 

604.  S.  americana  (Gmel.).    Dickcissel. 

Lower  parts  dark  gray,  becoming  whitish  on  belly  and  lower  tail-coverts.  Adult 
male:  Plumage  of  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  uniform  slate-gray,  relieved 
anteriorly  by  a  distinct  superciliary  stripe,  malar  stripe,  and  broad  stripe 
covering  entire  chin  and  throat,  white  ;  the  two  latter  separated  by  a  narrow 
series  of  black  streaks,  which  continue  around  posterior  border  of  the  white 
throat-patch,  in  the  gray  of  the  chest;  upper  parts  grayish  brown,  the  back 
and  scapulars  narrowly  streaked  with  blackish  ;  belly  and  lower  tail-coverts 
white,  the  former  tinged  with  yellow ;  length  about  5.75,  wing  2.86,  tail 
2.56.     Hob.  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania  (only  one  specimen  known). 

— .  S.  townsendii  (Aud.).    Townsend's  Bunting.' 


i^* 


lJ»'^ 


fir  I' 


Genus  CALAMOSPIZA  Bonaparte.     (Pago  384,  pi.  CXII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male  in  summer :  Uniform  black,  with  more  or  less  of  a  slaty  cast,  tho 
middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  white,  forming  a  verj'  conspicuous  patch  on  wing. 
Adult  female  :  Above  brownish  gray,  streaked  with  dusky,  the  white  wing-patch 
smaller;  lower  parts  white,  streaked  on  bi'cast  and  sides  with  dusky.  Adxdt  male 
in  win.er :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  feathers  of  lower  parts  (especially  on  belly) 
black  beneath  tho  surface,  this  showing  when  feathers  are  disarranged.  Youtig : 
Similar  to  adult  female,  but  more  butfy,  the  feathers  of  upper  parts  bordered  with 
iMiffv  while,  and  streaks  on  lower  parts  narrower.  Length  6.12-7.50,  wing  3.20- 
3.60,  tail  2.85-3.35.  Nest  and  eggs  not  distinguishable  with  certainty  from  those 
of  Spi:u  americana,  the  average  measurements  of  the  latter  being  .87  X  -65.     Hab. 


I  See  page  354,  A.  0.  U.  Check  Licit. 


EVPHOSIA. 


453 


Great  Plains,  breeding  from  middle  Kansas  northward  to  or  beyond  the  United 
States  boundary,  migrating  south  and  southwest,  in  winter,  to  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  Lower  California,  and  northern  Mexico;  occasional  west  of  Rocky  Moun- 
tains (Utah,  etc.),  and  accidental  in  Massachusetts. 

605.  C.  melanocorys  Stejn.    Lark  Banting. 

Family  TANAGRIDiS. — The  Tanagers.    (Pago  321.) 

Genera. 

rt'.  Wing  less  than  3.00,  tail  less  than  2.00;  bill  very  short  and  broad  at  base,  the 
exposed  culmen  less  than  half  as  long  as  tarsus,  and  less  than  the  width  of 
the  bill  at  base ;  tail  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing. 

Euphonia.     (Pago  453.) 

rt'.  Wing  more  than  3.00,  tail  more  than  2.50 ;  bill  moderately  lengthened,  not 
broader  than  deep  at  base,  the  exposed  culmen  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the 
tarsus,  and  much  greater  than  width  of  bill  at  base;  tail  more  than  hti'f  as 
long  as  wing Piranga.    (Page  453.) 

Gen-US  euphonia  Desmarest.     (Page  453,  pi.  CXIII.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  imiform  light  blue;  forehead  dark 
rusty  or  chestnut,  margined  behind  by  black  ;  rest  of  head  and  neck,  with  upper 
parts  generally,  uniform  glossy  blue-black,  inclining  to  purplish  steel-blue ;  lower 
parts  (except  chin  and  throat)  plain  orange-rufous.  Adult  female:  Top  of  head 
colored  as  in  the  male;  upper  parts  olive-green,  lower  parts,  including  chin  and 
throat,  paler  and  more  yellowish  olive-green.  Length  about  4.70,  wing  2.75,  tail 
1.80.  Eggs  "creamy  white,  with  a  few  scattered  spots  and  blotches,  principally  at 
the  larger  end,  of  two  shades  of  brown."  (Sclater.)  Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  and 
Central  America,  south  to  Veragua  ;  north  to  southern  Texas  ? 

GOG.  E.  elegantissima  (Bonap.).    Blue-headed  Euphonia. 

Genus  PIRANGA  Vieillot.    (Pago  453,  pi.  CXIII.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  more  or  less  of  rod  in  the  plumage, 
often  chierty  or  entirely  red.  Adult  females,  in  most  species,  olive-greenish  above. 
3-ellowish  beneath.  Yonng  (in  nestling  plumage)  with  lower  parts  distinctly  sti-euked 
with  grayish  or  dusky  on  a  whitish  or  j-ellowish  ground.  JVest  on  trees,  usually  on 
lower  horizontal  branch,  saucer-shaped,  thin,  constructed  of  wiry  dead  grass-stems, 
etc.     JEggs  3-5,  pale  bluish  or  greenish,  spotted  or  speckled  with  brown. 

rtV  Wings  plain-colored,  without  lighter  bands  or  other  markings. 

6'.  Wing  decidedly  more  than  3.25  ;  adult  males  with  lower  parts  entirely  red. 
c*.  Cutting-odgo  of  upper  mandible  without  angle  or  tooth-like  projection 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Sciences 

Corporation 


33  west  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  S72-4503 


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454 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


on  middle  portion.     (Adult  males  plain  vermilion-red,  darker  and 

duller  on  upper  surface.      Adult  females  plain  ochraceous-olive  or 

dull  olive-yellowish  above,  dull  light  saffron-yellow  beneath.) 

(?.  Smaller,  with  relatively  shorter  bill,  wings,  and  tail,  and  deeper  or 

darker  colors  ;  length  7.00-7.95,  A'ing  3.55-3.95  (3.69),  tail  2.80- 

3.15  (2.99),  culmen  .82-.90  (.86),  tarsus  .70-.80  (.74).     Eggs  .92 

X  -68,  light  greenish  blue,  speckled  or  spotted,  chiefly  on  larger 

end,  with  purplish  brown  and  vandyke-brown.     Ilab.  Eastern 

United  States,  north  regularly  to  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Illinois, 

etc.,  irregularly  or  casually  to  Connecticut,  Ontario,  and  even 

Nova  Scotia ;  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains ;  south,  in  winter, 

through  western  Cuba,  eastern  Mexico,  and  Central  America  to 

northern  South  America. 

6.10.  P.  rubra  (Linn.).  Summer  Tanager. 
(P.  Larger,  with  relatively  longer  bill,  wings,  and  tail,  and  with  colors 
lighter;  length  7.90-8.50,  wing  3.70-t.lO  (3.94),  tail  3.00-3.60 
(3.26),  culmen  .88-.98  (.93),  tarsus  .75-.85  (.80).  i:ggs  .93  X 
.69.  llab.  Western  Mexico  and  southwestern  United  States, 
north  to  Colorado  (Denver)  and  Arizona. 

610a.  P.  rubra  cooperi  Kidgw.    Cooper's  Tanager. 
c*.  Cutting-edge  of  upper  mandible  with  a  distinct  angle  or  tooth-like  pro- 
jection in  middle  portion. 
d}.  Culmen  decidedly  shorter  than  tarsus. 

e'.  Adult  male :  Eich,  pure  scarlet,  with  wings  and  tail  uniform 
deep  black.  Adult  female:  Olive-green  above,  the  wings 
and  tail  more  grayish  (sometimes  dusky  grayish) ;  lower 
parts  dull  light  greenish  yellow.  Length  6.50-7.50,  wing 
3.55-3.90,  tail  2.80-3.25,  exposed  culmen  about  .55-.60. 
Eggs  .94  X  -65,  essentially  similar  in  coloration  to  those 
of  P.  rubra.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  southern 
Canada,  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains ;  in  winter,  south 
thi'ough  West  Indies,  eastern  Mexico,  and  Central  America 
to  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

608.  P.  erythromelas  Vieill.  Scarlet  Tanager. 
e'.  Adult  male :  Above  dull  red,  strongl}*  tinged  with  grayish  on 
back,  etc. ;  lower  parts  light  vermilion,  strongly  shaded 
on  sides  and  flanks  with  brownish  gray ;  ear-coverts  dull 
grayish  red,  or  reddish  gray,  narrowly  streaked  with 
white.  Adult  female:  Above  olive-green,  the  back  more 
grayish  ;  beneath  olive-j'ePow,  strongly  shaded  with  olive 
on  sides  and  flanks.  Young :  Above  olive  (more  grayish 
on  back),  the  top  of  head  indistinctly,  the  back  distinctly, 
streaked  with  dusky ;  lower  parts  pale  yellow,  the  chest, 
breast,  upper  belly,  sides,  and  flanks  distinctly  streaked 
with  blackish.    Length  7.30-8.20,  wing  3.70-4.20,  tail  3.20- 


PIRANQA. 


455 


) ;  lower 
50,  -wing 


3.60,  exposed  culmcn  .62-.70.     Hab.   Mexico  and  Guate- 
mala, and  north  to  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

609.  P.  hepatica  Swains.    Hepatic  Tanager. 
dK  Culmen  (from  extreme  base)  not  shorter  than  tarsus.     (Tooth  on 
edge  of  upper  mandible  very  prominent ;  bill  much  swollen  for 
basal  half.      Adult   males  uniform  deep  brownish   red   above, 
brighter  brownish  red  beneath,  the  sides  and  flanks,  however, 
like  upper  parts.     Adult  females  deep  olive-green  above,  bright 
yellowish  olive  beneath,  the  throat  and  sides  of  forehead  some- 
times inclining  to  deep  saffron-yellow.) 
c\  Ear-coverts   and   malar  region   uniform   deep   brownish   red 
(male)  or  olive-green  (female)  like  crown ;  length  about 
6.50-7.00,  wing  3  40-3.65,  tail   3.00-3.10,  exposed   culmen 
.70-.75.     Hab.  From  Nicaragua  to  Ecuador  and  Bolivia. 

P.  testacea  Scl.  &  Salv.  Brick-colored  Tanager.' 
c'.  Ear-coverts  and  malar  region  dull  brownish  or  brownish  gray 
(male)  or  olive-gray  (female),  narrowly  but  distinctly 
streaked  with  whitish ;  length  about  7.00-7.25,  wing  3.70- 
4.00,  tail  3.20-3.30.  exposed  culmen  .65-.75.  Hab.  Guate- 
mala and  British  Honduras. 

P.  figlina  Salv.  &  Godm.    Brown-red  Tanager.' 
Wing   not  more   (usually  decidedly  less)  than  3.25 ;  adult  males  with  red 
confined  to  throat  and  upper  che8.t,  or  to  throat,  under  wing-coverts, 
and  under  tail-coverts. 
d.  Back,  scapulars,  and  rump  dull  gray ;  ear-coverts  lighter  gray ;  sides 
and  flanks  brownish  gray,  middle  of  breast  and  belly  dull  light  buffy. 
Adult  male:    Whole  top  of  head   and  wings   dull    brownish   red; 
throat,  under  wing-coverts,  and  lower  tail-coverts  pink,  the  latter 
inclining  more  to  flesh-color  (occasionally  tinged  with  salmon-color). 
Adult  female  :  Similar  to  male,  but  pink  of  throat  and  under  tail-cov- 
erts very  indistinct  (sometimes  wanting,  or  replaced  by  pale  salmon- 
color),  that  of  under  wing-coverts  replaced  by  pale  yellowish,  and 
brownish  red  of  crown,  wings,  and  tail  less  pronounced.    Length 
about  6.00-6.50,  wing  3.00-3.25,  tail  2.85-2.90.    Hab.  Yucatan,  in- 
cluding Cozumel. 

P.  roseigularis  Cabot.    Rose-throated  Tanager.' 

c'.  Upper  parts   (except   head,   in   adult  male)  olive-green,  lower  parts 

(except  throat  and  upper  chest  of  adult  male)  olive-yellow.     Adult 


» P,yranga  testacea  ScL.  &  Salv.,  P.Z.  S.  1808,  .388. 

»  Ptfranga  fifjUna  Salv.  A  GoDM.,  Biol.  Centr.-Am.  i.  Doo.  188.3,  293. 

Having  before  me,  besides  the  typo  (from  Belize),  si-x  iidult  males  from  Quatomala,  I  am  unable  to  detect 
any  differenoes  of  coloration  distinguishing  tliis  speoios  from  P.  testacea,  other  than  tboEO  given  in  the  above 
tynopHis.  Only  one  speoimon  is  a»  dull  colored  n,i  the  type,  while  two  are  almost  identical  in  general  colora- 
tion with  a  typical  adult  male  of  P.  testacea  from  Veragiia. 

*  Pyranga  roseigularis  Cabot,  Boat.  Jour.  X.  H,  v.  1847,  416. 


450 


<:M 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

male :  Head,  all  round,  dull  vermilion-red,  darker  on  crown,  paler 
on  throat  and  upper  chest.  Immature  male :  Similar  to  adult,  but 
sides  of  head  chiefly  olive-green.    (Adult  female,  unknown.)    Length 


about  6.00, 


wing 


2.90-3.00,  tail  2.70-2.90.    Hab.  Southern  Mexico 


*-.••; 


(Temiscaltepcc,  Guanajuato,  Valley  of  Mexico,  etc.). 

P.  erythrocephala  (Swains.).     Red-headed  Tanager.^ 
a^  Wing  marked  with  two  white,  yellow,  or  pinkish  bands  across  tips  of  middle 
and  greater  coverts. 
b^.  Wing  more  than  3.50. 

c\  Exposed  culmen  not  longer  than  middle  toe,  without  claw ;  back  with- 
out streaks.  Adult  male:  Back,  scapulars,  wings,  and  tail  black, 
the  wings  with  two  broad  yellow  bands ;  rump,  upper  tail-coverts, 
and  lower  parts  gamboge-yellow ;  head  and  neck  orange  or  rod, 
brightest  on  crown,  where  sometimes  almost  crimson.  Adult  fe- 
male :  Grayish  olive-green  above,  the  wing-bands  dull  light  yellow, 
or  dull  yellowish  white  ;  lower  parts  pale  grayish  yellow,  becoming 
sulphur-yellow  on  under  tail-coverts.  Yountj :  Essentially  like 
adult  female,  but  paler  beneath  and  more  or  less  distinctly  streaked 
with  grayish  or  dusky,  both  above  and  below.  Length  6.75-7.75, 
wing  about  3.50-4.10,  tail  3.20-3.55.  Eggs  .95  X  -65,  clear  light 
greenish  blue  or  bluish  green,  finely  and  rather  sparsely  speckled, 
chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  clove-brown.  Hab.  Western  United 
States,  north  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  edge  of  Great  Plains, 
south,  in  winter,  to  Guatemala. 

607.  P.  ludoviciana  (Wils.).    Louisiana  Tanager. 
c'.  Exposed  culmen  longer  than  middle  toe,  without  claw;  back  distinctly 
streaked  with  dusky.     Adult  males  with  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts 
red,  back  and  scapulars  dull  brownish   red  or  grayish,  bx'oadly 
streaked  with   blackish ;    wing-bands  white   or  pale   salmon-pink. 
Adnlt  ftmales  with  red  of  males  replaced  by  yellow  below  and  olive- 
greenish  above, 
d'.  Eather  smaller,  with  relatively  much  smaller  bill ;  red  of  adult 
male  much  deeper — often  intense  Chinese-orange,  or  almost 
orange-vermilion — the  rump  and  ground-color  of  back  reddish 
bi'own  or  brownish  red,  and  wing-bands  usually  distinctly  pink- 
ish.   Adxdt  female  with  yellow  of  lower  parts  and  olive-green 
of  upper  parts  deeper.     Length  (skins)  about  7.00-7.50,  wing 
3.60-3.90,  tail  3.25-3.40,  exposed  culmen  .60-.65,  depth  of  bill  at 
base  .33-.38.    Hah.  Southern  Mexico  (north  to  Jalapa,  Mirador, 
Tomiscaltopec,  etc.)  and  south  to  Chiriqui. 

P.  bidentata  Swatns.     Spotted-winged  Tanager.* 
<f .  Rather  larger,  with  relatively  much  larger  bill ;  red  of  adult  male 


'  Spcrmrtgm  erythrocephala  SwAlNS.,  Pliilos,  Mag.  n.  8.  i.  1827,  437.     Pyranga  erythrocephala  BoNAP., 
Rev.  Zool.  1861,  178. 

>  Pyranga  bidentata  SwAiNH.,  PbiloB.  Mag.  n.  c.  i.  1827,  438. 


HIRUNDINIDJE. 


457 


paler  and  more  orange  (very  nearly  the  tint  of  red-load),  the 
rump  and  ground-color  of  back  olive-grayish,  and  wing-bands 
pure  white.  Adult  female  with  yellow  of  lower  parts  and  olive 
of  upper  parts  much  palei*.  Length  (of  male,  before  skinning) 
8.25,  wing  3.85-3.95,  tail  3.30-3.50,  exposed  culmen  .70-75, 
depth  of  bill  at  base  .38-.42.  Hah.  Tres  Marias  Islands,  western 
Mexico.  P.  flammea  Ridqw.     Tres  Marias  Tanager.' 

Wing  less  than  3.00.     {^Adult  males  rich  scarlet-vermilion,  the  lores,  scapu- 
lars, wingSj  and  tail  deep  black,  the  wings  with  two  broad  bands  of 
pure  white  across  tips  of  middle  and  greater  coverts.    Adult  females 
bright   olive-green   above,   yellow   beneath;    wings    and    tail    grayish 
dusky,  with   olive  edgings,  the   former  with  two  white  bands,  as  in 
males.) 
c'.  With  narrower  wing-bands;  adult  male  with  the  red  a  lighter,  more 
scarlet,  tint ;  adult  females  with  the  yellow  and  olive  less  deep ; 
length  (skins)  about  5.10-5.50,  wing  2.65-2.85,  tail  2.30-2.55.     Hab. 
Southern  Mexico  (north  to  Jalapa,  Valley  of  Mexico,  etc.),  Guate- 
mala, and  Salvador. 

P.  leucoptera  Trudeau.    White-winged  Tanager.s 
With  broader  wing-bands ;  adult  males  with  the  red  of  a  darker  tint 
(almost  carmine  on  upper  parts) ;  adult  females  with  the  yellow  and 
olive  more  intense ;  length  (skins)  about  4.90-5.20,  wing  2.65-2.85, 
tail  2.35-2.55.    Hab.  Costa  Eica  and  Veragua. 

P.  leucoptera  latifasciata  Ridqw.    Broad-banded  Tanager.* 


&. 


Family   HIRUNDINID^.— The  Swallows.    (Page  322.) 

Genera. 

a^.  Nostrils  opening  directly  upward,  and  with  veiy  little  membrane  bordering  the 
inner  edge. 
6\  Wing  5.00,  or  more ;  tail  decidedly  forked  (for  much  more  than  length  of 
tarsus) ;    adult  males  (of  North  American  and  some  tropical  species) 
entirely  glossy  blue-black.     (Largest  of  the  Swallows.) 

Progne.     (Pago  458.) 

6'.  Wing  decidedly  less  than  5.00  ;  tail  nearly  even  (forked  for  much  less  than 

length  of  tarsus) ;  adults  (sexes  alike  in  color)  not  black  beneath. 

c^  Upper  parts  parti-colored,  the  crown  and  back  blue-black,  forehead 

whitish  or  rusty  brown,  rump  cinnamon  or  buflPy ;  throat  and  sides 

of  head  chestnut,  rest  of  lower  parts  whitish  media'\     grayish 

brown  laterally  ;  edge  of  outer  quill  normal. 

Petrochelidon.    (Page  459.) 

>  Now  gpocies;  typo,  No.  60824,  <S  ad.,  Xros  Marias;  Col.  A.  J.  Grayson.     (Four  speoimena — two  adults  of 
each  80X.) 

'  Pi/ranga  leucoptera  Trudkau,  Jour.  Ao.  Soi.  Phil.  viii.  1839,  160. 
^  New  subspooios. 

68 


, 


458 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


c".  Upper  parts  plain  grayish  brown  ;  lower  parts  similar,  but  lighter,  be- 
coming white  on  belly ;  edge  of  outer  quill  roughened  with  stiff, 
recurved  hooked  tips  to  the  barbs...  Stelgidopteryx.     (Page  463.) 
a*.  Nostrils  opening  laterally,  and  bordered  above  by  a  broad  membrane,  or  over- 
hanging scale. 
6*.  Tail  forked  for  much  more  than  length  of  tarsus. 

c'.  Tail  forked  for  about  half  its  total  length,  the  outer  pair  of  feathers 
abruptly  narrowed  for  terminal  portion,  and  inner  webs  of  all  (ex- 
cept middle  pair)  marked  with  a  large  whitish  spot;  lower  parts 
cinnamon  or  buffy,  the  throat  darker,  more  rusty. 

Chelidon.     (Page  460.) 
cl  Tail  forked  for  much  less  than  half  its  total  length,  the  outer  pair  of 
feathers  not  abruptly  narrowed  terminally ;    inner  webs   of  tail- 
feathers  without  white  spots ;  lower  parts  entirely  pure  white. 

Callichelidon.     (Page  462.) 
fe'.  Tail  forked  for  less  than  length  of  tarsus. 

c^.  No  feathers  on  hind  part  of  tarsus ;  entjrely  white  beneath,  the  adults 

brightly  colored  above Tachycineta.     (Page  461.) 

c".  A  small  tuft  of  feathers  on  lower  portion  of  tarsus,  behind ;  lower 
parts  white,  interrupted  by  a  broad  band  of  grayish  brown  acro.ss 
chest;  upper  parts  grayish  brown Clivicola.     (Page  462.) 


' 


^.:V. 


Genus  PROGNE  Boie.     (Pago  457,  pi.  CXIV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  with  upper  parts  uniform  glossy  blue-black 
or  dark  steel-blue  (someti;  les  inclining  to  violet) ;  lower  parts  similar  to  upper 
surface,  or  with  belly  white  and  elsewhere  glossy  blue-black,  or  with  anterior  por- 
tions grayish,  the  posterior  white.  Adult  females  with  xipper  parts  plain  glossy 
blue-black  (sometimes  interrupted  by  a  grayish  collar),  the  lower  parts  dull  gray- 
ish anteriorly  and  white  posteriorly.  Young:  Similar  to  adult  female  (the  male 
two  years,  or  more,  in  attaining  the  full  plumage). 

a*.  Adult  males  with  lower  parts  wholly  glossy  blue-black,  like  the  upper ;  adult 
females  with  steel-blue  of  upper  parts  duller  and  less  continuous,  usually 
broken  by  more  or  less  distinct  grayish  boi'dox's  to  feathers,  the  forehead  and 
hind-neck  dull  grayish ;  anterior  lower  parts  dull  light  grayish,  or  grayish 
white  (centres  of  feathers  darkei') ;   sides  and  flanks  similar,  but  darker; 
belly  and  under  tail-coverts  white. 
6'.  Lartcer,  with  broader  tail-feathers.    Adult  male  with  feathers  of  ventral  re- 
gion  entirely  sooty  grayish  beneath  surfoce.   Adult  females  and  immature 
males  with  anterior  and  lateral  lower  parts  pale  gray,  the  feathers,  espe- 
cially on  chest,  with  distinctly  darker  (sooty  grayish)  centres.     Length 
7.25-8.50,  wing  5.65-6.20,  tail  3.00-3.40  (forked  for  .70-.90).   Nest  in  holes 
of  trees  or  about  houses,  in  boxes,  etc.    Eggs  3-6,  .97  X  -72,  plain  pure 


PETBOCHELJDON. 


459 


white.     ITab.  Whole  of  temperate  North  America ;   south,  in  winter, 
into  Mexico  (as  far  as  Guamajaato,  Tepic,  3Iazatlan,  etc.). 

611.  P.  subis  (Linn.).  Purple  Martin. 
i'.  Smaller,  with  narrower  tail-feathers,  and,  relatively,  more  deeply  forked 
tail.  Adult  male  vrhh  Ifeatliers  of  ventral  region  marked,  beneath  sur- 
face, with  a  broad  f^po!.  iot  Ijar,  of  white.  Adult  female  and  immature  male 
with  whole  under  jKiitwn  and  sides  of  head  and  neck,  chest,  sides,  and 
flanks,  uniform  sootv  gmjhh  brown,  in  marked  contrast  with  pure 
white  of  bell}-,  anal  region,  and  under  tail-coverts.  Length  about  7.G0, 
wing  5.35-5.60,  tail  2JN0-3.25  (forked  for  .65-.90).  Hub.  Cuba  and 
southern  Florida;  Hondnras ? 

-— .  P.  cryptoleuca  Baird.    Cuban  Martin.^ 

a'.  Adult  males  with  anterior  ais'l  Bateral  lower  parts  smoky  grayish  brown  (the 

feathers  with  more  or  less  4i^t'met\y  paler  tips),  the  belly,  anal  region,  and 

lower  tail-coverts  white;- <i^afw/?f  females  similar  to  adult  males,  but  upper 

parts  less  glossy,  the  for^ilawid  always  (sometimes  whole  top  of  head)  dull 

dark  smoky  grayish  brown. 

Adult  male  with  upper  parts  nniform  glossy  blue-black,  or  dark  violaceous 

steel-blue  (rather  less  vioJaeeous  than  in  P.  subis  and  P.  cryptoleuca) ; 

length   (skin)   about   GJ3ir»-~00,    wing  5.10-5.40,    tail   2.65-2.90.      Hab. 

Southern  Mexico  (nonibi  to  Vera  Cruz),  Central  America,  and  northern 

South  America,  south  to  Tobago,  Guiana,  and  western  Ecuador. 

P.  chalybea  Gmel.     Gray-breasted  Martin.'' 

Genus  PETROCHELIDON  Cabanis.    (Page  457,  pi.  CXIV.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — AdM4:  Forehead  white,  pale  brownish,  or  chestnut; 
top  of  head  uniform  glossy  blue-fobiek ;  bind-neck  brownish  gray,  with  more  or  less 
of  chestnut  on  upper  portion;  ^m-k  and  scapulars  glossy  blue-black,  the  first 
streaked,  more  or  less,  with  whit*-:  romp  cinnamon  or  cinnamon-buff;  upper  tail- 
coverts  grayish  brown,  marginei  with  paler ;  wings  and  tail  plain  dusky ;  lores 
black;  rest  of  head  (except  as  describerl  above),  including  chin  and  throat,  rich 
chestnut  or  light  cinnamon  ;  Mdes  and  flanks  (sometimes  chest  also)  grayish 
brown,  more  or  less  tinged  with  cinnamon ;  longer  under  tail-coverts  grayish 
dusky,  bordered  with  whit^\  T'0"i/ii*y:  E-ssentially  like  adults,  but  colors  much 
duUei",  with  pattern  less  shari:»ly  dc-finetl.  Nfst  a  gourd-  or  retort-shaped  structure 
composed  of  pellets  of  mud,  mixed  with  a  few  straws  and  lined  with  soft  feathers, 


•  Prntfne  cryptoleuca  Baird,  Review  Ass.  B,  L  May,  I3S5,  277. 

Si.\  Cuban  and  two  Floridnn  specitnedi*  *f  «&»  well-marked  species  are  before  me.  The  adult  females  and 
immature  males  (of  which  there  ore  four  frwio  CWSin  mnd  two  from  Florida  in  the  National  Museum  collection— 
the  latter  from  Capo  Florida  and  Clearwmtiw^  aim  ("iffeedingly  distinct  in  plumage  from  those  of  P.  nubis.  In 
fact,  they  resemble  so  closely  the  oorreFpoBii*?  pfiim^isfes  of  P.  rfominiceii»i»  Qmrl.  that  I  am  uniiblc  to  state 
how  they  can  bo  distinguished.     P.  rftun /«<><**■«!♦  Bum  not  yet  been  taken,  however,  in  Cuba. 

<  Himndo  chalybea  Quel.,  S.  K.  L  17£«,  i^2J&,    Prague  chalybea  BoiG,  laia,  1841, 178. 


1 


460 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


<'•:■, 


attached  to  the  face  of  overhanging  cliffs  or  underneath  the  eaves  of  buildings. 
Eggs  3-5,  white,  siieckled  or  spotted  with  brown  and  lilac. 

a*.  Chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  rich  chestnut,  the  lower  part  of  throat  with  a 
spot  or  patch  of  glossy  blue-black. 
b\  Larger,  with  forehead  white  or  pale  isabella-color ;  rump  light  cinnamon, 
or  cinnamon-^buff ;  young  with  chin  and  throat  (often  other  parts  of  the 
head)  usually  more  or  less  mixed  or  spotted  with  white ;  tertials  and 
tail-coverts  margined  with  pale  rusty  or  cinnamon ;  chestnut  of  head 
wanting  or  only  faintly  indicated,  top  of  head,  back,  etc.,  dull  blackish, 
etc. ;  length  5.00-6.00,  wing  4.05-4.55,  tail  2.00-2.20.  Eggs  .81  X  -55. 
Hab.  Whole  of  North  America  in  summer;  in  winter,  Middle  America 
(and  portions  of  South  America  ?). 

612.  P.  lunifrons  (Say.).    Cliff  SwaUow. 
b\  Smaller,  with  forehead  rich  chestnut,  like  throat  and  sides  of  head  (rarely 
fawn-colored),  and  rump  deeper  cinnamon  ;  length  about  4.50-5.00,  wing 
3.95-4.30,  tail  2.00-2.20.     Hab.  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

P.  melanogaster  (Swains.).     Mexican  Cliff  Swallow.^ 
a*.  Chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  head  pale  cinnamon,  the  lower  part  of  throat  without 
black  spot. 

Forehead  deep  chestnut,  and  rump  deep  cinnamon,  as  in  P.  melanogaster  ; 
length  about  4.50-4.75,  wing  4.00-4.10,  tail  1.90-2.00.  Hab.  Hayti, 
Cuba  (and  Yucatan  ?). 

P.  fulva  (ViEiLL.)      Cuban  Cliff  Swallow.* 

Genus  CHELIDON  Forster.     (Page  458,  pi.  CXIV.,  fig.  2.) 

/Species. 

Common  Characters.— ^f?M?fs .-  Above  glossy  dark  steel-blue,  sometimes  tinged 
with  violet,  the  forehead  rusty  chestnut ;  quills  and  tail-feathers  blackish,  with  a 
faint  dull  greenish  lustre,  the  inner  webs  of  the  latter  (except  middle  pair)  marked 
with  a  large  spot  of  white,  or  very  pale  rusty ;  chin,  throat,  and  chest  deep  cinna- 
mon-rusty, the  sides  of  the  chest  dark  steel-blue  or  blue-black,  sometimes  confluent 
in  the  middle,  thus  forming  a  narrow  collar ;  rest  of  lower  parts  varying  from  rich 
rusty  cinnamon  to  pale  cinnamon-buffy.  Young :  Much  paler  beneath  and  duller 
above  than  adult,  with  chin,  throat,  and  chest  light  rusty,  and  rustj"  of  forehead 
indistinct  or  obsolete.  Nest  a  cup-  or  bowl-shaped  structure,  entirely  open  above, 
composed  of  pellets  of  mud,  mixed  with  straws,  etc.,  and  lined  with  soft  feathers, 
attached  by  one  side  to  the  sides  or  roof  of  a  cave  or  to  timbers  within  barns  and 
other  outbuildings.     Eggs  3-5,  white,  speckled  with  brown  and  lavender. 

•  Hirnndo  vielaiiogaster  SwAINS.,  Pliilos.  Mag.  n.  s.  i.  1827,  366.  Petrochelidon  melanoyaater  Cab.,  Mus. 
Hein.  i.  1850,  47. 

'  Iliruiido  fulva  ViEiLt.,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I.  1807,  62,  pi.  30.  Petrochelidon  fulva  Cad.,  Mus.  Hein.  i.  1860, 
47. 

With  five  adults  of  true  P.  fulva  from  Cuba,  and  eiirht  of  P.  fulva  paeciloma  (Gosbg)  from  Jamaica  and 
Porto  Rico,  I  have  no  didiculty  in  easily  distinstuishiug  tbo  two  forma  by  the  characters  pointed  out  by  Professor 
Baird  in  "  Review  of  American  Birds"  (p.  292). 


TACHYCINETA. 


461 


Paler :  Lower  parts  tawny  cinnamon  or  pale  rusty  in  adult  male  (the  chin 
and  throat  rusty  cinnamon),  pale  cinnamon-butry  in  adult  female;  length 
5.75-7.75,  wing  about  4.60-4.90,  tail  3.70-4.10,  forked,  in  adult  male,  for 
about  1.85-2.10.  Eggs  .77  X  -S^-  Hab.  Whole  of  North  America ;  south, 
in  winter,  through  Middle  America  and  West  Indies  to  various  parts  of 
South  America 613.  C.  erythrogaster  (Bodd.).    Barn  Swallow. 

Dai'ker:  Lower  parts  bright  cinnamon-rusty  (much  like  throat  of  C.  erythro- 
gaster), the  chin  and  throat  rich  rusty  chestnut ;  length  about  7.00-8.00, 
Aving  4.60-4.80,  tail  of  adult  male  4.15-4.80,  forked  for  2.25-2.85.  Hob. 
Kamtschatka  and  eastei'n  Sibei'ia  in  summer;  south,  in  winter,  to  India. 

C.  tytleri  (Jerd).     Kamtschatkan  Barn  Swallow.' 


Genus  TACHYCINETA  Cabanis.     (Page  458,  pi.  CXIV.,  fig.  6.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Lower  parts  entirely  white.  Adults  glossy  dark  steel- 
blue  above,  or  else  rich  soft  velvety  bronzo-grecn,  vai'ied  with  tints  of  purplish, 
violet,  etc.,  the  females  usually''  considerably  duller  than  the  males;  in  winter,  the 
secondaries  (especially  tertials)  conspicuously  margined  with  white,  but  otherwise 
as  in  summer.  Young :  Above  dull  brownish  slate.  Nest  in  holes,  usually  of  trees, 
sometimes  in  cliffs  or  buildings.     Eggs  3-6,  plain  pure  white. 

a}.  Ear-coverts  dark  steel-blue,  or  dusky,  like  upper  parts ;  feathers  of  lower  parts 
entirely  pure  white,  except  at  extreme  base ;  upper  parts  in  adult  uniform 
glossy  steel-blue,  varying  to  greenish.     (Subgenus  Iridoprocm  CouEs.^) 
h^.  Eump  steel-blue  (adult)  or  dull  slate  (young)  like  rest  of  upper  parts ;  no 
white  on  sides  of  forehead. 

Adult  male:  Above  rich  burnished  steel-blue  (var^'ing  much  in  shade), 
the  larger  wing-feathers  and  tail  blackish,  faintly  glossed  with  dull 
greenish ;  lores  deep  black ;  entire  lower  parts  pure  white.  Adult 
female:  Usually  duller  above  than  male,  but  often  undistinguish- 
ablo.  Young :  Above  entirely  dull  broM-nish  slate.  Length  5.00- 
6.25,  wing  about  4.50-4.80,  tail  2.30-2.50.  Eggs  .75  X  .52.  Ilab. 
Whole  of  North  America ;  wintering  from  southern  Florida,  Cuba, 
and  Gulf  coast,  south  to  Guatemala. 

614.  T.  bicolor  (Vieill.).    White-bellied  Swallow. 
b^.  Eump  white  (the  feathers  with  fine  blackish  shaft-streaks)  ;  a  white  line 
on  each  side  of  forehead,  along  upper  edge  of  lores. 

Otherwise  hke  T.  bicolor,  but  much  smaller;  length  about  4.10-4.80, 
wing  3.75-3.90,  tail  1.80-1.90.     Hab.  Coasts  of  Central  America  and 

»  Hlntndo  tytleri  .Tehd.,  B.  Ind.  iii.  App.  1864,  870.     {H.  laturata  Rinow.  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  188.3,  95.) 
•  fridoprocne  CouEs,  B.  Col.  Vttl.  1878,  412,    Type,  Hinindo  bicolor  Vieill.     (See  Baiiid,  Rerieir  Am.  B. 
i.  1805,  p.  296.) 


, 


462 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


•aii 


southern  Mexico,  from  Isthmus  of  Panama  to  Mazatlan  and  British 

Honduras. 

T.  albilinea  Lawr.     White-rumped  Swallow.' 

a".  Ear-coverts  partly  or  mainly  white ;  featliers  of  lower  parts  abruptly  grayish 
beneath  the  surface ;  upper  parts  in  adult  soft,  metallic  (but  not  burnished), 
green  or  greenish  bronze,  varied  with  tints  of  purplish,  purplish  bronze, 
violet,  etc.     (Subgenus  ^^xchycinetn.) 

Adult  male:  Top  of  head,  hind-neck,  back,  and  scapulars  rich  green,  either 
the  head  and  neck  or  dorsal  region,  or  both,  usually  overlaid  by  a  more 
or  less  distinct  wash  of  bronze  or  purple ;  rump  and  upjier  tail-coverts 
rich  bluish  green  or  bluish,  usually  mixed  with  rich  plum-purple;  a 
white  patch  on  each  side  of  rump,  these  in  life  often  brought  close  to- 
gether so  as  apparentl}^  to  form  a  continuous  white  band  ;  entire  lower 
parts,  including  ear-coverts  and  line  above  posterior  half  (or  more)  of 
eye,  pure  white,  but  the  feathers  immediately  beneath  surface  grayish. 
Aihdt  female:  Similar  to  the  male,  but  much  duller,  the  ear-coverts  and 
hind-neck  dull  grayish,  the  formei*,  however,  more  or  less  mixed  with 
white.  Young :  Similar  to  same  stage  of  T.  bicolor,  but  with  feathers 
of  lower  parts  distinctly  grayish  beneath  the  surface,  this  showing 
through  on  anterior  poi'tions,  especially  on  breast.  Length  4.75-5.50, 
wing  about  4.30-4.75,  tail  1.95-2.20.  Eggs  .73  X  -51.  Hab.  Western 
United  States,  east  to  Eocky  Mountains,  south,  in  winter,  to  Guate- 
mala   615.  T.  thalassina  (Swains.).    Violet-green  Swallow. 


^^.    ,», 


Genus  CALLICHELIDON  Bryant."    (Page  458.) 

Species. 

Adult  male  :  Above  soft  dull  metallic  green  (not  burnished),  changing  to  more 
bluish  green  on  wings,  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail ;  entire  lower  parts,  in- 
cluding sides  of  head  below  level  of  eyes,  pure  white.  Adidt  female  :  Similar  to  male, 
but  suborbital  region  and  ear-coverts  mottled  grayish.  Length  about  6.50-5.70, 
wing  4.30-4.50,  tail  2.60-2.85,  forked  for  .85-.95.     Hab.  Bahamas. 

C.  cyaneoviridis  Bryant.    Bahaman  Swallow.' 

Genus  CLIVICOLA  Forster.    (Pago  458,  pi.  CXIV.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Above  dull  grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray,  darker  on  head  and  wings, 
paler  on  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts ;  beneath  white,  interrupted  by  a  broad  band 
of  brownish  gray  across  chest,  this  continued  along  sides;  usually,  a  more  or  less 


^'i'i^' 


1  Petrochefidon  alhUinea  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii.  1863,  2.  Tachycineta  albilinea  Lawr.,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  ii.  1874,  271. 

«  Callichelidon  "  Bryant,  MSS."  Baird,  Review  Am.  B.  i.  May,  1865,  303.  Type,  Hirundo  eyaneoviridit 
Bryant. 

'Hirundo  eyaneoviridit  Bryant,  Pr.  Bost.  Soo.  N.  H.  vil.  1859,  111. 


STELGIDOPTERYX. 


463 


oxtenaivo  spot  of  same  in  middle  of  breast.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  wing- 
coverts,  secondaries,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  featliers  of  rump  more  or  less  distinctly 
bordered  with  buffy  or  whitish.  Length  about  4.75-5.50,  wing  3.70-4.25,  tail  2.10- 
2.25.  Nest  in  horizontal  holes  or  burrows  excavated  in  sand-banUs,  banks  of 
streams,  etc.  E(j(js  3-6,  .70  X  -49,  pure  white.  Hub.  Northern  hemisphere  in  gen- 
eral; in  America,  eouth  in  winter  to  Cuba  and  Jamaica,  and  through  Middle 
America  to  Brazil C16.  C,  riparia  (Linn.).    Bank  Swallow. 

Genus  STELGIDOPTERYX  Baird.    (Page  458,  pi.  CXIV.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 
Adult:  Above  plain  grayish  brown,  darker  on  wings  and  tail,  the  tertials  usu- 
ally margined  with  paler  brownish  gray ;  beneath  plain  brownish  gray,  t\w  belly, 
anal  region,  and  lower  tail-coverts  white.  Young :  Much  like  adult,  but  wing- 
coverts  broadly  tipped  and  tertials  bx-oadly  margined  with  cinnamon,  the  plumage 
in  general  more  or  less  tinged  or  suffused  with  this  color.  Length  5.00-5.75,  wing 
4.00-4.70,  tail  2.05-2.35.  Nest  in  holes,  usually  in  banks  (as  in  GUvicohi  rtpan'a), 
but  often  in  abutments  of  bridges,  etc.  Eggs  3-G,  .72  X  -51)  plain  })ure  white. 
Hab.  United  States  (except  extreme  northern  border,  and  Xew  England  except 
Connecticut),  south,  through  Mexico,  to  Guatemala. 

617.  S.  serripennis  (Aud.).    Rough-winged  Swallow. 


Family  AMPELIDiE.— The  Waxwings,  etc.    (Page  322.) 

Genera. 
fl*.  Wings  pointed  (first  or  second  quill  longest),  decidedly  longer  than  the  short, 
even  tail ;  primai'ies  apparently  only  nine,  the  first  being  excessively  minute, 
neai'ly  or  quite  concealed ;  of  those  normally  developed,  the  first  or  second 
longest;  rictal  bristles  obsolete;  frontal  feathers  filling  completely  the  nasal 
fossae,  and  concealing  the  nostrils  ;  young  with  lower  parts  streaked.  (Sub- 
family ^mpe^ma;) : Ampelis.     (Pago  464.) 

a\  Wings  much  rounded,  shorter  than  the  rounded,  cmarginated  or  graduated 
tail ;  primaries  obviously  ten,  the  first  always  very  evident ;  of  the  remain- 
der, the  third  to  fifth  (actually,  fourth  to  sixth)  longest ;  rictal  bristles  very 
distinct;  frontal  feathers  not  encroaching  on  nasal  fossae;  young  not  streaked 
beneath.     (Subfamily  Ptilogonatince}) 
bK  Bill  narrow,  the  width  of  upper  mandible  at  posterior  extremity  of  nos- 
trils decidedly  less  than  length  from  nostril  to  tip;  crest  springing  from 
centre  of  crown  composed  of  narrow,  somewhat  recurved,   feathers; 
adult  male  glossy  black,  with  white  on  inner  webs  of  quills ;  adult  fe- 
male dull  brownish  gray,  with  white  edgings  on  wings. 

Phainopepla.     (Pago  465.) 

1  In  reality  a  very  distinot  fnmily  {Ptilogonatidee),  peculiar  to  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  repre- 
sented by  several  strongly  characterized  genera. 


■^^ 


t.  ■; 


464  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

b*.  Bill  broad,  the  width  of  upper  mandiblo  at  posterior  extremity  of  nostrils 
decidedly  greater  than  length  from  nostril  to  tip ;  crest  covering  whole 
top  of  head,  composed  of  broad,  loose-webbed,  blended  feathers ;  adult 
males  plumbeous,  with  black  quills  and  tail,  bright  yellow  under  tail- 
covcrts,  and  largo  white  spaces  on  inner  we^*"  of  tail-feathers;  adult 
females  like  males,  but  plumbeous  replaced  by  brownish  or  olive. 

Ptiliogonys} 

Genus  AMPELIS  Linnaeus.    (Page  463,  pi.  CXIII.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 
Common  Characters. — Crown  with  a  lengthened,  pointed  crest,  of  soft,  blended 
feathers  ;  plumage  very  soft,  the  feathers  of  head,  neck,  and  body  perfectly  blended, 
the  prevailing  color  a  soft  fawn-color  of  vinaeeous  grayish  brown,  changing  to  ashy 
on  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  j  prevailing  color  of  wings  and  tail  slaty,  the  latter 
sharply  tipped  with  yellow  or  red,  preceded  by  blackish  ;  frontal  points,  lores, 
streak  through  eye  (running  beneath  crest,  on  occiput"),  and  chin  (sometimes 
throat  also)  velvety  black  ;  anterior  portion  of  malar  region  white.  Young  much 
duller  than  adult,  the  lower  parts  streaked  with  brownish  or  dull  grayish  on  a 
whitish  ground.  JVest  in  trees,  bulky,  constructed  of  small  twigs,  rootlets,  etc., 
mixed  and  lined  with  feathers  and  other  soft  materials.  Eggs  3-5,  pale  dull  bluish 
or  pale  purplish  gray,  spotted  and  dotted  with  dark  brown,  black,  and  purplish. 

a*.  Tail  tipped  with  gamboge-yellow ;  tips  of  secondaries  sometimes  with  horny 
appendages  resembling  red  sealing-wax. 
b^.  Larger  (wing  more  than  4.25)  ;  lower  tail-coverts,  forehead,  and  cheeks 
deep  cinnamon  or  cinnamon-rufous;  flanks  brownish  gray;  primary 
coverts  and  outer  Avebs  of  secondaries  tipped  with  white  ;  outer  webs  of 
quills  tipped  with  white  or  yellow;  length  about  7.40-8.75,  wing  4.40- 
4.60,  tail  2.75-2.90.  Eggs  .92  X  -65.  Hab.  Northern  portions  of  northern 
hemisphere ;  in  America,  south  to  northern  border  of  United  States  in 
winter,  breeding  far  northward  ''and  in  northern  Eocky  Mountains  ?). 

618.  A.  ^arrulus  Linn.    Bohemian  Waxwing. 

i*.  Smaller   (wing  less  than   4.00) ;   lower  tail-coverts  white ;   forehead   and 

cheeks   same  color  as  crest ;    flanks   yellowish    olive ;    wings  entirely 

plain  slate-gray  (except  the  wax-like  tips  to  secondaries,  in  some  speci- 


1  PtUiogonys  SwAlJfS.,  Philoa,  Mag.  n.  s.,  i.  1827,  .368.     Type,  P.  cincreus  SwAlss. 

The  male  of  tho  single  Mexican  species  (P.  cinerettg)  is  uniform  plumbeous,  becoming  ashy  on  head,  which 
fades  to  nearly  white  anteriorly ;  flanks  bright  golden  olive,  or  oil-yellow,  the  under  tail-corerts  rich  gam- 
boge-yellow ;  eyelids  white ;  ear-coverts  and  occiput  (beneath  crest)  soft  grayish  brown.  The  female  is  grayish 
brown  where  the  male  is  plumbeous,  the  flanks  wholly  light  brown,  the  wings  and  tail  duller  black,  white  spots 
on  inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  more  restricted,  etc.  An  allied  Quatemalan  race  (P.  cfnereua  molybdophanei, 
new  subspecies)  difl'ers  in  having  the  plumbeous  decidedly  deeper,  the  flanks  olive-green  instead  of  oil-yellow, 
etc.  The  dimensions  are  nearly  the  same  (length  about  7.75-8.00,  wing  3.70,  tail  4.00-4.25).  A  very  fine 
Costa  Rican  species  (P.  caudatui  Cab.),  with  long  and  much  graduated  tail  but  very  similar  plumage,  is  the 
type  of  tho  subgenus  Sphenotelua  Baikd  (Rev.  Am.  B.  i.  May,  1866,  412). 


PHAINOPEPLA. 


465 


horny 


mens)  ;  length  6.50-7.50,  wing  about  3.60-3.00,  tail  2.30-2.60.  Etjgs  .87- 
,61.  Hub.  Whole  of  temperate  North  America,  south  (in  winter  only?) 
to  Guatemala  and  West  Indies. 

619.  A.  cedrorum  (Yieill.).    Cedar  Waswing. 
a'.  Tail  tipped  with  rose-red ;  tips  of  secondaries  never  with  sealing-wax-like  tips. 
Greater  wing-coverts  dull  rod ;  otherwise  much  like  A.  garrulus,  but  with- 
out yellow  tips  to  quills,  but  these,  as  also  sometimes  the  secondaries, 
usually  tipped  with  rose-red.    Hab.  Japan. 

A.  japonicus  (Sieb.).    Japanese  Waxwing.' 

Genus  PHAINOPEPLA  Sclater.     (Page  463,  pi.  CXIII.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Unifoi*m  glossy  blue-black,  the  inner  webs  of  quills  chiefly  white; 
in  ivinter,  many  feathers  bordered  wiib  whitish.  Adult  female :  Plain  brownish 
gray,  rather  paler  below,  the  wing-coverts  secondaries,  and  lower  tail-coverts  mar- 
gined with  white ;  white  on  inner  webs  of  primaries  more  restricted  and  less 
sharply  defined  than  in  male.  Youvij  ■  Similar  to  a'^lilt  female.  Length  7.00-7.75, 
wing  3.60-3.80,  tail  3.8i,'-4.10.  NeSi,  ouucer-shar/  d,  compact,  of  plant-fibres,  etc.,  on 
mall  trees.  Egga  2-5,  .87  X  63,  light  Ln'ayish  or  dull  grayish  white,  thickly 
speckled  with  neutral  tint,  dark  browr,  and  blackish.  Hab.  Arid  region  of  Mexico, 
and  contiguous  portions  of  United  Statos,  from  western  Texas  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia   620.  P.  nitens  (Swains.).    Fhainopepla. 


hanet. 


Family  LANIID-ffi.— The  Shrikes.    (Page  323.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Lanius.    (Page  i65.) 

Genus  LANIUS  Linn^li     (Page  465,  pi.  CXIII.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults  plain  gray  above,  the  sides  of  the  head,  wings, 
and  tail  black ;  the  wings  with  a  white  patch  at  base  of  quills  and  tail,  with  much 
white  on  exterior  feathers  and  tips  of  others  ;  lower  parts  whitish.  Young  essen- 
tially similar  to  adults,  but  colors  less  strongly  contrasted,  the  gray  and  white  more 
or  less  tinged  with  brownish,  and  more  or  less  vermiculated,  or  "  waved,"  with 
narrow  dusky  bars ;  wing-coverts  tipped  with  dull  light  buffy.  Nest  a  very  bulky 
structure,  composed  of  sticks,  dried  grass-stems,  wool,  feathers,  etc.,  placed  in  small 
(usually  thorny)  trees  or  lodges.  Eggs  4-7,  dull  whitish,  spotted  with  light  'jrown 
or  olive. 


1  Bombicyvora  japonica  SiKBOLD,  Hist.  Nat.  Jap.  Stat.  1824,  No.  2.     Ampelit  japonica  Gray,  Oen.  B.  i. 
1346,  278. 

00 


466 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'S' 


^.x, 


a^  Inner  webs  of  secondaries  dusky  next  to  shaft  for  much  the  greater  part  of 
their  length  ;  tail-feathei's  (except  sometimes  middle  pair)  white  at  base ;  bill 
from  nostril  not  more  than  .55. 
¥.  Wing  4.35,  or  m.re;  lores  never  wholly  deep  black;  nasal  tufts  always 
whitish  or  grayish  on  top ;  basal  half  of  lower  mandible  light-colored, 
except  in  summer  adults, 
c'.  A  more  or  less  distinct  whitish  spot  on  lower  eyelid  ;  adult  (and  young) 
with  breast  distinctly  undulated,  or  narrowly  barred  with  grayish. 
Summer  adult:  Above  pale  ash-gray,  becoming  white  or  grayish 
white  on  forehead,  superciliary  region,  hinder  scapulars,  lower 
rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts ;  lores  chiefly  blackish  gray,  but  black 
anteriorly  and  immediately  next  to  eye ;  beneath  white,  the  breast 
and  anterior  portion  of  sides  narrowly  barred  or  undulated  with 
grayish.  Winter  adult :  Similar,  but  basal  half  of  lower  mandible 
light  brownish  (horn-grayish  in  life),  and  lores  chiefly  light  grayish 
(sometimes  even  mixed  with  whitish).  Young  in  first  winter: 
Above  dull  grayish  brown,  sometimes  tinged  with  light  umbei"- 
brown ;  wings  and  tail  much  duller  black;  greater  wing-coverts 
tipped  (sometimes  also  narrowly  edged)  with  pale  brownish  buffy ; 
white  at  base  of  quills  indistinct  (sometimes  obsolete) ;  ear-coverts 
dusky  brownish  ;  lower  parts  brownish  white,  more  strongly  tinged 
with  brown  laterally,  everywhere  (except  on  chin  and  under  tail- 
coverts)  very  distinctly  waved  or  narrowly  barred  with  dusky 
grayish.  Young:  Essentially  like  preceding,  but  hinder  scapu- 
lars, rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  more  or  less  distinctly  undulated 
with  dusky,  the  greater  wing-coverts,  secondaries,  and  middle  tail- 
feathers  tipped  with  pale  rusty,  and  antei'ior  lower  parts  (in- 
cluding whole  breast  and  anterior  portion  of  sides)  nearly  uniform 
pale  grayish  brown,  the  darker  undulations  appearing  only  on  close 
inspection.  Length  9.25-10.75,  wing  4.35-4.60,  tail  4.50-4.70,  bill 
from  nostril  .50-.55,  tarsus  1.02-1.05.  Eggs  1.05  X  -76.  Hab. 
ISorthern  North  America ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Potomac  and  Ohio 
Valleys,  Kansas,  Colorado,  Nevada,  northern  California,  and  oven 

Arizona 621.  L.  borealis  Vieill.    Northern  Shrike. 

c*.  No  trace  (?)  of  white  on  lower  eyelid;  adult  without  grayish  undula- 
J;ions  or  bars  on  breast  or  other  lower  parts ;  otherwise  not  obvi- 
ously difl'erent  from  L.  borealis ;  wing  4.35-4.50,  tail  4.30-4.60,  bill 
from  nostril  .62-.55,  tarsus  1.00-1.10.  Hab,  Northern  Asia  and 
northern  and  eastern  Europe. 

L.  borealis  sibiricus  Boon.    Siberian  Shrike.^ 
6'.  "Wing  less  than  4.25 ;  lores  and  nasal  tufts  always  wholly  black  in  adult ; 


1  Lamim  hore.nlin  tihincun  BoanANOW,  "  Rugsinn  Shrikes,  etc.,  p.  102,  1881."  (Gapow.)  L.  major  Pall. 
et  AucT.,  nee  Wilkes. 

Said  to  have  been  procured  at  Chiloat,  Alaska  (r/.  Scralow,  Auk,  i.  1884,  202),  but  the  oorreet  identifl- 
cvtion  perhaps  open  to  doubt. 


LANIUS. 


467 


basal   half  of  lower  mandible   never  light-colored,  except  in  young. 
(Adults   above   ash  jray  or   slate-gray   (varying   much   in   shade),  the 
scapulars,  lower  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  usually  paler,  sometimes 
nearly  white ;  lower  parts  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  grayish  later- 
ally, usually  not  undulated  or  otherwise  marked.) 
c\  Adults  pure  Avhite  beneath,  rarely  much  tinged  laterally  with  grayish, 
and  very  rarely  with  obvious  grayish  undulations  or  bars  on  breast ; 
gray  of  upper  parts  of  a  pure  ash-  or  slate-gray  cast. 
d^.  Darker,  the  upper  tail-coverts  usually  not  distinctly  paler  than 
rump,  and  never  (?)  whitish ;  sides  usually  faintly  tinged  with 
gray;  wing,  tail,  and  tarsus  averaging  shorter,  and  bill  larger; 
length  8.50-9.60,  wing  3.75-4.00  (3.83),  tail  3.65-4.25  (3.97),  bill 
from  nostril  .43-.50  (.47),  depth  of  bill  at  base  .34-.38  (.35),  tar- 
sus 1.00-1.10  (1.05).    Eggs  .97  X  -73.     Hab.  More  southern  por- 
tions of  eastern  United  States,  but  north,  irregularly,  to  Ohio, 
Vermont,  etc.,  regularly  to  Virginia  and  southern  Illinois. 

622.  L.  ludovicianus  Linn.  Loggerhead  Shtike. 
d\  Paler,  the  upper  tail-coverts  usually  more  or  less  distinctly 
whitish,  the  scapulars  more  extensively  white,  the  sides  usu- 
ally very  faintly,  if  at  all,  tinged  with  gray ;  wings,  tail,  and 
tarsus  averaging  longer  and  bill  smaller;  length  8.00-10.00, 
wing  3.75-4.10  (3.94),  tail  3.75-4.30  (4.06),  bill  from  nostril 
.42-.50  (.46),  depth  at  base  .30-.35  (.32),  tarsus  1.00-1.15  (1.09). 
Eggs  .97  X  -72.  Jiab.  Central  region  of  North  America,  north 
to  the  Saskatchewan,  south  over  table-lands  of  Mexico,  west 
to  Lower  California,  Arizona,  Nevada,  etc.,  east  across  Great 
Plains,  and,  sporadically,  through  basin  of  the  Groat  Lakes  to 
northern  New  York....  622a.  L.  ludovicianus  excubitorides 

(Swains.).  White-rumped  Shrike. 
c*.  Adults  dull  white  or  grayish  white  beneath,  strongly  gray  laterally, 
the  breast  usually  distinctly  undulated  or  narrowly  barred  with 
grayish,  under  parts  sometimes  strongly  tinged  with  palo  brown  or 
dull  vinaceous;  gray  of  upper  parts  having  a  more  or  less  decided 
brownish,  or  less  bluish,  cast. 
About  as  dark  above  as  L.  ludovicianus  (sometimes  darker,  es- 
pecially on  head),  the  upper  tail-coverts,  however,  somotimes 
abruptly  light  grayish,  or  even  whitish,  as  in  L.  excubitorides ; 
tail  averaging  longer  than  in  either  of  the  more  eastern  forms, 
the  average  length  of  wing  intermediate  ;   length  8.00-10.00, 
wing  3.70-4.00   (3.89),  tail   3.75-4.50  (4.11),  bill  from   nostril 
.43-.48  (.46),  depth  at  base  .30-.35  (.33),  tarsus  1.05-1.15  (1.09). 
JSab.  California,  especially  coast  district. 

— .  L.  ludovicianus  gambeli  Binaw.  California  Shrike.' 

1  New  Bubspociofi.    It  is  with  extreino  reluotnnoe  that  I  have  oonoluded  to  name,  and  attempt  to  character- 
iie,  a  third  race  of  this  Rpecios,  yet  I  hare  Tit  oompelled  to  do  80,  or  else  drop  L,  excubitoride*.    Typical  exam- 


468 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a'.  Inner  webs  of  secondaries  white  quite  to  the  shai't  for  about  the  basal  half,  the 
white  then  abruptly  narrowed  to  less  than  half  the  width  of  inner  web,  but 
very  abruptly  defined  against  the  dusky ;  tail-feathers  without  any  white  at 
base ;  bill  from  nostril  .60. 

Adult:  Above  very  dark  slate-gray,  including  upper  tail-coverts,  darker  on 
head,  where  not  becoming  lighter  next  to  black  of  lores  and  frontlet,  the 
longer  scapulars,  however,  passing  terminally  or  exteriorly  into  whitish  ; 
lower  parts  bluish  gray,  becoming  white  along  median  line,  including 
whole  chin  and  throat  and  under  tail-coverts;  length  (mounted  speci- 
men) about  8.75,  wing  4.20,  tail  4.40,  exposed  culmen  1.00,  bill  from  nos- 
tril .60,  depth  at  base  .39,  tarsus  1.20.  Hah.  Said  to  be  California,  but 
possibly  some  portion  of  the  Old  World. 

L.  robustus  (Baird).    Baird's  Shrike.* 


'^ 


fe.';', ,,. 


Family   VIREONIDiE.— The   Vireos.    (Page  323.) 

Genera. 

a'.  Lateral  toes  very  unequal  in  length,  the  inner  one,  with  its  claw,  not  reaching 
beyond  base  of  middle  claw;  logs  and  feet  weaker. 
h^.  Wing  shorter  than  tail,  extremely  rounded,  the  fifth  or  sixth  quill  longest, 
and  second  shorter  than  secondaries  ;  tail  much  rounded,  the  difference 
between  longest  and  shortest  feathers  nearly  equal  to  length  of  bill  from 
nostril ;  bill  weaker,  relatively  broader  and  more  depressed  at  base. 
(The  single  known  species  with  whole  top  of  head  and  hind-neck, 
wings,  and  tail  bright  olive-gi'een ;  back,  scapulars,  rump,  throat, 
breast,  sides,  and  flanks  uniform  slate-gray;  chin  and  belly  white;  wing 

about  2.30.) NeocMoe.^ 

6'.  Wing  equal  to  or  longer  than  tail,  less  rounded,  the  third  or  fourth  quill 
longest,  and  second  much  longer  than  secondaries;  tail  nearly  even,  or,  if 
rounded,  the  difference  between  longest  and  shortest  feathers  much  less 
than  length  of  bill  from  nostril;  bill  stouter,  and  relatively  narrower  and 
higher  at  base.     (Coloration  very  variable,  but  never  at  all  resembling 

Neochloe.) Vireo.    (Page  469.) 

a*.  Lateral  toes  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  inner  one,  with  its  claw,  reaching  de- 
cidedly beyond  base  of  middle  claw ;  legs  and  feet  stouter. 


pies  of  the  Californian  bird  certainly  cannot  bo  matched  by  speoimena  from  any  portion  of  the  country  cast  of 
the  Sierra  Xovndn,  while  there  is  not  more  of  individual  variation  than  exists  in  the  other  two  forms.  The  re- 
uoniblanco  is,  on  the  wholo,  closer  to  the  darker-colored  specimens  of  true  L.  ludovManiit  (from  the  Gulf  States), 
but  the  under  parts  are  constantly  much  darker,  and,  in  seventeen  of  the  twenty-one  specimens  now  before  me, 
very  percejttibly  (sometimes  distinctly)  undulated  on  the  breast  ^vith  grayish,  this  character  being  very  excep- 
tional in  L.  Itifloricianue  and  still  more  rarely  observable  in  L.  e.rcubitorides. 

•'  Laniim  ludovicianim,  var.  rohnHtm  Baird,  Am.  Xat.  vii.  ISfH,  fi08.   Laniui  robutUi»  Oabow,  Cat.  B.  Brit. 
Mus.  viii.  1883,  243.     (See  especially  the  important  paper  by  Leouhard  Stejnoger  in  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  1885, 

pp.  01-90.) 

«  Neochloe  Sclater,  P.  Z.  S.  1857,  213.    Typo,  N.  brevipennU  ScL.    (Hah.  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.) 


VIREO. 


469 


but 


6*.  Smaller  (wing  less  than  2.50) ;  bill  small,  nearly  as  broad  as  high  at  base, 
and  tapering  rapidly  to  the  slender,  slightly  hooked  tip.  (Color  olive- 
green  or  russet-olive  above,  with  top  of  head  and  neck  ash-graj''  or  else 
with  tail  russet ;  lower  parts  neither  yellow  nor  green.) 

Hylophilua.    (Page  478 ) 
b\  Larger  (wing  not  less  than  3.00)  ;  bill  stout,  much  deeper  than  wide  at  base, 
the  culmen  curving  rather  abruptly  towurd  the  strongly  hooked  tip. 
c*.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  only  about  half  the  exposed  culmen.    (Lower 
parts  green,  becoming  yellow  on  throat,  or  else  white  with  rufous 
band  across  chest ;  upper  parts  bright  gi'cen,  with  top  of  head  sky- 
blue,  or  else  olive,  the  sides  of  head  striped  with  yellow,  slate-color, 

white,  and  black.) Vireolanius} 

c'.  Depth  of  bill  at  base  much  more  than  half  the  exposed  culmen.  (Lower 
parts  yellow ;  upper  parts  plain  olive-green,  becoming  ash-gray  on 
head  and  neck,  the  forehead  and  broad  superciliary  stripe  rufous.) 

Cyclorhis? 

Genus  VIREO  Vieillot.    (Page  468,  pi.  CXV.,  figs.  1-3,  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  olive-green  or  olive-grayish,  with  or  with- 
out white  wing-bands ;  beneath  whitish  or  yellowish,  or  both.  Nest  a  very  beau- 
tiful basket-shaped  structure  suspended  from  a  forked  twig,  composed  of  mosses, 
lichens,  fine  strips  of  bark,  etc.  Eggs  white,  usually  more  or  less  dotted  or 
sparsely  speckled  round  larger  end  with  brown  and  blackish. 

a}.  Spurious  primary,  if  present,  verj'  narrow  and  pointed,  and  decidedly  shorter 
than  tarsus. 
6'.  Wing  without  light  bands  or  other  distinct  markings.   (Subgenus  Vireosylva 

BONAP.) 

c\  Without  any  spurious  primaiy,  or  else,  if  present,  the  exposed  culmen 
.50,  or  more.' 
d}.  Exposed  culmen  .50,  or  more ;  middle  of  chest  white, 
e'.  A  distinct  dusky  streak  along  each  side  of  throat. 

Above  plain  dull  olive-greenish,  becoming  gray  on  top  of 
head,  which  has  a  more  or  less  distinct  dusky  streak 
along  each  side  of  crown ;  a  conspicuous  superciliary 
stripe  of  dull  whitish,  bordered  below  by  a  distinct 
dusky  streak  through  the  eye ;  cheeks  dull  grayish 
white  or  pale  brownish  gray  (whole  side  of  head, 
including  superciliary  stripe,  pomotimes  strongly  suf- 
fused with  dull  brownish  buffy) ;   lovv  er  parts  white, 


»  Vireolanius  BoNAP.,  Consp.  i.  1850,  330.    Type,  V.  melitophrifi  Du  Hm. 

'  Ci)clorhi$  8wAiif8.,  Zool.  Jour.  III.  1828,  lfl2.    Typo,  Tanagm  gulanehiit  GMEt. 

•  The  exception  is  V.  olivacetii,  which  is  sniil  to  have  $ometimei  (but  very  rarely)  a  apurioui  primary. 


rr^ 


^ 


470 


#■ 


;'ia;j»i 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

tinged  with  olive  laterally,  the  axillars  and  under 
tail-coverts  yellowish  white,  or  very  pale  sulphur- 
yellow.  Length  about  5.50-5.76,  wing  3.00-3.25,  tail 
2.20-2.50,  exposed  culmen  .57-  .65.  Eggs  .78  X  -58. 
Hab.  Cuba,  Bahamas,  and  southern  Florida. 

623.  V.  altiloquus  barbatulus  (Cab.). 
Black-whiskered  Vireo. 
e'.  No  trace  of  dusky  stream  along  side  of  throat. 

/*.  Top  of  head  dull  ash-gray,  margined  along  each  side  by  a 
dusky  streak ;  rest  of  upper  parts  olive-greenish. 
g^.  Sides  and  flanks  tinged  with  grayish  olive ;  axillars 
and  under  tail-coverts  white,  or  very  faintly  tinged 
with  sulphur-yellow  ;  length  5.50-6.50,  wing  about 
3.10-3.30,  tail  3.15-3.30,  exposed  culmen  .50-.55. 
Nest  usually  in  small  trees,  in  woods,  usually  loss 
than  ten  feet  from  ground.  J^ggs  .81  X  -56.  Hab. 
Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay, 
etc.,  west  to  Rocky  Mountains ;  in  winter,  south 
through  eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America  to 
northern  South  America. 

624.  V.  olivaceus  (Linn.).  Red-eyed  Vireo. 
g*.  Sides  and  flanks  bright  olive-yellow;  axillars  and 
under  tail-coverts  clear  sulphur-yellow ;  length 
about  6.25-6.75,  wing  2.80-3.20,  tail  2.05-2.50,  ex- 
posed culmen  .55-.60.  Hab.  Mexico  and  Central 
America,  north  to  Lower  Rio  Grande  Valley,  in 
Texas  (accidentally  to  Godbout,  Pi'ovince  of  Que- 
bec), south  to  Ecuador  and  upper  Amazon. 

625.  V.  flavoviridis  (Cass.). 

Yellow-green  Vireo. 

/'.  Top  of  head  dull  brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown,  like 

the  back  and  other  upper  parts. 

gK  Above  dull  brownish  gray ;  wing  2.90-3.00,  tail  2.35, 

exposed  culmen  .60-.65.    Hab.  Island  of  Cozumel, 

Yucatan. 

V.  cinereus  Bidqw.    Cozumel  Vireo.^ 

g*.  Above  dull  brownish  olive ;  lower  parts  duller  white 

medially,  deeper  olivaceous  laterally ;  wing  3.05, 

tail   2.40,  exposed  culmen  .65.    Hab.  Coast  of 

British  Honduras. 

V.  magister  Baird.    Belize  Vireo.* 


1  Vireooylvia  cinerea  RiDow.,  Dosor.  N.  B.  Cozumel,  1885,  2.  Vireo  cinereut  RiDow.,  Proo.  U.  8.  Not. 
Mus.  viii.  1886,  666. 

»  Vireotylvia  magiiter  "  Baibd,  n.  8."  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x.  1871,  20.  Vireo  magiiier  Salt.  A  GoDM., 
Biol.  Centr.-Ain.,  Aves,  i.  1881, 191. 


Y 


VIREO. 


471 


d*.  Exposed  culmen  not  more  than  .40. 

Above  grayish  olive-green,  becoming  more  decidedly  gray- 
ish on  top  of  head  ;  a  whitish  superciliary  stripe ;  lower 
parts  very  pale  sulphur-yellow,  deepest  on  chest,  the  chin 
and  belly  white;  length  about  4.80,  wing  2.50-2.75,  tail 
1.90-2.20,  exposed  culmen  .38-40.  Hab.  Eastern  North 
America,  north  to  Manitoba  and  Hudson's  Bay  (breeding 
chiefly  north  of  United  States)  ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Guate- 
mala, Costa  Eica,  and  Chiriqui  (but  not  yet  recorded 
either  from  Mexico  or  from  any  part  of  West  Indies). 

626.  V.  philadelphicus  (Cass.).    Philadelphia  Vireo. 
c*.  Wing  with  a  well-developed  spurious  primary,  longer  than  bill ;  exposed 
culmen  much  less  than  .50. 
d'.  Top  of  head  dull  ash-gray,  not  distinctly  different  from  the  grayish 
olive,  or  olive-gray,  of  back.     {Adult:   Above  olive-grayish, 
becoming  more  decidedly  gray  on  top  of  head,  more  tinged 
with  pale  olive-greenish  on  rump   and   upper  tail-coverts;    a 
whitish  loral  streak,  extending  back  over  eye,  but  scarcely 
beyond  it;    malar  region,  ear-coverts,  and  sides  of  neck  pale 
brownish  gray  or  pale  grayish  buffy ;  lower  parts  dull  white, 
more  or  less  tinged  with  olive-yellowish  laterally.    Young :  Top 
of  head  and  hind-neck  very  pale  grayish  buff,  the  lores  and 
superciliary  region  white ;  ear- coverts  still  paler  buffy ;  back, 
scapulars,  rump,  and  lesser  wing-coverts  buffy  grayish ;  lower 
parts  entirely  pure  white,  except  under  tail-coverts,  which  ai'e 
pale  yellow ;    wings   and  tail  as  in  adult,  but  greater  wing- 
coverts  tipped  with  dull  grayish  buffy.) 
e'.  Larger,  with  stouter  bill ;  upper  parts  (especially  top  of  head) 
averaging  rather  paler  and  clearer  grayish,  the  flanks  more 
yellowish  (or  less  olivaceous),  the  colors  generally  clearer 
or  "  cleaner" ;  length  5.00-5.50,  wing  2.65-2.95  (2.84),  tail 
2.10-2.40  (2.22),   bill  from  nostril  .30-.32  (.31),  depth  at 
base  .15-.18  (.16),  tarsus  .68-.72  (.70).    Nest  in  trees,  usu- 
ally at  a  considerable  height,  in  open  copses,  along  banks 
of  streams,  or  in  shade-trees  along  streets  in  towns  and 
cities.      JEffgs  .75  X  55.     Hab.   Eastern   North   America, 
north  to  Fort  Simpson  and  Hudson's  Bay,  west  to  Great 
Plains ;  south,  in  winter,  to  eastern  Mexico. 

627.  V.  gilvus  (ViEiLL.).  Warbling  Vireo. 
e*.  Smaller,  with  slenderer  bill ;  upper  parts  (especially  top  of 
head)  averaging  rather  darker  and  duller  grayish,  flanks 
more  olivaceous,  the  colors  generally  less  clear ;  length  4.76- 
5.40,  wing  2.55-2.85  (2.69),  tail  2.00-2.30  (2.14),  bill  from 
nostril  .29-.31  (.30),  depth  at  base  .15-.16  (.15),  tarsus 
.65-.70  (.68).    Nest  as  in  F.  gilvus.    Eggs  .73  X  -Bl.    Hab. 


± 


I  i..  - 


472 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


■s,    ,J.. 


Western  United  States,  east  to  Rocky  Mountains;  south 
through  central  and  western  Mexico  in  winter. 

— .  V.  gilvus  swainsoni  (Baird). 
Western  Warbling  Vireo.* 
6'.  Wing  with  two  distinct  white  bands  across  tips  of  middle  and  greater 
coverts.    (Subgenus  Lanivireo  Baird.) 
d.  No  spurious  primary  ;  loral  streak,  orbital  ring,  chin,  throat,  and  breast 
yellow ;  top  of  head  olive-green. 
Posterior  under  parts  white ;  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  scapu- 
lars ash-gray ;  hind-neck  and  back  olive-green  ;  tertials  broadly 
edged  with  white ;  length  5.00-5.85,  wing  3.00-3.20,  tail  2.00- 
2.30.     Nest  in  woods,  usually  at  a  considerable  height  from 
ground.     Eggs  .79  X  -58,  usually  more  heavily  spotted  than  in 
other  species.    Hob.  Eastern  United  States,  west  to  edge  of 
Great  Plains;  south,  in  winter,  to  Costa  Eica. 

628.  V.  flavifrons  Vieill.    Yellow-throated  Vireo. 
c*.  A  more  or  less  distinct  spurious  primary ;    loral  streak,  orbital  ring, 
chin,  throat,  etc.,  white ;  top  of  head  ash-gray  or  plumbeous  (more 
brownish  in  winter). 
d}.  Spurious  quill  minute  (much  shorter  than  exposed  culmen) ;  hind- 
part  and  sides  of  neck  olive-green,  like  back  and  scapulai's ; 
chest  and  breast  (especially  sides  of  the  latter)  strongly  washed 
with    sulphur-yellow.      (Otherwise  much   like    V.  solitari"S.) 
Wing   3.05,   tail   2.20,  bill   from   nostril  .30,  tarsus  .72.     Sab. 
Highlands  of  Guatemala  (Coban,  Vera  Paz). 

V.  propinquus  (Baikd).    Vera  Paz  Vireo.* 
dK  Spurious  quill  well  developed  (much  longer  than  exposed  culmen)  ; 
hind-part  and  sides  of  neck  grayish,  like  top  of  head  and  ear- 
coverts  ;  chest  and  breast  without  yellow  tinge. 
e*.  Sides  and  flanks  conspicuously  olive  or  olive-green,  distinctly 
tinged  with  yellow ;  back,  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  olive- 
green.     (Young  in  first  winter  with  anterior  upper  parts 
dull  grayish  brown,  the  lower  parts  dull  bufiy  white,  the 
general  aspect  quite  different  from  full  adult  plumage.) 
/\  Smaller  (wing  not  more  than  3.00,  tail  rarely  more  than 
2.20). 
g^.  Back,  etc.,  brighter  olive-green,  more  abruptly  con- 
trasted with  plumbeous-gray  of  head  and  neck, 
the  latter  deeper  and  clearer ;  gray  of  cheeks  more 
abruptly  contrasted  with  white  of  throat ;  sides 
and   flanks  usually  more    strongly  tinged  with 

1  Vireo  mainioni  Baird,  B.  N.  Am.  1858,  336  (in  text).    Vireo  gilvui,  var,  iwainioni  Codes,  Key,  1872, 121. 
»  VireoRylvia  propinqua  Baird,  Review  Am.  B.  i.  May,  1866,  348. 

This  is  either  a  very  distinct  -pooies  or  else,  as  suggested  by  Messrs.  Salvin  A  Qodman  {Biol.  Cenlr.-Am., 
Ave$f  i.  p.  197)  a  hybrid  betweer    V.  lolitariui  and  V. /lavi/ron». 


yiREO. 


473 


olive-green  and  yellow ;  length  5.00-6.00,  wing 
2.90-3.00  (2.94),  tail  2.10-2.20  (2.19),  bill  from 
nostril  .29-.30  (.29),  tarsus  .70-.73  (.71).  Nest  in 
woods,  in  undergrowth  or  lower  branches  of  saiall 
trees.  Eggs  .79  X  -57.  Hob.  Eastern  North 
America,  north  to  Fort  Simpson  and  Hudson's 
BaVj  breeding  chiefly  north  of  United  States ; 
soutb;  in  winter,  through  eastern  Mexico  to 
Guatemala. 
629.  V.  solitarius  (Wils.).  Blue-headed  Vireo. 
g*.  B&C'k,  etc..  more  grayish  olive-green,  less  abruptly 
(if  at  ail)  contrasted  with  the  duller  ash-gray 
of  head  and  neck ;  gray  of  cheeks  less  abruptly 
contrasted  with  white  of  throat ;  sides  and  flanks 
less  strongly  tinged  with  olive-green  and  j-ellow. 
(Yonng  in  first  winter  much  browner  than  cor- 
responding stage  of  V.  solitarius.)  Length  5.00- 
5.G0,  wing  2.85-3.00  (2.90),  tail  2.10-2.30  (2.16), 
biU  from  nostril  .28-.31  (.30),  tarsus  .70-.78  (.74). 
Eggs  .79  X  -SS-  -H<^*-  Western  United  States, 
east  to  Rocky  Mountains,  but  chiefly  (if  not  ex- 
closively)  Pacific  coast  in  summer;  in  winter, 
south  through  western  Mexico 629«.  V.  soli- 
tarius cassinii  (Xantus).  Cassin's  Vireo. 
/*.  Larger  (wing  decidedly  more  than  3.00,  tail  not  less  than 

Similar  in  plumage  to  V.  solitarius,  but  upper  parts 
much  darker  ("  nearly  uniform  blackish  plum- 
heona,  with  only  a  faint  tinge  of  greenish  on  the 
bac-k,.  which  is  essentially  concolor  with  the 
crown") ;  wing  3.03-3.30,  tail  2.21-2.31,  bill  from 
nostril  ,30-.36,  tarsus  .72-.75.  Hab.  Higher 
fioutbern  Alleghanies  (western   North   Carolina, 

etc.) — .  V.  solitarius  alticola  Brewst. 

Mountain  Solitary  Vireo.^ 

Sides  and  flanks  tinged  with  plumbeous-gray,  but  with  little 

if  any  olivaceous  or  yellowish  tinge;   back,  rump,  and 

upper  tail-coverts  plumbeous-gray,  very  slightly,  if  at  all, 

tinged  with  olive-green. 

Above  plumbeous,  or  plumbeous-gray,  with  the  usual 

white  markings  on  wings  and  sides  of  head  ;  lower 

partA  white,  the  sides  and  flanks  strongly  tinged  with 


plumbeous  gray ;     length    6.75-6.15, 


wing 


3.05-3.30 


1  Vireo  lolilartm*  nltiimlt  B»f.wsT,,  Auk,  iii.  Jan.  1866,  111. 

«0 


1 


474 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


*»■'■■'>  ♦« 


(3.16),  tail  2.30-2.55  (2.41),  bill  from  nostril  .30-.35 
(.31),    tarsus    .72-.79    (.75).      Eggs   .79  X  -59.      Hab. 
Eocky  Mountain  district  of  United  States ;  south,  in 
winter,  through  central  Mexico....  6296.  V.  solitarius 
plumbeus  (Coues).    Plumbeous  Vireo. 
a'.  Spurious  primary  always  present  and  well  developed,  equal  to  or  longer  than 
tarsus,   and  broad,  like   other  quills;    wing    more  rounded.      (Subgenus 
Vireo.) 
b^.  Wing  much  longer  than  tail  (the  difference  equal  to  or  greater  than  length 
of  bill  from  nostril), 
c*.  Sides  olivaceous  or  yellowish. 

d}.  Median  lower  parts  pure  white  or  buffy  white,  in  marked  contrast 
with  olive-greenish  or  yellowish  of  sides  and  flanks. 
e\  Wings  blackish  or  dusky,  the  middle  and  greater  coverts 
broadly  and  sharply  tipped  with  white  or  pale  sulphur- 
yellow. 
/'.  Lores   and   orbital  ring  white  ;    cheeks  and  ear-coverts 
black  or  deep  brownish  gray,  in  marked  contrast  with 
pure  white  or  bulfy  white  of  throat. 
Adult  male :  Top  and  sides  of  head  deep  black,  the 
lores  and  orbital   ring  pure  white ;    lower  parts 
pure    white,  the  sides  and   flanks  olive-greenish, 
tinged  with  yellow ;  upper  parts  olive-green,  the 
wings    and    tail    black,   with    pale    olive-yellow 
edgings.    Ad^dt  female  similar  to  male,  but  black 
of  head  usually  duller,  more  slate-colored.     Young 
in  first  autumn  and  winter :  Top  and  sides  of  head 
dull  grayish  brown ;  lores,  orbital  ring,  and  lower 
parts  dull   huffy  white,   or  pale  dull  buffy,  the 
sides   brown-olive ;    upper  parts   more   brownish 
than  in  adult.     Length  4.40-4.75,  wing  2.15-2.30, 
tail   1.80-2.00.      Nest  3-5   feet  from  ground,   in 
bushes  or  small  trees.     Eggs  usually  4,  .72  X  -51, 
plain  white.     Hab.   Southern  portion  of  Great 
Plains,  north   to  Kansas;    in  winter,  south  into 

Mexico  (Mazatlan,  etc.) 630.  V.  atricapillus 

WooDH.  Black-capped  Vireo. 
/'.  Lores  and  orbital  ring  yellow;  cheeks  and  ear-coverts 
grayish,  fading  gradually  into  grayish  white  of 
throat.  (Above  olive-green,  usually  tinged,  more  or 
less,  with  ashy  on  hind-neck ;  wings  and  tail  dusky, 
with  light  olive-green  edgings;  chin,  throat,  and  chest 
grayish  white;  belly  and  under  tail-coverts  pure  white, 
the  latter  usually  faintly  tinged  with  sulphur-yellow ; 
sides  and  flanks  sulphur-yellow,  tinged  with  olive. 


VIREO. 


475 


Young :  Above  plain  olive-gray,  becoming  more  oliva- 
ceous  posteriorly ;    middle   and  greater  wing-coverts 
broadly  tipped  with  pale  buff,  tertials  broadly  edged 
with  yellowish  white,  secondaries  narrowly  edged  with 
olive-yellowish,  and  px'imaries  with  pale  grayish  or 
grayish  white;  lower  parts  white,  passing  into  very 
pale  buflfy  yellow  on  flanks  and   under  tail-coverts; 
head-markings  as  in  adult,  but  supraloral  streak  white, 
passing  into  pale  yellowish  over  eye,  and  lores  dull 
grayish.) 
g^.  Smaller,  and  brighter  colored,  the  supraloral  streak, 
etc.,   deeper  yellow,  the  sides  and  fl.anks  bright 
sulphur-yellow ;  length  4.50-5.00,  wing  2.35-2.50, 
tail  1.90-2.10,  culmen  (from  base)  .55-.58,  bill  from 
nostril  .27-.30,  tarsus  .72-78.     Nest  in  bushes,  in 
thickets  or  along  borders  of  woods  or  swamps. 
Eggs   .75  X  -55.      Hab.    Eastern    United   States, 
west    to    Rocky  Mountains;    south,    in    winter, 
through  eastern  Mexico  to  Guatemala;   resident 
in  Bermudas..  631.  V.  noveboracensis  (Gmel.). 

White-eyed  Vireo. 
g*.  Larger  and  duller  colored,  the  yellow  everywhei'e 
paler,  that  on  sides  and  flanks  sometimes  a 
mere  tinge  of  pale  sulphur-yellow;  length  about 
5.00,  wing  2.35-2.50,  tail  2.10-2.20,  culmen  (from 
base)  .60-.65,  bill  from  nostril  .32-.35,  tarsus 
.78-.82.    Hab.  Key  West,  Florida. 

— .  V.  noveboracensis  maynardi  Brewst. 

Key  West  Vireo.* 
e^.  Wings  dull  dusky  grayish,  the  middle  and  greater  coverts 
narrowly  and  not  very  sharply  tipped  with  dull  white. 
Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  dull  brownish  gray,  gradually 
changing  to  grayish  olive-green  on  back,  scapulars, 
rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts;  a  rather  indistinct  loral 
streak  and  interrupted  orbital  ring,  dull  white ;  cheeks 
and  ear-coverts  light  brownish  gray,  fading  gradually 
into  dull  white  or  buffy  white  of  throat ;  median  lower 
parts  white,  the  breast  usually  faintly  tinged   with 
sulphur-yellow;     sides    and     flanks     sulphur-yellow, 
tinged  with  olive  ;  under  tail-coverts  and  under  wing- 
coverts  clear  pale  sulphur-yellow ;   length  4.20-5.25, 
wing  2.05-2.30  (2.18),  tall  1.80-1.95  (1.88),  bill  from 
nostril   .28-.30    (.29),  tarsus  .70-.75   (.72).      Nest  in 

1  Vireo  novehoracensia  maynardi  Bbewst.,  MS. 


. 


476 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


■«.  ,>;.* 


bushes,  in  thickets.  Eggs  .68  X  -48.  Hah.  Great 
Plains,  and  prairie  districts  of  Mississippi  Valley, 
north  to  Wyoming,  Dakota,  and  Minnesota,  east 
across  Illinois;  south,  in  winter,  to  southern  Mexico. 

633.  V.  bellii  Aud.    Bell's  Vireo. 
iP.  Median  lower  parts  same  color  as  sides  and  flanks,  only  (usually) 
paler, 
c'.  Lores  and  orbital  ring  yellow. 

/'.  Larger  (wing  2.40,  or  more).     (Length  about  5.00,  wing 

2.40-2.60,  exposed  culraen  .45-.52.) 

g^.  Beneath    dull  whitish,  tinged  with   olive-yellowish; 

above  grayish  olive,  varying  to  dull  olive-gray. 

Hab.    Bahamas   (New  Providence,  Abaco,  Green 

Cay,  Cat  Island,  and  Eleuthera  Island). 

V.  crassirostris  (Bryant).    Large-billed  Vireo.i 

J/'.  Beneath  deep  sulphur-yellow  or  "  King's  yellow ;" 

above  olive-green.     Hab.   Bahamas   (Concepcion 

Island,  Cat  Island,  Green  Cay,  Rum   Cay,  and 

Eleuthera  Island). 

V.  crassirostris  flavescens  Eidqw.    Yellow  Vireo.* 
/'.  Smaller  (wing  not  more  than  2.25). 

In  coloration  intermediate  between  V.  crassirostris 
and  V.  crassirostris  flavescens;  wing  2.10-2.25, 
tail  1.85-2.00,  exposed  culmen  .40-.45.  Hab. 
Southern  Mexico,  Honduras,  and  Guatemala; 
north  to  Yucatan  and  Mazatlan. 

V.  ochraceus  Salv.     Ochraceous  Vireo.^ 

€'.  Lores  and   orbital  ring  dull  whitish,  the  latter  interrupted 

on  upper  eyelid.     (Above  plain   olive   or  olive-grayish, 

becoming    more    decidedly    olivaceous    on    rump,   upper 

tail-coverts,  and  edges  of  secondaries  and  tail-feathers ; 

middle    and    greater   wing-coverts   broadly  tipped  with 

white,    producing    two   very  conspicuous    bands    across 

wing;     lower    parts    dull    olive-whitish,    the    sides    and 

flanks  more  decidedly,  but  never  conspicuously,  tinged 

with  olive.) 

f\  Darker  colored,  with  shorter  wing  and  tail  and,  usually, 

stouter  bill ;   above   decidedly  olive,  becoming  more 


•  Lanivireo  era»»iro»tris  Bryant,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.  vii.  18S9, 112.  Vireo  erai*iro$tri$  Baird,  Review 
Am.  B.  i.  1866,  .SBS, 

*  New  subspecies.  Although  occurring  together  with  true  V.  cratsiro»trit  on  several  islands,  this  form 
occurs  exclusively  on  Rum  Cay  and  Concepcion  Island,  while  only  the  true  V.  crassiroatrit  is  found  on  Abaoo 
and  New  Providence.  The  separr^tic.i  is  based  upon  a  very  extensive  collection  (about  76  specimens),  em- 
bracing large  series  from  several  of  the  islands  above  named. 

s  Vireo  oehraceui  Salv.,  P.  Z.  S.  1863,  188. 


VIREO. 


477 


greenish  posteriorly  ;  beneath  decidedly  tinged  later- 
ally with  olive-yellow;  wing-bands  narrow,  tinged 
with  olive-yellow  ;  length  4.25-4.75,  wing  2.40-2.45 
(2.43),  tail  2.00-2.10  (2.06),  bill  from  nostril  .26-.29 
(.28),  tarsus  .72-.76  (.75).  Hab.  California  (resident). 
632.  V.  huttoni  Cass.  Hatton's  Vireo. 
/'.  Paler  and  grayer,  with  longer  wings  and  tail  and 
(usually)  more  slender  bill ;  above  olive-gray,  tinged 
with  olive-green  posteriorly ;  beneath  very  faintly 
tinged  laterally  with  olive-yellowish ;  wing-bands 
broader,  pure  white;  length  4.90-5.20,  wing  2.50-2.65 
(2.58),  tail  2.10-2.20  (2.16),  bill  from  nostril  .25-.30 
(.28),  tarsus  .70-.75  (.72).  Hab.  Mexico,  western 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Lower  California. 
632a.  V.  huttoni  Stephens!  Brewst. 

Stephens's  Vireo. 
c'.  Sides  (from  ear-coverts  to  flanks,  inclusive)  light  tawny. 

Above  light  brown,  becoming  more  tawny  on  forehead,  the  sec- 
ondaries, primaries,  and  tail-feathers  edged  with  pale  olive; 
two  bands  across  wing,  and  edges  of  tertials,  white ;  lores, 
orbits,  and  median  lower  parts  white ;  wing  about  2.50,  tail 
about  2.15.    Hab.  Island  of  Cozumel,  Yucatan. 

V.  bairdi  Ridow.    Baird's  Vireo.^ 
6'.  Wing  not  much  longer  than  tail  (the  difference  less  than  length  of  exDOsed 
culmen). 
c'.  Lower  parts  white  'usually  more  or  less  tinged  with  grayish  or  olive 
laterally). 
d}.  "Wing  less  than  2.50,  tail  less  than  2.25. 

e'.  Middle  wing-coverts  not  distinctly,  if  at  all,  tipped  with  white; 
bill  from  nostril  less  than  .30. 
Above  plain  gray,  more  or  less  tinged  with  olive-green- 
ish posteriorly  (sometimes  on  back  also) ;  greater  wing- 
coverts  (sometimes  middle  coverts  also)  narrowly,  and 
not  very  distinctly  or  abruptly,  tipped  with  white ;  a 
rather  indistinct  supraloral  streak  and  orbital  ring 
grayish  white,  the  lower  portion  of  lores  (from  bill  to 
eye)  grayish  or  dusky;  lower  parts  white,  the  sides 
and  flanks  tinged,  more  or  less  strongly,  with  olive- 
grayish  and  pale  yellow ;  length  4.80-5.25,  wing  2.10- 
2.30  (2.17),  tail  2.03-2.20  (2.09),  bill  from  nostril  .25- 
.29  (.27),  tarsus  .70-.80  (.72).  Nest  in  bushes,  in 
thickets.     Eggs  .67  X  -48.    Hab.  Southern  and  central 


I  Virto  bairdi  RiDQW.,  Desor.  New  Bp.  B.  Coiumel,  Feb.  26,  1886,  2 ;  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  viii.  1886, 


666. 


r,!^^ 


478  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

California  (north  through  Sacramento  Valley),  Lower 
California,  and  Arizona, 

633a.  V.  bellii  pusillus  (Coues).    Least  Vireo.> 
d*.  Middle  wing-coverts  distinctly  tipped  with  white,  like  greater 
coverts ;  bill  from  nostril  more  than  .30. 

Colors  as  in  V.  pusillus,  except  as  described  above ;  wing 
2.20-2.30,  tail  1.90-2.00,  bill  from  nostril  .33,  exposed 
ciilmen  .48,  tarsus  .78.  Hub.  West  coast  of  Nicaragua 
and  Costa  Bica. 

V.  pallens  Salv.     Pale  Vireo.* 
d*.  "Wing  2.50,  or  more,  tail  2.40,  or  more. 

Colors  as  in  V.  pusillus,  but  lores  entirely  grayish  white, 
and  band  across  tips  of  greater  wing-coverts  less  distinct 
(sometimes  obsolete),  the  middle  coverts  never  tipped  with 
white;  length  about  5.60-5.75,  wing  2.50-2.60,  tail  2.40- 
2.55,  tarsus  .70-.78.  Nest  in  thorny  bushes.  Eggs  .73  X 
.56.  Hab.  Southern  California,  Arizona,  New  Mexico, 
western  Texas,  and  northwestern  Mexico. 

634.  V.  vicinior  Coues.    Gray  Vireo. 
c*.  Lower  parts  yellow. 

rf'.  Above  dull  grayish  olive,  the  wings  with  two  very  narrow  whitiso 
or  pale  yellowish  bands;  lores,  orbital  ring,  and  lower  parts 
pale  yellow,  becoming  distinctly  olive-gray  on  sides;  wing  2.15- 
2.30,  tail  2.20-2.30,  tarsus  .80-.90.    Hab.  Cuba. 

V.  gundlachi  Lkmb.    Cuban  Vireo. 

cP.  Above  bright  yellowish  olive-green ;  wings  without  trace  of  light 

bands;  superciliary  stripe  and  lower  parts  bright  yellow,  the 

sides  tinged  with  olive  ;  length  about  5.50,  wing  2.55-2.65,  tail 

2.40-2.60.  Hab.  Southwestern  Mexico  (Oaxaca  to  Tres  Marias). 

V.  hypochryseus  ScL.     Yellow  Vireo.* 


Genus  HYLOPHILUS  Temminck.* 

Specie". 


(Page  469,  pi.  CXV.,  fig.  4.) 


Common  Characters. — Above  mostly  or  partly  plain  olive  or  olive-green,  the 
head  more  or  less  different  in  color  from  other  portions ;  beneath  plain  light  olive 
or  olive-greenish,  the  throat  (in  one  species  whole  of  median  lower  parts)  dull 
whitish. 


'  Unquestionably  a  good  species,  which  should  stand  os  V.  pnailliit  Codes.  In  a  series  of  22  specimens  at 
this  moment  before  me,  including  11  from  Arizona  (embracing  several  so-called  "  intermediate"  examples), 
there  is  not  the  slightest  suggestion  of  intergradation  with  V.  bellii. 

«  Vireo  pallen»  Salv.,  P.  Z.  S.  186.3,  188. 

'  Vireo  gundlachi  Lgmdete,  Aves  de  la  Cuba,  1850,  29,  pi.  6,  fig.  1. 

«  Vireo  hypoehryteut  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1862,  .'JOO,  pi.  46. 

>  Hylophilut  Temm.,  pi.  Col.  iii.  Livr.  29,  1823,  text,  and  pi.  173,  fig.  1.    Type,  H.  thoraeieut  Tbkm. 


CERTHIOLA. 


479 


a}.  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  ash-gray  ;  rest  of  upper  parts  uniform  olive-green  ; 
lower  parts  dull  whitish,  the  sides  and  flaiiics  olive-green,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  palo  yellow;  length  (skins)  about  3.75-4.00,  wing  2.00-2.20,  tail  1.55- 
1.70.     Hab.  Eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  north  to  southern  Texas  (?). 

H.  decurtatus  (Bonap.).    Short-winged  Hylophilu8.> 

a}.  Top  of  head  tawny,  brighter  or  more  ochraceous  on  forehead  ;  rest  of  upper 
parts  olive-tawny,  mixed  with  olive  on  rump,  the  tail  deep  tawny  brown ; 
chin  and  throat  light  grayish ;  rest  of  lower  parts  palo  yellowish  olive, 
sometimes  tinged  Avith  tawny  on  breast ;  length  (skins)  about  4.00,  wing 
2.15-2.25,  tail  1.80-1.90.    Hab.  Southern  Mexico  (Oaxaca,  etc;  and  south  to 

Costa  Bica. 

H.  ochraceiceps  Scl.    Ocbraceous-fronted  Hylopbilus.' 


Family  CCEREBID^.— The  Honey  Creepers.    (Page  322.) 

Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family)...  Certhiola.     (Pago  479.) 

Genus  CERTHIOLA  Sundevall.     (Page  479,  pi.  CXIV.,  fig.  7.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults  :  Above  plain  dusky,  or  brownish  slate,  with  top 
of  head  black,  the  rump  always  yellow  or  yellowish  olive ;  a  more  or  less  extensive 
white  spot  at  base  of  longer  quills  ;  ear-coverts  blackish,  like  top  of  head,  but  sep- 
arated from  the  latter  by  a  conspicuous  superciliary  stripe  of  white ;  chin,  throat, 
and  malar  region  (sometimes  chest  also)  uniform  white,  grayish  white,  or  gray; 
breast  (sometimes  also  belly  and  sides)  bright  yellow ;  outer  tail-feathers  more  or 
less  broadly  tipped  with  white.  Young  :  Above  (including  top  of  head)  dull  olive- 
brownish  or  dull  brownish  gray,  the  wings  and  tail  marked  with  white  as  in  adult; 
superciliary  stripe  indistinct  (sometimes  obsolete);  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  strongly 
tinged  on  breast,  etc.,  with  pale  yellow  (sometimes  entirely  dull  yellowish).  JVest  in 
bushes  or  small  trees,  oven  shaped,  with  entrance  in  one  side,  composed  exteriorly 
of  dried  grass-stems,  etc.,  lined  with  softer  materials.  Eggs  2-4,  white  or  buffy 
white,  finely  speckled  or  sprinkled,  chiefly  on  or  round  larger  end,  with  umber- 
brown. 

a'.  Adults  with  chin,  throat,  cheeks,  and  upper  part  of  chest  white,  or  grayish 
white  ;  back,  scapulai's,  etc.,  very  dark  sooty  slate,  or  blackish,  not  distinctly, 
if  at  all,  difPerent  from  top  of  head ;  rump  yellow.  Young  with  chin  and 
throat  dull  whitish,  and  upper  parts  dull  brownish  gray. 


1  Sylvia  decurtata  Bonap.,  P.  Z.  8.  1837,  118.     Hylnphilus  decnrtatui  Baihd,  Review,  i.  1866,  380. 
li'nai  brevipennii  GiRAUD,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1850,  40.     "  Mezioo  and  Texas.") 
»  Hylophilui  ochraceioepi  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  375. 


{He. 


480 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


f,1  ;     ^ 


4 


6'.  Black  loral  streak  narrower  than  the  white  above  it ;  cheeks  white  almost 
up  to  the  eye ;  white  of  throat  extended  over  almost  whole  of  chest, 
and  yellow  of  breast  not  extended  over  flanks,  which  are  pale  grayish, 
sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  yellow ;  rump  usually  pure  gamboge-yel- 
low ;  lower  tail-coverts  and  anal  region  pure  white ;  length  about  4.25- 
4.75,  wing  2.30-2.65,  tail  1.65-1.95,  exposed  culmen  .55-.65,  tarsus  .75-.80. 
Eggs  .67  X  -50.  Hab.  Bahamas,  Florida  Keys,  and  portions  of  adjacent 
coast  of  southern  Floi'ida,  north  to  Charlotte  Harbor. 

635.  C.  bahamensis  Eeich.  Bahama  Honey  Creeper. 
6'.  Black  loral  streak  as  wide  as  or  wider  than  white  above  it,  and  continued 
backward  broadly  beneath  eye ;  white  of  throat  extended  over  only 
upper  part  of  chest;  yellow  of  breast  continued  backward  over  flanks, 
and  even  tingeing  anal  region  and  lower  tail-coverts ;  yellow  of  rump 
usually  perceptibly  tinged  with  olive,  and  upper  pai'ts  in  general  aver- 
aging somewhat  dfuker ;  dimensions  essentially  the  same  as  in  C.  halia- 
mensis.     Hab.  Cozumel  Island,  coast  of  Yucatan. 

C.  caboti  Baikd.  Cozumel  Honey  Creeper.^ 
a*.  Adult  with  chin,  throat,  and  malar  region  deep  ash-gray ;  back,  scapulars,  etc., 
dull  grayish  olive  or  smoky  slate,  in  marked  contrast  with  black  of  top  of 
head ;  rump  yellowish  olive.  Young :  Chin,  throat,  etc.,  dull  light  grayish 
yellow,  scarcely  different  from  color  of  other  lower  parts ;  upper  parts  dull 
smoky  olive. 

White  spot  at  base  of  quills  much  reduced  in  size ;  rump  yellowish  olive- 
green,  or  olive-yellow ;  entire  lower  parts  posterior  to  throat  oil-yellow, 
becoming  paler  and  much  duller  on  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts ;  length 
(skins)  about  3.60-3.75,  wing  2.05-2.30,  tail  1.35-1.55.  Hab.  Middle 
America,  from  eastern  Mexico  to  Chiriqui. 

C.  mexicana  Scl.     Mexican  Honey  Creeper.* 


Family  MNIOTILTIDiE.— The  Wood  Warblers.   (Page  322.) 


*"^ 


Genera. 

Gape  with  very  small  bristles,  or  none. 

b^.  Hind-toe,  with  claw,  as  long  as  naked  portion  of  tarsus  in  front ;  claw  of 
middle  toe  on  the  same  line,  vertically,  with  the  toe. 

Plumage  striped  with  black  and  white,  the  latter  prevailing  on  lower 

parts Mniotilta.     (Page  483.) 

6'.  Hind-toe,  with  claw,  much  shorter  than  naked  portion  of  tarsus,  in  front ; 
claw  of  middle  toe  (looking  from  above)  set  obliquely  to  the  axis  of  the  toe. 
c'.  Middle  toe,  with  claw,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  tarsus,  in  front,  the 
wing  without  white  bands  or  other  markings. 


1  Certhiola  caboti  "  Dxinn,  MS."    FiNscn,  Verb,  der  K.  K.  Zool.-bot.  QeielUob.  Wien,  1871,  700. 
*  Certhiola  mexicana  Sol.,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  286. 


MNIOTILTID^. 


481 


(f.  Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  chiafly  white;  prevailing  color  yellow, 
the  wings  and  tail  bluish  gray,  back  olive-green,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  white Protonotaria.    (Pago  484.) 

d^.  Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  without  white ;  color  plain  brownish 
or  olive  above  (the  head  sometimes  striped),  whitish  or  buffy 
beneath, 
e^.  Bill  very  much  compressed ;  culmen  straight,  with  basal  por- 
tion elevated  into  a  distinct  narrow  lidge ;   top  of  head 
plain  brown  (sometimes  with  an  indistinct  paler  spot  in 

middle  of  crown) Helinaia.    (Page  484.) 

e*.  Bill  very  slightly  compressed ;  culmen  gently  curved,  its  base 
not  compressed  nor  elevated ;  top  of  head  with  two  black 
stripes  separated  by  a  broader  one  of  buff. 

Helmitherus.    (Page  485.) 
Middle  too,  with  claw,  decidedly  shorter  than  tarsus  in  front,  or  elso 
wing  with  two  white  bands.* 
d}.  Gape  without  obvious  bristles;  bill  very  acute,  usually  without 
notch,  and  with  straight  outlines,  very  rarely  slightly  decurved 
at  tip. 
e*.  Difference  between  length  of  wing  and  tail  equal  to  or  greater 
than  length  of  tarsus  in  front. 

Helminthophila.    (Page  485.) 
c'.  Difference  between  length  of  wing  and  tail  decidedly  less  than 

length  of  tarsus  in  front Oreothlypis.* 

rf'.  Gape  with  distinct  bristles ;  bill  variable,  but  rarely  as  above. 

e*.  Bill  elongate-conical,  with  straight  outlines,  and  without  dis- 
tinct (if  any)  notch ;  wing  not  more  than  2.30. 
Above  bluish  or  grayish,  with  triangular  patch  of  olive- 
green  on  back ;  wings  usually  with  two  white  bands, 
and  inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  with  white  spots; 
under  parts  with  at  least  anterior  half  yellow. 

Compsothlypis.    (Page  490.) 
e'.  Bill  variable,  but  always  with  decidedly  curved  outlines,  and 
usually  with  distinct  notch ;  wing  not  less  than  2.30  (usu- 
ally more  than  2.50). 


•  The  exception  is  Dendroica  dnminicn  (Linn.). 

*  Oreothlj/pie  RiDOW.,  Aulc,  I.  April,  1884, 169.     Type,  Cnmpinthlypii  gutlnralii  Cab. 

Tlie  type  of  this  genus  is  slato-gray  or  plumbeous  above,  with  a  triangular  patch  of  black  on  the  back  j 
chin,  throat,  and  breast  intense  cadmium -orange;  sides  and  flanks  plumbeous,  middle  line  of  belly  white.  A 
Mexican  species,  which  probably  occurs  within  our  borders,  in  western  Texas  or  New  Mexico,  is  very  different 
from  the  type  in  coloration.  The  head  and  nock  (except  beneath)  are  plumbeous-gray,  relieved  by  a  broad 
white  superciliary  stripe ;  back  and  rump  bright  olive-greon ;  wings  and  tail  plumbeoui-gray ;  chin,  throat, 
and  breast  yellow,  the  chest  with  a  chestnut  spot ;  posterior  lower  parts  white,  the  flanks  tinged  with  gray. 
This  is  0.  tupereiliotc;  { Gontroitrum  luptreilioium  IIartl.,  Rev.  Zool.  1844,  216).  In  both  species  the  sexes 
are  essentially  alike  In  ooicr.ition. 

61 


482 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ii  ■■■'  .y 


t  if 


/*.  Bill  slender,  its  greatest  depth  less  than  half  the  distance 

fi'om  nostril  to  tip,  or  elso^  width  at  base  much  greater 

than  its  depth,  and  tarsus  with  whole  of  outer  side 

very  distinctly  scutellate. 

g^.  Tail  even  or  emarginato,  usually  very  much  shorter 

than  wing  (the  difference  usually  exceeding  length 

of  tarsus)' Dendroica.    (Page  492.) 

g^.  Tail  more  or  less  rounded  or  graduated  (or  else  with 

basal  two-thirds  hidden  by  coverts),  never  very 

much  shorter  than  wing  (sometimes  longer),  the 

difference  never  exceeding  length  of  tarsus. 

I}.  Lower  parts  whitish,  conspicuously  streaked  with 

grayish  brown  or  dusky,  above  plain  brown 

or  dusky,  the  head  sometimes  striped. 

Seiurus.    (Pago  518.) 

A".  Lower  parts  j-ellow  or  buffy,  sometimes  ashy,  or 

mixed  ashy  and  black,  anteriorly ;  above  plain 

olive,  olive-green,  or  grayish. 

i}.  Bill  straight ;  above  olive  or  olive-green,  the 

head  sometimes  grayish. 

Geothlypis.    (Page  520.) 
t*.  Bill  decidedly  curved  ;  above  gray  (the  head 
yellowish  olive-green  in  one  species). 

Teretistris} 

p.  Bill  stout  but  much  compressed,  its  greatest  depth  not  less 

than  half  its  length  from  nostril  to  tip ;  width  at  base 

not  greater  than  depth ;  outer  side  of  tarsus  smooth 

or  "  booted"  for  upper  half,  at  least. 

.  g^.  Wing  2.90,  or  more ;  above,  including  tail,  olive  or 

olive-green ;    beneath  yellow  for  anterior,  white 

for  posterior,  half;  no  white  on  tail-feathci\s. 

Icteria.    (Pago  526.) 

g*.  Wing  less  than  2.75 ;  above  plumbeous,  the  tail  black, 

with  much  white  on  outer  feathers ;  beneath  red 

and  white  in  males,  whitish  or  buffy,  tinged  with 

red,  in  females Granatellus.* 


'  Tho  single  exception  is  "  Oeothli/pis"  poliocephala  BAinn. 

'  Notable  exceptions  to  tho  Inst  character  are  D.  dominirn  (Linn.)  and  D,  palmarum  (Qhgl.),  one  or  both 
of  which  should  in  strictness  bo  removed  from  Dendroica, 

'  Teretintrin  CAB.,  J.  f.  0.  ill.  1865,  475.  Type,  Anabatea  /ernandinK  Lehb.  (Only  two  species  known, 
both  peculiar  to  Cuba.) 

*  Oranatellui  "  Du  Bits,  Esq.  Orn.  (1850?)  sub  tab.  24."    Type,  O.  venuitnt  Du  Bns. 

Four  very  beautiful  species  of  this  genus  occur  in  Mexico,  as  follows  :  (t)  0.  venuiitii*  Dn  Bns,  in  Colima, 
Tehuantopeo,  eto. ;  (2)  O./rnni^enrm  BAino,  from  Trea  Marias;  (.1)  O.  srilliri  (Bonap.),  from  Cordova,  etc. ;  and 
(4)  0.  boueardi  RiDow.,  from  Yucatan.    A  fifth  spocios,  O,  pelzelni  Scl.,  is  found  in  tho  Amacon  Valley. 


MNIOTILTA. 


483 


a'.  Gape  with  very  distinct  oinstles. 

¥.  Top  of  bead  without  distinct  sti'ipes  or  yellow  crown-patch. 

&.  Lower  parts  yellow  (throat  sometimes  black) ;   tail  not  longer  than 

wing,  nearly  even.. Sylvania.     (Page  527.) 

c}.  Lower  parts  without  yellow  (except  in  Central  and  South  American 

species  of  Setophaga). 

d}.  Bill  broad  and  much  depressed  at  base  (as  in  certain  Flycatchers)  ; 

tail  parti-colored,  decidedly  rounded,  usually  longer  than  wing. 

Plumage  with  more  or  less  of  red  and  black  (except  in  female 

and  young  of  S.  ruticilla) Setophaga.     (Page  529.) 

d}.  Bill  smallei',  narrow  and  deep  at  base  (as  in  some  Titmice) ;  tail 
unicolored,  slightly  emarginated,  about  as  long  as  wing,  or  a 
little  shorter, 
e*.  Gi'ay  above,  with  white  rump  and  black  crown ;    face    and 
throat  red,  rest  of  lower  parts  whitish. 

Cardellina.    (Page  530.) 
e'.  Prevailing    color   red,  with  white    ear-coverts,  or   else  with 
whitish  tips  to  feathers  of  head  and  neck. 

Ergaticus.     (Page  531.) 

6'.  Top  of  head  distinctly  striped,  or  else  with  a  yellow  crown-patch.    (LowtJ 

parts  at  least  partly  yellow.) 

c^  No  white  on  tail ;  a  black  stripe  on  each  side  of  crown,  enclosing  a 

broader  one  of  light  olive,  ochraceous-orange,  or  chestnut ;  wing  and 

tail  less  than  2.50 Basileuterus.    (Pago  531.) 

c'.  Tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  tipped  with  a  white  spot;  top  of 
head  black,  with  a  yellow  crown-patch ;  wings  and  tail  about  3.00. 

Euthhjpis} 

Genus  MNIOTILTA  Vieillot.    (Pago  480,  pi.  CXV.,  fig.  7.) 

Species. 

Plumage  black  striped  with  white  above,  beneath  white  with  black  streaks; 
wing  with  two  white  bands,  and  tAvo  outer  tail-feathers  with  white  spot  near  end 
of  inner  webs.  Adult  male :  Throat  thickly  streaked  with  black,  the  latter  some- 
times nearly  uniform.  Yoking  male :  Throat  pure  white,  without  streaks  ;  other- 
wise like  adult.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  young  male,  l>ut  coloi's  duller,  the  black 
less  intense,  and  white  of  lower  parts  tinged  with  brownish,  especially  along  sides. 
Nestling :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  colors  much  duller  and  loss  sharply  defined, 
the  head-stripes  dull  grayish  instead  of  black,  and  the  white  parts  tinged  with 
fulvous.     Length   4.55-5.50,   wing   2.60-2.90,   tail    1.95-2.25.      Nest  embedded   in 

»  Eirthh/pfn  CAn.,  Mug.  Rein.  1.  1850,  18.     Type,  E.  tnchn/mosn  Cab. 

The  siaglo  sjiocios  of  tliis  gonna  Is  5..')fl-B.00  long  (wing  nnd  tail  eiich  about  ^M) ;  upper  parts,  except  as 
described  nbove,  dnrk  slate-color ;  lower  parts  yellow,  dceponing  into  tawny  ochrnceous  on  cho.  t,  the  lower  tail- 
coverts  whitish ;  a  white  spot  on  lores,  and  a  smaller  white  spot  on  each  eyelid.  It  occurs  as  far  north  as  Cordova 
and  Mazatlan,  perhaps  farther. 


■VI 


'm 


484 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BTRDS. 


ra 

!^»* 


^'^m 


ground  in  woods.  Eggs  3-5,  .67  X  -57,  creamy  white,  thickly  speckled,  chieflj-  on 
larger  end,  with  reddish  brown.  Hab.  Eastern  North  America  (north  to  Fort 
Simpson,  Hudson's  Bay,  etc.)  in  summer ;  Gulf  States,  West  Indies,  Middle  Amer- 
ica, and  northern  South  America  (Colombia,  Venezuela)  in  winter. 

636.  M.  varia  (Linn.).    Black  and  White  Warbler.' 

Genus  PROTONOTARIA  Baird.    (Page  481,  pi.  CXV.,  fig.  8.) 

Species. 

Head  and  lower  parts,  except  lower  tail-coverts,  yellow ;  lower  tail-coverts, 
lining  of  wing,  and  inner  webs  of  tail-feathers,  white ;  back,  scapulars,  rump,  and 
sometimes  top  of  head,  olive-green  ;  wings  plain  bluish  gray  or  plumbeous.  Adult 
male :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  (except  tail-coverts)  intense  cadmium-yellow, 
sometimes  tinted  with  orange,  the  top  of  the  head  sometimes  olive-greenish.  Adult 
female :  Similar  to  the  duller-colored  males,  but  yellow  appreciably  less  pure,  the 
top  of  the  head  always  olive-greenish,  and  gray  of  wings  and  tail  less  bluish ;  size 
somewhat  less.  Nestling:  Head,  neck,  chest,  fore-part  of  sides,  and  back  olive, 
lighter  on  lower  parts;  no  yellow  beneath,  except  after  moul*^  has  commenced; 
otherwise  much  like  adult  female.  Length  about  5.00-5.50,  wing  2.90-3.00,  tail 
2.25.  Nest  of  mosses,  built  in  deserted  woodpeckers'  holes  or  other  cavities  in 
trees  or  stumps  standing  in  or  near  water.  Eggs  3-7,  .68  X  -55,  glossy  white, 
creamy  white,  or  creamy  buff,  thickly  spotted  with  rich  madder-brown  and  pur- 
plish gray.  Hab.  Willow  swamps  and  borders  of  ponds  and  sti-eams,  in  bottom- 
lands of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  Gulf  States,  north  regularlj^  to  Iowa,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  etc.,  but  rare  or  casual  on  the  Atlantic  coast  north  of  Georgia ;  in  winter, 
Cuba,  Central  America,  and  northern  South  America  (Colombia  and  Venezuela). 

637.  P.  citrea  (Bodd.).    Prothonotary  Warbler. 

Genus  HELINAIA  Audubon.    (Page  481,  pi.  CXVI.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Above  plain  olivo-brownish,  more  reddish  bi-own  on  top  of  head  and 
nape,  sometimes  on  wings  and  tail  also ;  lower  parts  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged 
with  j'cllowish,  the  sides  more  olivaceous;  a  dusky  loral  streak,  continued  behind 
the  eye,  bordered  above  by  a  distinct  superciliary  stripe  of  brownish  white ;  foro- 

•  Two  geographical  racoa  have  been  reoognizecl,  thoir  principal  characters  consisting  chiefly  of  diCTcrenoes 
in  proportions,  as  follows  : 

Atlantie  coast  and  West  Indian  ipeoimens.— Af«;e  .•  Wing  2.72-2.88  (2.78),  tail  1.92-2.20  (2.07),  culmen 
.45-.50  (.48),  bill  from  nostril  .32-.40  (..37),  tarsus  .60-.68  (.65),  middle  toe  .60-.58  (.54).  Female :  2.70,  2.00- 
2,05  (2.02),  .45-.48  (.40),  .36-..18  (.37),  .68-.r0  (.69),  .60.    (True  M.  varia.) 

Hiaiissippi  Valley  and  Hiddle  Amerioan  •peoimeni.— Afafe ;  Wing  2.70-2.00  (2.80),  tail  2.00-2.24 
(2.09),  culmen  .40-.4S  (.44),  bill  from  nostril  .30-.38  (.32),  tarsus  .62-.65  (.63),  middle  toe  .49-,58  (.62).  Female  : 
2.60-2.76  (2.65),  1.92-2.00  (1.96),  .40-.46  (.42),  .32,  .66,  .60-.56  (.63).  (M.  varia  borealii  Nutt.  ?  Mniotilta 
bore  .lit  Nutt.,  Man.  1.  b.  2d  od.  1840,  706.) 

Furthor  examination  of  extensive  material  is  necessary  to  decide  the  question  of  whether  the  distinction  can 
bo  maintained. 


HELMITHERVS. 


485 


head  usually  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  median  streak  of  pale  yellowish  or 
whitish ;  bill  light  brownish ;  iris  brown ;  legs  and  feet  flesh-color.  Nestling : 
General  color  unifoi^m  dull  cinnamon-brown,  including  head,  neck,  and  lower  parts, 
except  belly,  which  is  dirty  white ;  wings  (except  coverts)  and  tail  essentially  as 
in  adult.  Length  5.15-6.50,  wing  1.85-2.13,  tail  1.85-2.17,  culmen  .65-.74,  tarsus 
.C5-.75.  Nest  bulky  and  loosely  constructed,  of  dry  leaves,  fine  grasses,  etc.,  placed 
usually  4-8  feet  up  in  cane  (Arundinaria)  stalks,  near  or  over  water.  Eggs  1-3,  .75 
X  .53,  white,  usually  plain,  but  sometimes  speckled  or  spotted  with  lilac  or  palo 
brown,  Hab.  Gulf  States,  from  South  Carolina  and  Florida  to  eastern  Texas 
(Navarro  County),  and  lower  Mississippi  Valley  north  to  the  lower  Wabash  (Knox 
County,  Indiana) ;  Jamaica  in  winter. 

638.  H.  swainsonii  Aud.    Swainson's  Warbler. 

Genis  HELMITHERUS  Rafinesque.    (Pago  481,  pi.  CXVI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  buff,  the  first  with  two  broad  black  stripes 
on  the  pileum  and  a  narrower  black  postocular  streak;  upper  parts  plain  olive- 
green  ;  upper  mandible  dark  brown,  lower  paler ;  iris  dark  bi'own ;  legs  and  feet 
palo  brownish  flesh-color.  Nestling :  Head,  neck,  and  lower  parts  deep  buff,  the 
black  head-stripes  of  the  adult  indicated  by  indistinct  stripes  of  dull  brown ;  back, 
scapulars,  rump,  and  wing-coverts  dull  light  brown,  tinged  with  cinnamon,  the 
greater  coverts  tipped  with  buff.  Length  about  5.00-5.75,  wing  2.65-2.90,  tail 
1.90-2.20,  culmen  .60-.65,  tarsus  .70 ;  female  averaging  slightly  smaller.  Nest  em- 
bedded in  ground,  among  dead  leaves,  ferns,  etc.  Eggs  2-5,  .68  X  -52,  creamy  white, 
or  pinkish  white,  finely  speckled,  chiefly  on  or  round  larger  end,  with  reddish  brown. 
Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to  Connecticut  Valley,  Great  Lakes,  etc.,  but 
chiefly  south  of  40° ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Yucatan,  and  through 
Central  America  to  Panama..  639.  H.  vertnivorus  (Gmel.).  Worm-eating  Warbler. 

Genus  HELMINTHOPHILA  Eidqway.    (Pago  481,  pi.  CXVI.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Length  about  3.95-5.25.  Nest  on  or  very  close  to 
ground,  in  woods  or  thickets,  composed  of  fine  grasses,  rootlets,  etc.,  deeply  cup- 
shaped,  open  above  (in  H.  lucire  in  holes  or  behind  bark  of  trees,  stumps,  etc.). 
Eggs  3-5,  white,  speckled,  more  or  less,  with  brown. 

rt'.  Middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  tipped,  more  or  less  broadly,  with  yellow  or 

white.     (A  black  or  duskj'  streak  from  bill  to  eye ;  inner  webs  of  three  outer 

tail-feathers  extensively  white  ;  forehead  yellow.) 

t'.  Throat  and  car-coverts  black  in  adult  males,  deep  gray  or  dusky  olive  in 

females. 

c'.  Cheeks  and  median  lower  parts  white,  or  only  slightly  tinged  with 

yellow,  the  sides  and  flanks  ash-gray;  back,  scapulars,  and  rump 

ash-gray  (sometimes  tinged  with  olive-green) ;  wing-bands  yellow, 


486 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'^ 


usually  nearly  confluent,  producing  a  nearly  continuous  patch  ; 
adult  female  with  throat  and  ear-covorts  deep  gray.  Eggs  .64  X  -53, 
white,  finely— usually  sparsely  and  rather  minutely— speckled  with 
brown,  chiefly  on  or  round  larger  end.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States 
and  British  Provinces,  breeding  from  about  40°  northward;  winter- 
ing in  Cuba,  eastern  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  Colombia. 

642.  H.  chrysoptera  (Linn.).  Golden-winged  Warbler. 
c».  Cheeks  and  lower  parts  pure  gamboge-yellow,  the  sides  tinged  with 
olive ;  back,  scapulars,  and  rump  bright  olive-green  ;  wing-bands 
(usually,  at  least)  white,  narrower  and  more  widely  separated; 
adult  female  with  throat  and  cheeks  dusky  olive-greenish,  Hab. 
Northeastern  United  States  (New  Jersey,  etc.). 

— .  H.  lawrencei  Herrick.    Lawrence's  Warbler.' 

6*.  Throat  entirely  pure  yellow  or  white,  in  both  sexes;  ear-coverts  olive-green 

or  light  ash-gray  for  upper  half,  pure  yellow  or  white  for  lower  half;  a 

narrow  black  streak  behind  ej-e. 

c'.  Hind-neck,  back,  scapulars,  and  rump  bright  olivo-grsen ;  lower  parts 

(including  sides  of  head,  except  as  described)  pure  gamboge-yellow, 

the  sides  and  flanks  tinged  with  olive-green;  wing-bands  usually 

white,  extremely  variable  as  to  width  (sometimes  nearly  confluent, 

more  rarely  almost  obsolete).   Eggs  .60  X  -48,  white,  finely — usually 

minutely  and  rather  sparsel}'- speckled  with   brown   and  black, 

chiefly  on  or  round  larger  end.     Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north 

to  Connecticut  Valley,  southern  New  York,  the  Great  Lakes,  and 

Minnesota  (but  chiefly  west  of  Alleghanies,  except  north  of  40°) ; 

south,  in  winter,  to  eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

641.  H.  pinus  (Linn.).  Blue-winged  Warbler. 
c'.  Ilind-neck,  back,  scapulars,  and  rump  ash-gray ;  lower  pai'ts,  including 
sides  of  head,  upward  nearly  to  eye,  pure  white,  usually  tinged  on 
breast  (sometimes  on  chin  also)  with  yellow,  the  sides  and  flanks 
tinged  with  ash-gray;  wing-bands  either  yellow  or  white,  broad  or 
narrow.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States  (Virginia,  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  etc.). 

— .  H.  leucobronchialis  Brkvvst.    Brewster's  Warbler.* 


1  Doubtless  either  a  lij'brid  of  //.  chrysoptera  and  H,  pinug,  or  else  a  yellow  dichromatic  phase  of  the 
formnr.  The  latter  supposition  scorns,  in  the  light  of  recently  studied  material,  to  bo  the  more  probable  solu- 
tion of  tho  case. 

'  This  puzzling  bird  apparently  bears  tho  same  relation  to  IT.  pinna  that  //.  lawrencei  does  to  H.  chryanp- 
tera.  In  a  Inrgo  series  of  spocimons,  every  possible  intermediate  condition  of  plumage  between  typical  //. 
pinua  and  H.  leucnbritnchialia  is  soon,  just  as  is  the  case  with  H.  ehryanpicra  and  IT.  Inirrencei.  If  we  assume, 
therefore,  that  these  four  forms  represent  merely  t'vo  dichroio  species,  in  one  of  which  {H.  pinus)  the  xun- 
thochroio  (yellow)  phase  and  in  the  other  (//.  chryaoptera)  tho  leuoochroio  (white)  phase  represents  tho 
normal  plumage, — and  admitting  that  these  two  species,  in  their  various  conditions,  hybridize  (which  seems  to 
be  an  incontrovertible  fact), — we  have  an  easy  and  altogether  plausible  explanation  of  tho  origin  of  the  almost 
interminably  variable  series  of  specimens  which  have  found  their  way  into  tho  "  waste-basket"  labelled  "B. 
leucobronchialis," 


dH 


HELJtlNTHOPHILA. 


487 


V^arbler.' 

L'green 
half;  a 


a*.  Wings  plain  olive-green  or  gray. 

6'.  Inner  webs  of  three  outer  tail-feathers  marked  with  a  large  white  spot, 
extending  to  the  shaft. 
Adult  male :  Forehead  and  lower  parts  yellow ;  a  largo  patch  of  black 
covering  lower  throaty  chest,  and  upper  breast  j   band  across  an- 
terior part  of  crown  black ;   rest  of  crown,  with  occiput,  rather 
dull  ash-gray ;  ne#t  of  upper  parts,  including  ear-coverts,  uniform 
olive-green ;  anterior  half  of  lesser  wing-covert  region  lomon-yel- 
low ;  quills  dusky,  edged  with  light  ash-gray.    Adult  female :  With- 
out black  on  crown,  and  that  of  throat  and  chest  replaced  by  dusky 
olive;  otherwise  much  like  male.     Length  about  3.95-4.50,  wing 
2.40,  tail  1.95.    (Bi!l  more  acute  and  decurved  at  tip  than  in  other 
HelminthophU^.)     Ne^it  said  to  be  placed  "  in  low  trees."    Eggs  (re- 
puted) 4,  about  .74  X  -60,   dull   white,   heavily  wreathed  round 
larger  end  with  dark  brown.     {H.  B.  Bailey,  Bull.  Nutt.  Orn.  Club, 
viii.  1883,  p.  38.)   Hab.  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  from  South 
Cai'olina  (near  Charleston)  to  Louisiana ;  western  Cuba  in  winter. 
641).  H.  bachmani  (Aud.).    Bachman's  Warbler. 
6*.  Inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  without  white  spot  (if  with  broad  white 
edging,  this  not  extending  nearly  to  shaft), 
c*.  Upper  tail-coverts  olive-green ;  wing  2.40,  or  more. 
d^.  Lores  and  part  of  ear-coverts  black. 

Adult  male :  Above  olive-green  ;  lower  parts  (including  under 
tail-coverts),  smborbital  spot,  and  forehead  pure  gamboge- 
yellow;  length  4.75,  wing  2.55,  tail  2,00,  exposed  culmen 
.55,  tarsus  .75.    Hah.  Vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
— .  H.  cincinnatiensis  (Lanqd.).    Cincinnati  Warbler.' 
d^.  Lores  and  ear-coverts  without  any  black. 

e\  Under  taii-covcrts  and  axillars  pure  white ;  no  rufous  or  chest- 
nut on  crown,  in  any  stage ;  first  quill  equal  to  or  longer 
than  fourth  (nsually  longer,  and  sometimes  longest). 
Advlt  male  in  spring :  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  pure 
ash-gray ;  rest  of  upper  parts  plain  olive-green ;  quills 
dusky,  edged  with    light   ash-gray ;    sides   of   head 
whitiit'h,  relieved   by  a  gray   postocular   streak,   or 
mostly  ash-gray,  relieved  by  a  superciliary  streak  and 
lem  distinct  suborbital  space  of  white;  lower  parts 
white,  the    sides    and  flanks   tinged   with   ash-gray 
(most  strongly  on  sides  of  breast).     Adult  female  in 
spring :  Similar  to  male,  but  gray  of  head  and  neck 
UAually  more  or  less  tinged  with  olive-green,  and  whito 


•  nelminthophaga  cinctrinafieneif  hufsws,  Joar.  Cine.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  July,  1880, 119,  120,  pi.  4. 
There  are  strong  grounds  for  Mlvriag  th'u  Mnl  t.i  bo  a  hybrid  between  H,  pinua  and  Oporomii  /ormoaa, 
(See  on  this  point  Bull.  Nutt.  Om.  Clab,  r.  UA«,  f.  237.) 


488 


..r  t- 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

of  lower  parts  usually  more  or  less  stained  with  pale 
olive-yellowish,  especially  on  sides.  Young  in  first 
autumn :  Upper  parts  entirely  olive-green ;  lower  parts 
(except  under  tail-coverts)  strongly  tinged  with  olive- 
yellow  (chin,  throat,  chest,  and  sides  sometimes  uni- 
form pale  olive-yellow  or  greenish  sulphur-yellow). 
Hab.  Northern  North  America,  east  of  Eocky  Moun- 
tains, breeding  from  Maine,  northern  New  York,  etc., 
to  Fort  Simpson  and  Hudson's  Bay;  migrating 
through  eastern  United  States,  chiefly  west  of  Alle- 
ghanies  (west  to  Eocky  Mountains),  south  through 
eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Colombia. 

647.  H.  peregrina  (Wils.).    Tennessee  Warbler. 
Under  tail-coverts  yellow ;  axillars  yellow  (except  in  H.  vir- 
ginice) ;  adult  male  (sometimes  female  also)  with  a  con- 
cealed patch  of  orange-rufous  or  chestnut  on  crown ;  first 
quill  shorter  than  fourth. 
p.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts   yellow;    upper  parts 
olive-green    (the  head   and   neck  sometimes  ashy) ; 
lower  parts  chiefly  yellowish. 
g^.  No  distinct  orbital  ring;    lower  tail-coverts  pale, 
rather  greenish,  or  olivaceous,  yellow,  the  longer 
ones  with  a  concealed  grayish  central  streak ; 
rest  of  lower  parts  pale  yellow,  more  or  less 
tinged    or  indistinctly  streaked  with   olivaceous 
or    olive-grayish ;     crown-patch,    when    present, 
orange-rufous. 
A*.  Above  dull  olive-green,  sometimes  tinged  with 
graj'',  especially  on  head ;    lower  parts  pale 
yellow  (becoming  white  on  anal  region),  the 
darker    indistinct    streaks    grayish;    length 
4.60-5.30,  wing  2.31-2.52  (2.41),  tail  1.92-2.10 
(1.98).      Eggs   .63  X  -49,   white,   or  creamy 
white,  finely  speckled,  chiefly  on  larger  end, 
with  reddish  brown.    Hab.  Northern  North 
America,  breeding  from  Eocky  Mountains  to 
coast  of  Alaska  (north  of  the  peninsula)  and 
Mackenzie  Eiver  district;    migrating  south 
through  Mississippi  Valley  (more  sparingly 
east  of  AUeghanies)  to  south  Atlantic  and 

Gulf  States  and  eastern  Mexico 646.  H. 

celata  (Sat).    Orange-orowned  Warbler. 
A*.  Above  bright  olive-green,  beneath  bright  green- 
ish yellow  (nearly  pure  gamboge-yellow  along 
median  line),  the  darker  indistinct  streaks 


I 


EELMINTHOPHILA. 


489 


first 


olive-greenish;  length  about  4.70-5.00,  wing 
2.22-2.44  (2.38),  tail  1.82-2.00  (1.95).  E,jgs 
.63  X  -49,  colored  like  those  of  11.  cclata. 
Hab.  tucific  coast,  breeding  from  coast 
ranges  of  southern  California  to  Kadiak; 
south,  in  winter,  to  Lower  California  and 
western  Mexico,  and  eastward  during  mi- 
grations to  Colorado,  Arizona,  etc. 

646a.  H.  celata  lutescens  Bidqw. 
Lntescent  Warbler. 
A  distinct  white,  or  yellowish  white,  orbital   ring; 
lower  tail-coverts  pure  (though  sometimes  rather 
pale)  gamboge-yellow,  without  concealed  grayish 
streaks ;  rest  of  lower  parts  pure  gamboge-yellow 
in  adults  (females  with  belly  and  flanks  whitish), 
paler  and  duller  yellow  (deepest  on  breast),  but 
without  indication  of  streaks,  in  immature  speci- 
mens ;  crown-patch,  when  present,  chestnut. 
h}.  Less  brightly  colored,  the  rump  and  upper  tail- 
coverts  less  yellowish  olive-green,  and  lower 
parts   less   intense   yellow;    wings   and  tail 
shorter.     Young :  Plain  greenish  olive  above 
(duller  anteriorly),  the  middle  and  greater 
wing-coverts  distinctly  tipped  with  pale  olive- 
buffy ;  anterior  and  lateral  lower  parts  plain 
light  olive,  the  belly  and  lower  tail-coverts 
pale  buffy  yellow.    Length  about  4.20-5.00, 
wing  (male)  2.30-2.45   (2.37),  tail  1.85-1.90 
(1.87).     Eggs  .61  X  -47,  colored  like  those  of 
H.  celata.      Hab.    Eastern    iNorth  America, 
breeding  from  northern  United  States  north 
to    Hudson's    Bay    and  interior  of   British 
America;  accidental  in  Greenland;  in  winter, 
south  to  eastern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

645.  H.  ruficapilla  (Wils.). 
Nashville  Warbler. 
h*.  More  brightly  colored,  the  rump  and  upper  tail- 
coverts  more  yellowish  olive-green,  the  lower 
parts  richer  gamboge-yellow ;  wings  and  tail 
longer;  length  about  4.75,  wing  (male)  2.40- 
2.55  (2.47),  tail  1.90-2.00  (1.97).  Hab.  Western 
United  States,  from  Rocky  Mountains  to  Pa- 
cific coast;  in  winter,  south  to  western  Mexico. 
645a.  H.  ruficapilla  gutturalis  Bidqw. 

Calaveras  Warbler. 
62 


<  ,    1 


b.r, 


490  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

p.  Axillars  and  under  wing-coverts  pure  white  (tinged  with 
buff  in  young) ;   upper  parts  ash-gray,  changing  to 
yellowish  olive-green  on  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  ; 
lower  parts  chiefly  white,  the  under  tail-coverts  and 
patch  on  chest  (sometimes  extended  over  throat)  pure 
gamboge-yellow. 
Crown-patch  (wanting  in  immature  birds  and  some 
adult  females)  chestnut.    Adult  female  with  yellow 
of  chest,  etc.,  paler  (and  usually  more  restricted) 
than  in  male,  and  chestnut  crown-patch  usually 
less  distinct  (sometimes  wanting).    Young :  Some- 
what like  adult   female,  but  browner,  the  lower 
parts  tinged  with  buffy,  the  wing-coverts  tipped 
with  pale  grayish  buff,  yellow  of  chest  wanting, 
and   no   chestnut   on   crown.     Length   4.75-5.00, 
wing  about  2.30-2.50,  tail  1.90-2.00.     Eggs  .61  X 
.47,   creamy    Avlnte,   finely    and    rather    densely 
speckled   round   larger    end   with   chestnut   and 
purplish  gray.    Hab.  Mountain  districts  of  west- 
ern United  States  (except  Pacific  coast),  north  to 
Wyoming,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada;   south 
through  centi'al  Mexico  to  Guanajuato. 
644.  H.  virginise  (Baird).    Virginia's  Warbler. 
(?.  Upper  tail-coverts  chestnut  (pale  tawny  in  young)  j  wing  not  more 
than  2.30. 
Adult  (sexes  alike)  :  Above  ash-gray,  the  rump  and  upper  tail- 
coverts   and  patch   on  crown  (except  sometimes  in  female) 
chestnut ;  orbital  ring  and  lower  parts  white  or  buffy  white. 
Young :  Essentially  like  adult,  but  no  chestnut  on  crown,  the 
rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  pale  tawny,  and  wing-coverts  tipped 
with  buffy.     Length  4.00-4.65,  wing  about  2.20-2.30,  tail  1.70- 
1.90.   Nest  in  holes  or  behind  bark  of  trees,  stumps,  etc.    Eggs 
3-4,  .57  X  -^-t,  white  or  creamy  white,  finely  speckled,  usually 
in  dense  ring  round  larger  end,  with  reddish  brown.     Hab. 
VojUeys  of  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers,  in  Arizona  and 
southeastern  California,  and  south  into  Sonora. 

643.  H.  luciae  (Coop.).    Lucy's  Warbler. 


Genus  COMPSOTHLYPIS  Cabanis.    (Page  481,  pi.  CXVI.,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  gray,  bluish  gray,  or  grayish  blue,  the  back 
with  a  triangular  patch  of  olive-green ;  wings  usually  with  two  white  bands ;  inner 
webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  marked  with  a  white  spot  (except  sometimes  in  C.  insu- 


^vs.'imi*mmt 


COMPSOTIILYPIS. 


491 


laris) ;  lower  parts  yellow,  for  anterior  half  at  least,  the  color  usually  deepening 
on  chest  into  orange-bx'ownish.  {Females  and  immature  males  of  certain  species 
with  whole  upper  parts  tinged,  more  or  less,  with  olive-green,  and  yellow  of  lower 
parts  paler.) 


usually 
yome- 
lower 


a}.  Eyelids  white ;  yellow  of  lower  parts  not  extending  farther  back  than  breast, 
the  sides  and  flanks  white,  tinged  with  bluish  gray  and  rusty  brown. 

Adult  male:  Above  bluish  gray  (more  blue  on  head),  the  back  bright 
olive-green;  wing  with  two  broad  white  bands;  chin,  throat,  and  breast 
yellow;  chest  more  or  less  tinged  with  orange-brown,  this  often  bor- 
dered anteriorly  by  a  blackish  band  across  lower  throat ;  rest  of  lower 
parts  white,  the  sides  tinged  with  bluish  gray  and  reddish  brown. 
Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  paler,  all  the  colors  less  pro- 
nounced. Young  in  first  autumn :  Upper  parts  in  general  tinged  with 
olive-green ;  yellow  of  lower  parts  paler.  Young :  Yellow  of  lower 
parts  replaced  by  light  grayish,  the  chin  tinged  with  yellow ;  above 
dull  grayish,  more  olive  on  back,  the  wings  and  tail  much  as  in  adult 
female,  but  duller  grayish.  Length  4.12-4.95,  wing  about  2.20-2.40, 
tail  1.60-1.85.  Nest  placed  within  hanging  tufts  of  lichens  or  "  beard- 
mosses,"  or  bunches  of  dead  leaves  and  other  rubbish  caught  on  hang- 
ing branchlets  during  freshets.  Eggs  3-5,  .64  X  -46,  white,  or  creamy 
white,  thickly  speckled  with  reddish  brown,  chiefly  round  larger  end. 
Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  Canada,  breeding  throughout ;  in  win- 
ter, southern  Florida,  more  northern  West  Indies,  eastern  Mexico,  and 

Guatemala 648.  C.  americana  (Linn.).    Parula  Warbler. 

a*.  Eyelids  dusky;  yellow  of  lower  parts  extending  back  over  sides  and  upper 
part  of  belly  (sometimes  over  whole  surface  except  under  tail-coverts). 
b^.  Belly  chiefly,  or  entirely,  white  ;  wing  with  two  broad  white  bands. 

cK  White  spot  on  inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  extending  quite  to  shaft, 
for  greater  part  of  its  extenl,  in  adult  male,  and  very  nearly  to  shaft 
in  female. 
Adult  male:  Above  bluish  gray,  or  plumbeous,  relieved  by  olive- 
gi'een  patch  on  back  and  two  broad  white  wing-bands ;  lores 
deep  black  ;  chin,  throat,  chest,  breast,  and  sides  gamboge-yel- 
low, deepening  into  a  more  saffron  tint  on  chest ;  rest  of  lower 
parts  white,  the  flanks  usually  tinged  with  brown.     Adidt  fe- 
male:    Much   duller  than  male,  the  upper  parts  tinged  with 
olive-green,  lores  dull   grayish  dusky,  yellow  of  lower  parts 
paler  and  duller,  etc.     Length  4.25-4.75,  wing  2.00-2.20,  tail 
1.58-1.75.     Hab.    Lo*ver  Rio   Grande  Valley  in  Texas  (and, 
doubtless,  adjacent  portions  of  Mexico). 

649.  C.  nigrilora  (Coues).    Bennett's  Warbler, 
c*.  White  spot  on  inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  scarcely  if  at  all  touching 
shaft  in  adult  male,  and  nearly  obsolete  in  female, 
(f .  Otherwise  similar  in  color  to  C.  nigrilora,  but  rather  less  bluish 


492  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

gray  above,  the  lores  less  deeply  black  in  male  and  more  de- 
cidedly grayish  in  female;  wing  2.15-2.30,  tail  1.90-2.00.  Ilab. 
Tres  Marias  Islands,  western  Mexico. 

C.  insularis  (Lawr.).  Tres  Marias  Parula.* 
d\  Above  dull  slate-gray  (tinged  with  olive  in  females),  the  back  dull 
olive-green ;  lores  dull  grayish ;  white  wing-bands  much  nar- 
rower (nearly  obsolete  in  some  females)  ;  yellow  and  white  of 
lower  parts  both  much  duller;  white  spots  on  inner  webs  of 
outer  tail-feathers  reduced  to  a  mere  edging  (except  in  a  few 
males,  in  which  the  white  oblique  spot  is  much  smaller  than 
in  G.  insularis) ;  wing  2.10-2.20,  tail  1.90-2.00.  Hab.  Socorro 
Island,  off  coast  of  northwestern  Mexico. 

C.  graysoni  Ridgw.     Socorro  Warbler.* 
i'.  Belly  wholly  yellow;  wing  without  white  bands,  or  with  mere  indications 
of  them. 
Adult  (sexes  apparently  alike  in  color")  :  Above  dark  grayish  blue  (almost 
indigo  on  top  of  head)  ;  lores  deep  black  ;  lower  parts,  except  under 
tail-coverts,  rich  gamboge-yellow,  deepening  into  rich  saffron  (some- 
times rufous-orange)  on  chest;  wing  about  2.00-2.15,  tail  1.60-1.75. 
Hab.  Guatemala  to  Peru. 

C.  inornata  Baird.     Central  American  Parula.' 


Genus  DENDROICA  Gray. 


(Page  482,  pi.  CXVI.,  figs.  4,  6,  7 ;  pi.  CXVII., 
figs.  1,  2.) 


Species  and  Subspecies. 

Bill  very  acute,  the  tip  very  appreciably  decurved ;  tongue  with  the  terminal 
half  having  the  edges  folded  over  upon  the  upper  surface,  the  terminal  por- 
tion deeply  cleft  and  fringed.    (Subgenus  Perissoglossa  Baird.) 
6*.  Inner  webs  of  exterior  tail-feathers  with  large  white  patch.    Adult  male : 
Top  of  head  blackish ;  sides  of  head  and  neck,  rump,  and  lower  parts 
gamboge-yellow,  becoming  much  paler  (sometimes  white)  on  under  tail- 
coverts;   ear-coverts  chestnut  or  rusty,  and  throat   sometimes  tinged 
with  same ;  a  black  line  from  bill  to  eye,  continued  behind  the  latter ; 


1  Parula  insularis  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  x.  Feb.  1871,  4.  Gompaothlypis  insularis  Stejn.,  Auk,  i.  Apr. 
1884,  170. 

*  New  species.  Although  Mr.  Lawrence  mentioned  both  Tres  Marios  and  Socorro  specimens  in  his  original 
description  of  Parula  insularis,  his  description  and  measurements  were  taken  from  a  specimen  from  the  former 
locality,  which  may,  therefore,  be  considered  the  typo.  With  the  same  material  before  me  as  that  which  Mr. 
Lawrence  examined,  I  am  able  to  appreciate  readily  the  differences  of  plumage  which  ho  pbints  out  as  dis- 
tinguishing the  birds  from  Socorro.  In  fact,  I  am  somewhat  surprised  that  he  considered  them  the  same 
species.  The  Socorro  bird  is,  upon  the  whole,  more  different  from  C.  insularis  than  the  latter  is  from  G.  nigri- 
lora. 

'  Parula  inornata  Baird,  Review,  i.  1866,  171.  Compaothlypis  pitiayumi  inornata  Stejn.,  Auk,  i.  Apr. 
1884, 170. 


mk 


DENDROICA. 


493 


11 


throat,  chost,  and  sides  streaked  with  blaclt ;  back  olive-greenish;  a 
white  patch  on  wings,  covering  middle  and  greater  coverts.  (/;t  autumn, 
markings  much  obscured  by  grayish  and  olive  suffusion.)  Adult  female : 
Grayish  olive  above,  binghter  on  rump,  the  wing-coverts  merely  edged 
with  whitish  ;  beneath  dull  yellowish  M'hito  (sometimes  deeper  yellow- 
ish), streaked  on  chest,  etc.,  with  dusky ;  white  tail-spots  much  re- 
stricted. Length  4.70-5.65,  wing  2.85,  tail  2.15.  Nest  a  very  neat  cup- 
shaped  structure,  about  2.25  deep  and  3.00  across  outside,  with  cavity 
1.25  deep  by  1.75  wide,  composed  of  dried  spruce  twigs,  grasses,  spiders' 
webs,  etc. ;  placed  in  evergreen  trees  or  bushes,  usually  not  far  from 
ground.  Eggs  3-4,  .70  X  -52,  dull  white,  buify  white,  or  grayish  white, 
speckled  or  spotted  round  larger  end  with  dark  brown  or  reddish  bi'own 
and  lilac-gray,  occasionally  mixed  with  a  few  smaller  markings  of  black- 
ish. Hah.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay,  Lake  Win- 
nipeg, etc.,  breeding  from  noi-thei'n  New  England  northward  (also  in 
mountains  of  Jamaica) ;  winters  in  Greater  Antilles. 

650.  D.  tigrina  (Gmel.).    Cape  May  Warbler. 

b*.  Inner  wf^bs  of  tail-feathers  Avithout  white  spots.  Adult  male :  Whole  top 
of  head  and  broad  streak  on  side  of  head  black  ;  back  and  lesser  wing- 
co\  ^  .'ts  dusky  olive  spotted  or  broadly  streaked  with  black ;  middle 
wing-coverts  tipped  with  j'ellow,  greater  coverts  with  white ;  rump, 
upper  tail-covei"ts,  and  tail  yellowish  olive-green  ;  rest  of  plumage  gam- 
boge-yellow, tinged  with  dusky  olive  on  sides,  the  sides  of  chest,  etc., 
streaked  with  black ;  length  4.75,  culmen  .45,  tarsus  .75.  Hab.  Ken- 
tucky (Henderson ;  known  only  fi'om  Audubon's  plate  and  descrip- 
tion)  — .  D.  carbonata  (AuD.).    Carbonated  Warbler. 

a*.  Bill  not  very  acute  nor  distinctly  decui-ved  at  tip ;  tongue  gradually  tapei-ing  to 
the  slightly  cleft  and  fringed  tip.' 

b^.  A  white  spot  at  base  of  quills,  in  combination  with  other  white  mai'kings 
on  wings;  wing  half  as  long  again  as  tail.    (Subgenus  Peucedramus 

COUES.) 

Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  and  chest  orange-rufous,  or  deep  ochraceous, 
sometimes  tinged  with  olive ;  lores  and  ear-coverts  black,  forming 
a  conspicuous  patch  on  side  of  head ;  back,  scapulars,  and  rump  plain 
olive  or  dull  olive-gray ;  m.iddle  and  greater  wing-coverts  broadly 
tipped  with  white;  belly  dull  white.  Adtdt  female  (and  male  in  first 
year) :  Head,  nertk,  and  chest  dull  buflFy  or  yellowish,  the  top  of  the 
head  and  hind-neck  tinged  with  olive-green,  and  black  patch  on 
side  of  head  in  male  replaced  by  a  much  less  distinct  one  of  dusky 
(usually  confined  to  ear-coverts) ;  otherwise  similar  to  male,  but 
duller.     Length  4.60-5.40,  wing  averaging  about  3.00,  tail  about 

'  This  character  has  not  been  tosted  in  all  the  species  referred  to  this  group,  and  may  not  prove  dingnostio 
in  the  case  of  some  of  those  not  examined ;  the  indications,  however,  are  strongly  in  favor  of  the  probability  that 
essentially  the  same  style  of  tongue  will  be  found  in  them  all. 


■fl^m;  ■ 


^^ni 


494  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

2.30.     Hah.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico,  north  to  southern 
border  of  United  States  (Texas  to  Arizona). 

651.  D.  olivacea  (Giraud).    Olive  Warbler. 
v.  No  white  spot  at  base  of  quills,  or  else  no  other  white  markings  on  outer 

surface  of  wings ;  wing  less  than  half  as  long  again  as  tail.     (Subgenus 
Dendroica  Gray.) 
c'.  Inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  with  a  large  patch  or  broad  edging  of 
yellow,  but  without  white. 
d}.  Tarsus  not  more  than  .75  (usually  much  less) ;  adult  male  with 
crown   olive-yellow  or  yellowish  olive-green,  without  distinct 
orange-rufous  suffusion.     {Adult  males :  Above  bright  yellowish 
olive-green,  the  wing-feathors  broadly  edged  with  yellow ;  rest 
of  plumage  pure  gamboge-yellow,  the  chest  and  sides  streaked 
with  chestnut-red.     Adult  females :    Colors  duller,  the  yellow 
paler,  and  reddish  otreaks  on  lower  parts  very  indistinct  or 
(usually)   altogether  Avanting.     Young :   Somewhat  like  adult 
female,  but  still  duller,  the  lower  parts  sometimes  dull  whitish 
the  upper  parts  more  grayish.     Length  about  4.50-5.25,  wing 
2.35-2.65,  tail  1.80-2.10.     Nest  a  compact  cup-shaped  structure 
of  grayish  plant-fibres,  sjiiders'  webs,  etc.,  lined  with  plant- 
down  and   soft   feathers,  built  in  trees  (often  in  orchards  or 
shade  trees).     Eggs  2-6,  .06  X  -48,  greenish  white  or  very  pale 
greenish,  spotted,  usually  in  wreath  round  lai'gcr  end,  with 
umbor-brown,  blackish,  and  lilac-gray.) 
e'.  Deeper  coloi'ed,  the  adidt  male  with  chestnut  streaks  on  breast 
and  sides  much  broader  and  richer,  the  adult  female  de- 
cidedly deeper  yellow.     JIab.  Eastern  and  northern  North 
America,   east   of    Eocky   Mountains ;     in   winter,   south 
through  eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  northern 
South  America. 

652.  D.  sestiva  (Gmel.).    Yellow  Warbler. 
e*.  P-ilev,  the  adult  male  with  chestnut  streaks  on  breast  and  sides 

averaging  much  narrower  and  ]»aler,  the  adult  female  de- 
cidedly paler  yellowish.  Hah.  Western  North  America, 
cast  to  Rocky  Mountains;  in  winter,  south  through  west- 
ern and  central  Mexico  and  south  at  least  to  Panama. 

— .  D.  sestiva  morcomi  Coale.    Western 

Tellow  Warbler.* 
d*.  Tarsus  not  less  than  .75  (usually  decidedly  more). 

c^  Adult  males  with  top  of  head  yellow,  the  crown  sometimes 
more  or  less  strongly  tinged  with  orange-rufous. 
/'.  Wing  (male)  2.80,  call  2.45 ;  above  light  yellowish  olive- 
green,  becoming  nearly  pure  lemon- yellow  on  top  of 


I  Dendroica  eeitiva  morcomi  CoALE,  Bull.  Rldgw.  Orn.  Club  Chic,  No.  2,  April,  1887,  82. 


DENDROICA. 


495 


head,  rump,  and  upper  tail-eoverts,  the  latter  broadly 
streaked  mcsially  with  olive-greenish  ;  beneath  lemon- 
yellow,  the  breast  and  sides  very  sparsely  and  nar- 
rowly streaked  with  chestnut.  Hah.  Centi'al  Moxico 
(Guanajuato), 

D.  dugesi  Coale.  Dug6s's  Yellow  Warbler.' 
p.  Wing  (male)  2.40-2.G0,  tail  2.00-2.20  ;  above  much  darker 
olive-green,  scarcely,  if  at  all,  more  yellowish  poste- 
riorly, the  top  of  head  usually  more  or  less  strongly 
tinged  with  orange-rufous;  beneath  rich  gamboge- 
yellow,  the  breast  and  sides  broadly  streaked  with 
bright  reddish  chestnut.  Hab.  West  Indies  in  gen- 
eral, including  Bahamas;  Cozumel  Island,  "Yucatan. 

D.  petechia  (Linn.).    Antillean  Yellow  Warbler.' 
c'.  Adxdt  males  with   whole  head  chestnut  or  chestnut-rufous. 
{Adult  males :  Head  rich  tawny  rufous  or  chestnut,  lighter, 
or  more  orange-tawny,  on  throat ;  above  olive-green,  the 
wings  dusky,  with  broad  greenish  yellow  edgings;  lower 
parts  pure  gamboge-yellow,  the  chest  and  sides  usually 
nari'owly  streaked,  more  o^  less,  with  rufous  or  orange- 
tawny.    Adult  females :  Above  grayish  olive-green,  beneath 
pale  yellow,  moi-e  or  less  tinged  with  olive,  especially  on 
sides  and  flanks.     Young :  Like  adult  females,  but  lower 
parts  dull  yebcwish  white  (some  specimens  dull  ash-gray 
above,  yellowish  white  beneath,  the  throat,  etc.,  streaked 
with   rufous).      Length  about  5.00-5.50,  wing  2.50-2  70, 
tail  2.10-2.25,  tarsus  about  .80.) 
d^.  Adult  male  with  head  bright  orange-chestnut  or  oi*ango-tawny 
above,  paler  orange-tawny  beneath.    Hab.  Coast  of  Honduras 
and  Yucatan.  D.  bryanti  Ridow.    Bryant's  Yellow  Warbler.' 

rf'.  Adult  male  with  head  rich  chestnut.     Hab.  Lower  California,  and 
adjficont  coast  of  western  Mexico. 

C53.  D.  bryaiiti  castaneiceps  Rioaw.    Mangrove  Warbler. 
c'.  Inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  with  a  largo  spot  of  white  (more  re- 
stricted in  females  and  youp^ 
d^.  Outer  surface  of  wing  wiibo..^  lighter  markings  except  a  white 
spot  at  base  of  quills,  and  this  sometimes  obsolotc  in  females 
and  young. 


1  Vendioicn  ditgeni  CoALE,  Bull.  Ridg.v.  Orn.  Club  Chic,  No.  2,  April,  1887,  83.  Type,  No.  105468,  U.  S. 
Kat.  Mus.  (f  ad.,  Moro  Leon,  fluannjurto;  A.  DugCs. 

»  Molacilla  peferhiii  LlNN.,  S.  N.  od.  12,  i.  1700,  .'i.'H.     Dcmlrnica  petechia  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1801,  71. 

This  opooios,  which  inhabits  tho  West  Indies  at  larf'o,  i^  split  up  into  many  local  races,  man  r  less  differ- 
ent froa>  the  typical  form.  The  hitter  bol"ngr  to  Jnniiiiaa,  Thot  occurring  in  Cuba  and  tho  Bnharaas  (and 
therefore  not  unlikely  to  roach  occasiuna!!-  limita  in  Florida)  is  1),  petechia  gundluch    (D,  yundlacki 

Bauid,  Review  Am.  B.  i.  18^5,  10:). 

•  Dcndroica  vi~illoii,  var.  bn/noti  i  :r«W  ,  Am,  Nat.  vH.  Oct.  1873,  006, 


496 


NORTH  AMERICAN  IIRDS. 


1.1 


,:a 


Adult  male  :  Abovo  dark  dull  blue,  tht  back  sometimes  indis- 
tinctly spotted  with  black ;  sides  of  head,  chin,  throat, 
chest,  sides  of  breast,  and  sides,  uniform  deep  black ;  rest 
of  lower  parts  white.  (7n  winter,  upper  parts  tinged  with 
olive-green,  the  chin  and  throat  varied,  more  or  less,  with 
white,  and  white  of  flanks  tinged  with  brownish.)  Adult 
female :  Above  plain  dull  olive  or  grayish  green,  sometimes 
tinged  with  blue;  lower  parts  (including  the  portions 
which  are  black  in  the  male)  plain  pale  greenish  buff. 
Young :  Above  dull  brown,  the  wings  (except  coverts)  and 
tail  as  in  adults  ;  a  dull  yellowish  white  superciliarj'^  stripe ; 
below  this,  sides  of  head  blackish  in  male,  dull  grajish 
brown  in  female;  lower  parts  yellowish  white,  more 
brownish  anteriorly.  Length  4.70-5.50,  wing  2.50-2.65, 
cail  2.05-2.25.  Nest  on  trees  in  high  woods,  20-50  feet  or 
more  from  ground,  compact,  composed  of  fine  dry  grMPP';s, 
spiders'  webs,  lichens,  strips  of  fine  bark,  etc.,  the  cavil y 
1.40  deep  by  2.00  across.  Eggs  usually  4,  .68  X  --i'^-  Sniffy 
whitish  or  greenish  white,  more  or  less  heavily  spotted 
or  blotched  with  reddish  brown.  Hab,  Eastern  Korth 
America,  breeding  from  northern  New  England  and  New 
York  northward,  and  southward  along  higher  Allegbanics ; 
in  winter,  Florida,  Bahamas,  and  Greater  Antilles. 

654.  D.  cserulescens  (Gmel.). 
Black-throated  Blue  Warbler. 
d*.  Outer  surface  of  wings  with  more  or  less  distinct  ligLter  markinge, 
but  without  white  spot  at  base  of  quills, 
c'.  Rump  yellow. 

^'.  Crown  with  a  yellow  patch  (partly  concealed). 

g^.  Adult  male :  Lower  parts,  including  chin  and  throat, 
white,  the  chest  and  sides  broadly  streaked  with 
black  (these  streaks  sometimes  more  or  less  con- 
fluent, forming  a  broken  patch),  and  the  sides 
of  the  breast  with  a  yellow  patch;  upper  parts 
bluish  gray,  becoming  blackish  on  sides  of  head, 
which  are  marked  by  white  supraloral  and  post- 
ocular  streaks  ;  back  broadly  streaked  with  black  ; 
wing  with  +avo  white  bands  across  tips  of  middle 
and  greater  coverts.  Adult  female:  Similar  to 
male,  but  much  duller  in  color,  with  markings 
less  conspicuously  contrasted.  Winter  plumage 
{sexes  essentially  alike') :  Upper  parts  strongly 
washed  with  umber-brown,  and  lower  parts  more 
or  less  suff'used  with  a  paler  wash  of  the  same— 
the  pattern  of  the  summer  plnmage  b  'ing  thereby 


DENDROICA. 


497 


much  obscured ;  streaks  on  chest,  etc.,  and  yellow 
patches  indistinct.  Young  :  No  yellow  anywhere, 
except  sometimes  on  rump ;  whole  plumage 
thickly  streaked,  above  and  below,  Avith  dusky 
and  grayish  white ;  tail  much  as  in  adult.  Length 
5.00-6.00,  Aving  2.75-2.85,  tail  2.20-2.30.  Nest  usu- 
ally low  down,  in  coniferous  trees.  Eggs  .70  X 
.53,  creamy  white,  pale  creamy  buif,  or  dull  white, 
spotted  or  blotched,  chiefly  on  or  round  larger 
end,  with  brown  and  lilac-gray,  sometimes  mixed 
with  smaller  markings  of  blackish.  Hub.  Whole 
of  North  America,  but  rare  west  of  Eocky  Moun- 
tains, except  along  Pacific  coast ;  breeding  from 
northern  border  of  United  States  northward  ;  win- 
tering from  about  40°  southward  to  West  Indies 
and  through  Middle  America  to  Panama ;  breeds 
in  Jamaica. 

655.  D.  coronata  (Linn.).  Myrtle  Warbler. 
g'\  Similar  to  D.  coronata,  but  throat  yellow,  and  Bides 
of  head  dark  plumbeous,  without  the  white  aupra- 
loral  and  postocular  streaks,  there  being  instead  a 
white  spot  on  each  eyelid.  Adult  male  with  mid- 
dle and  greater  wing-coverts  white,  producing  a 
large  patch  on  wing.  Adult  ft-nale  with  chest 
ashy,  more  or  less  spotted  with  olack,  the  wing 
with  two  separated  white  bands.  Length  5.12- 
6.00,  wing  2.85-3.20,  tail  2.25-2.55.  iV^esMn  pine  or 
spruce  trees,  composed  of  strips  of  fine  bark,  pine- 
needles,  etc.,  lined  with  fine  roots  and  hairs  and  a 
few  soft  feathers.  Eggs  .67  X  -52,  dull  olivaceous- 
white,  greenish  white,  ^r  very  pale  dull  greenish, 
sparsely  spotted  and  dotted  with  black,  brown,  and 
lilac-gi"ay.  Ilab.  Western  North  America,  noi-th 
to  British  Columbia,  east  to  eastern  base  of  Rocky 
Mountains  (accidentallj'^  to  Massachusetts);  win- 
tering in  valleys  of  western  United  States  and 
pouth  thi'ough  western  Mexico  to  Guatemala. 
656.  D.  auduboni  (Towns).  Audubon's  Warbler. 
/'.  Crown  plain  grayish,  without  yellow  spot. 

Adult  male:  Top  of  head  plain  bluish  gray,  lighter 
around  boi'der  (the  superciliary  region  whitish)  ; 
lores  and  ear-coverts  deep  black ;  back  black, 
Bometlmcs  mixed  with  yellowish  olive-green; 
wings  black,  with  a  large  white  patch  covering 
both  rows  of  coverts ;  lower  parts  rich  gamboge- 
G3 


498 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


l^fei'i, 


yellow,  the  chest  and  sides  boldly  striped  with 
deep  black.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  male,  but 
colors  duller,  the  back  mainly  (sometimes  en- 
tirely) olive-green,  wing-coverts  with  two  sepa- 
rated white  bands,  streaks  on  lower  parts  nar- 
rower, etc.  Autumnal  plumage:  Above  olive, 
becoming  grayish  on  head  and  greenish  on  back ; 
throat  pale  grayish ;  no  streaks  across  chest. 
Young :  Above  dull  brown,  very  indistinctly 
clouded  with  darker;  wings  dusky,  with  two 
pale  dingy  yellowish  or  yellowish  white  bands 
across  tips  of  coverts ;  chest  smoky  brown,  indis- 
tinctly streaked  with  lighter,  chin  and  throat 
lighter  brownish ;  rest  of  lower  parts  pale  sul- 
phur-yellow, broadly  streaked  with  dusky,  except 
on  belly  and  under  tail-coverts.  Length  4.35- 
5.00,  wing  2.25-2.45,  tail  1.85-2.05.  Nest  of  fine 
twigs,  grass-  and  weed-stalks,  etc.,  lined  with  fine 
black  rootlets,  in  small  spruces  or  hemlocks,  3-35 
feet  from  ground.  Eggs  .63  X  -48,  creamy  white, 
blotched  with  rich  brown,  paler  brown,  and  lilac 
(sometimes  more  finely  spotted).  Hab.  Eastern 
Korth  America,  west  to  base  of  Eocky  Mountains, 
breeding  from  northern  parts  of  New  England, 
New  York,  and  Michigan  to  region  about  Hud- 
son's Bay;  in  winter,  south  to  Bahamas,  Cuba, 
and  eastern  Middle  America,  to  Panama. 
657.  D.  maculosa  (Gmel.).  Magnolia  Warbler. 
e'.  Rump  not  yellow. 

/*.  Wing  with  two  distinct  white  or  whitish  bands  (light 
brownish  in  some  specimens  of  D.  vigorsii). 
g^.  Wing-bands  very  distinct  and  decidedly  white  in  all 
stages  (though  sometimes  tinged  with  sulphur- 
yellow). 
h}.  White  on  inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  occupy- 
ing not  more  than  half  the  total  area  of  the 
web. 
i}.  Back  usually  streaked,  never  plain   bluish 
gray  or  ashy;  throat  never  bright  yel- 
low. 
j\  Wing  less  than  2.75. 

A'.  Adult  male:  Above  grayish  blue,  the 
back  streaked  with  black,  and 
sides  of  crown  tinged  or  clouded 
with  same ;  bencith  pure  white, 


DENDROICA. 


499 


tho  sides  broadly  streaked  with 
grayish  blue  and  dusky,  and 
chest  crossed  by  a  band  of  the 
same  (sometimes  interrupted  in 
middle).  Adult  female:  Above 
grayish  olive-green,  glossed  with 
bluish,  especially  on  crown  ;  su- 
perciliary stripe  (this  sometimes 
obsolete)  and  lower  parts  pale 
greenish  yellow  or  pale  greenish 
bufiy,  the  throat  and  belly  nearly 
(sometimes  quite)  white;  sides 
streaked  with  color  of  back,  but 
no  band  across  chest.  Young 
male  in  first  autumn  :  Similar  to 
adult  female,  but  whiter  beneath 
and  more  bluish  above.  Young  : 
Above  bi'ownish  gray,  the  crown 
divided  by  a  median  stripe  of 
whitish  ;  sides  of  head  and  lower 
parts  white,  the  first  with  a  nar- 
row dark  brownish  gray  streak 
through  eye.  Length  4.00-5.00, 
wing  2.40-2.70,  tail  1.70-1.90. 
Nest  in  trees  in  high  deciduous 
woods,  20-50  feet,  or  more,  from 
ground,  compact,  cup-shaped, 
composed  of  plant-fibres,  strips 
of  fine  bark,  spiders'  webs,  etc. 
Eggs  about  .69  X  -53,  white,  or 
dull  greenish  white,  speckled 
with  brown,  chiefly  round  larger 
end.  Zffl6.  Eastern  United  States 
(west  of  Alleghanies)  and  south- 
ern Canada,  east  to  central  Now 
York  ;  south,  in  winter,  to  west- 
ern Cuba,  Yucatan,  and  Guate- 
mala, and  thence  to  Colombia, 
Peru,  and  Bolivia. 

658.  D.  cserulea  (TVils.). 

Cerulean  Warbler. 

k\  Adult  male:  Top  of  head  yellow, 

bordered  laterally  with  black; 

ear-coverts,  sides  of  neck,  and 

lower  parts  pure  white,  the  lat- 


i„. 


500 


KORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ter  bordered  on  each  side  by  a 
broad  stripe  of  rich  chestnut  ex- 
tending continuously  from  sides 
of  neck  to  flanks ;  lores  and  a  tri- 
angular patch  on  cheeks  (touch- 
ing the  chestnut  stripe)  black  ; 
back  striped  with  black  and 
light  olive-grayish,  more  or  less 
mixed  with  light  olive-yellowish. 
Adult  female :  Similar  to  male, 
but  duller,  the  upper  parts  more 
decidedly  olive-green  (even  on 
crown),  the  black  markings  on 
head  indistinct,  and  chestnut  on 
sides  more  restricted.  Young  in 
first  autumn :  Above  bright  olive- 
green,  the  wing-bands  strongly 
tinged  with  sulphur-yellow; 
sides  of  head  and  thence  back- 
ward to  flanks  plain  ash-gray ; 
an  orbital  ring  and  median  lower 
parts  white.  Length  4.60-5.25, 
wing  2.40-2.65,  tail  1.95-2.10. 
Nest  in  small  trees  or  under- 
growth in  edge  of  Avoods,  often 
near  cultivated  fields.  Eggs  .65 
X  .49,  white,  or  creamy  white, 
speckled,  chiefly  on  or  round 
larger  end,  with  rusty  brown, 
madder-brown,  and  lilac-gray, 
occasionally  mixed  with  a  few 
smaller  black  markings.  Hab. 
Eastern  United  States  and  Can- 
ada, breeding  north  of  40",  except 
in  higher  mountains ;  in  winter, 
south  to  Bahamas,  eastern  Mex- 
ico, and  Central  America,  as  far 
as  Panama....  659.  D.  pennsyl- 
vanica  (Linn.).  CheBtnnt- 
sided  Warbler. 
f.  Wing  more  than  2.76. 

k^.  Under  tail-coverts  pale  buff" ;  upper 
tail-coverts  and  edges  of  quills 
bluish  gray.  Adult  male:  Top 
of  head  chestnut,  bordered  an- 


■ai 


DENDROICA. 


501 


teriorly  and  laterally  with  black ; 
sides  of  head  dull  blackish ;  sides 
of  neck  buif ;  chin,  throat,  and 
sides   deep   cinnamon  or  chest- 
nut;   rest  of  lower  parts  light 
buflf;  back  streaked  with  black 
and     grayish.      Adult    female: 
Above  olive,  streaked  with  black 
(crown    sometimes  tinged  or 
streaked  with  chestnut) ;  beneath 
buflfy,  the   sides   (especially  of 
breast)  more  or  less  tinged  with 
rusty,  the  throat  also  sometimes 
tinged  with  same.     Young  male 
in  first   autumn:    Above  olive- 
green,   streaked,    especially    on 
back,   with    black ;    rump    and 
upper  tail-coverts  grayish,  simi- 
larly streaked ;  lower  parts  pale 
buffy,  tinged  with  olive  laterally, 
the  flanks  strongly  tinged  with 
rusty  or  pale  chestnut.     Yoiinj 
female  in  first  autumn:  Similar  to 
male,  but  plain  olive-green  above 
(the  back  sometimes  indistinctly 
streaked),    and    flanks    usually 
without    distinct    rusty    tinge. 
Length  5.00-6.00,  wing  2.75-3.00, 
tail  2.15-2.25.     Nest  in  hemlock 
or  other  coniferous  trees,  15-20 
feet  from  ground.     Eggs  .71  X 
.51,  Avhito,  finely  speckled  on  or 
round  larger  end  with  brown. 
Hab.    Eastern   North   America, 
breeding    from    northern    New 
England  and  northern  Michigan 
to    Hudson's    Bay ;    in   winter, 
south  through    eastern   Mexico 
and  Central  America  to  Cciom- 
bia..  G60.  D.  castanea  (Wils.). 
Bay-breasted  Warbler. 
k*.  Under  tail-coverts  pure  white ;  up- 
per  tail-coverts    and  edges   of 
quills  olive  or  olive-green.   Adult 
male :  Top  of  head  uniform  glossy 


502 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


•t« 


black ;  back  streaked  with  black, 
grayish,  and  grayish  white ;  sides 
of  head  and  lower  parts  white,  the 
sides  and  flanks  broadly  streaked 
with  black,  and  sides  of  throat 
with  a  series  of  blended  black 
streaks,  converging  to  an  angle 
on  chin.  Adult  female:  Above 
olive  or  olive-grayish,  every- 
where streaked  with  black  ;  be- 
neath white  (usually  tinged  with 
olive-yellowish  anteriorly),  and 
streaked  laterally  with  dusky. 
Young  in  first  autumn :  Like  cor- 
responding stage  of  JD.  castanea, 
but  under  tail-coverts  pui-e 
white,  upper  tail-coverts  and 
edges  of  quills  olive  or  olive- 
greenish,  and  lower  parts  rather 
olive-yellowish,  or  dirty  sulphur- 
yellow,  than  huffy.  Young : 
Above  dull  grayish,  everywhere 
streaked  with  black;  beneath 
dull  white,  everywhere  spotted 
with  black,  the  spots  triangular 
on  breast,  etc.,  but  assuming  a 
transverse  shape  on  flanks  and 
belly.  Length  5.00-5.75,  wing 
2.80-2.90,  tail  2.05-2.25.  Nest  on 
lower  branches  of  coniferous 
trees  (farther  north  often  on 
ground),  rather  bulky,  warmly 
lined  with  soft  feathers.  Eggs 
.72  X  -53,  white,  creamy  white, 
or  light  creamy  buff^,  spotted, 
speckled,  or  blotched  (often 
wreathed)  with  brown  and  lilac- 
gray,  sometimes  mixed  with  a 
few  small  black  specks.  Hab. 
Eastern  and  northern  Noi-th 
America,  breeding  from  north- 
ern New  England,  Labrador, 
etc.,  to  coast  of  Alaska  (north 
of  the  peninsula)  and  of  Arctic 
Ocean  ;  accidental  in  Greenland ; 


■^MMMiiiiHii 


DENDROICA.  503 

in  winter,  south  to  Bahamas, 
Cuba,  and  northern  South  Amer- 
ica (but  not  recorded  from  any 
portion  of  Middle  America). 

661.  D.  striata  (Forst.). 
Black-poll  Warbler, 
i'.  Back  plain  bluish  gray  or  ash-gray;  throat 
bright  yellow.   (^Adult — sexes  alike :  Above 
plain  bluish  gray,  becoming  black  on  fore- 
head or  sides  of  crown,  or  both  ;  a  super- 
ciliary sti'ipe,  sides  of  neck,  broad  wing- 
bands,  and  lower  parts  posterior  to  chest, 
pure  white ;  chin,  throat,  and  chest,  some- 
times also  anterior  portion  of  superciliary 
stripe,  pure  gamboge-yellow ;  lores  and 
large  triangular  patch  covering  cheeks 
and  ear-coverts,  enclosing  white  spot  on 
lower  eyelid,  deep  black  ;  sides  and  flanks 
broadly  streaked  with  black.     Young  in 
first  autumn:   Essentially  like  adult,  but 
gray  of  upper  parts  and  white  of  lower 
parts   much   tinged  with    brown,    black 
markings  of  head,  etc.,  less  distinct,  and 
yellow  of  throat  paler.) 
;■'.  Larger,  with  relatively  longer  bill ;  su- 
perciliary stripe   usually    distinctly 
yellow  anteriorly ;  length  4.70-5.75, 
wing  2.45-2.75  (2.62),  tail  2.00-2.30 
(2.13),  exposed  culmen  .42-.55  (.49). 
Nest  usually  (?)  placed  upon  branches 
of  pine  trees ;  "  externally  2.80  inches 
in  diameter  by  1.70  in  depth ;  inter- 
nally 1.77  in    diameter  by    1.30    in 
depth,"  composed  of  strips  of  bark, 
small  twigs,  plant-down,  etc. ;  not  un- 
frcquently  concealed  within  pendent 
tufts  of  "Spanish"  moss.    Eggs  .69 
X  -52,  dull  greenish  white  or  gray- 
ish   white,    spotted,    chiefly    round 
larger  end,  with  various  shades  of 
umber-brown  and  lilac-gray.     Hob. 
Southern     Atlantic     States,    north, 
regularly,  to  Maryland    (near    sea- 
coast),  casually  to  New  York,  Mas- 
sachusetts, etc.;    in   winter  (only?) 


. 


504 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


south  to  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Hayti,  and 

Jamaica..  663.  D.  dominica  (Linn.) 

Tellow-throated  Warbler. 

/.  Smaller,  with  relatively  shorter  ^  111 ;  eu- 
perciliary  stripe  usually  entirely  (?) 
white;  length  4.50-5.50,  wing  2.50- 
2.70  (2.57),  tail  2.00-2.20  (2.09),  ex- 
posed culmen  .40-.49  (.45).   Hab.  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,   north  to  the  Great 
Lakes ;    south,    in   winter,   to   Gulf 
States,  Mexico  (both  coasts),  Yuca- 
tan, Honduras,  and  Guatemala. 
663a.  D.  dominica  albilora  Baird. 
Sycamore  Warbler. 
White  on  inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  occu- 
l^ying  more  than  half  the  total  area  of  the 
web  (in  adult  males  of  some  sjiecies  occupy- 
ing almost  the  whole  of  inner  web), 
j'.  Throat  yellow  or  orange,  without  admixture 
(superficial  or  concealed)  of  black. 
/.  Crown  with  a  central  spot  of  yellow  (in- 
distinct in  young). 

Adult  male:  Top  of  head  (except 
crown-spot),  hind-neck,  streak 
across  lores,  ear-coverts,  and 
general  color  of  upper  parts, 
deep  black ;  rest  of  head,  in- 
cluding chin,  throat,  and  chest, 
pure  cadmium-orange,  most  in- 
tense on  throat  and  chest ;  rest 
of  lower  parts  pale  yellow,  or 
yellowish  white,  the  sides 
streaked  with  black;  back 
streaked  with  whitish  and 
gra3'ish  ;  wing  with  a  largo 
white  patch  covering  both  rows 
of  coverts.  Adxilt  female  :  Simi- 
lar to  male,  but  the  black  por- 
tions replaced  by  grayish  brown, 
streaked  with  dusky  (ear-cov- 
erts plain  grayish  brown), 
orange  paler,  and  posterior 
lower  parts  white.  Young  male 
in  first  autumn :  Similar  to  adult 
female,  but  darker  above,  wing 


DENDROICA. 


505 


sides 
:  back 
a    and 

largo 


Cr 


with  two  white  banda,  and  pos- 
terior lower  parts  palo   j-ellow. 
Young  female  in  autuitin  similar 
to  male,  but  palor  and  duller  in 
color,    the    upper    parts    more 
brown,  with  crown-spot  nearly 
obsolete,  the  throat,  etc,  some- 
times   pale    buffy   and    streaks 
on    sides   dull    grayish    brown. 
Length    4.25-5.50,    wing    2.50- 
2.80,    tail    1.90-2.10.      Nest    in 
evergreen   trees,    rather   bulky, 
composed   of  downy   materials, 
especially  down  of  the  cat-tail 
{Tijpha  lati'folia),  lined  with  fine 
lichens,    horse-hairs,   etc. ;    4.92 
across    by    1.65-2.16    deep   out- 
side,  the    cavity  2.16   wide   by 
1.14    deep.      Eggs     .68  X   -50, 
greenish    whlio,   or    very    palo 
bluish  green,  speckled  or  spot- 
ted, chiefly  on  or  round  larger 
end,    with     brown    or    reddish 
brown     and    lilac-gray.       Ilab. 
Eastern   North  America  (west, 
casually,  at  least,  to  Utah  and 
New    Mexico),    breeding    from 
more    northei'n    United    States 
northward  ;  accidental  in  Green- 
land ;  in  winter,  south  through 
Bahamas,    eastern    Mexico   and 
Central  America  to  Venezuela, 
Colombia,  Peru,  etc. 
662.  D.  blackburniae  (Gmel.). 
Blackburnian  Warbler. 
•r.^vii  without  trace  of  central  yellow 
iput.      {Adult — sexes   alike  :    Above, 
including  ear-coverts   and  sides  of 
neck,  ash-gray,  the  crown  and  back 
narrowly  sti'eaked  with  black ;    su- 
perciliary stripe,  spot  on  lower  eye- 
lid, malar   region,  chin,  throat,  and 
chest,  gamboge-yellow ;  rest  of  lower 
parts  white,  the  sides  streaked  with 
black.) 


64 


606 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'■•'•W 


A'.  Larger,  with  superciliary  stripe  ex- 
tended beyond  the  eye,  the  pos- 
terior portion  lighter  yellow  or 
even  sometimes  white;  yellow 
of  chest  ending  i-ather  abruptly; 
wing -bands  broader.  Young: 
Above  uniform  dull  grayish 
brown,  without  e^'-'^nks  either 
on  head  or  back  /ur  parts 

entirely  dull  grayish,  the  breast 
and  sides  streaked  with  dusky ; 
no  distinct  markings  about  head. 
Length  4.90-5.25,  wing  2.40- 
2.70,  tail  2.10-2.30.  Hab.  South- 
ern Arizona  and  New  Mexico, 
and  south  into  Mexico. 

664.  D.  gracise  Coues. 
Grace's  Warbler. 
A'.  Smaller,  with  superciliary  sti'ipe  not 
continued  beyond  posterior  angle 
of  eye,  and  wholly  rich  yellow ; 
yellow  of  chest  ex  'ided  over 
breast,  where  fad  rradually 
into  the  white  ;  w...^  .ands  nar- 
rower; length  about  4.00-4.50, 
wing  2.20,  tail  1.80-1.90.  Hab. 
Southern  Mexico  (Zapotitlan), 
Honduras,  and  Guatemala. 

D.  decora  (Ridqw.).     Decorated 

Warbler.! 

i'.  Throat  entirely  black  in  adult  males,  mixed 

black  and  yellow,  or  black  and  white,  in 

adult  females  and  young  males  (rarely 

white  or  yellow  without  any  superficial 

black  in  immature  females).' 

f.  Sides  of  head  white  and  black,  or  white 

and  dull  grayish. 

Adult  male :  Top  and  sides  of  head, 

chin,    and    throat    deep   black; 

broad  stripe  above  ear-coverts, 


1  Deiulroica  gracite,  var.  decora  Ridgw.,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  1873,  60S.  Dcndrccca  decora  Salv.  <k  Godm.,  Biol. 
Centr.-Am.,  Aves,  i.  1881,  13«,  pi.  x.,  hg.  1. 

'  In  such,  the  feathers  of  the  throat  are  always  dusky  at  base,  and  there  is  a  conspicuous  superciliary 
stripe  of  yellow  or  white,  in  the  latter  case  yellow  anteriorly. 


D  END  ROW  A.  607 

broad    malar    stripe  (widening 
behind),  and  lower  pavU,  pure 
while;    sides   broadly   Kireaked 
with   black ;   a  yellow  spot  or 
streak  above  lores ;  upper  parts 
bluish   gray,  the  back  streaked 
with  black.    Adult  female :  Simi- 
lar to  male,  but  colors  duller, 
and  black  of  throat  more  or  less 
mixed   with    white   (the    latter 
sometimes  prevailing).      Young 
in  first  autumn  :  Essentially  like 
adults,   but   upper  parts  much 
tinged  with  brown,  the  top  of 
head  grayish  like  back  (some- 
times streaked  with  black),  back 
with  black  streaks  indistinct  or 
concealed,  and  throat  sometimes 
entirely    white    superficially. 
Young :  Above  plain  dull  brown- 
ish gray ;  lower  parts  plain  dull 
gray  anteriorly,  white   posteri- 
orly.     Length   4.70-5.40,  wing 
2.35-2.65,  tail  2.15-2.35.     Eggs 
.61  X  -50,  white,  pinkish  white, 
or    creamy    white,    spotted    or 
speckled,   chiefly  on  or    round 
larger  end,  with  reddish  brown 
and    lilac-gray,    usually    mixed 
with  a  few  darker  specks.    Hab. 
Western  United  States,  in  moun- 
tains, north  to  Colorado,  Oregon, 
etc. ;  so.'ith,  in  winter,  into  Mex- 
ico,  as  far  as  Oaxaca,  Guana- 
juato, vtA  Orizaba..  665.  D.  ni- 
grescens  (Towns.).    Black- 
throated  Gray  Warbler. 
/.  Sides  of  head  yellow  and  black  or  yellow 
and  olive. 
k^.  Sides  broadly  streaked  with  black ; 
black  of  chest  extending  farthest 
back  on  sides. 
I}.  Breast  white,  or  merely  tinged 
with  yellow ;  ear-coverts  at 
least  partially  yellow,  never 


. 


508 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'■■-  -« 


uniform  black  or  deep  olive, 
strongly     contrasted     with 
yellow  of  adjacent  parts. 
Wi'.  Upper  pai'ts  with  more  or 
less  of  black  (in  adult 
male    entirely    black) ; 
breast   and   belly  pure 
white ;  scapulars  black 
or    ash-gray.      Adult 
male:  Above  black,  the 
feathers  of  back  usually 
edged  with  olive-green. 
Adult  female  not  seen, 
and  has  not  been  de- 
scribed;   but  probably 
much    like    the    male, 
with    greater    admix- 
ture of  olive-green   on 
upper  parts  and  with 
black  of   throat   more 
or  less  broken   by  ad- 
mixture   of    yellow. 
Young  in  first  autumn: 
Above    olive-green, 
slightly    mixed    with 
blackish ;  scapulars  and 
upper  tail-coverts  ash- 
gray,   the    latter  with 
black    centres;    chin 
whitish ;    upper  throat 
yellow,    lower     thi'oat 
and  chest  grayish  white 
superficially,  1  ut  black 
beneath     surface. 
Length   about  4.50-- 
5.20,    wing     2.50,    tail 
2.05-2.20.    JVest  usually 
in  red  cedar  trees,  10- 
20  feet  up,  composed  of 
strips  of  inner  bark  of 
red  cedar,  fastened  to- 
gether    with     spiders' 
webs,   lined   with  hair 
and    feathers ;    placed 
between    upright 


DENDROICA. 


509 


eep  olive, 
ed     with 
parts. 
I  more  or 
(in  adult 
black) ; 
illy  pure 
irs  black 
Adult 
lack,  the 
c  usually 
^'e-greeD. 
lot  seen, 
been  de- 
^robably 
le    male, 
admix- 
reen   on 
nd  Avith 
at   moi'e 
by  ad- 
yellow. 
autumn: 
-green, 
!  d    with 
lars  and 
rts  ash- 
er   with 
s;    chin 
I*  throat 
throat 
jh  white 
It  black 
I  r  f  a  c  e. 
It  4.50-- 
50,    tail 
usually 
eos,  10- 
)oscd  of 
bark  of 
sued  to- 
spiders' 
th  hair 
placed 
right 


branches ;  cavity,  1.50- 
1.60  across  by  1.50-2.00 
deep.  Eggs  .75  X  -55, 
white,  sprinkled, 
speckled,  or  spotted 
with  reddish  brown, 
sometimes  mixed  with 
pale  lavender.  Hah. 
Central  Texas,  and 
south   to  highlands  of 

Guatemala 666.  D. 

chrysoparia  Scl.  & 
Salv.    Golden-cheeked 
Warbler, 
m*.  Upper  parts  {i.e.,  top  of 
head,  hind-neck,   back, 
scapulars,    rump,    and 
upper    tail-covevts) 
without  any  black  (ex- 
'   jjt,  rarely,  a  few  incon- 
spicuous streaks);  breast 
and  belly  usually  yellow- 
ish white  (rarely  pure 
white),  the  former  some- 
times  strongly    tinged 
with   yellow.      Adult 
male :     Above      bright 
olive -green  ;     sides   of 
head  pure  gamboge-yel- 
low, relieved  by  an  oli- 
vaceous streak  through 
eye,  and,  usually,  more 
or  less  of  olive  on  ear- 
coverts  ;     throat     and 
chest     "  solid"     black. 
Adult  female:    Similar 
to  the  male,  but  black 
of    throat    and     chest 
more  or  less  broken  by 
yellowish  and  whitish 
tips    to     feathoi's,    the 
chin  and  upper  throat 
sometimes  entirely  yel- 
low or  yoUowifih  white 
superficially    (r  a  r  o  1  y, 


510 


NORTH  AMERICAN   BIRDS. 


^'•vii 


neai'ly  the  whole  throat 
and    chest    yellow    or 
yellowish  white).  Young 
in  first  autumn :  Similar 
to    adult    female,    but 
more  tinged  with  yel- 
low   below,   and    with 
black    on    throat    and 
chest    usually    almost 
wholly     concealed. 
Length  4.35-5.40,  wing 
2.40-2.55,  tail  1.90-2.05. 
,t   in  trees,   usually 
V  .  considerable  height. 
Eggs    .67  X  -49,   white, 
or  creamy  white,  spot- 
ted with  reddish  brown 
and   lilac -gi'ay,  mixed 
with    a    few    darker 
specks.    Hab.   Eastei'n 
North  America,  breed- 
ing from  northern  Uni- 
ted States  northward; 
casual  in  Greenland ;  in 
winter,  south   through 
eastern     Mexico     and 
Centi'al     America     to 
Panama  ;  also  to  Cuba, 
Jamaica,  and  Dominica. 
667.  D.  virens  (Gmel.). 
Blaok-throated  Green 
Warbler. 
/'.  Breast  bright  yellow,  like  sides 
of  head ;  ear-coverts  entii'ely 
black  or  deep   olive,  very 
strongly    contrasted    with 
yellow  of  adjacent  parts. 
Adult  male :  Whole  top  of 
head,   broad  stripe  on 
side  of  head,  a\id  patch 
covering    chin,  thioat, 
and  upper  part  of  chost, 
uniform     deep     black ; 
broad     superciliary 
stripe,    broader    malar 


DENDROICA. 


511 


)le  throat 
3II0W  or 
3)-  Young 
:  Similar 
alo,  but 
pith  yel- 
ad  with 
oat  and 
almost 
sealed. 
40,  wing 
.90-2.05. 

usually 
!  height. 
,   white, 
te,  spot- 
h  brown 
,  mixed 
barker 
Eastern 
I,  brced- 
jrn  Uni- 
thward ; 
land ;  in 
through 
;o     and 
ica     to 
:o  Cuba, 
)minica. 
Gmel.). 
d  Qreen 
7arbler. 
ko  sides 
3ntirely 
e,   very 
I    with 
arts. 
i  top  of 
'ipe  on 
i  patch 
thioat, 
f  chost, 

black; 
iliary 

malar 


stripe,  and  whole  breast, 
rich  gamboge-yellow; 
belly  and  under  tail- 
coverts  white,  the  lat- 
ter, also  sides  and  flanks, 
broadly  streaked  with 
black;  back,  scapulars, 
and  rump  olive-green, 
more  or  less  conspicu- 
ously spotted,  or 
broadly  streaked,  with 
black.  Adult  female : 
Similar  to  male,  but 
black  of  head  more  or 
less  mixed  with  olive- 
green,  and  that of throat 
and  chest  more  or  less 
broken  by  yellow  tips 
to  feathers  (sometimes 
almost  entirely  con- 
cealed). Young  in  first 
autumn:  Si milar  t o 
adult  female,  but  yellow 
paler,  olive  of  upper 
parts  almost  (some- 
times quite)  plain  (top 
of  head  always 
streaked,  however  ?), 
and  throat  and  chest 
entirely  yellow  super- 
ficially in  some  females. 
Length  4.90-5.30,  wing 
2.45-2.70,  tail  2.00-2.20. 
Kest  in  coniferous  trees. 
Eggs  .61  X  -51,  buff'y 
white,  speckled  round 
larger  end  with  brown, 
black,  and  lilac-gray. 
ffab.  Western  North 
America  (chiefly  near 
Pacific  coast),  north  to 
Sitka,  east,  during  mi- 
grations, to  Rocky 
Mountains  (casually  to 
Pennsylvania) ;  in  win- 


512 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


n 


1    I .  ; 


«..-;. 


ter,  from  southern  Cal- 
ifornia  to  Guatemala. 
G68.  D.  townsendi 
(NuTT.).  Townsend's 
Warbler. 
A'.  Sides  without  distinct  streaks  (ex- 
cept, sometimes,  in  young) ;  black 
of  throat  scarcely  extending  over 
chest,  and  with  a  decidedly  con- 
vex posterior  outline. 

Adult  male :  Top  and  sides  of 
head  gamboge-yellow,  the 
occiput  (sometimes  ci'own 
also)  spotted  with  black; 
chin  and  throat  black;  rest 
of  lower  parts  white,  usu- 
ally somewhat  tinged  with 
grayish  on  sides;  back,  scap- 
ulars, and  rump  gray, 
broadly  streaked  or  spotted 
with  black,  this  prevailing 
on  back  and  usually  quite 
unifoi'm  on  hind-neck.  Adult 
female  :  Similar  to  male,  but 
black  of  throat  more  or  less 
broken  or  mixed  with  yel- 
low, yellow  of  head  duller, 
top  of  head  more  profusely 
spotted  with  black,  and  black 
markings  of  upper  parts 
much  less  extensive,  the 
gray  decidedly  predominat- 
ing. Young  in  first  autumn  : 
Top  of  head  olive  supei'- 
ficially,  but  feathers  yellow 
beneath  surface;  sides  of 
head  tinged  with  olive;  chin 
and  throat  brownish  white 
superficially,  but  black  or 
dusky  grayish  immediately 
beneath  surface  ;  back,  etc., 
dull  grayish  brown  orgi*ay- 
ish  olive,  usually  more  or 
less  streaked,  narrowly,  with 
dusky ;  white  of  lower  parts 


DENDROICA. 


513 


tinged  with  brownish,  es- 
pecially on  Bid  OS.  Young  : 
Above  plain  ash-gray;  be- 
neath plain  brownish  gray, 
the  belly  and  lower  tail- 
coverts  white.  Length  4.70 
-5.25,  wing  2.45-2.70,  tail 
2.10-2.25.  Mst  in  conifer- 
ous trees.  Eggs  .61  x  -51, 
dull  white,  or  grayish  white, 
spotted  or  blotched  with 
hair-brown,  umber,  and  lilac- 
gray.  Hab.  Western  United 
States,  chiefly  near  Pacific 
coast,  east  during  migra- 
tions to  Eocky  Mountains ; 
south,  in  winter,  to  high- 
lands of  Guatemala. 

669.  D.  occidentalis 
(Towns.).   Hermit 
Warbler. 
g\  Wing-bands  distinct  only  in  adult  male,  and  dull 
white  or  grayish  white ;  in  females  and  voung 
less  distinct,  and  more  decidedly  grayish. 
Adult  male :  Above  plain  bright  olive-green,  in- 
cludii.^  sides  of  head  and  neck;  wings  and 
tail  dusky  grayish,  with  paler  grayish  edg- 
ings, the  former  with  two  broad  dull  white  or 
grayish  white  bands,  the  latter  with  much 
white  on  terminal  portion  of  inner  webs  of 
three  outer  feathers) ;  streak  over  lores,  eye- 
lids, chin,  throat,  chest,  and  breast  (sometimes 
belly  and  flanks  also),  gamboge-yellow,  the 
sides  of  breast  more  or  less  distinctly  streaked 
with  olive-green ;  lower  tail-coverts  (usually 
lower  belly  and  hinder  flanks  also)  dull  white. 
Adult  female :  Above  dull  olive-gray  or  gray- 
ish olive,  the  wings  and  tail  much  as  in  male, 
but  bands  on  former  narrower  and  more  de- 
cidedly grayish  ;  beneath  soiled  grayish  white, 
the  breast  usually  more  or  less  tinged  with 
yellow,  or  with  anterior  half  of  lower  surface 
pale  yellow,  more  or  less  streaked  with  olive. 
Male  in  winter  with  yellow  richer  and  upper 
Darts  browner  than  in  summer.    Female  in 
65 


514 


■I*- 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

winter  grayish  brown  above,  brownish  buffy 
white  beneath  (usually  tinged  with  yellow  on 
breast.  Young :  Above  plain  dull  brownish  ; 
beneath  pale  dull  grayish  brown,  or  brownish 
white ;  wing-coverts  edged  with  light  brown- 
ish. Length  4.95-5.60,  wing  2.70-3.00,  tail 
2.10-2.45.  Nest  in  trees  in  high  woods,  usu- 
ally at  considerable  height.  £!ggs  .69  X  -53, 
dull  white,  grayish  white,  or  dull  purplish 
white,  speckled  or  spotted  with  madder- 
brown  and  lilac-gray,  usually  most  heavily 
round  larger  end.  Hab.  Eastern  United 
States,  north  to  Ontario  and  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  wintering  in  more  southern  States 
and  Bahamas ;  Bermudas. 

671.  D.  vigorsii  (Aud.).    Pine  Warbler. 
f.  Wing  without  any  distinct  white  bands. 

g^.  Back  conspicuously  streaked  with  black. 

Adult  male:  Upper  parts,  including  sides  of 
head  and  neck,  bluish  gray  or  plumbeous, 
the  back  more  brownish  gray,  and  broadly 
streaked  with  black ;  wings  and  tail  black, 
with  brownish  gray  edgings ;  lores  and  nar- 
row frontal  band  black ;  a  white  spot  on  each 
eyelid  ;  lower  parts  plain  yellow  (varying  in 
tone  from  "  primrose"  to  "  King's"  yellow), 
fading  into  white  on  chin  and  under  tail- 
coverts,  the  sides  streaked  with  black.  Adult 
female:  Essentially  like  male,  but  gray  of 
head,  neck,  rump,  etc.,  much  duller,  lores  dull 
grayish,  and  yellow  of  lower  parts  paler,  the 
chest  sometimes  (in  younger  specimens?) 
sparsely  speckled  with  dusky.  Young  in 
fir9t  autumn:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but 
above  everywhere  decidedly  browner  gray, 
lores  light  brown  or  grayish,  lateral  lower 
parts  tinged  with  brown,  and  the  chest 
always  (?)  speckled  with  dusky.  Length 
about  5.30-6.00,  wing  2.60-2.90,  tail  2.25- 
2.50.  Hah.  Eastern  United  States  (Ohio, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Missouri,  etc.),  during 
migrations,  Bahamas,  in  winter ;  summer  res- 
idence unknown. 

670.  D.  kirtlandi  (Baird).    Kirtland'i 

Warbler. 


mgm 


DENDROICA. 


515 


g*.  Back  withont  black  streaks. 

A*.  Above  ash-gray,  including  sides  of  head,  the 
latter  without  distinct  markings  :  under  tail- 
coverts  and  belly  white. 

Adult  male:  Forehead  and  crown  olive- 
green  ;  rest  of  upper  parts,  including 
sides  of  head  and  neck,  plain  ash-gray, 
the  wings  with  two  dull  grayish  white 
bands ;  throat  and  chest  pale  yellow,  this 
bordered  laterally  by  an  interrupted  se- 
ries of  black  streaks,  most  distinct  on 
sides  of  breast;  rest  of  lower  parts 
white,  shading  into  grayish  on  sides; 
length  (skin)  about  4.50,  wing  2.30,  tail 
2.20,  tarsus  .66.    Hah.  Cuba. 

D.  pityophila  (Oundl.). 
Cuban  Pine  Warbler.^ 
A*.  Above  olive-green  or  brownish   (always  olive- 
green  on  rump   and  upper    tail-coverts,   at 
least),  the  sides  of  head  with  distinct  yellow 
or  whitish  markings;   under  tail-coverts  or 
belly  (or  both)  yellow. 
i}  Above  plain  olive-green,  the  back   spotted 
chestnut   in   adult  male;    inner  web  of 
outer  tail-feather  with  more  than  termi- 
nal third  white,  this  with  anterior  out- 
line very  oblique. 
Adult  male :   Superciliary  stripe,  spot 
beneath  eyes,  and  entire  lower  parts 
rich  gamboge-yellow ;  streak  across 
lores,  a  broader  one  across  cheeks, 
from  corner  of  mouth,   and  broad 
streaks     along     sides,    deep    black. 
Adult  female :  Essentially  like  male, 
■  but  much  duller,  the   chestnut  on 
back  obsolete  or  indistinct,  yellow 
paler,  and  black  markings  less  dis- 
tinct (sometimes   replaced  by  dull 
grayish  ones).      Young  in  first  au- 
tumn:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but 
tinged  with  ashy  about  head,  where 
the  yellow  markings  sometimes  in- 


I  Sylvirola  pityophila  QviiDi..,  Ann.  X.  T.  hje,  Oct.  1855,  160.     Dendroica  pityophila  Baird,  Review,  i. 
1865,  208. 


1 


616 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


cline    to  whitish.      Young:    Above 
dull  brownish  gray,  the  wing-cov- 
erts tipped  with  light  buify ;  chin  and 
throat  whitish ;  rest  of  lower  parts 
yellowish  white,  the  chest  and  sides 
streaked  with  color  of   back,  this 
nearly  uniform   on    chest.     Length 
4.25-5.00,  wing  2.10-2.30,  tail  1.90- 
2.10.    Nest  in  bushes  or  small  trees 
(often    in    young    cedars)  in    open 
situations.    Eggs  .63  X  -47,  white  or 
buffy  white,  speckled,  chiefly  on  oi- 
round  larger  end  (often  wreatu^d), 
with  burnt-umber  or  vandyke-brown 
and  lilac-gray.   Hab.  Eastern  United 
States,  north  to  Michigan  and  south- 
ern New  England;  in  winter,  southern 
Florida,  Bahamas,  and  most  of  West 
Indies...  673.  D.  discolor  (Vieill.). 
Prairie  Warbler. 
Above  olive-brown,  passing  into  olive-green 
on  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts,  the  back 
narrowly  streaked  with  darker;  top  of 
head  chestnut  in  adults;  tips  of  wing- 
coverts  paler  than  general  color,  but  not 
forming    obvious  bands ;    a    continuous 
superciliary    stripe    of  yellow    or    dull 
whitish  ;  inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather 
with  less  than  terminal  third  white,  this 
with  anterior   outline  only  moderately 
oblique  (often  nearly  transverse).    (Win- 
ter adults  with   chestnut  of  crown  ob- 
scured or  even  sometimes  concealed  by 
brownish    tips    to    feathers ;    immature 
birds  with  chestnut  wanting,  the  crown 
dull    grayish,    brown    or    olive-brown, 
streaked  with  dusky.) 
/.  Smaller  and  much  duller  colored,  with 
bright  or  continuous  yellow  of  lower 
parts  confined  to  throat,  chest,  and 
under  tail-coverts  in  adult,  to  the 
latter  alone  in  immature  birds ;  mid- 
dle portion  of  lower   parts  (belly, 
etc.)  mixed  yellow  and  dull  whitish, 
the  latter  usually  prevailing ;  imma- 


DENDROICA. 


617 


Above 


ture  birds  with  superciliary  stripe 
and  lower  parts  (except  under  tail- 
coverts)  dull  whitish  (sometimes 
slightly  tinged  with  yellow),  the 
chest  and  sides  streaked  with  gray- 
ish brown.  Length  4.50-5.50,  wing 
2.35-2.65  (2.52),  tail  2.05-2.45  (2.24), 
tarsus  .71-.80  (.76).  Sab.  Interior 
of  North  America,  north  to  Great 
Slave  Lake  in  summer  (southern 
breeding  limit  unknown)  ;  migrating 
south  through  Mississippi  Valley  to 
Gulf  States,  Florida,  Bahamas,  and 
Greater  Antilles;  occasional  (or 
casual)  during  migrations,  east  of 

AUeghanies 672.  D.  palmarum 

(Gmel.).    Palm  Warbler. 
Larger,  and  much  more  brightly  colored, 
with  entire  lower  parts  bright  yellow 
in  all  stages  (except  nestling   plu- 
mage);  upper  parts  richer  or  less 
grayish  olive  than  in  true  palmarum. 
Young:   Above    !ull  grayish  brown 
and    olive,    broadly    streaked    with 
blackish ;    wing  -  coverts     narrowly 
tipped    with    light    brown;    lower 
parts  dull  whitish,  broadly  streaked 
with  dusky,  the  under  tail-coverts 
gamboge-yellow.    Length  4.90-5.75, 
wing  2.50-2.80  (2.69),  tail  2.25-2.55 
(2.43),  tarsus  .75-.80  (.79).    Mst  on 
ground,  in  open   situations.      Ergs 
.67  X  -52,  huffy   white,  speckled  on 
larger    end  with   brown  and  lilac- 
gray.    Ifab.  Atlantic  coast  of  North 
America,  breeding  from  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Nova  Scotia  to  Hudson's 
Bay;  in  winter,  southward  east  of 
AUeghanies  to  Florida,  and  thence 
westward  to  Louisiana.     (Not  yet 
found  in  Brvhamas  or  other  portions 
of  West  Indies.*) 672a.  D.  pal- 
marum hypochrysea  Eidow. 
Tellow  Palm  Warbler. 


518 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  SEIURUS  Swainson.    (Pago  482,  pi.  CXVII.,  fig.  3.) 

Specie?. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  dusky,  brownish,  or  olivo,  tho  top  of  tbo 
head,  in  one  species,  striped  with  blackish  and  orango-rufous ;  lower  parts  white, 
streaked  with  brown  or  dusky.  Nest  on  ground  or  in  hollow  stumps  or  logs  near 
ground,  well  hidden,  very  bulky,  loosely  put  together,  tho  exterior  composed  of 
dead  leaves,  etc.,  tho  lining  of  fine  rootlets,  grasses,  etc.  Eggs  3-6,  pure  white  or 
creamy  white,  spotted  with  reddish  brown  and  lilac-gray. 

a}.  Top  of  head  with  two  lateral  stripes  of  blackish,  enclosing  a  median  one  of  orange- 
rufous  ;  no  white  superciliary  stripe,  but  with  a  distinct  whitish  orbital  ring. 
Adult:  Above  greenish  olivo,  beneath  pure  white,  the  bi'cast  and  sides 
streaked  with  dusky  or  black.  Young :  Above  fulvous  brown,  the 
wing  coverts  tipped  with  lighter  fulvous,  or  buffy ;  lower  parts  pale 
fulvous,  or  buffy,  very  narrowly  streaked  on  breast,  etc.,  with  dusky ; 
stripes  on  top  of  head  very  indistinct,  or  obsolete.  Length  about  5.40- 
6.50,  wing  2.75-3.00,  tail  2.00-2.25.  Nest  in  dry  woods,  embedded  in 
ground,  well  concealed,  the  top  usually  roofed  over  or  covered,  tho  en- 
trance more  or  less  to  one  side.  Eggs  .80  X  .61.  Hab.  Eastern  North 
America,  north  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Alaska,  breeding  from  38°,  or 
lower,  northward;  west  to  eastern  base  of  Rocky  Mountains  ;  south,  in 
winter,  to  southern  Florida,  West  Indies  (including  Bahamas),  Mexico 
(both  sides),  and  Central  America,  nearly  to  Panama. 

674.  S.  aurocapillus  (Linn.).    Oven-bird. 
a".  Top  of  head  plain  brown,  or  dusky,  like  back  (sometimes  with  indication  of  a 
paler  median  streak  an    -iorly)  ;  a  distinct  whitish  or  pale  fulvous  super- 
ciliary stripe ;   with  a  dusky  or  brownish  stripe  beneath  it,  through  eye ; 
no  whitish  orbital  ring. 
b^.  Superciliary  stripe  more  or  less  fulvour  ;  streaks  on  lower  parts  darker  than 
upper  surface  ;  throat  always  (?)  distinctly  speckled ;  longer  under  tail- 
coverts  with  nearly  whole  of  concealed  portion  (both  webs)  brownish  or 
dusky  ;  lower  parts  never  tinged  with  buffy  laterally  or  posteriorly,  but 
often  uniformly  tinged  with  sulphur-yellow ;  wing  exceeding  tail  by  a 
little  less  than  length  of  tarsus.     Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  feathers 


1  The  very  distinct  winter  range  of  the  tw  i  races  of  Palm  Warbler  shows  tho  necessity  of  recognizing  such 
geographical  forms.  Tho  National  Museum  possesses  8i>ecimens  of  true  D.  palmarum  from  Cuba,  Haiti,  and 
Jamaica,  and  has  received  in  one  collection  from  the  Bahamas  more  than  fifty  specimens,  representing  most  of 
the  islands  in  the  group ;  yet  every  one  in  this  large  series,  and  also  among  those  from  Key  West,  is  absolutely 
typical.  D.  hi/pochr^nea  has  not  yet  been  traced  farther  south  than  Ilibcrnia,  northern  Florida,  its  winter 
range  being  opparcntly  restricted  to  the  southern  Atlantic  and  Oulf  States.  It  would  thus  appear  that  tho 
respective  migrations  of  the  two  forma  intersect,  though  it  may  bo  that  both  occur  together,  to  some  extent, 
during  winter.  Tho  only  examples  of  I).  Jn/pochri/nca  I  have  seen  from  any  locality  west  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
(an  adult  and  a  young  of  the  year  from  "  Mississippi  River,  Louisiana,"  February  5  and  21,  1870,  in  Mr.  Hen- 
sbaw's  collection)  are  in  every  respect  typical  of  that  form. 


SSB 


WW"* 


SEIURVS. 


519 


op  of  tbo 
ts  white, 
logs  near 
posed  of 
white  or 


f  oi'ange- 
ital  rinsr. 
md  sides 
own,  the 
irts  pale 

dusky ; 
mt  5.40- 
edded  in 

the  en- 
pn  North 
I  38°,  or 
south,  in 
I,  Mexico 

iven-bird. 

tion  of  a 
18  super- 
igh  eye; 

ker  than 
ider  tail- 
ivnish  or 
3rly,  but 
ail  by  a 
feathers 

lizing  such 
Haiti,  and 
ng  most  of 
absolutely 
its  winter 
r  that  tho 
no  extent, 
Etntic  coast 
Mr.  Hen- 


of  upper  parts  tipped  with  light  fulvous,  producing  a  spotted  appear- 
ance, and  streaks  on  lower  parts  much  less  distinct  than  in  adult, 
c'.  Smaller,  browner  above,  superciliary  stripe  usually  more  distinctly 
fulvous,  and  lower  parts  usually  distinctly  yellowish  ;  length  5.00- 
6.00,  wing  2.80-3.10  (2.94),  tail  2.00-2.25  (2.14),  exposed  culmen 
.43-.50  (.47),  tarsus  .80-.88  (.83).  A^est  on  or  near  ground  in  wet 
woods  or  on  border  of  swamps,  open  above.  J^ggs  .75  x  -57.  Hub. 
Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  northern  United  States 
northward  ;  west  to  Mississippi  Valley  (but  chiefly  east  of  Allegha- 
nies  ?),  south,  in  winter,  to  Gulf  States,  West  Indies,  and  northern 
South  America..  675.  S.  noveboracensis  (Gmel.).  Water-Thrush. 
c'.  Larger,  darker  and  sootier  above,  superciliary  stripe  less  distinctly 
fulvous,  and  lower  parts  much  less  often  distinctly  yellowish ; 
length  5.50-6.50,  wing  2.90-3.25  (3.14),  tail  2.10-2.50  (2.35),  ex- 
posed  culmen  .44-.55  (.51),  tarsus  .82-.90  (.87).  Ilab.  Western 
North  America  (chiefly  in  the  interior),  north  to  Alaska,  east  to 
Mississippi  Valley  (as  far  as  western  Indiana,  Illinois,  etc.) ;  south, 
in  winter,  to  Lower  California,  Mexico,  and  Central  America. 

675a.  S.  noveboracensis  notabilis  (Grinx.). 

Orinnell's  Water-Thrush. 
t'.  Superciliary  stripe  white ;.  streaks  on  lower  parts  not  darker  than  upper 
surface ;  throat  usually  immaculate ;  longer  under  tail-coverts  entirely 
white  or  pale  buff,  or  else  with  only  the  basal  portion  of  one  web  brown- 
ish ;  lower  parts  always  more  or  less  tinged  with  buff"  laterallj'  and  pos- 
teriorly, but  never  with  sulphur-yellow ;  wing  exceeding  tail  by  more 
than  length  of  tarsus. 

Above  grayish  brown,  rather  lighter  and  more  olivaceous  (or  less 
brownish)  than  in  S.  ncevius ;  superciliary  stripe  and  lower  parts 
white,  the  latter  changing  to  buffy  posteriorly  and  laterally ;  bi'east, 
sides,  and  flanks  broadly  streaked  with  the  color  of  the  back.  Young  : 
Similar  to  adult,  but  upper  parts  browner,  wing-coverts  tipped  with 
dull  rusty,  and  sti'eaks  on  lower  parts  much  less  distinct  (nearly 
obsolete)  on  sides  and  flanks.  Length  5.75-6.40,  wing  3.00-3.25 
(3.15).  tail  2.10-2.30  (2.15),  exposed  culmen  .50-.56  (.53),  tarsus  .87- 
.91  (.89).  Nest  a  bulky  structure  of  dried  leaves,  fine  rootlets, 
grasses,  etc.,  carefully  hidden  in  crevices  among  roots  of  upturned 
trees,  old  logs,  stumps,  or  mossy  banks — always  in  moist  or  swunipy 
woods.  Eggs  .73  X  -59.  Hob.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to  tho 
Great  Lakes  and  southern  New  England,  west  to  Great  Plains;  in 
winter,  from  Gulf  States  to  West  Indies,  eastern  Mexico,  and  Central 
America ....  676.  S.  motacilla  (Vieill.).    Louisiana  Water-Thrush. 


520 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


rf^ 


■'«»- 


Genus  GEOTHLYPIS  Cabanis.    (Pago  482,  pi.  CXVII.,  figs.  4-7.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  olivo  or  olive-green,  the  head  usually  more 
or  less  different  in  color ;  beneath  yellow,  the  anterior  portions  sometimes  grayish 
or  blackish,  and  belly  sometimes  whitish  ;  adult  males  of  some  species  with  black 
patch  on  sides  of  head.  Nest  on  or  near  ground,  among  bushes  or  weeds.  Eggs 
white,  speckled,  more  or  less,  with  brownish. 

a>.  Bill  slender,  little  if  any  deeper  than  broad,  its  greatest  depth  much  less  than 
half  its  length  from  nostril,  the  culmen  only  slightly  or  moderately  curved. 
lA.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  wing,  with  more  than  the  basal  half  concealed 
by  the  coverts ;  first  quill  longer  than  fifth  (sometimes  longest) ;  out- 
stretched feet  reaching  nearly  (sometimes  quite)  to  end  of  tail.    (Sub- 
genus Oporornis  Baird.) 
c*.  Entire  lower  parts  pure  gamboge-j^ellow ;  forehead  and  sides  of  head 
black,  with  a  bright  yellow  superciliary  stripe,  involving  hinder  as 
well  as  upper  border  of  eye ;  feathers  of  crown  tipped  with  slate- 
gray.    (Sexes  alike  in  color.) 
Adult :    Above    plain    bright  olive-green   (except  as  described 
above),  beneath  continuous  pure  gamboge-yellow;  in  winter, 
similar,  but  gray  tips  to  feathers  on  top  of  head  more  tinged 
with  brown,  and  black  on  side  of  head  somewhat  obscured  by 
grayish  brown  tips  to  the  feathers.    Young  :  Above  olive-brown 
(including  top  and  sides  of  head),  the  back  and  scapulars  more 
decidedly  brown  ;  wing-coverts  tipped  with  light  tawny  brown ; 
^  wings  otherwise,  and  tail,  as  in  adult ;  beneath  plain  light  dull 

olive,  paler  and  more  yellowish  posteriorly ;  no  black  nor  yel- 
low on  sides  of  head.  Length  5.00-5.85,  wing  2.55-2.80,  tail 
1.90-2.20,  tarsus  .80-.90.  Nest  a  very  bulky  structure  of  dried 
leaves,  etc.,  lined  with  fine  (usually  black  ?)  rootlets,  on  ground, 
in  woods.  Eggs  .72  X  -56,  white,  or  creamy  white,  speckled  or 
spotted  with  brown,  reddish  brown,  and  lilac-gray.  Hab.-  East- 
ern United  States  (chiefly  west  of  Alleghanies\  no^  'i  +o  Great 
Lakes  and  southern  New  England ;  in  inl  .  south  to  Cuba, 
and  through  eastern  Mexico  and  Cen  orica  to  Panama. 

677.  G.  formosa  (\V  Kentucky  "^   arbler. 

c'.  Only  the  breast,  belly,  and  under  tail-coven  "ire  y  low,  the  chin, 
throat,  and  chest  grayish  (sometimes  mixed  will  black)  in  adult 
males,  light  grayish,  dull  light  smoky  bufi*,  or  dingy  yellowish  in 
adult  females  and  immature  birds ;  no  yellow  on  sides  of  head,  nor 
black  on  top  or  sides  of  head,  except  sometimes  on  lores.  (Sexes 
decidedly  different  in  color.) 


r^H 


OEOTHLYPIK 


521 


d>.  Wing  2.65,  or  moiVr,  and  dulding  length  of  tail  by  at  least  two- 
thirda  the  length  c  biiffy  vrsus. 
Adult  male :  Head, .  chic,  and  chest  ash-gray,  darkest  on  chest 
and  top  of  head;  a  continuous  white  orbital  ring;  rest  of 
lower  parts  pale  yellow.  Adult  female :  Top  of  head  gray- 
ish olive,  sides  of  head  nioro  grayish ;  chin  and  throat 
brownish  white  or  dull  light  huffy,  deepening  into  grayish 
brown  or  brownish  gray  on  chest ;  orbital  ring  brownish 
white ;  otherwise  like  male.  Young  in  first  autumn  :  Simi- 
lar to  adult  female,  but  more  tinged  with  brownish. 
Length  5.20-6.00,  wing  2.65-3.00,  tail  1.90-2.20,  tarsus  .75- 
.90.  Nest  on  ground,  in  swampy  woods,  very  compact. 
Eggs  .76  X  -54,  colored  much  like  those  of  G.  formosa  and 
G.  Philadelphia.  Hob.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding 
chiefly  (entirely?)  north  of  United  States;  winter  resi- 
dence unknown. 

678.  G.  agilis  (Wils.).    Connecticut  Warbler. 

d'.  Wing  not  more  than  2.55,  and  exceeding  length  of  tail  by  less  than 
half  the  length  of  the  tarsus, 
c^.  No  white  on  eyelids  (except  sometimes  a  slight  indication  in 
females  or  immature  birds).  Adult  male :  Head,  neck,  and 
chest  deep  ash-gray,  the  throat  and  chest  more  or  less 
mixed  with  black,  this  often  forming  a  distinct  patch  pos- 
teriorly ;  iores  dusky  or  dusky  grayish ;  rest  of  lower  parts 
pure  gamboge-yellow.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  male,  but 
chin  and  throat  dull  whitish  or  brownish  white  (some- 
times tinged  with  yellow),  the  chest  dull  ash-gray  or 
grayish  brown  (sometimes  inclining  to  dull  yellowish); 
rest  of  head  and  neck  dull  gray,  brownish  gray,  or  olive. 
Young  in  first  autumn :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  more 
tinged  with  brownish,  the  throat  and  chest  more  suffused 
with  yellowish.  Length  4.90-5.75,  wing  (male)  2.30-2.55 
(2.42),  tail  2.00-2.25  (2.13),  tarsus  .79-.84  (.81);  female 
somewhat  smaller  (wing  2.15-2.50,  tail  1.80-2.05).  Nest 
on  or  near  ground,  in  woods.  Eggs  .71  X  -54,  colored  like 
those  of  G.  formosa  and  G.  agilis.  Hah.  Eastern  North 
America,  breeding  from  higher  Alleghanies,  New  York, 
New  England,  Michigan,  etc.,  northward ;  in  winter,  south 
to  Costa  Eica  and  Colombia  (but  not  Mexico  or  West 
Indies)  ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

679.  G.  Philadelphia  (Wils.).    Mourning  Warbler. 

e*.  A  distinct  white  spot  on  each  eyelid,  in  both  sexes.     Adult 

male :  Similar  to  same  sex  of  G.  Philadelphia,  but  lores  deep 

black,  in  conspicuous  contrast  with  the  gray,  feathers  of 

throat  and   chest  margined  with  paler  gray,  and  chest 

66 


522 


NORTL  AMERICAN  BlttDS. 


1.  /. 


without  b  Adult  female  and  immature  birds 

similar  to  c.  ding  stages  of  G.  philodilphia,  but  eye- 

lids with  a  ^N^^Mnct  whitish  mark.  Length  5.00-5.75, 
wing  (male)  2.30-2.50  (2.38),  tail  2.10-2.55  (2.28),  tarsus 
.80-.87  (.85);  female  somewhat  smaller  (wing  2.25-2.30, 
tail  2.10-2.30).  Nest  near  ground,  in  clumps  of  weeds, 
often  in  open  places,  in  mountains.  JSggs  .71  X  -53,  white, 
or  bufFy  white,  speckled  on  larger  end  with  dark  brown 
and  lilac-gray,  often  mixed  with  a  few  fine  blacic  "pen- 
lines,"  an  1  sometimes  touched  with  rusty  stains.  (Much 
like  eggs  of  G.  trichas.)  Hah.  Western  North  America 
(chiefly  in  mountains)  north  to  British  Columbia ;  in  win- 
tei',  south  through  whoie  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  to 
Panama. 

<i80.  G.  macgillivrayi  (Aud.).    Macgillivray's  Warbler. 
v.  Tail  not  decidedly  shorter  than  wing  (often  longer),  with  less  than  basal 
half  concealed  by  the  coverts  ;  first  quill  shorter  than  fifth  (often  shorter 
than  sixth)  ;  outstretched  feet  falling  far  short  of  tip  of  tail.  (Subgenus 
Geothlypis.) 
c'.  Bill  only  moderately  slender  and  acute  (sometimes  decidedly  stout) ; 
black  mask  of  adult  male  not  extending  over  crown,  and  always 
box'dered  posteriorly  by  ashy,  whitish,  or  yellow;    legs  and  feet 
light  brown  or  pale  horn-color. 
<f' .  Exposed  culmen  less  than  .52 ;  bill  slender,  scarcely,  if  at  all,  deeper 
than  broad  at  base,  the  culmen  nearly  straight  or  only  slightly 
curved, 
e*.  Tarsus  not  more  than  .85 ;  exposed  culmen  less  than  .48  ;  adult 
male  with  black  mask  bordered  behind  by  ashy  or  white. 
(Adult  feviales  without  any  black,  ashy,  or  white  about  head, 
the  whole  top  and  sides  of  head  being  grayish  brown  or 
olive,  often  tinged  with  reddish  brown  on  crown  ;  yellow 
of  lower  parts  paler  and  usually  more  restricted  than  in 
male,  nearly  the  whole  lower  surface  sometimes  dull  yel- 
lowish white.  Adult  male  in  winter  same  as  in  summer,  but 
more  or  less  washed  with  brown  above,  especially  on  top 
of  head,  the  black  of  mask  3omewhat  obscured  by  slight 
bi'ownish  or  light-colored  tips  to  feathers,  and  light  graj'-- 
ish  or  whitish  border  more  or  less  concealed  by  brown  tips. 
Young  male  in  first  rointer  similar  to  adult,  but  mask  much 
loss  distinct,  often  merely  indicated.     Young :  Plain  olive 
above,  pale  olive-yellowish  beneath.) 
/*.  Lower  parts  not  entirely  yellow,  the  anal  region,  at  least, 
buffy  whitish,  and  flanks  either  dull  buft'y  whitish  or 
brownish,  distinctly  different  from  color  of  belly ;  wing 
less  than  2.40. 


QEOTHLYPIS. 


523 


j7'.  Smallfir,  and  duller  in  color;  the  whole  belly  and 
sides  buffy  whitish,  the  bright  yellow  being  con- 
fined to  .chill,  throat,  chest,  breast,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  ;  black  mask  bordered  posteriorly  by  a 
band  (usually  narrow)  of  light  ash-gray  ;  length 
4.40-5.65,  wing  1.90-2.20  (2.04),  tail  1.85-2.20 
(2.04),  exposed  culmen  .38-.42  (.40),  tarsus  .71- 
.80.  (.77).  Nest  on  or  near  ground,  supported  be- 
tween weed-  or  coarse  sedge-stalks,  deeply  cup- 
shaped,  usually  with  a  deep  foundation  of  dried 
leaves.  Eggs  .70  X  -52,  white,  finely  speckled  on 
larger  end  with  dark  brown  and  black,  sometimes 
with  a  few  larger  spots,  or  "  pen-lines,"  or  both. 
Hah.  Eastern  United  States  (chiefly  east  of  Alle- 
ghanies  ?),  north  to  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia ;  in 
winter,  southern  Atlantic  (and  Gulf?)  States,  Ba- 
hamas, Greater  Antilles,  eastei-n  Mexico,  and  Cen- 
tral America,  as  far  as  Panama....  081.  G.  trichas 
(Linn.).    Maryland  Tellow-throat. 

g*.  Larger,  and  brighter-colored,  the  lower  parts  entirely 
bi-ight  yellow  except  anal  region  and  flanks ;  black 
mask  bordered  posteriorly  by  a  band  (usually 
broad)  of  white  or  grayish  white;  yellow  of 
throat,  etc.,  richer,  and  olive-green  of  posterior 
upper  parts  more  yellowish ;  length  4.75-5.85, 
wing  2.10-2.40  (2.24),  tail  2.15-2.40  (2.24),  ex- 
posed culmen  .40-45  (.42),  tarsus  .75-.83  (.80). 
Nest  and  eggs  as  in  O.  trichas,  the  latter  averaging 
about  .67  X  .53.  Hah.  AVcstern  United  States, 
east  to  MissisElppi  Valley  (and  Georgia?);  in 
winter,  more  southern  United  States  (chiefly  west 
of  the  Mississippi)  and  south  through  western  and 
central  Mexico....  G81a.  G.  trichas  occidentalis 
Brewst.    Western  Yellow-throat.' 


•  While  thoro  is  no  difficulty  in  distinguishing  at  a  glnnco  specimens  from  the  region  west  of  the  flroat 
Plains  from  those  oblnined  along  the  Atlantic  const,  it  is  a  very  difficult  mutter  to  refer  satisfiintorily  s|)coimcn9 
from  the  intermediate  region.  This  arisen  from  the  fact  that  the  hitter  are,  ns  a  rule,  intermediate  in  chnrneter, 
occasional  examples  being  more  like  one  extreme  than  the  other,  as  the  case  may  ho.  The  majority  of  speci- 
mens from  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  more  like  ncruhnUtUt  in  the  greater  extent  and  richness  of  the  yellow  of 
the  lower  parts,  but  more  like  trtv.hnii  in  the  decided  oshy  tint  bordering  the  black  mask  ;  some,  however,  are  not 
distinguishable  in  the  latter  respect  from  tyjjicnl  nrddenUilU  fiom  Arizona  and  other  far  western  lopalifies.  Tt 
la  very  diffloult  in  many  oases  to  determine  satisfactorily  winter  spceimop',  which  necessarily  inoludo  a  large 
proportion  of  young  birds,  and  on  this  aooount  the  winter  range  of  the  two  forms  as  given  above  will  probably 
require  some  modiflcation.  The  mcasuiements  given  above  are  in  the  case  of  trichnt  taken  from  19  adults 
from  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  and  for  nceidentah't  from  18  specimens  all  representing  looalltiea 
west  of  the  Qroat  Plains.    Moasurements  of  20  adults  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  give  the  following  results : 


1      I- 


524 


^■C 


NORTf  AMERICAN  BIPEDS. 

p.  Lower  pai"ts  entirely  bright  yellow,  the  flanks  not  very 
differe^ti  ^^  coj^r  from   belly;   wing  not  less  than 
2.40  (?).       / 
Adult  Pnule  otherwise  similar  to  that  of  G.  trichas 
occidentalis,  but  olive-green  of  upper  parts  de- 
cidedly richer,   and   white  bordering  the  black 
mask  broader  and  becoming  yellow  on  sides  of 
neck ;  wing  2.40-2.50,  tail  2.40-2.55,  exposed  cul- 
men  .46,  tarsus  .82-.90.    Hab.  Eastern  and  south- 
ern Mexico  (Xalapa,  etc.). 

O.  melanops  Bairo.    Xalapa  Yellow-throat.* 
e*.  Tarsus  .90,  or  more ;  exposed  culmen  .48,  or  more  ;  adult  male 
with  black  mask  bordered  posteriorly  with  bright  prim- 
rose-yellow. 
Adult  male :  Otherwise  similar  in  color  to  G.  melanops, 
but  still  richer  olive-green  above  and  more  intense 
yellow  beneath.     Adult  female:    Above    rich  olive- 
green,  slightly  tinged  with  reddish  brown  on  crown ; 
beneath  rich  gamboge-yellow  (somewhat  tinged  with 
saffron  anteriorly),  the  belly  more  whitish  and  flanks 
inclining  to  grayish  brown  ;  length  (skins)  about  5.50- 
6.00,  wing  2.30-2.55  (2.43),  tail  2.40-2.75  (2.59),  ex- 
posed  culmen  .48-.51  (.49),  tarsus  .90-.95  (.91).    Hab. 
Southern  portion  of  Lower  California. 

682.  G.  beldingi  Ridgw.    Belding's  Yellow-throat, 
rf*.  Exposed  culmen  .60,  or  more;   bill  stout,  compressed,  with  the 
culmen  decidedly  curved, 
e'.  Black  mask  of  adult  males  bordered  behind  by  light  ash-gray 
(sometimes  tinged  with  yellowish  from  eye  downwards) ; 
upper  parts  dull  olive-green  ;  lower  parts  rather  light  gam- 
boge-yellow, sometimes  inclining  to  buffy  whitish  on  anal 
region  and  flanks.  Adult  females  with  forehead  dull  brown- 
ish or  grayish  like  crown,  and  posterior  lower  parts  (except 
under  tail-coverts)  dull  whitish. 
/*.  Bill  more  slender  and  tarsus  longer.    Adult  male  with 
hinder  border  to  black  mask  light  ash  throughout,  the 
occiput  darker  ashy ;  wing  2.30-2.50  (2.41),  tail  2.30- 
2.50  (2.41),  exposed  culmen  .60-.65  (.62),  tarsus  .90- 
.92  (.90).     Hab.  Island  of  New  Providence,  Bahamas. 
O.  rostrata  Bryant.    Naasau  Yellow-throat.* 


Wing  1.95-2.35  (2.15),  toil  1.85-2.35  (2.07),  exposed  culmen  .38-.50  (.42),  tursuB  .7.V.80  (.78).  These  mciwure- 
tnenta  show  that,  while  there  is  a  very  groat  amount  of  individual  variation,  the  average  is  intermediate 
between  that  of  the  extreme  eastern  and  woHtern  series,  respectively. 

'  Oeothlypii  melannpt  Baird,  Review,  i.  April,  1865,  222. 

<  Oeotklgpi$  rottrala  Bryant,  Proo.  Boit.  Soo.  N.  II.  xi.  1807,  67. 


GEOTHLYPIS. 


525 


/*.  Bill  Btouter  and  tarsus  shorter.  Adult  male  with  hinder 
border  to  black  mask  usually  more  or  less  tinged  with 
pale  yellow  laterally,  and  occiput  dull  olive-green  like 
back;  wing  2.30-2.55  (2.42),  tail  2.25-2.55  (2.42),  ex- 
posed culmen  .60-.63  (.62),  tarsus  .81-.85  (.84).  Hab. 
Island  of  Abaco,  Bahamas. 

G.  tanneri  Bidqw.    Abaco  Yellow-throat.' 
e\  Black  mask  of  adult  male  bordered  behind  by  yellow  (much 
as  in  G.  heldingi) ;  upper  parts  very  vivid  olive-green  ;  lower 
parts  very  rich  gamboge-yellow,  including  anal  region  and 
flanks,  the  latter,  however,  tinged  with  olive-green.    Adult 
female  with  forehead  and  superciliary  region  olive-yellow- 
ish, or  yellowish  olive-green,  and  lower  parts  wholly  bright 
yellow.    Wing  2.40-2.60  (2.47),  tail  2.45,  exposed  culmen 
.61-.62,  tarsus  .81-.88  (.85).    Hab.  Eleuthera  Island,  Ba- 
hamas. G.  coryi  Ridow.    Cory's  Yellow-throat.' 
c*.  Bill  extremely  slender  and  acute ;  black  mask  of  adult  male  extending 
over  crown,  and  without  any  lighter  posterior  border ;  legs  and  feet 
dark  brown  or  blackish. 
Adult  male :  Above  deep  olive,  or  olive-brown,  with  whole  top  and 
sides  of  head,  including  malar  region,  black ;  lower  pai'ts  oil- 
yellow  or  saffron,  inclining  to  gamboge  on  throat,  and  much 
tinged  with  brown  on  sides  and  flanks.     Immature  male  (or 
adidt  male  in  winter  f)  similar,  but  with  top  of  head  dull  olive, 
the  lores,  ear-coverts,  and  malar  region  dull  black.    Adult  fe- 
male :  Similar  to  male,  but  without  any  black  on  head.   Length 
(skin)  about  4.80-5.00,  wing  2.25-2.35,  tail  2.20-2.25,  tarsus  .80- 
.85.    Hab.  Southeastern  Mexico  (Orizaba,  etc.). 

G.  speciosa  Scl.     Orizaba  Yellow-throat.' 
z*.  Bill  very  stout,  decidedly  deeper  than  broad,  its  greatest  depth  much  more  than 
half  its  length  from  nostril,  the  culmen  strongly  curved.     (Subgenus  Chamce- 
thlypis  EiDQW.*) 
Adult  males  plain  olive-green  above,  becoming  gray  on  top  of  head  (some- 
times on  nape  also) ;    lores  (sometimes  also  space  surrounding  eye) 
black ;  lower  parts  gamboge-yellow,  sometimes  becoming  huffy  whitish 
on  lower  belly  and  flanks.     Adult  femaloR  similar  to  males,  but  lacking 
gray  and  black  of  head,  and  yellow  of  lower  parts  paler. 
6*.  Eyelids  white. 

c'.  Bill  smaller ;  belly  and  anal  region  buffy  whitish,  the  sides  and  flanks 
pale  grayish  buff;  adult  male  with  top  of  head  bluish  gray;  wing 
2.10-2.25,  tail  2.40-2.60  (feathers  much  worn  at  tips),  exposed  cul- 


>  Oenihli/pii  tanneri  Rinaw.,  Auk,  iii.  July,  1886,  .336. 

•  Oeothlypit  coryi  RiDOW.,  Auk,  Hi.  July,  1888,  334. 
»  Grothlypit  tpecioia  ScL.,  P,  Z.  8.  1853,  4J7. 

*  New  labgenuB.    Typo,  Oeothlypit  polioeephala  Baird. 


526 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


men  .40,  depth  of  bill  at  base  .15-.18,  tarsus  .85.    Hah.  Western 
Mexico  (Mazatlan,  etc.). 

G.  pjliocephala  Baird.  Mazatlan  Yellow-throat.' 
c*.  Bill  larger  and  stouter ;  belly  and  anal  region  yellow,  the  sides  and 
flanks  light  olive-grayish  ;  adult  male  with  top  of  head  dull  brown- 
ish gray ;  wing  2.25-2.35,  tail  2.50  (or  more,  the  feathers  in  both 
specimens  being  very  much  worn  at  tips),  exposed  culmen  .45-.48, 
depth  of  bill  at  base  .20-.22,  tarsus  .88.  Hab.  Eastern  Mexico 
(Mirador,  etc.)  and  Yucatan  (Merida). 

G.  palpebralis  Binaw.    Mirador  Yellow-throat.* 
6*.  Eyelids  entirely  black  in  adult  male  (brownish  or  olive  in  female  and 
young). 

Otherwise  like  G.  palpebralis,  but  gray  of  head  much  deeper  and  purer, 
and  extending  over  nape,  and  black  of  head  more  extensive  (cross- 
ing anterior  portion  of  forehead  and  entirely  surrounding  eye); 
bill  rather  less  stout ;  wing  2.30-2.35,  tail  2.50-2.60  (or  more,  the 
feathers  being  much  worn  at  ends),  exposed  culmen  .'i5-.47,  depth 
of  bill  at  base  .20,  tarsus  .90-.92.  Hab.  Guatemala  and  Bi'itish  Hon- 
duras to  Costa  Eica. 

G.  caninucha  Ridow.    Gray-naped  Yellow-throat.* 


-n; 


Genus  ICTERIA  Vieillot.    (Pago  482,  pi.  CXV.,  fig.  6.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  :  Above  plain  olive-green  or  olive-grayish ; 
throat,  chest,  and  breast  rich  gamboge-yellow ;  belly,  anal  region,  and  under  tail- 
coverts  white ;  eyelids,  supraloral  streak,  and  malar  stripe  white ;  lores  deep  black. 
Adult  female :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  colors  duller,  with  black  and  white  markings 
less  strongly  contrasted.  Young :  Above  plain  dull  olive  or  olive-grayish,  the  head 
with  the  white  and  black  or  dusky  markings  of  the  adult  but  indistinctly  indi- 
cated ;  malar  region,  chin,  throat,  chest,  and  breast  grayish  white  (more  tinged 
with  grayish  on  chest),  the  yellow  soon  appearing  in  patches.  Nest  in  briery 
thickets,  composed  exteriorly  of  dry  leaves,  thin  strips  of  grape-vine  bark,  coarse 
grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  finer  grasses.  J^ggs  3-5,  pure  white,  or  pinkish  white, 
spotted,  speckled,  or  sprinkled  with  reddish  brown,  or  rich  madder-brown,  and 
lilac-gray. 

rt'.  Above  olive-green  ;  white  malar  stripe  shorter ;  wings  and  tail  shorter ;  length 


1  Gfothli/pu  polincrphald  Baihd,  Review,  i.  April,  1865,  225. 

*  New  species.  Typo,  No.  4174.'),  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  J  ad.,  Mirador,  Mexico,  Aug.  24  j  C.  Sartorius.  (==  0. 
polincephnlii  SnAnPE,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  x.,  pi.  ix.,  fig.  3.) 

s  Oenthli/plH  piiUocephnln,  var.  eiininurhn  RiDow.  in  Hist.  N.  Am,  B.  i.  1874,  200.  Qtothlypit  camnxtclta 
Salv.  k  GoDM.,  Biol.  Contr.-Ain.,  Avos,  i.  1831,  153,  pi.  ix.,  fig.  2. 

NoTR. — It  may  bo  explained  that  these  three  nearly-related  species  (or  possibly  subspecies,  since  inter- 
mediate specimens  mny  horonfter  be  found)  nre  diagnosed  above  entirely  from  spocimenj  in  summer  plumngo, 
thus  showing  that  Mr.  Sharpo's  suggestion  (page  35tf,  vol.  x.,  Oat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.)  that  they  may  represent 
seasonal  differonooi:  of  plumage  fails  of  verification. 


SFLVANIA. 


527 


6.75-7.50,  wing  (male)  2.90-3.20  (3.03),  tail  2.90-3.35  (3.08).  Eggs  .89  X  .67. 
Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to  Ontario  and  southern  New  England, 
west  to  edge  of  Gi-cat  Plains  ;  south,  in  winter,  through  eastern  Mexico  to 

Guatemala  (Costa  Rica  ?) 683.  I.  virens  (Linn.).    Yellow-breasted  Chat. 

a*.  Above  olive-gray  (sometimes  nearly  pure  gray);  white  malar  stripe  longer; 
wings  and  tail  longer ;  length  7.00-8.00,  wing  (male)  3.05-3.35  (3.13),  tail 
3.30-3.60  (3.43).  Eggs  .89  X  -69.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  east  to 
Great  Plains,  south  into  Mexico. 

683a.  I.  virens  longicauda  (Lawr.).    Long-tailed  Chat. 

Genus  SYLVAN  I A  Nuttall.    (Page  483,  pi.  CXVII.,  fig.  8.) 

Species. 

a}.  Wing  with  two  whitish  bands. 

Adult  male :  Abova  olive-green,  the  wing  with  two  dull  white  bands,  the 
outer  tail-feathers  with  a  white  spot  near  end  of  inner  web ;  a  narrow 
white  orbital  ring;  lower  parts  pale  yellow,  fading  into  white  pos- 
teriorly; length  5.00.  Hab.  Kentucky.  (One  of  the  so-called  "lost 
species"  of  Audubon.) 

— .  S.  microcephala  Eidqw.    SmaU-headed  Warbler.' 
a'.  Wing  without  any  markings. 
6*.  Upper  parts  olive-green. 

c'.  Inner  webs  of  outer  tail-feathers  with  white  patches. 

Adult  male :  Forehead  and  ear-coverts  gamboge-yellow ;  rest  of 
head  and  neck,  including  chest,  uniform  deep  black;  rest  of 
lower  parts  pure  gamboge-yellow.  Adult  female :  Similar  to 
male,  but  with  black  of  head  usually  much  less  distinct,  some- 
times wholly  absent,  that  of  upper  portions  being  replaced  by 
olive-groen,  that  of  throat,  etc.,  by  gamboge-yellow.  Young  in 
first  autumn :  Similar  to  adult  female,  without  black  on  head. 
Length  5.00-5.70,  wing  2.50-2.75,  tail  2.20-2.40.  Nest  in  low 
bushes  in  undergrowth  of  high,  damp  woods.  Eggs  3-4,  .70  X 
.53,  white,  or  buffy  white,  speckled  or  spotted  round  larger  end 
with  reddish  brown  and  lilac-gray,  usually  mixed  with  a  few 
black  specks  or  pen-linos.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north 
to  southern  parts  of  Michigan,  Now  York,  and  New  England, 
west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Cuba,  Ja- 
maica, and  through  eastern   Mexico  and  Central  America  to 

Panama 684.  S.  mitrata  (Gmel.).    Hooded  Warbler. 

c*.  Inner  webs  of  tail-feathers  without  any  white.  (Adult  males  plain 
olive-green  above,  the  crown  glossy  blue-black ;  lower  parts,  and 
sides  of  head,  gamboge-yellow.  Adult  females  similar  to  adult  male, 
but  black  crown-patch  usually  less  distinct,  often  merely  indicated, 


1  For  roferencos,  see  p.  357,  A.  0.  U.  Chock  List. 


528 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


n 


"I 


*■*■! 

«...;;** 


and  sometimes  entirely  wanting,  the  whole  top  of  the  head  being 
uniform  olive-green.      Young  in  first  autumn  similar  to  adult  fe- 
males, without  black  on  crown.) 
dK  Duller  colored,  with  shorter  wing  and  tail,  and  broader  as  well  as 
darker-colored   bill;    length  4.25-5.10,  wing  (male)  2.15-2.35 
(2.20),  tail   2.05-2.25   (2.11).     Nest  embedded  in  ground,   in 
swampy  woods,  somewhat  like  that  of  Helmitherus  vermivorus 
or  Mniotilta  varia.    Eggs  4-5,  .60  X  -48,  white  or  creamy  white, 
speckled  with  reddish  brown  and  pale  lavender  or  lilac-gray. 
Sab.   Eastern  and  northern  North  America,  west  to  and  in- 
cluding Rocky  Mountains,  and  to  coast  of  Bering's  Sea ;  breec'- 
ing  from  northern  border  of  United  States  (and  higher  Rockj 
Mountains?)  northward;    in   winter,  south  through    eastern 
Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Panama. 

685.  S.  pusilla  (Wils.).  Wilson's  Warbler. 
cP.  Brighter  colored  (the  back  bright  yellowish  olive-green,  lower 
parts  rich  gamboge-yellow,  the  forehead,  in  adult  males,  often 
tinged  with  oi*ange),  with  longer  m  ing  and  tail,  and  narrower 
as  well  as  paler-colored  bill ;  length  4.25-5.10,  wing  (male) 
2.15-2.30  (2.21),  tail  2.00-2.20  (2.10).  Eggs  .61  X  .47.  Hab. 
Western  North  America  (chiefly  along  or  near  Pacific  coast, 
north  to  Kadiak,  Alaska) ;  south,  in  winter,  through  western 
Mexico  to  Costa  Rica. 

685a.  S.  pusilla  pileolata  (Pall.).  Fileolated  Warbler. 
b\  Upper  parts  plumbeous-gray  (tinged  with  olive  in  young  and  autumnal 
specimens). 
Adult  male :  Forehead  spotted  with  black ;  a  yellow  supraloral  bar 
and  an  orbital  ring  of  the  same  color;  lores  black;  lower  parts 
yellow,  fading  into  white  on  under  tail-coverts,  the  chest  crossed 
by  a  series  of  black  spots.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  male,  but 
without  black  spots  on  forehead,  and  those  across  chest  much  less 
distinct,  and  often  olive-grayish  or  dusky  instead  of  black ;  yellow 
orbital  ring  and  streak  above  lores  less  distinct.  Young  in  fall  : 
Similar  to  the  duller-colored  adult  females.  Length  5.00-5.75, 
wing  2.50-2.65,  tail  2.20-2.40.  Nest  in  clumps  of  weeds  or  tussocks 
of  grass  in  swampy  woods.  Eggs  3-5,  .68  X  -51,  colored  like  those 
of  S.  mitrata.  Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  Newfound- 
land, southern  Labrador,  and  Lake  Winnipeg;  south,  in  winter, 
through  eastern  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Ecuador. 

686.  S.  canadensis  (Linn.).    Canadian  Warbler. 


SETOPBAOA. 


529 


Genus  SETOPHAGA  -Swaixson.    (Page  483,  pi.  CVIII.,  fig.s.  1,  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Charactees. — Adult  w/iles  (sometimes  females  also)  with  plumage 
mainly  red  and  black,  or  red  and  plumbeous. 

a}.  Belly  white;  basal  portion  of  sMrcondaries  and  quills  and  basal  half  (or  more)  of 
tail-feathers  (except  middle),  light  salmon-red  or  orange-red  in  adult  male, 
yellow  in  female  and  young  male ;  sexes  very  unlike  in  coloration. 

Adult  male .-  Uniform  gl<J^sy  black,  relieved  by  light  red  basal  portion  of 
secondaries,  quill**,  and  tail-feathers,  and  sides  of  breast  with  a  patch 
of  the  same  (varying  from  rich  orange-red  to  salmon-pink  and  orange- 
yellow)  ;  bell}-  and  lower  lail-coverts  white,  the  latter  usually  with 
blackish  central  *«i*ot"f.  Adult  female:  Pattern  of  coloration  as  in  male, 
but  black  replat-ed  aJ>ove  by  grayish  olive,  and  on  throat,  etc.,  by  grayish 
wliite ;  wing-  and  tail-markings  and  patches  on  sides  of  breast  yellow. 
Yoxing  male:  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  browner  above,  the  colored 
areas  usually  inclining  more  to  orange  or  salmon-color;  after  first  win- 
ter, the  plumasre  interspersed  with  glossy  black  feathers.  Length  4.75- 
5.75,  wing  2.40-2.55,  tail  2.30-2.45.  Nest  cup-shaped,  compact,  of  plant- 
fibres,  spiders'  webs,  etc.,  usually  saddled  upon  horizontal  branch  or  in 
fork,  7-30  feet  from  ground.  E[  _,<>  3-5,  .63  X  -48,  white,  greenish  white, 
or  grayish  white,  speckled  or  i?,)Otted,  chiefly  round  larger  end,  with 
brown  and  lilac.  Hah.  Eastern  Xorth  America,  west  to,  and  including, 
Rocky  Mountains,  north  to  Fort  Simpson ;  in  winter,  West  Indies, 
eastern  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  south  to  Ecuador. 

687.  S.  ruticilla  (Linn.).    American  Redstart. 

a*.  Belly  red  (in  both  sexes) ;  wings  and  tail  without  red  or  yellow  markings,  but 

outer  feathers  of  latter  white;  sexes  alike  in  coloration. 

bK  Adult:    Head,   neck,  cbe?*t,  sides,  and  upper  parts  glossy  blue-black,  the 

wing  with  a  large  white  patch,  covering  greater  and  middle  coverts 

and  edges  of  tertials ;  no  chestnut  or  rufous  on  top  of  head  ;  breast  and 

belly  rich  carmine-reil ;  lower  eyelid  and  under  tail-coverts  pure  white. 

Young:  Above  dull  black,  with  white  markings  as  in  adult;  beneath 

dull  graj-ish  dusky,  sometimes  of  a  more  sootj'  cast,  the  breast  and  belly 

without  any  red.      Length  about  5.00-5.50,  wing  2.70-2.82,  tail  2.35- 

2.78. 

c*.  Third  tail-feather  with  greater  part  of  its  outer  web  and  a  large  portion 

of  inner  web  (at  end)  white.     Nest  placed  within  cavities  in  banks, 

among  rocks,  etc.    Eggs  3-4,  .65  X  -48,  white,  finely  speckled  with 

reddish  brown  and  lilac,     ffab.    Highlands  of  Mexico,  north  to 

southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  (and  Texas?). 

688.  S.  picta  Swains.    Fainted  Redstart, 
c*.  Third  tail-feather  with  outer  web  entirely  black,  and  inner  web  with 

67 


-'•1, 


rat* 
If  lir 


630  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

very  little  white  at  tip  (sometimes  with  none  at  all)  ;  white  edgings 
to  secondaries  much  narrower.  Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and 
extreme  southern  portion  of  Mexico  (Chiapas). 

S.  picta  guatemalse  Suarpe.     Sharpe's  Redstart.* 

fc'.  Adult :  Above  dark  plumbeous,  or  slate-gray,  the  forehead,  sides  of  crown, 

lores,  chin,  and  throat  black ;  crown  with  a  patch  of  chestnut ;  sides 

and  flanks  slate-gray ;  under  tail-coverts  dark  slate-color,  broadly  tipped 

with  white;    breast  and  belly  vermilion-red,  varying   to   orange-red. 

Yovng :  "  General  color  above  sooty  black,  the  wing-coverts  like  the 

back,  edged  with  rusty  brown  at  the  tips  .  .  .  head  a  little  more  dusky 

than  the  back ;  sides  of  face  and  throat  dull  ashy,  washed  with  brown 

on  the  chin ;  lower  throat  and  sides  of  body  dark  chocolate-brown,  the 

abdominal  feathers  paler  and  more  chestnut  and  with  whitish  bases ; 

under  tail-coverts  pale  fulvous."     (Sharpe.)     Length  about  5.00-5.50, 

wing  2.30-2.70,  tail  2.50-3.00. 

c'.  White  of  tail  more  extended,  always  present  on  thii'd  feather  as  a  broad 

terminal  spot,  and  often  present  on  tip  of  fourth ;  breast  and  belly 

always  (?)  pure  vermilion  or  scarlet.     Ifab.  Highlands  of  Mexico, 

north  to  southern  Texas  ? 

689.  S.  miniata  Swains.    Eed-bellied  Redstart, 
c*.  White  of  tail  more  restricted,  reduced  to  a  narrow  terminal  spot  (some- 
times wanting  altogether)  on  third  feather  and  never  found  on 
fourth ;   breast  and  belly  usually  more  orange-red,  sometimes  of 
a  decided  orange  tint.    Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala. 

S.  miniata  flammea  Kauf.     Kaup's  Redstart.' 


^4 


Genus  CARDELLINA  Du  Bus.    (Page  483,  pi.  CXVIIL,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  (sexes  alike)  :  Forehead,  lores,  cheeks,  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  neck  rich 
vermilion-red,  sometimes  inclining  to  carmine;  crown  and  ear-coverts  deep  black; 
occiput  whitish  ;  upper  parts  uniform  ash-gray,  the  rump  white,  and  middle  wing- 
coverts  indistinctly  tipped  with  same  ;  lower  parts  (except  throat)  whitish.  Young  : 
Whole  top  and  sides  of  head  dull  umber-brown  ;  chin,  throat,  chest,  breast,  and  sides 
of  neck  paler  and  more  tinged  with  grayish  ;  posterior  lower  parts  dull  white ;  back 
and  scapulars  grayish  brown ;  rump  dull  white ;  middle  and  greater  wing-coverts 
conspicuously  tipped  with  buffy.  Young  in  first  autumn :  Black  of  crown  and  ear- 
coverts  obsolete  or  very  indistinct,  and  red  parts  merely  indicated  by  a  slight 
tingcing  of  red  on  a  smoky  grayish  ground ;  upper  parts  was-hed  with  brown  ; 
otherwise  much  like  adult.    Length  about  5.00-5.50,  wing  2.53-,2.80,  tail  2.32-2.60. 


^  Setophnga  picta,  Svr.,  a.  tfunlemaln;  Sharpo,  p.  xii.;  [Setophnga  picta]  Subsp.  a.  Setophaga  guatcmalK, 
and  Setophaga  giialenialn;  p.  417  (sub.  fig.),  Shaupe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  s.  1885. 

*  Seinphaga  fammea  Kai'p,  P,  Z.  S.  1851,  50  ;  [Setophaga  miniata]  Subsp.  a.  Setophaga  flammea  Sbarpe, 
Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  x.  1885,  419. 


EROATICVS. 


531 


Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico,  north  to  southern  border  of  United 
States  (aouthcrn  Texas  ?  to  southern  Arizona). 

690.  C.  rubrifrons  (Giraud).    Eed-faced  Warbler. 

Genus  ERGATICUS  Baird.     (Pago  483,  pi.  CXVIII.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adults  (sexes  alike):  Prevailing  color  red,  the  wings 
and  tail  dusky  brownish. 

a^.  Adult:  Above  plain  dusky  red,  brighter  on  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts;  lower 
parts,  including  sides  of  neck  and  head  (except  car-coverts),  brighter  red, 
inclining  to  vermilion ;  car-coverts  silveiy  white,  in  conspicuous  con- 
trast ;  wings  and  tail  brownish  dusky,  the  lesser  and  greater  wing-covcrts 
broadly  edged  with  brownish  red,  and  middle  coverts  broadly  tipped 
with  pinkish  red  ;  remiges  and  rectrices  edged  with  dull  light  brownish 
red.  Young :  Above  dull  rusty  brown ;  beneath  similar  but  paler,  in- 
clining to  cinnamon  ;  ear-coverts  silvery  white,  as  in  adult.  Length  about 
4.50-5.00,  wing  2.30-2.50,  tail  2.40-2.55.  Hah.  Highlands  of  eastern  Mexico 
(north  to  southern  Texas?) 691.  E.  ruber  (Swains.).    Red  Warbler. 

<■<*.  Adult:   Head,  neck,  and  chest  light  silvery  pink,  the  feathers  dusky  at  base 

(dark  red  on  chest,  where  the  underlying  color  is  more  exposed) ;  rest  of 

lower  parts  plain  dull  vermilion- red ;    back  and  scapulars  dark  claret-red ; 

rump  light  pinkish  red;  about  the  size  of  E.  ruber.     Hab.  Highlands  of 

Guatemala. 

E.  versicolor  (Salv.).     Pink-headed  Warbler.' 

Genus  BASILEUTERUS  Cabanis.     (Page  483,  pi.  CXVIII.,  figs.  5,  6.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  olive-green,  with  top  and  sides  of  head 
chestnut;  or  olive-gray,  the  top  of  head  with  two  black  (lateral)  and  one  (median) 
yellow  or  orange-rufous  stripes ;  beneath  yellow,  or  with  posterior  half  (or  more) 
whitish. 

a*.  Top  of  head  with  two  black  lateral  stripes,  enclosing  a  median  stripe  of  yellow 
(var^'ing  to  orange-rufous)  ;  rest  of  upper  parts  plain  olive-gray  (sometimes 
tinged  with  olive-green);  lower  parts  j'ellow,  tinged  with  olive  laterally; 
length  about  4.50-5.00,  wing  2.10-2.30,  tail  2.00-2.10.  Hab.  Middle  America, 
south  to  Veragua,  north  to  eastern  Mexico;  southern  Texas? 

692.  B.  culicivorus  (Light.).    Brasher's  Warbler. 

rt».  Top  of  head  chestnut  or  rufous,  with  or  without  black  lateral  and  frontal 
border ;  rest  of  upper  parts  plain  olive-green. 


1  Cardtllina  verticolor  Salt.,  P.  Z.  S.  1863,  188,  pi.  24,  fig.  4.     Ergaticw*  verticolor  ScL.  A  Salt.,  Norn. 
Neotr.  1873,  11. 


rf5 


Wf, 


'1 


532  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

i'.  Superciliary  stripe  bright  yellow ;  top  of  head  with  a  black  stripe  on  each 

side,  and  forehead  black  medially. 

Side  of  head  rich  chestnut,  becoming  blackish  on  lores ;  lower  parts 

yellow,  changing  to  olive-green  laterally ;  length  about  5.00,  wing 

2.30-2.60,   tail   2.40-2.60.     Hab.   Guatemala  and    eastern   3Iexieo; 

southern  Texas? 693.  B.  belli  (Giuaud).    Bell's  Warbler. 

h*.  Superciliary  strij^e  white  ;  top  of  head  without  any  black. 

c'.  Lower  parts  entirely  yellow. 

Ear-coverts  rufous,  like  top  of  head ;  length  about  4.50-5.00,  wing 

2.10-2.20,  tail  2.25-2.60.     Hab.  Central  America,  from  Panama 

to  Guatemala. 

B.  delatrii  Bonap.     Delatre's  Warbler.' 

c'.  Lower  parts  yellow  only  as  far  back  as  bi'cast,  the  belly  white  and 

flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  pale  brownish  buif. 

Otherwise  like  B.  delatrii,  but  cheeks  more  extensively  white  ; 

length  about  4.50-4.75,  wing  2.00-2.10,  tail  2.20-2.35.      Hab. 

Southern  Mexico,  north  to  Mirador,  Orizaba,  and  Mazatlan. 

B.  rufifrons  (Swains.).     Rufous-crowned  Warbler.^ 


Family  MOTACILLIDiE.— The  Wagtails  and  Pipits.   (Page  322.) 

Genera. 

a'.  Tail  equal  to  or  longer  than  wing ;  plumage  plain,  both  above  and  below. 

b^.  Tail  longer  than  wing,  double-rounded  or  emarginate ;  hind  claw  shorter 
than  the  toe,  strongly  curved ;  back  ash-gray  or  black. 

Motacilla.     (Page  532.) 

6*.  Tail  not  longer  than  wing,  rounded ;  hind  claw  longer  than  the  toe,  slightly 

curved;  back  olive,  olive-green,  or  brownish....  Budytes.     (Page  534.) 

a'.  Tail   decidedly  shorter  than  wing ;    plumage   usually  much   streaked   below 

(sometimes  above  also) Anthus.     (Page  535.) 


"■< 


Genus  MOTACILLA  Linn^us.    (Page  532,  pi.  CXIX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

a*.  Lower  parts  pure  white ;  adults  with  black  on  chest  (throat  also,  in  summei') ; 
upper  tail-coverts  blackish  or  dark  grayish  ;  third  tail-feather  black.  Nest 
on  ground,  usually  near  water,  composed  of  dried  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with 
softer  materials.  Eggs  3-5,  whitish,  thickly  speckled  with  brown.  (Adults 
in  summer — sexes  essentially  alike':   Entire  throat  and  chest  uniform  deep 


•  Baiileuterui  delatrii  Bonap.,  Comp.  Rend,  xxxviii.  1854,  383. 

*  Setophaga  rvfifroM  SwAiNS.,  An.  in  Menag.  1837,  2U4.   Baaileuterut  rufi/rom  Bonap.,  Consp.  i.  1850,  314. 
'  Except  in  M,  lugent,  in  which  the  female  has  the  back  gray  or  much  mixed  with  gray,  instead  of  uniform 

black. 


^ 


MOTACILLA. 


533 


black,  with  a  strongly  convex  posterior  outline ;  forehead,  superciliary  re- 
gion, and  sides  of  head  pure  white,  some  species  having  a  black  streak 
through  eye ;  crown  and  occiput,  sometimes  hind-neck  also,  and  in  one 
species  the  entire  back,  deep  black ;  bill  entirely  deep  black.  Adults  in 
ic inter :  Differing  from  summer  plumage  in  having  at  least  the  upper  por- 
tion, sometimes  all,  of  throat  white ;  in  gray-backed  species  the  gray  some- 
what tinged  with  brownish,  in  black-backed  8j)ecies  the  black  of  back  re- 
placed by  ash-gray.  Young  in  first  winter :  Much  duller  in  color  than  adults, 
with  gray  of  a  browner  tint,  black  on  top  of  head  wanting  or  merely  indi- 
cated, black  below  confined  to  a  narrow  crescent  on  chest,  with  sometimes 
a  cluster  or  series  of  black  spots  extending  upward  from  each  extremity 
of  the  crescent  along  sides  of  lower  throat;  white  of  head  more  or  less 
tinged  with  yellow.  Young:  Above  dull  brownish  gray,  including  whole 
top  of  head,  the  latter  usually  with  a  blackish  or  dusky  suffusion  along 
each  side  of  crown ;  white  of  wings  much  reduced  in  extent,  much  less 
pure,  or  sometimes  even  replaced  by  light  brownish  gray ;  chin  and  throat 
dull  grayish  white  bordered  posteriorly  by  a  rather  poorly  defined  dusky 
crescent  across  chest;  sides  of  breast  dull  brownish  gray;  remaining  lower 
parts  dull  white,  purer  posteriorly.) 
6'.  AVithout  a  black  or  dusky  streak  through  eye ;  adults  with  wing-coverts 
tipped  with  grayish  white,  forming  two  bands  across  wing. 

Back,  scapulars,  and  rump  always  gray;  length  about  6.50-7.30,  wing 
3.25-3.55,  tail  3.50-3.80 ;  bill  very  slender.  Eggs  .78  X  -60,  white  or 
grayish  white,  thickly  speckled  with  grayish  brown  or  dark  brown. 
Hab.  Europe  and  northi>rn  Asia,  wintei'ing  in  northeastern  Africa 
and  southern  Asia ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

694.  M.  alba  (Linn.).    White  Wagtail. 
6".  With  a  distinct  black  or  dusky  streak  through  'ye  (except  in  first  plumage)  ; 
adults  with  exposed  surface  of  middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  entirely 
white,  forming  a  large  patch  on  wing, 
c'.  Hind-neck,  back,  scapulars,  and  rump  always  gra}';  adult  with  inner 
webs  of  quills  chiefly  dusky  gray ;    length  about  6.75-7.50,  wing 
3.50-3.60,  tail  3.50-4.00,  exposed  culmen  .45-.50.    Hab.  Northeastern 
Siberia  in  summer ;  south,  in  winter,  through  Transbaikal  and  China 
to  Burmah  ;  occasional  in  Kamtschatka  ;  accidental  in  Lower  Cali- 
fornia (and  Aleutian  Islands  ?). 

695.  M.  ocularis  Swinh.  Swinhoe's  Wagtail. 
(?.  Hind-neck  always  black  in  adults,  the  entire  back,  scapulars,  lesser 
wing-coverts,  and  rump  deep  black  in  fully  adult  male;  adult  female 
and  winter  male  with  back  ash-graj'  (more  bluish  than  in  3f.  ocularis), 
or  gray  clouded  vith  black ;  adults  with  inner  webs  of  quills  pure 
white  except  at  tips,  and  white  on  outer  surface  of  wings  much 
more  extensive  and  continuous  than  in  M.  ocularis ;  larger  than  M. 
ocularis ;  length  about  7.00-7.75,  wing  3.50-3.95,  tail  3.70-4.20,  ex- 
posed culmen  .50-.55.    Hab.  Kamtschatka,  Amurland,  Kurils,  and 


^nm 


534 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


n 

*-.,^ 


Yozo  in  summer;  southern  Japan,  Formosa,  and  eastern  China  in 
winter;  accidental  in  Aleutian  Islands  (Attn ;  Turner)? 

M.  lugens  (Kittl.).     Kamtschatka  Wagtail.' 
a'.  Lower  parts  yellow  (dull  yellowish  white  in  young,  but  lower  tail-coverts  always 
yellow),  without  black  on  breast ;  upper  tail-covorts  olive-yellow  or  yellowish 
olive-green ;  third  tail-feather  chiefly  white.     (Subgenus  Calohates  Kaup.') 
Adult  male  in  summer:  Above  ash-gray,  including  top  and  sides  of  head  ; 
lower  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  bright  yellowish  olive-green,  or  olive- 
yellow  ;  wings  blackish,  the  tertials  broadly  edged  with  whitish  ;  a  white 
superciliary  stripe,  and  a  malar  stripe  of  same;  chin  and  throat  black; 
rest  of  lower  parts  primrose-yellow,  deepening  into  gamboge  on  under 
tail-coverts.     Adult  female  in  summer  :  Similar  to  the  male,  but  chin  and 
throat  white  or  pale  yellow  bordered  laterally  and  posteriorly  by  black- 
ish or  dusky  spotting  (sometimes  with  throat  more  extensively  black). 
Adults  in  winter  same  as  in  summer,  but  throat  white.     Young  in  first 
winter :  Brownish  gray  above ;    suj^ereiliar}'  stripe  and  chest  strongly 
tinged  with  buff ;  otherwise  like  adults.    Young:  Above  brownish  gray  ; 
middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  tipped  with  pale  fulvous,  buffy,  or 
whitish,  producing  two  bands  on  wing;  lower  parts  dull  white,  faintly 
shaded  with  ashy  on  breast,  the  lower  taii-coverts  pale  yellow.     (In 
younger  individuals  the  superciliary  stripe  and  throat  buffy.)     Length 
about  7.00,  wing  3.20-3.30,  tail  3.50-3.80.     Hab.  Eastern  Asia,  breeding 

from  China  and  Japan  northward. 

M.  melanope  Pall.    Gray  Wagtail.' 


•>'■{' 


Genus  BUDYTES  Cuvier.    (Page  532,  pi.  CXIX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  in  summer:  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck 
bluish  gi"ay  or  ])lumbeous ;  sides  of  head  similar,  but  darker,  separated  from  the 
lighter  color  above  by  a  distinct  white  superciliary  stripe ;  back,  scapulars,  rump, 
and  upper  tail-coverts  plain  olive-green  ;  wings  brownish  dusky,  the  coverts  tipped 
with  brownish  white  or  pale  brown,  and  tertials  edged  with  same  ;  tail  blackish,  the 
two  outer  pairs  of  feathers  partly  white ;  chin  white  ;  rest  of  lower  parts  yellow,  the 
chest  usually  more  or  less  clouded  with  dusky.  Adult  female:  Similar  to  male,  but 
usually  rather  duller,  the  head  more  brownish  gray,  the  yellow  of  under  parts  paler, 
etc.  Adult  (?)  in  winter:  Above  dull  olivo-brown,  including  head;  beneath  yellow- 
ish buff,  the  chin  white,  and  chest  clouded  with  dusky,  as  in  summer.  Yoxing 
in  first  winter :  Above  dull  olive-brown,  including  head  ;  superciliary  stripe  pale 
buff;  lower  parts  chiefly  white,  the  chest,  breast,  sides,  and  flanks  dull  light  buff, 
the  first  clouded  with  grayish  brown  ;  wing-coverts  tipped,  and  tertials  edged,  with 
dull  sulphur-yellow.     Young :   Above  dull  olive-brown,  the  top  of  head  suffused 


1  MotaciUn  hif/ena  KiTTi,.,  Kupf.  Vog.  18.32,  Ifi,  pi.  21,  fig.  1. 

3  Cnlobaten  Kai'P.,  NatUrl.  Syst.  1829,  3.3.     Type,  Motncilla  melannpc  Pall. 

3  Mulacitta  melanope  Pall.,  Keisi.  Russ.  Ueichs,  iii.  1770,  App.  p.  69C. 


ANTHVS. 


fi35 


with  blackish  laterally ;  light  •wing-markings  dull  buff-yellow ;  superciliary  stripe, 
broad  malar  stripe  (widening  on  side  of  neck),  and  lower  parts  generally,  dull 
light  butf-yellow ;  chin  and  throat  dull  white,  bordered  along  each  side  by  a  broad 
streak  of  dull  blackish,  this  confluent  with  a  broken  crescentic  patch  of  same  on 
chest.  Length  5.50-G.80,  wing  2.95-3.30,  tail  2.G5-3.10.  Nest  on  ground,  concealed 
by  projecting  tussock  or  overhanging  bank,  composed  of  dry  grass,  etc.,  often  lined 
with  soft  feathers.  Eggs  3-7,  dull  white,  brownish  white,  or  pale  isabella-color, 
densely  speckled  with  ditferent  shades  of  light  brown. 

a}.  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  lighter,  more  ashy,  gray,  the  lores  and  ear-coverts 

not  conspicuously  darker ;  lower  parts  purer  yellow  (often  rich  gamboge). 

Ilab.  Europe,  etc. 

B.  flavus  (Linn.).    Yellow  Wagtail.' 

a*.  Top  of  head  and  hind-neck  darker,  more  plumbeous,  gray,  the  lores  and  ear- 
coverts  usually  conspicuously  darker ;  lower  parts  lighter,  less  pure  yellow 
(varying  from  citron-  to  sulphur-yellow),  the  chest  more  distinctly  blotched 
with  dusky.  Eggs  .76  X  -55.  Hab.  Alaska  (north  of  the  peninsula),  eastern 
Siberia,  and  Kamtschatka,  wintering  in  eastern  China  and  the  Moluccas. 

COG.  B.  flavus  leucostriatus  (Hom.).    Siberian  Yellow  Wagtail. 


but 


Genus  ANTHUS  Bechstein.     (Pago  532,  pi.  CXIX.,  figs.  3,  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish,  more  or  less  distinctly  streaked  with 
darker  (nearly  uniform  grayish  in  summer  plumage  of  A.  pcnsilvaniciis),  the  wings 
with  lighter  edgings,  and  two  more  or  less  distinct  light  bands  across  tips  of  coverts  ; 
bencitth  paler  (usually  dull  buffy — rarely  whitish),  the  chest,  and  sometimes  sides 
also,  usually  more  or  less  distinctly  streaked  with  darker;  outer  tail-feathers  with 
more  or  less  of  white.  Nest  on  ground,  bulky  and  rather  compact,  composed  of 
dried  mosses,  grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  hair,  feathers,  etc.  Eggs  with  a  pale  gi-onnd- 
color,  but  this  usually  overlaid  by  so  dense  a  speckling  or  mottling  of  bi'own  as  to 
give  a  nearly  uniform  brown  surface. 

a*.  Tarsus  longer  than  hind-toe,  with  claw ;  inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  chiefly 
dusky.     Eggs  pale   olive,   olive-whitish,    or   pale   chocolate-brown,   thickly 
freckled  with  brown  (sometimes  nearly  uniform  chocolate-brown).     (Sub- 
genus Anthiis.) 
6'.  Back,  scapulars,  and  top  of  head  plain  brownish  gray  or  brownish,  or  with 
very  indistinct  darker  streaks. 
Adult  in  summer :  Above  brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown,  the  feathers 
of  top  of  head  and  back  showing  more  or  less  distinct  darker  cen- 
tres, most  obvious  on  back  ;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  with  light  brown- 
ish gray  edgings,  the  middle  and  greater  coverts  tipped  with  same ; 
superciliary  stripe  and  lower  parts  light  cinnamon-buff,  paler  on 


>  Motacillafiava  Linn.,  S.  X.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  185.    Budytetflava   Cuv.,  Rdg.  An.  1817,  371. 


536 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


rf«:i 


chin  and  upper  throat,  the  chest  (sometimes  sides  also)  more  or  less 
streaked  with  dusky.  Winter  plumage :  Above  decidedly  more  brown 
than  in  summer ;  beneath  much  duller  buffy  (without  any  cinnamon 
tint),  iho  streaks  on  breast  usually  broader.  Young:  Above  dull 
brownish  gray ;  beneath  dull  brownish  white,  the  chest  spotted  or 
broadly  streaked  with  blackish.  Length  6.00-7.00,  wing  3.20-3.50, 
tail  2.65-2.85,  tarsus  .85-.90.  Eggs  .78  X  -57.  Ilab.  Whole  of  North 
America,  breeding  from  Labrador  and  high  mountains  of  Colorado 
(above  timber-lino),  etc.,  to  Arctic  coast. 

697.  A.  pensilvanicus  (Lath.).    American  Pipit. 
6'.  Back,  scapulars,  and  top  of  head  umber-brown  or  tawny  olive,  conspicuously 
streaked  with  black, 
c*.  Back  and  scapulars  without  distinct  whitish  streaks. 

d'.  Rump  and  upper  tail-covorts  nearly  plain  brown  or  olive  super- 
ficially, the  darker  streaks  almost  wholly  concealed ;  chin, 
throat,  etc.,  never  fawn-color.  Summer  adult :  Above  rather 
light  umber-  or  olive-brown,  the  top  of  head  narrowly  and  back 
broadly  streaked  with  black ;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  the  mid- 
dle wingcovt rts  broadly  mai'gined  terminally  with  dull  buffy 
whitish,  the  greater  coverts  more  narrowly  margined  with 
same ;  beneath  dull  buffy  whitish  (the  throat  and  bi-east  some- 
times deep  buffy),  the  chest  and  sides  (including  sides  of  throat) 
sharply  streaked  with  brownish  black.  Winter  plumage  :  Above 
brighter,  more  olive,  brown,  beneath  decided  huff,  the  mark-, 
ings  as  in  summer.  Young:  Above  light  grayish  brown,  more 
broadly,  but  less  sharply,  streaked  than  in  adult ;  bc.icath 
light  buffy,  tinged  with  olive,  streaked  much  as  in  adult. 
Length  about  5.50-6.25,  wing  3.00-3.20,  tail  2.40-2.50,  tarsus 
.85.  Eggs  .78  X  -59.  Hah.  Europe  ;  northern  Africa  in  winter ; 
occasional  in  southern  Greenland. 

698.  A.  pratensis  (Linn.).  Meadow  Pipit, 
rf*.  Rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  conspicuously  streaked  with  black- 
ish ;  chin,  throat,  etc.,  deep  cinnamon  buff  or  fawn-color  in  full 
adult  plumage.  Adult  (full  plumage^) :  Superciliary  stripe,  malar 
region,  chin,  and  throat  (sometimes  chest  also)  unifoiin  fawn- 
color  or  cinnamon-buff;  otherwise  as  in  A.  pratensis,  except 
that  the  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  are  distinctly  streaked  or 
striped  with  biaokish.  (Other  plumages  resembling  correspond- 
ing stages  of  A.  pratensis,  but  always  distinctly  streaked  or 
striped  with  blackish  on  rump  and  upper  tail-covcrts,  and  color 
of  upper  parts  loss  olivaceous — more  brown  in  immature  winter 
dross.)    Length  about  6.00-6.00,  vnng  3.15-3.50,  tail  2.35-2.55, 

'  This  is  ueually  dcseriljod  a»  tlio  sumnior  ]iltiMin);e;  but  vi  tho  flvo  gpocinions  in  tliiH  i)Iuninf(o  wliioli  iiro 
At  thlR  muincnt  l)oforc  inc,  two  were  bhot  in  Drouiiibvi  iid  oir  iu  S<i|itouibur,  tbo  latter  boiog  in  fresh  fall 
plumago ;  tbo  datu  uf  uuu  spvuimcn  ia  nut  recorded. 


ANTHUS. 


537 


buffy 


tarsus  .85-.90.    Hab.  Northern  Europe  and  Asia  'n  summer; 
in  winter,  northeastern  Africa  and  greater  puit  of  southern 
Asia  J  occasional  in  Alaska,  and  accidental  in  Lower  California. 
699.  A.  cervinus  (Pall.).    Bed-throated  Pipit, 
c*.  Back  and  scapulars  streaked  with  whitish  (forming  two  or  more  nearly 
parallel  stripes  when  feathers  are  properly  arranged). 
Summer  adult  .•    Above  light  brown,  everywhere   streaked  with 
black,  the   back   with  several   longitudinal   scries  of   whitish 
streaks;  middle  wing-coverts  blackish,  abruptly  tipped  or  bor- 
dered terminally  with  whitish;  greater  coverts  more  narrowly 
tipped  with  more  brownish  white,  and  edged  with  light  brown; 
beneath  whitish,  more   or  less  strongly  tinged  with  buff  on 
lower  +'rioat   and   chest,    the    latter,    with   sides   and   flanks, 
streaked   with  black;    sides   of  throat  usual!}'  without  black 
streaks.     Winter  plumage  similar,  but  browner  above  and  more 
decidedl}'  buffy  beneath.    Length  (skins)  about  5.50-G.OO,  wing 
3.20-3.50,  tail  2.25-2.40,  tarsus  .95-1.00.     JLih.    Kumtschatka 
(including  Commander  Islands)  and  wh?)le  of  Siberia  in  sum- 
mer; in  wintci',  south  to  Philippines,  Borneo,  etc. 

A.  gustavi  SwiNH.     Petchora  Pipit.' 

a".  Tarsus  shorter  than  third  too,  with  claw;  inner  web  of  outer  tail-feather  chiefly 

(sometimes  cnt'rely)  white.     E(jgs  .87  X  .62,  dull  pale  ])urplisli  buffy  or  dull 

bufly  whitish,  thickly  speckled  with  dull  purplish  brown.     (Subgenus  JVeo- 

COryS  SCLATER.) 

Adult  in  summer:  Above  broadly  streaked  with  pale  grayish  buff  and 
dusky;  wings  dusky,  with  pale  gn.yish  buffy  eiigings  ;  two  outer  tail- 
feathers  cbinfly  white  (the  outiTinost  sometimes  entirely  white);  be- 
neath dull  buffy  white,  more  buffy  across  chest,  where  narrowly  streaked 
with  dusky ;  legs  and  feet  very  light-colored.  Winter  plumage  much 
more  decidedly  buffy,  both  above  and  below,  with  dark  streaks  on  chest 
broader  and  less  sharply  deftnod.  Young :  Alxtve  brownish  buff,  broadly 
streaked  v;ith  black,  the  feathers  of  back  and  scapulai-s  narrowly  mar- 
gined terminally  with  buffj-  or  whitish  ;  chin,  throat,  and  sides  of  neck 
whitish,  the  last,  and  also  lower  throat,  streaked  with  dusky;  rest  of 
lower  parts  light  buff,  growing  gradually  |>aler  posloridHy,  the  clicHt 
and  sides  of  breast  streaked  with  black.  Length  5.75-7.00,  wing  3.20- 
3.40,  tail  2.35-2.60,  tarsus  .90.  Ifab.  Interior  ))lains  of  Xorth  America, 
breeding  from  central  Dakota  north  to  the  Saskatchewan  ;  south,  in 
winter,  over  southern  plains  to  s  'Uhern  Mexico  (Piiebla). 

700.  A.  spragueii  (.Viu.).    Sprague's  Pipit. 


>  Anthuf  giiiltivi  SwiNn.,  P.  Z.  8.  1868,  DO. 
G8 


538 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Family  CINCLID.'R  - 


Dippers.     (Page  323.) 


Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Cinclus.    (Page  538.) 

Genus  CINCLUS  Bkchstein,     (Pago  538,  pi.  CXIX.,  tig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters  (of  North  American  species). — Color  plain  grayish,  the 
head  sometimes  more  brownish;  young  and  winter  specimens  with  larger  featliers 
of  wings  and  those  of  posterior  lower  \nivi>i  bordered  with  whitish,  the  lower  parts 
decidedly  whitish  or  much  suffused  with  white  in  young. 

rt'.  Adult  in  summer:  Uniform  slate-grayish,  the  head  and  neck  more  brownish 
(sometimes  decidedly  brown);  bill  entirely  black.  Winter  pi  umaye  :  Similar, 
but  tertials.  greater  wing-covorts,  and  feathers  of  lower  parts  bordered  ter- 
minally Willi  whitish  ;  lower  mandible  light-colored  on  basal  portion.  Young  : 
Similar  lo  winter  plumage,  but  lower  jjarts  more  or  less  mixed  with  white, 
anil  tinged  posteriorly  with  rusty.  Length  7.0(1-8.50.  wing  3.40-3.81,  tail 
l.!)0--M2,  culmen  .CO-.TO,  tarsus  1.00-1.20.  i\W  built  witbin  a  very  bu'kv 
oven-shaped  structure  composed  of  closely  compacted  green  mosses,  th'  ti- 
trance  on  one  side,  the  nest  pr()))er  embedded  in  the  floor  of  the  '■  house,"  •md 
?omposed  of  fine  rootlets,  etc.  ;  the  nest  built  among  roeks  near  running 
water,  often  behind  a  casea.de.  7sV/(/6'  3-5,  1.02  X  "0,  plain  pure  white.  Uiib. 
Mountainous  districts  of  western  North  America,  north  to  Alaska  (Yukon 
Valley,  where  resident),  south  to  Guatemala. 

701.  C.  mexicanus  Swains.    American  Dipper. 

rt*.  Adult:  Above  bluish  gray,  or  phunbeous,  slightly  liurker  on  head  ;  i>einaii  ush- 
gray,  lighter  anteriorly,  more  plumbeous  on  .-iides.  Youmj :  Chin,  throat, 
and  chest  whiti;;  other  lower  parts  grayish  white,  tinged  with  plumbewis 
laterally:  wing-coverts  tip|>ed  with  grayi:<Ii  while,  the  (piills  and  secondanes 
bordered  terminally  witli  pure  white.  Wing  3. 50-!!. (15.  tail  about  2.00,  eui- 
men  .70-.72,  tarsus  1.28-1.30.     JIab.  Mountains  of  Costa  V.    a  and  Veragwt 

C.  ardesiacuB  8alv      Costa  Rican  Dipper;' 


Family  TROGLODYTID-ffi.— The  Wrens,  Thrashers.  Eir. 

Genera. 

(/'.  liictal  bristles  well  developed;  inner  toe  entirely  free  at  base  from  n      d  •■  t'w-; 
wing  3.50,  or  more.     (Subfamily  Mimimv.) 
h\  Tail  shorter  than  wing,  nearly  even Oroscoptes.     (Page  S41.) 


'  Cinclut  urdttiacui  Salv,,  Ibu,  1807,  121,  pi.  2. 


mm 


TROQLODVTJDJE. 


539 


, 


6'.  Tail  longer  than  wing,  much  rounded. 

c'.  Exposed  culmen  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  toe,  without  claw. 

dK  Plumage  varied,  the  wings  and  tail  distinctly  (often  conspicuously) 
marked  with  white. 

Gonys  straight,  or  sometimes  even  slightly  concave  ;  tarsal 

scutellaj  very  distinct Mimus.     (Page  541.) 

(P.  Plumage  plain,  the  wings  and  tail  without  white  markings. 

e'.  Larger   (wing   mor  3   than   4.00,   tail   5.00,  or  more)  j    gonys 
straight ;  tarsal  scutella)  very  distinct. 

Color  plain  brown  above,  dull  whitish  beneath. 

Mimodes.     (Page  542.) 
c*.  Smaller  (wing  less  than  4.00,  tail  less  than  4.50) ;  gonys  appre- 
ciably convex  ;  tarsal  scutella)  indistinct  (sometimes  nearly 
obsolete). 
/'.  Exposed  culmen   shorter  than  distance  between  tips  of 
longest    and    shortest   tail-feathers;    color  slate-gray 
above,  with  black  cap  and  tail,  ash  gray  below,  with 
chestnut  under  tail-coverts. 

Galeoscoptes.     (Page  542.) 
/'.  Exposed  culmen  longer  than   distance   between   iii»s  of 
longest  and  shortest  tail-feathers  ;  color  uniform  glossy 
violet-black,  the  wings  and  tail  more  bluish  or  green- 
ish    Meln  n  optiUO 

c*.  Exposed  culmen  equal  to  or  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw. 

dK  Above  plain  grayish  blue,  the  loi-es  and  ear-coverts  deep  black  ;  be- 
neath grayish  blue  or  pure  white Mdanotis} 

d*.  Above  some  shade  of  brownish,  grayish,  or  dusky ;  beneath,  nei- 
ther graj'isli  bine  nor  pure  white, 
t''.  First  quill  very  little,  if  any.  longer  than   tarsus  (sometimes 
shorter);    throat   and   middle  of  l)roast    neither   red    nor 

rufous Harporhynchus.     (Page  51:1) 

e*.  First  quill  longer  than  tarsus  and  middle  toe  combined  ;  throat 
and  UH'dian  lower  parts   rose-red  (in  male)  or  rufous  (in 

female) lihoilliiocirhbi^ 

<f.  ftctai  bristles  obsolete,  or  very  indistinct ;  inner  too  united  at  base  to  inner  too 
bv  at  least  half  the  basal  i)liaian\' ;  wing  less  than  3.50.     (Subfamily  TvoqIo- 
tifftidm.) 
»   Wm^  more  than  3.00 Campylorhynchus.     (Page  547.) 


jr.7ii 


Stutltu,  t.  Z.  S.  1S57,  275.     Typo,  .1/.  jlatiri'niHiriH  ScL.     (//(i'/.,  cuast  of  Yucatan  ntnl  Hon- 


(iwntr 


'  m^htnotiH  Ho!CAl'..  Connp.  \.  1850.  270.     Typn,  Orphrun  rirrnli>fiii>i  ii\v\isn.     Two  cpeclo*!  (1)  ^f,  iniii- 

r. ),  of  Mexico,  which  i*  urmish   lilup  hcncnth,  iis  well  n.i  iilnivr,  iiri'l  (2)  .V.  hi/fxtlfucut  Harti..,  of 

whiiih  if  jiHrv  whit*  hcinnfh,  cffpt  iil(in>t  siilcx  ntnl  <m  (inkier  tail  covorts. 

^  tikMi^Hnrirhl'i   «  iHTl...  iWm.  Wr  Orn.  185.1,  H:i.     Typo,   Fnrunriim  r<i». »»   Lk»8.     Two  pppcipd :   (])   li. 

rn»m    (Lisw.l.  from  '""ontn   Hi"«.   roliiiijbin,  iiml  Vi'nc/.uela!    nml    (2)    H.  mln-hicf,*    Rmow.,   from   wrstcrn 

Moxioo  (UazntUt),  Colina,  ct: 


540 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


6».  Wing  less  than  3.00. 

c*.  Outer  too  much  longer  than  the  inner. 

d}.  Exposed  eulmen  shorter  than  tarsus ;  posterior  lower  parts  whitish 

or  pale  cinnamon Salpinctes.     (Page  547.) 

d".  Exposed  eulmen  longer  than  tarsus;  posterior  lower  parts  deep 
rusty  or  brownish,  more  or  less  speckled  with  dusky  or  whitish, 

or  both Catherpes.    (Pago  548.) 

c^.  Outer  toe  not  distinctly  longer  than  the  inner. 

d}.  Tail  little,  if  any,  shorter  than  tarsus  and  middle  toe  together. 
e^.  Nostril  opening  horizontally  along  lower  edge  of  nasal  fossa5, 
and  overhung  by  a  more  or  less  projecting  ecale-liko  mem- 
brane. 
/^  Back  without  streaks;  tail  graduated  for  less  than  one- 
third  its  length,  the  lateral  pair  of  feathers  reaching 
decidedly  beyond  tips  of  longest  under  coverts. 
gf^  Bill  rather  abruptly  decurvcd  at  tip,  stout  (or  else  tail 
(I  )cidedly  longer  than  wing) ;  a  conspicuous,  sharply 
defined  (usually  whitish)  superciliary  stripe, 
/t'.  Length  of  wing  exceeding  that  of  tail  by  less 
than   length  of  exposed  eulmen   (tail  some- 
times equal  to  or  oven  longer  than  wing). 

Thryothorus.     (Page  549.) 
/t'.  Length  of  wing  exceeding  that  of  tail  by  much 
more  than  length  of  exposed  eulmen. 

Uropsila} 
g*.  Bill  more  slender,  more  gradually  decurved  at  tip 
(sometimes  nearly  straight  tiiroughout) ;    super- 
ciliary stripe  not  conspicuous  (sometimes  nearly 

obsolete) Troglodytes.     (I'age  552.) 

f.  Back  streaked  with  black  and  white;  tail  graduated  for 
about  one-third  its  length,  the  lateral  pair  of  feathers 
reaching   little,  if  any,  I  cyond   tips  of  longer  under 

coverts Cistothorus.     (Pago  555.) 

e'.  Nostril  small  and  ni  la'ly  circuhir,  opening  in  the  anterior  por- 
tion of  the  nasal  fosso),  and  without  overhanging  scale  or 
membrane.     (Otherwise,  very  much  like  Thryothorus.) 

Thryophilus* 

(P.  Tail  much  shorter  than  tarsus  and  middle  toe  together.     (Nostril 

as  in  Thryophilus.) Henicorhina? 


>  Vrit))»ilu  ScL.  A  Salv.,  Nom.  Ncotr.  IS"."?,  155.     Tyi>o,  Timjlodi/len  leur<»jnnlrn  Oon.n.     {Ilnh.  Southern 

Mi'xifo.) 

'  Thvi/ophiliin  IJAinn,  Review,  i.  AuguM,  18ft(,  127.  Typo,  Thryolhorm  rvfulhiti  LArn.  (Six  »i)c«ic«  in 
Mc.vic'o  anl  (Ju.itoinnlii,  with  othorc  farther  cimtliwiinl.) 

»  Uiniiui-liliin  .'id..  Si  Sai.v.,  1*.  Z.  3.  ISOS,  17U.  Type,  Cyphorkinue  leucuttictm  Cau.  {Bab.  Sottlhcrn 
Mexico  to  northern  South  Americii.) 


OROSCOPTES. 


541 


Genus  OROSCOPTES  Baird.    (Pago  538,  pi.  CXX.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Abovo  brownish  gray,  tho  wiugs  with  two  narrow  white  bands, 
and  tho  larger  wing-feathers  edged  with  pale  grayish  (whitish  in  fresh  autumn 
plumage)  ;  inner  webs  of  two  or  three,  sometimes  four,  outer  tail-feathers  broadly 
tipped  with  white ;  beneath  dull  white,  tinged  with  huffy  on  flanks  and  under  tail- 
coverts,  tho  chest,  breast,  and  sides  thickly  marked  with  wedge-shaped  longitudinal 
spots  and  streaks  of  dusky.  Young :  Similar  to  adult,  hut  upper  parts  indistinctly 
streaked  with  darker,  and  streaks  on  lower  parts  less  sharply  defined.  Length 
8.00-9.00,  wing  3.95-4.19,  tail  3.20-3.35,  culmen  .60-.65,  tarsus  1.10-1.15.  Nest  very 
bulky,  composed  of  sticks,  shreds  of  bark,  fine  rootlets,  etc.,  placed  in  bu.«.ho8 
(usually  of  tho  so-called  "  sage-bush,"  Artemisia  tridentata).  Eggs  3-5,  1.00  X  -71, 
rich  greenish  blue,  spotted  with  dove-brown.  Hah.  Artemisia  or  '•sage-brush" 
plains  of  western  United  States,  chiefl}'  within  the  Great  Basin,  south  into  Mexico 
in  winter 702.    Oroscoptes  montanus  (Towns.).    Sage  Thrasher. 


. 


Genus  MIMUS  Boie.     (Page  539,  pi.  CXX.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Abovo  brownish  gray,  or  ash-gray,  with  or  without 
darker  centres  to  feathers  of  back,  etc. ;  tail-feathers  (except  middle)  with  while 
terminal  spots  or  with  much  white  on  lateral  feathers  (these  sometimes  wholly 
white) ;  wings  u,>*ually  with  more  or  less  conspicuous  white  edgings  or  jnitches ; 
beneath  whitish,  with  or  without  dusky  streaks  on  flanks.  Young  essentially  simi- 
lar to  adult,  but  breast  speckled  with  dusky.  Kcst  very  bulky,  composed  of  sticks, 
and  lined  with  finer  materials,  placed  in  thick  bushes,  thorny  trees,  hedge-i'ows, 
vines,  etc.     Eggs  pale  bluish  or  greenish,  spotted  with  reddish  brown. 

a'.  Back  plain  graj",  outer  tail-feathers  mostly  or  entirely  white;  flanks  very  in- 
distinctly or  not  at  all  streaked. 
fc'.  Primary  coverts  and  hasal  portion  of  quills  white,  forming  a  largo  and  very 
conspicuous  patch  on  spread  wing.  Adult :  Abovo  plain  gray,  tho  wings 
and  tail  chiefly  blackish  ;  beneath  white,  tinged  nn  breast  with  palo 
grayish  finoro  iMownish  or  li\iiT'y  in  autumn).  Yoting :  More  brownish 
above,  the  bu*k  indistinctly  streaked  or  spotted  with  darker;  breast 
distinctly  spotted  or  speckled  with  dusky.  Length  9.00-11.00,  wing 
4.10-4.90  (4.5S).  tail  4.50-5.75  (5.04).  exposed  cubnen  ,63".75  (.70),  tarsus 
1.20  1.38  (1.30).  Eggs  ,9T  X  .73,  pale  greenish  blue,  varying  to  pale  dull 
bnfl'y,  spotted  with  tvddish  brown.  ff<ih.  United  States  (rare  or  local 
north  of  38''),  Mexico,  Hnhanias,  and  (Jreater  ,\ntillcs. 

703.  M.  polyglottos  (Linn).    Mockingbird. 
b*.  Primary  coverts  and  basal  portion  of  quills  entirely  dusky, 

<*'.  Above  bi-ownish  gmy.  tho  wings  and  tail  dusky,  with  broad  edgings  of 


542 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


grayish ;  both  rows  of  wing-covcrts  tipped  with  dull  white ;  wing 

4.30-4.50  (4.40),  tail  4.90-5.20  (5.02).  culmen  .65-.67  (.66),  tarsus 

1.20-1.35   (1.27).       Hub.    Southern   Mexico   (Isthmus   of  Tchuan- 

tcpcc). 

M.  lawrencei  KiD(t\v.     Tehuantepec  Mockingbird.' 

c'.  Above  ash-gray,  the  wings  deep  black,  with  pure  white  edgings;  both 
rows  of  coverts  ver}-  sharply  tipped  with  pure  white ;  wing  4.15- 
4.80  (4.49),  tail  5.00-5.80  (5.38),  culmen  .70-.75  (.72),  tarsus  1.20- 
1.37  (1.31).  Ilab.  Atlantic  lowlands,  from  Yucatan  (including  Cozu- 
tiiel  Island)  to  Honduras. 

M.  gracilis  C.vn.     Yucatan  Mockingbird.* 
aK  Above  grayish  brown,  the  feathers  with  distinctly  darker  centres;  laural  tail- 
feathers  merely  tipped  with  white  (chiefly  on  inner  webs) ;  flanks  broadly 
and  conspicuously  streaked  with  dusky. 

Adult :  Beneath  dull  white,  strongly  tinged  with  brownish  gray  on  breast; 
a  series  of  dusky  streaks  along  each  side  of  throat;  wing  4.70-5.00.  tail 
5.30-5.70,  culmen  .82-.95,  tarsus  1.45-1. GO.  Hab.  Bahamas,  Cuba,  and 
Jamaica. 

M.  gundlachii  Cab.     Gundlach's  Mockingbird.' 

Genus  GALEOSCOPTES  Cabanis.    (Page  539,  pi.  CXX.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Uniform  plnmbeous-slate,  paler  beneath  ;  top  of  head  and  tail  black ; 
lower  tail-coverts  chestnut ;  bill  and  feet  black  ;  iris  brown.  Younfj :  Similar  to 
the  adult,  but  black  cap  fainter  and  less  sharply  defined,  lower  parts  very  faintly 
mottled,  transversely,  with  darker,  and  lower  tail-coverts  dull  light  rusty.  Length 
8.00-9.35,  wing  3.45-3.75,  tail  3.70-^.25,  culmen  .65-.75.  tarsus  1.05-1.15 ;  female 
averaging  a  little  smaller.  JVrst  of  rootlets,  etc.,  in  thickets,  orchards,  etc.  ^(fjs 
3-5,  .93  X  .fi^-  plain  deep  bluish  green.  Ifab.  Eastern  North  America,  north  to  about 
54°  in  the  interior;  west  to  and  including  Rocky  Mountains  ;  in  winter,  southern 
United  States  (from  about  37°)  and  south  to  Cuba  and  Panama. 

704.  G.  carolinensis  (Linn.).    Catbird. 

Genus  MIMODES  Rid(1Way.«    (Page  539,  pi.  CXIX..  fig.  6.) 

Sf>ecit'S. 

Aflvlt :  Above  plain  brown,  the  wings  atid  tail  more  grayish;  greater  wing- 
coverts  and  secondaries  (except  toward  base)  elgcd  with  fulvous-brown,  the  former 
indistinctly  tippeil  with  lighfer  fulvous  ;  j)riinaries  c<lge(l  with  light  brownish  gray; 
inner  wel)s  of  three  outer  tail-feathers  marked  at  tij)  with  a  very  indistinct  pale 


'  MimuK  gih'Uf,  y.  Iiurrrnri.!  RiniiAV.,  Proc.  1^  S.  Nat.  Mu8.  v.  .Tuno  5,  1S82,  11, 

'  MimiiH  ijruriHii  Cah.,  Muh.  IK'iil.  i.  .Ian.  1S51,  8,1. 

•■*  MiiiWH  i/iiiiiirnrlili  r.\n.,  .Ilium,  filr  Orn.  1S5.5,  470. 

*  Mimuilin  Rinow.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.  v.  .Juno  12,  18.82,  45.     Tyjjc,  f/nrporhym  Ims  jrayioni  BAinD. 


mmam 


nARPORHYNCHVS. 


543 


brownish  gray  spot ;  lores  dusky,  bordered  above  bj"  a  very  indistinct  pale  brown 
stripe  on  each  side  of  iorchead ;  lower  parts  plain  dull  brownish  white,  the  flanks 
indistinctly  streaked  with  dark  brownish,  and  malar  region  indistinctly  barred 
with  same ;  bill  and  fettt  brownish  black ;  length  about  9.50-10.00,  wing  4.35-4.40, 
tail  5.00-5.10,  exposed  eulmcu  .80,  tarsus  1.40-1.50,  middle  toe  .90.     iZ<«6..  Socorro 


Island,  western  Mexico. 


M.  graysoni  (Baird).    Socorro  Thrasher.' 


Genus  HARPORHYNCHUS  Cabanis.    (Pago  539,  pi.  CXX.,  figs.  3,  5.) 

Species. 

(Nest  very  bulky,  composed  of  dried  twigs,  rootlets,  etc.  (the  material  varying 
with  the  locality  or  aceording  to  the  species),  placed  in  small,  usualh'  thorny,  trees, 
vines,  or  bushes.     E^jgs  very  variable  in  coloration,  but  usually  speckled.) 

a}.  Tarsus  longer  than  exposed  culmen ;  gonys  much  shorter  than  middle  toe,  with- 
out claw ;  tail  exeeexling  wing  by  not  more  than  length  of  tai'sus ;  lower 
parts  more  or  less  distinctly  spotted  or  streaked  (these  markings  sotaetimes 
obsolete  in  //.  bendirei  and  H.  prilmeri).     (Subgenus  Methrhpterus  Reich.) 
i'.  Above  reddii-h  brown ;  both  rows  of  wing-coverts  distinctly'  tipped  with 
white,  this  preceded  by  a  dusky  bar;  markings  on  lower  parts  linear, 
wedge-shape^l,  or  tear-shaped, 
c'.  Culnien  curved  for  the  terminal  half  only,  and  not  longer  than  middle 
toe  without  elaw ;   gonys  perfectly  straight;  above  bright  tawny 
brown  or  rusty  cinnamon  ;  beneath  bufl'y  Avhite,  or  pale  buff,  the 
markings  on  sides  of  breast  usually  brownish  ;  length  about  10.50- 
12.00.  wing  4.10-4.fiO  (4.31),  tail  5.00-5.75  (5.32),  e.\])()sed  culmen 
.90-1.10  {.'J9),  tarsus  1.28-1.40  (1.36).      E<j(js  LOG  X  -78,   greenish 
white,  very  pale  greenish,  pale  bufly,  etc.,  minutely  npeckled  or 
pprinkh'd  with  reddish  brown  (this  sometimes  the  prevailing  color). 
Ilidi.   Eastern  United   States,  west  to  base  of  Rocky  Mountains, 
north  to  s^>uthern  Maine,  Ontario,  and  Manitoba;  winters  in  more 
Bcuthern  States  (north  to  about  37°). 

705.  H.  rufus  (Linn.).    Brown  Thrasher. 

c*.  Culmen  <le<Mde<lly  curved  from  the  base,  and  decidedly  longer  than 

mi<ldle  toe.  with   claw ;    gonj's  appreciably  concave  ;    above  dull 

uinber-broirn.  -lomewhat  more  rusty  on   wings  and   tail;  beneath 

])ure  white,  the  markings  on  sides  of  breast  (and  elsewhere)  deep 

black. 

</'.  Wing  3.S0,  or  more,  tail  4.80,  or  more ;   basal  portion  of  lower 

mandible  liu'ht    horn-color,  or  otherwise   pale-colored  ;   length 

about  10.50-12.00.  wing  3.80-4.20.  tail  4.80-5.45.  culmen  1.05- 

1.28.  tarsus  1.35-1.45.     /'%.s  1.07  X  .TS,  colored  like  those  oi  11. 


'  Harporhgacius  yraftoni  "  BAiRn,  MS.,"  Lawh.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  x.  1871,  1. 


544  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

rufus.  Hab.  Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  lower  Rio  Gru'ndo  "Valley, 
in  Texas..  706.  H.  longirostris  (Lafr).  Long-billed  Thrasher. 
(P.  Wing  3.55,  or  less,  tail  4.45,  or  less;  lower  mandible  wholly 
black  ;  colors  darker,  the  markings  more  sharply  defined ; 
wing  3.40-3.55,  tail  4,10-4.45,  culmen  1.20-1.25,  tarsus  1.15- 
1.25.     Hub.  Cozumel  Island,  Yucatan. 

H.  guttatus  RiDGW.     Cozumel  Thrasher.* 
h*.  Above  brownish  gray. 

c'.  Markings  on  lower  parts  sharply  defined,  much  darker  than  color  of 

back.     (Outer  tail-feathers  with  white  terminal  spots  j  wings  with 

two  distinct  white  bands.)  ' 

d^.  Markings  of  lower  parts   roundish  ;  under  tail-coverts  spotted ; 

w^ing  4.10,  tail   5.G0,  much    graduated ;   exposed  culmen  1.15, 

tarsus  1.50.     Hab.  Southwestern  Mexico  (Oaxaca). 

H.  ocellatus  Scl.  Ocellated  Thrasher.* 
(P.  Markings  of  lower  parts  triangular  or  wedge-shaped ;  under  tail- 
coverts  without  spots ;  length  about  10.00,  wing  3.90-4.15,  tail 
4.35-4.60,  moderately  graduated,  culmen  1.10-1.12,  tarsus  1.25- 
1.40.  Eggs  1.06  X  -75,  greenish  white,  spotted  with  pale  reddish 
brown.    Hab.  Lower  California. 

709.  H.  cinereus  Xantus.    St.  Lucas  Thrasher. 
0*.  Markings  on   lower  parts    indistinct  (sometimes  nearly  if  not  quite 
obsolete),  or  else  not  darker  than  color  of  back. 
d}.  Lower  mandible  with  basal  portion  light-colored;  exposed  culmen 
.95,  or  less,  bill  from  nostril  loss  than  .85. 

Adult:  Above  plain  grayish  brown,  the  middle  and  greater 
wing-coverts  with  indistinctly  paler  tips;  beneath  much 
paler  graj'ish  brown,  becoming  nearly  white  on  chin  and 
throat  and  middle  of  belh',  huffy  on  under  tailcovcrts,  and 
more  decidedly  brown  on  flanks,  the  chest  and  breast 
(sometimes  upper  belly  also)  marked  with  triangular  spots 
or  streaks  of  deeper  gi'ayish  brown  (these  markings  usu- 
ally indistinct — sometimes  quite  ol)S()lete — in  summer  plu- 
mage) ;  inner  webs  of  two  or  three  outer  tail-feathers  tipj)ed 
with  dull  whitish.  Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  wing- 
coverts  and  rump  tinged  with  tawny  buff,  tci-tials  edged 
with  same,  and  lower  parts  usually  whiter,  with  nar- 
rower (and  sometimes  much  darker)  streaks.  Length 
about  9.50-10.50,  wing  3.90-^1.20,  tail  4.25-4.90,  exposed 
culmen  .87-.95,  bill  from  nostril  .75-.81,  tarsus  1.30-1.40. 
Eggs  1.05  X  -76,  similar  to  those  of  7/;  cinemis,  but  ground- 
color averaging  paler,  or  more  decidedly  whitish.     Hab. 


'  HitrpnrhynrhHK  gutlntun  Rrimw.,  Dp80r.  New  Sp.  B.  Coiumcl,  Feb.  26,  1885,  I. 
*  Harporhynchui  ocillalui  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1863,  18,  pi.  3. 


HARPORHYNCHUS. 


545 


Southern  Arizona,  south  into  Sonora  (Guaymas),  north- 
eastward (casually  only?)  to  eastern  Colorado. 

708.  H.  bendirei  Couus.    Bendire's  Thrasher. 
d}.  Lower  mandible  entirely  dusky ;  exposed  eulmen  more  than  1.05, 
bill  from  nostril  .85,  or  more  (usually  more  than  1.00). 
c'.  Inner  webs  of  outer  tail-leathers  without  sharply  defined  white 
or  huffy  tips;  ground-color  of  lower  parts  pale  grayish 
brown ;  middle  and  greater  wing-eoverts  never  distinctly 
tipped  with  white. 
In  color  very  much  like  //.  bendirei,  but  markings  on 
breast,  etc.,  usually  broader;  length  about  11.00-11.50, 
wing  4.20-4.G0   (4.32),   tail   4.80-5.20   (4.99),  exposed 
eulmen    1.18-1.40    (1.28),    bill    from   nostril    1.00-1.05 
(1.01),  tarsus  1.20-1.35  (1.29).     Eijgs  1.15  X  .79,  pale 
bluish  green,  finely  and  uniformly  speckled  with  brown. 
Hab.  Southern  Arizona,  and  south  into  Sonora  (Guay- 
mas)   707rt.  H.  curvirostris  palmeri  TJidow. 

Palmer's  Thrasher. 
e'.  Inner  webi)  of  outer  tail-feathers  with  sharply  defined  white 
or  buffy  tips,  or  else  middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  dis- 
tinctly tipped  with   white ;  ground-color   of  lower  parts 
whitish  or  huffy,  shaded  across  chest  and  along  sides  with 
brownish  gray ;  spots  on  lower  parts  larger  and  more  dis- 
tinct (except  in  summer  plumage,  when  sometimes  obso- 
lete) ;  bill  stouter  and  straightor. 
/'.  Smaller,  grayer  above,  whitish  beneath  (becoming  buff'y 
posteriorly),  and  tail-spots  pure  white.     Yonmj  :  Simi- 
lar to  adult,  but  wing-eoverts  and  rump  tinged  with 
fulvous-brownish,  ami  markings  on  breast,  etc.,  much 
narrower  and  darker.    Length  about  10.50-1 1.4Q,  wing 
4.15-4.55  (4.3fj),  tail  4.40-4.65  (4.55),  exposed  eulmen 
1.10-1.30  (1.18),  bill  from  nostril  .85-1.05  (.95),  tarsus 
1.25-1.35  (1.31).     Egijs  1.10  X  -78,  colored  like  those 
of  //.  palmeri.     Hah.  Table-lands  of  Mexico,  Houth  to 
Puebla,  Guanajuato,  etc.,  north  to  southern  Texas  and 
Now  Mexico  (east  of  TJocky  Mountains).  707.  H.  cur- 
virostris (Sw.viNs.).    Curve-billed  Thrasher. 
/'.  Larger,  browner  above,  brownish  buffy  beneath,  and  tail- 
spots  usuall}'  brownish  buff';  length  about  11.50,  wing 
4.45-4.70  (4.5fi),  tail  5.00-5.20  (5.10),  exposed  eulmen 
1.12-1.30  (1.20 j,  bill  from  nostril  .90-1.15  (1.02),  tar- 
sus 1.40.     Hab.  Coast  of  western   Mexico  (Mazatlan, 
Topic,  etc.). 

H.  curvirostris  occidentalis  Kinow.     Mazatlan  Thrasher.' 


>  Mttkriopttru*  curvirontrit  occidenlalit  RiDGW.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nttt.  Mu«.  v.  June  5,  1883,  tf. 

(39 


546 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a*.  Tarsus  shorter  than  oxpoaed  culmon ;  gonys  longer  than  middle  too,  without 
claw;  tail  exceeding  wing  hy  more  than  length  of  tarsus;  lower  parts  with- 
out trace  of  spots  or  streaks.     (Subgenus  JIarporhynchus.) 

ft'.  Lower  tail-coverts  light  fulvous  or  ochraceous. 

c'.  Tarsus  1.50,  or  more ;  middle  toe  .95,  or  more ;  tail  only  slightly  darker 
than  back ;  lower  parts  dull  ochraceous  butty,  becoming  nu)re  ful- 
vous on  under  tail-coverts,  and  bufl^y  whitish  on  throat,  the  breast, 
etc.,  shaded  with  grayish  brown ;  ear-coverts  dusky,  with  distinct 
whitish  shaft-streaks  ;  no  distinct  lighter  malar  streak  nor  darker 
streak  along  sides  of  throat ;  upper  parts  deep  grayish  brown,  the 
tail  somewhat  darker  and  browner;  length  about  11.50-13.00,  wing 
3.90-4.30  (4.13),  tail  4.90-5.80  (5.34),  culmen  1.35-1.75  (1.50),  tarsus 
1.40-l.CO  (1.50),  middle  toe  .95-1.12  (1.01).  Eggs  1.20  X  .85,  light 
greenish  blue,  speckled  with  clove-brown.  JLib.  Coast  district  of 
California,  south  along  Pacific  coast  of  Lower  California. 

710.  H.  redivivus  (Gamb.).  Californian  Thrasher, 
c*.  Tarsus  much  less  than  1.50,  middle  toe  less  than  .95 ;  tail  much  darker 
than  back  (but  scarcely  browner) ;  lower  parts  pale  brownish  gray, 
becoming  dull  white  on  chin,  throat,  and  belly,  the  under  tail-coverts 
ochraceous-bufl^,  in  marked  contrast ;  ear-coverts  light  brownish 
gray,  without  distinct  streaks;  a  distinct  malar  stripe  of  whitish, 
narrowly  barred  with  dusky,  bordered  below  by  a  distinct  dusky 
streak  along  each  side  of  throat ;  upper  parts  ])lain  delicate  light 
grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray,  the  tail  dusky,  in  marked  con- 
trast. Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  upper  tail-coverts  more  rusty, 
and  ochraceous  of  posterior  lower  parts  paler.  Length  about  10.50- 
11.00,  wing  3.70-3.90,  tail  4.57-5.20,  culmen  1.08-1.35,  tarsus  1.12- 
1.25,  middle  too  .80-.88.  Nest  very  bulky,  composed  of  thorny  twigs, 
and  placed  in  bushes.  Eggs  1.07  X  -70,  pale  Iduish  green  or  green- 
ish blue,  minutely  (usually  rather  sparsely)  speckled  with  reddish 
brown.  Hab.  Valleys  of  Cila  and  lower  Colorado  rivers,  and 
south  intp  Sonora..  711.  H.  lecontei  (Lawii.).    Leconte's  Thrasher. 

y.  Lower  tail-coverts  deep  rusty  cinnamon,  or  chestnut. 

Adult :  Above  plain  brownish  gray  or  grayish  brown,  the  tail  darker; 
beneath  similar,  but  paler,  the  chin  and  throat  nearly  white,  and 
the  under  tail-coverts  deep  rusty  cinnamon  or  chestnut;  a  whitish 
malar  stripe,  and  beneath  it  a  dusk}-  streak  along  eacli  side  of 
throat.  Young:  Similar  to  adult,  but  more  tinged  with  rusty 
above,  especially  on  rump  and  tips  of  tail-feathers,  and  lower  parts 
more  fulvous.  Length  about  11.40-12.00,  wing  3.90-4.10  (4.02),  tail 
4.80-G.40  (5.67),  exposed  culmen  1.20-1.50  (1.39),  bill  from  nostril 
1.02-1.25  (1.14),  tarsus  1.28-1.30  (1.29).  Eggs  1.07  X  .75.  plain  pale 
gi'cenish  blue.  Ifab.  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  southern  Utah,  south- 
eastern California,  and  northern  Lower  California. 

712.  H.  crissalis  (Henry).    Crissal  Thrasher. 


CA  MPVL  ORUVNCIIVS. 


547 


Genus  CAMPYLORHYNCHUS  Simx.    (Page  539,  pi.  CXXI.,  fi<,'.  1.) 

Species. 

Common  CiiAKACTEns. — Largest  of  the  Wrens  (longtii  7.00  to  nearly  8.00)  ;  top 
of  head  plain  brown  (varying  in  tint  from  sepia  to  burnt-umber);  back  lighter 
brown,  streaked  with  wliite  and  blaek  ;  wings  spotted  with  ]»ale  grayish  brown 
and  whitish  on  a  dusky  ground  ;  middle  tail-feathers  brownish  gray,  transversely 
spotted  with  blaek;  rest  of  tail  blaek,  transversely  spotted  m*  broadly  barred,  more 
or  less,  with  white;  a  conspicuous  white  superciliary  stripe,  bordered  beneath  by  a 
dusky  lino  ;  anterior  lower  parts  white,  more  or  less  spotted  with  black;  posterior 
lower  parts  pale  cinnamon-buff,  or  very  pale  buff,  more  sparsely  marked  with  black. 
Younrj  es.sentially  like  adults,  but  streaks  on  back  much  less  sharply  defined,  mark- 
ings on  lower  parts  smaller,  an<l  colors  generally  more  suffused.  Nest  very  bulky, 
more  or  less  flask-shaped,  of  more  or  less  horizontal  position,  the  entrance  at  ono 
end  ;  j)laced  in  a  cactus  or  other  thorny  shrub;  comjtosed  of  sticks,  coarse  straws, 
etc.,  lined  with  feathers,  etc.  E'jgs  with  the  ground-color  whitish,  cream}'  white, 
or  salmon-buff,  but  this  often  nearly  if  not  quite  hidden  by  the  density  'if  the 
reddish  brown  sprinkling,  the  general  hue  being  a  light  brownish  pink. 

«'.  Only  the  outer  tail-feather  with  Avhito  bars  for  whole  length,  and  even  on  this 
those  bars  complete,  or  uninterruj)ted,  only  on  terminal  portion ;  flanks 
deep  buff,  marked  with  narrow  streaks  or  small  spots  (or  both)  of  blackish  ; 
throat  and  chest  usually  heavily  spottcil  with  black,  in  marked  contrast  with 
rest  of  lower  parts;  top  of  head  sepia-brown  (rarely  varying  to  a  burnt- 
timbor  or  vandyke  tint)  ;  length  about  8.00-S.75,  wing  3.30-3.50.  tail  3.25- 
3.50,  exposed  culmen  .ft0-.95.  tarsus  1.05-1.12.  Eijfjs  .95  X  -fiO.  Hab.  South- 
western border  of  Unitetl  States,  from  southern  Texas  to  coast  of  southern 
California,  and  south  intf)  northern  and  <-entral  Mexico  (as  far  as  fiuana- 
juato,  Guaymas,  etc.) 71.'{.  C.  brunneicapillus  (IjAfr.).    Cactus  Wren. 

a'.  All  the  tail-feathers,  except  middle  pair,  barred  with  white  for  their  M'holo 
length ;  flaidts  white  or  verj'  pale  buff,  marktvl  with  large  rotmded  or  tear- 
phaped  spots  of  black  ;  throat  and  chest  usually  not  more  heavily  or  con- 
spicuously spotted  with  black  than  other  lower  parts;  top  of  head  usually 
burnt-umber  brown,  sometimes  almost  di.  stnut  ;  length  7.50-8.00,  wing 
3.35-3.50,  tail  3.20-3.40,  exposed  culmen  .S0-.90,  tarsus  1.12-1.20.  E<jgs  .95 
X  •60.     Hcih.  Southern  portion  of  Lowi-r  California. 

714.  C.  affinis  Xantis.    St.  Lucas  Cactus  Wren. 

Genus  SALPINCTES  Cabani.s.     (Page  540,  pi.  CXXI.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  CiiARACTEns. — Adult:  Above  grayish  brown,  more  or  less  speckled 
(usually  sparsely)  with  dusky,  the  rump  light  cinnamon,  the  tail  with  largo 
blotches  of  black  and  pale  cinnamon,  except  middle  feathers,  which  are  narrowly 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


€.0 


■"^ 
!^i^. 


* 


A 


■^% 


<. 


<: .    %" 


f/. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


;^iM  iiM 

%  m 


2.0 


1.8 


1.4       1.6 

6" 

^ 

Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRHT 
WIBS:!IR,N.Y.  MS80 

(7'6)  i/i-4:Hr.i 


548 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


^3 
'5 


barred  with  brownish  gray  and  dusky ;  beneath  dull  whitish,  tinged  on  flanks  with 
pale  cinnamon,  the  lower  tail-coverts  barred,  or  transversely  spotted,  with  black- 
ish, and  the  chest  usually  more  or  less  speckled  or  streaked  with  dusky  (some- 
times immaculate).  Young  with  top  of  head,  hind-neck,  and  back  plain  rusty 
grayish,  and  the  lower  parts  plain  whitish  anteriorly,  plain  pale  cinnamon  on  flanks 
and  under  tail-coverts.  Nest  usually  in  clefts  or  crevices  arnong  rocks,  sometimes 
in  hollow  stumps  or  about  buildings.  JEggs  pure  white,  finely  and  sparsely  speckled, 
chiefly  on  or  round  larger  end,  with  chestnut-brown  (sometimes  nearly  immacu- 
late). 

a'.  Lighter  and  grayer,  with  chest,  etc.,  less  distinctly  speckled  ;  wing  and  tail 
longer,  bill  and  tarsi  shorter;  length  5.12-6.35,  wing  2.68-2.80  (2.77),  tail 
2.12-2.40  (2.27),  bill  from  nostril  .44-.54  (.49),  tarsus  .76-.80  (.79),  middle  toe 
.52-.60  (.56).  Eggs  .73  X  -57.  Hab.  Arid  regions  of  western  United  States, 
east  to  the  Great  Plains,  south  over  table-lands  of  Mexico  and  Guatemala  to 
Salvador 715.  S.  obsoletus  (Say).    Bock  Wren. 

a'.  Darker  and  browner,  with  chest,  etc.,  more  distinctly  speckled ;  wing  and  tail 

shorter,  bill  and  tarsi  longer ;  wing  2.55-2.75  (2.62),  tail  2.00-2.30  (2.20),  bill 

from  nostril  .55-.60  (.59),  tarsus  .80-.90  (.85),  middle  toe  .50-.55  (.52).     Eggs 

.75  X  -59,  usually  (?)  plain  w^hite.    Hab.  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

716.  S.  guadeloupensis  Bidow.    Gaadalnpe  Rock  Wren. 

Genus  CATHERPES  Baird.    (Pago  540,  pi.  CXXI.,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Prevailing  color  brown,  the  anterior  lower  parts  white, 
or  else  decidedly  paier  than  posterior  portions,  the  latter  more  or  less  speckled  with 
white  or  dusky  (sometimes  both);  tail  (in  C.  mexicanus^)  clear  cinnamon-rnsty, 
crossed  by  narrow,  distinct,  and  rather  distant  bars  of  black.  Young  essentially 
like  adults,  but  usually  without  white  specks  on  upper  parts  or  posterior  lowei* 
parts,  which  are  instead  mottled,  more  or  less,  with  dusk3\  Nest  in  crevices  of 
rocks,  various  odd  nooks  about  buildings,  and  similar  situations.  Eggs  3-5,  or  more, 
pure  white,  rather  sparsely  speckled,  chiefly  on  larger  end,  with  reddish  brown  and 
lilac-gray. 

a'.  Smaller  (exposed  culmen  less  than  1.00,  tarsus  not  more  than  .80) ;  chin,  throat, 
and  chest  white,  in  marked  (though  not  abrupt)  contrast  with  rusty  of  pos- 
terior lower  parts;   upper  parts  broAvnish  (varying  from  light  cinnamon- 
gi'ayish  to  rusty  brown  and  sepia),  speckled  with  white  and  dusky  (with 
dusky  alone  in  young)  ;  wings  rusty  brown,  narrowly  barred  with  dusky. 
6'.  Larger  and  darker  colored  ;  above  dark  rusty  brown,  varying  to  sepia,  the 
wings  barred  with  rusty;  black  bars  on  tail  broader,  those  on  outer 
feather  about  .08-.10  wide ;  length  about  6.00-6.50,  wing  2.40-2.90  (2.72), 
tail  2.30-2.45  (2.37),  exposed  culmen  .70-.95  (.87),  bill  from  nostril  .66- 


In  the  single  known  speoimen  of  C.  sumichraiti  Lawr.  the  tail  \e,  unfortunately,  wanting, 


THRYOTHORUS 


549 


anks  with 
rith  black- 
ky  (some- 
lain  rusty 
1  on  flanks 
sometimes 
Y  speckled, 
y  immacu- 

g  and  tail 
(2.77),  tail 
middle  toe 
ted  States, 
atemala  to 
lock  Wren. 
ig  and  tail 

(2.20),  bill 
52).     Eggs 

California. 
Elock  Wren. 

) 


larts  white, 
jckled  with 
mon-rnsty, 
essentially 
jrior  lowei* 
crevices  of 
-5,  or  more, 
brown  and 


lin,  throat, 

sty  of  pos- 

cinnamon- 

isky  (with 

dusky. 
[)  sepia,  the 
le  on  outer 
-2.90  (2.72), 
nostril  .66- 

iting. 


.75  (.69),  tarsus  .70-.80  (.77),  middle  toe  .55-.62  (.60).  Hah.  Mexico; 
southern  Texas..  717.  C.  mexicanus  (Swains.).  White-throated  Wren, 
i'.  Smaller  and  lighter  colored ;  above  varying  from  dull  brown  to  cinnamon- 
grayish,  the  wings  cinnamon-rusty,  narrowly  barred  with  dusky ;  black 
bars  on  tail  narrower,  those  on  outer  feather  usually  less  than  .05  wide ; 
length  about  5.50-5.75,  wiig  2.20-2.40  (2.32),  tail  2.00-2.40  (2.14),  ex- 
posed culmen  .70-.85  (.76),  bill  from  nostril  .50-66  (.58),  tarsus  .65-.72 
(.69),  middle  toe  .48-.58  (.51).  Eggs  .70  X  -52.  Hub.  Southwestern 
United  States,  north  to  Wyoming,  southern  Idaho  and  Oregon,  and 
northern  California,  east  to  western  Texas,  Colorado,  etc.,  south  to 
Mexican  boundary  and  Lower  California.    (Resident  throughout.) 

717a.  C.  mexicanus  conspersus  Eidow.  Canon  Wren.^ 
Larger  (exposed  culmen  1.10,  tarsus  1.15);  chin  and  throat  pale  tawny  brown, 
chest  brighter  tawny  brown  or  russet;  upper  parts  plain  dark  vandyke- 
brown,  becoming  nearly  black  posteriorly  and  on  wings,  the  latter  without 
distinct  bars  or  other  markings  ;  posterior  lower  parts  deep  bistre  or  vandyke 
(nearly  black  on  thighs  and  flanks),  the  belly  speckled  with  white ;  wing 
2.80,  middle  toe  .90.    Hah.  Southeastei'n  Mexico  (Mata  Bejuco,  Vera  Cruz). 

C.  sumicbrasti  Lawr.     Sumichrast's  Wren.' 


Genus  THRYOTHORUS  Vieillot.    (Page  640,  pi.  CXXL,  figs.  3,  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  brown  (rump  sometimes  with  concealed 
white  spots),  the  tail  barred,  more  or  less  distinctly,  with  dusky ;  a  sharply  defined 
superciliary  stripe  of  white  or  buffy  ;  color  of  lower  parts  very  variable.  Young 
not  essentially  different  from  adults.  Nest  bulky,  composed  of  sticks,  spiders' 
webs,  feathers,  etc.,  built  in  some  cavity,  as  a  hole  in  stump  or  hollow  tree,  various 
odd  nooks  in  buildings,  etc.    Eggs  whitish,  more  or  less  speckled. 

rt*.  Feathers  of  rump  with  very  distinct  concealed  white  spots. 

h^'  Tail-feathers  rusty  brownish,  narrowly  barred  for  entire  length  with  dusky 
and  lighter  rusty.  (Subgenus  Thryothorus,  part.) 
c^.  Smaller  and  lighter  colored ;  above  rusty  brown  (varying  much  in 
shade),  duller  on  top  of  head,  brighter  on  rump;  an  indistinct 
blackish  line  along  each  side  of  crown,  bordering  the  white  or 
buffy  superciliary  stripe ;  wings  narrowly  and  indistinctly  barred 
with  dusky,  the  quills  with  pale   rusty  or  rusty  whitish  spots; 

1  Spooimons  from  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and  othor  parts  of  tho  arid  interior  region  alono  oonstitute  the 
true  C,  eongpertua  ;  examples  from  California,  Lower  California,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico  are  much  darker 
(being  in  coloration  more  like  the  true  0,  me:r!eanH&),  the  differonco  being  very  marked  and,  bo  far  as  the  large 
number  of  speoimens  now  before  me  are  concerned,  quite  constant.  The  latter  constitute  the  C.  mexicantu 
punctulnttit  RiDOW.  (Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v.  Sept.  5,  1882,  843),  a  race  which  will  probably,  in  due  time,  be 
generally  recognized. 

*  Catherpe*  tumichraiti  Lawr.,  Pr.  Ao.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1871,  233. 


550 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'^^ 


middle  and  greater  •wing-coverts  usually  marked  with  small  termi- 
nal white  spots;  a  broad  rusty  brown  stripe  behind  eye;  lower 
parts  varying  from  dull  white  to  deep  tawny  buff  (the  chin  always 
whitish) ;  lower  tail-coverts  barred  with  dusky ;  length  5.25-6.00, 
wing  2.18-2.50  (2.35),  tail  1.80-2.35  (2.09),  exposed  culmen  .G0-.70 
(.64),  tarsus  .72-.88  (.81).  Nest  usually  in  woods.  Eggs  3-6,  .75  X 
.58,  white,  jMnkish  white,  ci'camy  white,  or  pale  jiinkish  cream-color, 
thickly  speckled,  on  or  round  larger  eod,  with  reddish  brown.  Hah. 
Eastern  United  States,  except  southeastern  Florida ;  rare  or  local 
north  of  about  40° ;  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains ;  south  to  Gulf 
coast,  including  northeastern  Mexico  (Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamauli- 

pas') 718.  T.  ludovicianus  (Lath.).    Carolina  Wren. 

c'.  Larger,  and  darker  colored ;  above  deep  chestnut,  beneath  deep  tawny, 
paler  (more  butfj')  on  belly  and  under  tail-coverts ;  superciliary 
stripe  buff;  otherwise  like  T.  ludovicianus;  length  about  5.80-6.50, 
wing  2.45-2.75  (2.61),  tail  2.25-2.60  (2.43),  exposed  culmen  .70-.80 
(.78),  tarsus  .85-.95  (.88).     Hab.  Southeastern  Florida. 

718a.  T.  ludovicianus  miamensis  Kidgw.    Florida  Wren. 
6*.  Tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair)  chiefly  plain  blackish,  the  outer  feathers 
spotted  and  barred  at  tip  with  light  grayish  and  dull  whitish.     (Middle 
pair  of  tail-feathers  grayish  brown  or  brownish  gray,  barred  or  trans- 
versely spotted  with  black  or  dusky.)   (Subgenus  Thryomanes  Sclateu.) 
c'.  Tail  decidedly  shorter  than  wing. 

Above  deep  umber-brown  (more  grayish  in  worn  plumage),  the 
middle  tail-feathers  grayer,  barred  or  transversely  spotted  with 
dusky  ;  superciliary  stripe  and  streaks  on  side  of  neck  white ; 
lower  parts  brownish  white,  becoming  more  strongly  tinged 
with  brownish  posteriorly,  especially  on  flanks;  length  about 
5.10-5.50,  wing  2.30-2.40,  tail  2.05-2.15,  exposed  culmen  .65- 
.68,  tarsus  .80.  Hab.  Yucatan,  and  adjacent  portions  of  Gua- 
temala and  Mexico. 

T.  albinucha  (Cabot).    Cabot's  Wren.' 

c'.  Tail  equal  to  or  longer  than  wing.     {Nest  usually  about  buildings, 

except  in  unsettled  districts.     Eggs  6-7 — rarely  9 — pure  white  or 

pinkish   white,  finely,  often  very  minutely,  speckled  or  sprinkled 

on  or  round  larger  end  with  reddish  brown  and  lilac-gray.) 

d}.  Top  of  head,  back,  etc.,  deep  umber-brown;  length  5.00-5.50,  wing 

2.05-2.25  (2.14),  tail  2.10-2.40  (2.21),  exposed  culmen  .50-.55 


1  Specimens  from  northeastern  Mexico  conatituto  the  T.  berfnndieri  BAinn,  which  will  probably  prove  ten- 
able ns  a  nice,  the  throe  specimens  upon  which  the  species  was  based,  although  in  worn  brooding  plumage,  being 
much  deeper  rusty  ochraceous  beneath  even  than  in  winter  specimens  of  T.  litdovicianut,  and  also  different  in 
some  other  characters.  All  Texan  specimens,  however,  that  I  have  seen,  including  several  from  the  lower  Rio 
Grande  (Sennett),  are  so  like  the  ordinary  northern  birds  that  I  am  unable  to  appreciate  any  difference. 

»  Troglodytes  albinucha  Cadot,  Proc.  Best.  Soo.  N.  II.  il.  1847,  2.58.  Thiifothoriit  albinucha  Baibd,  Eov. 
1864,  149;  Saly.  &  QODH.,  Biol.  Ccntr.-Am.,  Aves,  1.  1880,  04,  pi.  7,  fig.  2. 


TIIRYOTHORVS. 


551 


all  termi- 
e ;  lower 
in  always 
5.25-6.00, 
en  .60-.70 
5-6,  .75  X 
!ain-color, 
kvn.  Hab. 
3  or  local 
1  to  Gulf 
Tamauli- 
Lna  Wren. 
3p  tawiiy, 
pert' 111  a  ry 
5.80-6.50, 
3n  .70-.80 

ida  Wren. 

r  feathers 

(Middle 

or  trans- 

SCLATEII.) 

I  age),  the 
tted  with 
.'k  white ; 
ly  tinged 
th  about 
men  .65- 
of  Gna- 
t's Wren.» 
)uilding.s, 
Avhite  or 
sprinkled 

50,  wing 
In  .50-.55 


r  prove  ten- 
mago,  being 
different  in 
lower  Rio 
onoe. 
UtBD,  Ror. 


(.53),  tarsus  .62-.75  (.67).  Eggs  .67  X  -50.  Hab.  Eastern  United 
States,  rare  and  local  oast  of  AUeghanies  and  north  of  40° ; 
west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains ;  winters  in  more  southern  dis- 
tricts (Georgia  to  eastern  Texas). 

719.  T.  bewickii  (Aud.).    Bewick's  Wren. 
<?.  Top  of  head,  back,  etc.,  duller  or  grayer  brown. 

e'.  Decidedly  brown  above  (of  a  shade  closely  approximating  a 
medium  tint  of  bistre),  the  middle  tail-feathers  more  gray- 
ish brown,  in  very  slight  contrast  with  color  of  back  (rarely 
distinctly  grayish) ;  length  about  5.00-5.50,  wing  2.00- 
2.15  (2.08),  tail  2.08-2.30  (2.15),  exposed  culmen  .52-.60 
(.55),  tarsus  .62-.75  (.72).  Eggs  M  X  .50.  Hab.  Pacific 
coastj  north  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Lower  Califor- 
nia aud  western  Mexico.' 

713a.  T.  bewickii  spilurus  (Via.).  Vigor's  Wren. 
e'.  More  grayish  brown  above,  the  upper  tail-coverts  and  middle 
tail-feathers  distinctly  gray  (often  pure  ash-gray),  in  de- 
cided contrast  with  color  of  back ;  length  5.00-5.75,  wing 
2.10-2.40  (2.21),  tail  2.10-2.55  (2.28),  exposed  culmen  .50- 
.60  (.56),  tarsus  .68-.78  (.70).  Eggs  .65  X  .49.  Hab.  Table- 
lands of  Mexico  and  contiguous  portions  of  United  States 
(southern  and  western  Texas  to  Arizona,  and  north  to 
southern  Utah,  Colorado,  find  middle  Kansas). 

719ft.  T.  bewickii  bairdi  Sal  v.  «&  Godm.  Baird's  Wren, 
a*.  Feathers  of  rump  without  distinct  (if  any)  concealed  white  spots. 

b^.  "Wing  less  than  2.00;  flanks  dull  ash-gray;  tail  dull  grayish  brown,  nar- 
rowly and  indistinctly  barred  with  dusky,  the  two  or  three  outer 
feathers  spotted  at  tips  with  light  brownish  gray,  their  inner  webs 
nearly  uniform  dusky.     (Subgenus  T/iryomanfis  ScL.,  part  ?) 

Very  similar,  otnerwise,  in  color  to  T.  bewickii  spilurus ;  length  about 
4.50,  wing  1.85-1.90,  tail  1.80,  exposed  culmen  .67-.70,  tarsus  .70- 
.75.     Hab.  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California. 

720.  T.  brevicaudus  Eidqw.    Onadalnpe  Wren. 

6*.  Wing  decidedly  more  than  2.00;  flanks  bufly,  ochraceous,  or  brown;  tail 

brown,  broadly  barred  with  dusky.     (Subgenus  TJiryothorus,  part  ?) 

c^  Lower  parts  unspotted.     (Above  grayish  brown,  more  russet  on  top  of 

head.) 

d}.  Lower  parts  ochraceous,  paler  along  middle  line,  and  white  on 

chin  and  throat ;  sides  of  head  heavily  streaked  with  black,  the 

throat  bordered  laterally  by  a  distinct  black  lino ;  length  about 

5.00-5.50,  wing  2.10-2.35,  tail  2.25-2.35,  biP  from  nostril  .39- 

•  Specimens  from  western  Mexico  (Guadalajara)  are  not  typical,  beln(c  much  larger  than  those  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Lower  California,  the  wing  averaging  2.27,  the  tail  2.28,  and  exposed  oulmon  .50  ;  their  coloration 
however,  is  not  obviously  different. 


itffl 


662 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


.42,  tarsus  .80-.90.     Ifaft.  Western  Mexico  (manland,  Mazatlan 
to  Oaxaca). 

T.  felix  ScL.  Happy  Wren.* 
d*.  Lower  parts  white,  the  sides  and  flanlis  tinged  with  ochraceous; 
sides  of  head  (below  upper  margin  of  ear-coverts)  immaculate 
white,  or  else  very  indistinctly  streaked  ;  black  line  along  side 
of  throat  indistinct  or  (usually)  altogether  wanting;  length 
about  5.50-5.75,  wing  2.30-2.45,  tail  2.30-2.45,  bill  from  nostril 
.45-.48,  tarsus  .80.    Hab.  Tres  Marias  Islands,  western  Mexico. 

T.  lawrencii  (Ridow.).     Tres  Marias  Wren.* 
<?.  Chest  and  breast  spotted  with  black. 

d}.  Back  umber-brown,  top  of  head  deep  russet ;  tail  light  brown, 
broadly  barred  with  black  ;  flanks  umber-brown, 
e*.  Less  intense  brown  above,  flanks  rather  paler  brown,  and  less 
heavily  spotted  on  chest,  etc.;  wing  2.20-2.40,  tail  1.95- 
2.10,  exposed  culmen  .55-62,  tarsus  .85-.90.    Hab.  South- 
ern Mexico  (Oaxaca,  Tehuantepee,  Orizaba,  etc.). 

T.  tnaculipectus  Lafr.     Spotted-breasted  Wren.* 
e*.  More  intense  brown  above  and  on  flanks,  and  more  heavily 
spotted  on  chest,  etc. ;  wing  2.30-2.50,  tail  2.05-2.20,  ex- 
posed culmen  .65-.68,  tarsus  .85-.90.   Hab.  Guatemala  (also 
Honduras  and  Nicaragua,  and  Salvador?). 

T.  maculipectus  umbrinus  Bidqw.    Umber  Wren.* 

d*.  Back  lighter,  more  grayish,  brown  (nearly  a  hair-brown  tint) ;  top 

of  head  light  russet-brown ;  tail  brownish  gray,  broadly  barred 

with  black ;  flanks  pale  brown. 

Breast,  etc.,  rather  sparsely  spotted,  as  in  T.  maculipectus 

proper;  wing  2.30-2.35,  tail  2.10-2.15,  exposed  culmen  .62, 

tarsus  .80-.85.    Hab.  Yucatan. 

T.  maculipectus  canobrunneus  Bidgw.    Temax  Wren.^ 

Genus  TROGLODYTES  Vieillot.    (Page  540,  pi.  CXXI.,  figs.  7,  8.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brown,  more  or  less  distinctly  barred  with 
darker  on  wings  and  tail  (sometimes  on  back  also)  ;  beneath  varying  from  mostly, 
or  entirely,  white,  to  deep  brownish,  plain,  or  (usually)  more  or  less  varied  (chiefly 
on  posterior  portions)  with  darker  and  lighter  bars  or  specks. 

»  Thryothorus  felix  Pci,.,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  371. 

2  Thryothorus  fcUx  fi.  lawrencii  RiDGW.,  Bull.  Nutt.  Cm.  Club,  ill.  Jan.  1878,  10.  Thryothorus  lawrencii 
Kalv.  a  Oodm.,  Biol.  Centr.-Am.  i.  Apr.  1880,  93. 

*  Thryotkorug  maeulipecttu  Lafr.,  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  338. 

*  New  subspeoies.  Honduras  Bpecimens  ore  probably  referable  to  this  form,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to 
examine  any  from  that  country.  An  example  from  "  Central  America"  (probably  from  Nicaragua)  collected  by 
F.  Hicks  (Nat.  Mus.  No.  40973)  agrees  closely  with  the  darker-colored  examples  from  Guatemala,  but  the 
Spotting  on  breast  is  still  heavier  and  apparently  extends  backward  over  whole  abdomen. 

^  New  subspecies ;  type  No.  106243,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Tomaz,  Yucatan,  0.  F.  Qaumer. 


TROGLODYTES. 


553 


a}.  Tail  more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  wing.     (Subgenus  Troglodytes.) 

b^.  Exposed  culmen  equal  to  or  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw. 

c^  Flanks  plain  dull  white,  like  rest  of  lower  parts,  and  lower  tail-coverts 

very  slightly,  if  at  all,  barred ;  above  dull  grayish  brown,  the  wings 

and  tail  very  distinctly  barred  with  dusky ;  superciliary  stripe  and 

entire  lower  parts  dull  white,  the  latter  tinged  laterally  with  pale 

buffy  brownish  ;  length  about  4.50,  wing  1.90-2.04  (1.95),  tail  1.72- 

1.85  (1.82),  exposed  culmen  .60-.64  (.62),  tarsus  .70-.81  (.76).    Hab. 

Socorro  Island,  western  Mexico. 

T.  insularis  Baird.    Socorro  Wren.' 

c*.  Flanks  pale  brown  or  fawn-color,  usually  indistinctly  barred  with 
darker;  lower  tail-coverts  very  distinctly  barred  with  dusky; 
above  dull  grayish  brown  anteriorly,  passing  gradually  into  a  de- 
cidedly more  reddish,  or  burnt-umber,  tint  on  rump,  wings,  and 
tail,  the  two  last  barred  with  dusky ;  lower  parts  nearly  pure  white 
(quite  pure  on  throat),  except  as  described  above;  an  indietinct 
pale  brownish  superciliary  stripe;  length  about  5.00,  wing  2.10- 
2.20,  tail  1.85-1.90,  exposed  culmen  .60-.68,  tarsus  .80-.85.    Hab. 

Cozumel  Island,  Yucatan. 

T.  beani  Kidqw.    Cozumel  Wren.» 

6'.  Exposed  culmen  decidedly  shorter  than  middle  toe,  with  claw, 
c*.  No  distinct  superciliary  stripe. 

d}.  Lower  parts  dull  white,  or  dull  brownish  white,  the  sides  and 
chest  usually  tinged  with  pale  grayish  brown,  and  often  slightly 
barred  with  darker.    N^est  in  cavities,  usually  in  holes  of  trees, 
often  in  "  odd  nooks  and  corners"  about  buildings,  composed  of 
dried  twigs,  and  various  sorts  of  "rubbish,"  lined  with   soft 
leathers,  etc.     Eggs  5-7,  pinkish  white,   light  vinaceous,  or 
pinkish  cream-color,  thickly  (usually  minutely  and  densely) 
speckled  or  sprinkled  with  reddish  brown,  the  prevailing  color 
usually'  nearly  uniform  vinaceous,  with  a  more  or  less  distinctly 
deeper  colored  wreath  round  larger  end. 
c'.  Above  dull  umber-brown,  more  rusty  on  rump  and  tail,  the 
back  usually  without  distinct  darker  bars  (often  entirely 
uniform) ;  length  4.25-5.25,  wing  1.90-2.15  (2.02),  tail  1.72- 
2.08  (1.85),  exposed  culmen  .46-.52  (.49),  bill  from  nostril 
.32-.37  (.34),  tarsus  .60-.70  (.65).     Eggs  .65  X  -50.     Hab. 
Eastern  United  States  and  southern  Canada,  west  to  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  (Michigan  to  Louisiana),  wintering  in  more 
southern  portions...  721.  T.  aedon  ViEiLL.    House  Wren. 
e*.  Above   grayish  brown,  the   rump   and  tail  more   decidedly 
brown,  but  not  distinctly  rusty,  the  back  usually  dis- 
tinctly barred  with  dai'ker ;  length  4.25-5.25,  wing  2.00- 

'  — r— — ~ ' 

1  Troglodyte*  iniularii  "Baird,  MS."  Lawr.,  Ann.  Lyo.  N.  Y.  x.  1871,  3. 
>  Troglodyte*  heani  Rioaw.,  Desor.  N.  Sp.  B.  Cozumel,  Feb.  26,  1885,  1. 

70 


554 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


ft 

-1 


a^ 


2.25  (2.09),  tail  1.85-2.12  (1.98),  culmen  .45-.55  (.49),  bill 
from  nostril  .30-.40  (.35),  tarsus  .60-.70  (.66).  Eggs  .64 
X  .48.  Hub.  AVestern  United  States,  east  to  Mississippi 
Valley  (Minnesota,  Illinois,  etc.),  south  over  table-lands 
of  Mexico,  as  far  as  Vera  Cruz. 

721a.  T.  aisdon  parkmanii  (Aud.).    Parkman's  Wren. 

cP.  Lower  parts  isabella-color,  deeper  on  sides,  the  middle  of  the  belly 

whitish;  otherwise  much  like  T.  aedon;  length  about 4.50,  wing 

1.95-2.10,  tail  1.50-1.70,  exposed  culmen  .50-55,  tarsus  .70-.80. 

Hah.  Southern  Mexico  (Oaxaca,  Yucatan,  etc.)  to  Costa  Eica. 

T.  intermedius  Cab.     Central  American  House  Wren.' 

c'.  A  very  distinct  superciliary  stripe  of  buffy  or  ochraceous. 

d}.  Above  umber-brown,  barred,  except  on  head  and  neck,  with  darker; 
lower  parts  deep  tawny  buff,  deepest  on  throat  and  chest,  paler 
(sometimes  nearly  white)  on  middle  of  belly  ;  flanks  and  under 
tail-coverts  distinctly  barred  with  dusky,  whitish,  and  tawny 
buflf.  Young  :  "  Very  similar  to  adult  .  .  .  but  darker  on  the 
upper  surface  and  mottled  underneath,  the  feathers  of  the 
breast  and  sides  edged  and  barred  with  blackish,  producing  a 
somewhat  banded  appearance ;  under  tail-coverts  nearly  uni- 
form rufous ;  throat  and  centre  of  breast  and  abdomen  paler, 
and  .  .  .  obscurely  barred  with  dusky  blackish."  (Shakpe.) 
Length  about  4.25-4.50,  wing  1.90-2.08  (2.01),  tail  1.60-1.82 
(1.75),  exposed  culmen  .50-.52  (.51),  tarsus  .70-.74  (.71).  Hab. 
Southeastern  Mexico  (Puebla,  Orizaba,  Oaxaca,  etc.). 

T.  brunneicoUis  ScL.  Tawny-throated  Wren.' 
(?.  Darker  and  richer  colored,  the  tail  "dark  rufous-brown,  barred 
with  black,"  the  superciliary  stripe  and  lower  parts  "  deep 
orange-rufous."  Young :  "  Lighter  and  more  rufescent,  the 
back  barred  with  dusky  blackish,  the  feathers  of  the  head 
having  blackish  margins ;"  lower  parts  "  plentifully  mottled, 
all  the  feathers  being  margined  with  dusky  blackish."  Length 
4.40,  "culmen  .55,  wing  1.85,  tail  1.50,  tarsus  .70."  Hab.  High- 
lands of  Guatemala. 

T.  rufociliatus  Sharps.     Rufous-browed  Wren.» 

Tail  less  than  throe-fourths  as  long  as  wing.     (Nest  of  moss,  etc.,  lined  with  soft 

feathers,  built  in  crevices  of  dead  logs  or  stumps,  in  thick  coniferous  woods. 

Eggs  5-7,  white  or  creamy  white,  finely  but  rather  sparingly  speckled  with 

reddish    brown,    sometimes    nearly    immaculate).      (Subgenus    Anorthura 

Eennib.) 
6'.  Exposed  culmen  not  more  than  .45  ;  above  deep  brown,  duller  anteriorly, 


1  Troglodyte*  inlermediiit  Cab.,  Jour,  fiir  Orn.  I860,  407. 
»  Troglodtfte$  brunneieollii  Sci.,  P.  Z.  S.  1858,  297. 
»  Troi/lodytet  rufociliatua  Sharpe,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  vi.  1881,  262. 
neico2{t(.) 


(Described  as  a  subspecies  of  T.  briin- 


CISTOTHORUS. 


555 


brighter  (a  burnt-umber  tint)  on  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts,  the  wingg 
and  tail  (often  rump  and  back  also)  narrowly  barred  with  dusky;  outer 
webs  of  quills  spotted  with  dusky  and  pale  brownish  or  brownish  white; 
superciliar}'  stx'ipe  and  lower  parts  pale  Isabella  brownish,  varying  to 
dull   light   tawny,  the   belly,  flanks,  and   under  tail-coverts  distinctly 
barred  with  blackish  and  whitish. 
c\  Paler,  with  rather  shorter  bill ;  chin,  throat,  chest,  and  breast  pale  dull 
isabella-color,  sometimes  inclining  to  dull  brownish  white  anteri- 
orly;  upper  parts  more  rusty  brown ;  length  3.50-4.12,  wing  1.75- 
2.00  (1.86),  tail  1.15-1.40  (1.25),  exposed  culmen  .38-.45  (.41),  bill 
from   nostril   .30-.32   (.30),  tarsus   .65-.75    (.08).      E<j,js   .69  X  -50. 
Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  northern  border  of 
United  States  northAvard,  and  wintering  from  about  its  southern 
breeding  limit  southward. 

722.  T.  hiemalis  Vieill.  Winter  Wren, 
c'.  Darker,  with  rather  longer  bill ;  chin,  throat,  etc.,  deep  isabella-color  or 
dull  tawny ;  upper  parts  darker,  and  less  rusty,  brown  (almost  a 
clear  bistro  shade  anteriorly);  length  3.00-4.25,  wing  1.80-1.90 
(1.84),  tail  1.20-1.35  (1.24),  exposed  culmen  .40-.45  (.42),  bill  from 
nostril  .29-.35  (.31),  tarsus  .65-.70  (.69).  Ejcjs  .60  X  •'18.  Hub. 
Pacific  coast,  breeding  from  southern  coast  ranges  of  California  to 
Sitka ;  south,  in  winter,  to  western  Mexico,  east  to  eastei-n  Oregon, 
Nevada,  etc. 

722a.  T.  hiemalis  pacificus  Baird.  Western  Winter  Wren. 
b*.  Exposed  culmen  .55,  or  more ;  in  plumage  very  similar  to  T.  hiemalis  pacifi- 
cus, but  rather  paler,  especially  on  upper  parts ;  length  about  4.25-4.50, 
wing  2.05-2.15  (2.07),  tail  1.30-1.50  (1.40),  exposed  culmen  .55-.62  (.59), 
bill  from  nostril  .40-.48  (.45),  tarsus  .70-.80  (.75).  Hab.  Aleutian  and 
Prybilof  Islands,  Alaska....  723.  T.  alascensis  Baird.    Alaskan  Wren. 

Genus  CISTOTHORUS  Cabanis.    (Page  540,  pi.  CXXI.,  figs.  6,  9.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters.— Above  brown,  the  back  streaked  with  black  and  white, 
the  wings  and  tail  more  or  less  barred  with  blackish ;  lower  parts  Avhitish  or 
buffy.  West  globular,  with  entrance  in  one  side,  attached  to  upright  reeds,  etc., 
in  marshes. 


a^.  Bill  much  shorter  than  head,  the  culmen  much  shorter  than  middle  toe,  with- 
out claw ;  hind  claw  not  longer  than  its  toe ;  lower  parts  buffj',  or  ochra- 
ccous,  more  whitish   on    throat    and    belly;    eggs  pure    white,   unspotted. 
(Subgenus  Cistot horns.) 
6*.  Upper  tail-coverts  dull  brown,  distinctly  barred  with  dusky  ;  rump  similar, 
but  more  irregularly  barred  ;  hind-neck  plain  brownish,  or  (rarely)  with 
very  indistinct  streaks ;  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts  dull  buflfy  ochra- 


556 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


<?a 


i.rf' 


ceous,  the  latter  (often  the  former  also)  immaculate  ;  chest  more  or  less 
tinged  with  ochraceous;  length  3.75-4.50,  wing  1.72-1.90  (1.78),  tail 
1.58-1.70  (1.61),  culmen  .40,  bill  from  nostril  .24-.28  (.25),  tarsus  .60-.62 
(.61).  £"^^75  .63  X  .48.  ^a6.  Eastern  United  States  and  more  southern 
, :  /'  British  Provinces,  west  to  Great  Plains  (to  Utah  Lake,  Utah  ?) ;  win- 

;!j  tering  in  Gulf  States. 

724.  C.  stellaris  (Light.).  Short-billed  Marsli  Wren. 
b*.  Upper  tail-coverts  and  rump  rus'  v  brown,  sometimes  barred  with  dusky, 
but  xxsually  quite  plain;  hind-neck  usually  distinctly  streaked  with 
dusky  ;  chest  scarcely,  if  at  all,  tinged  with  buff;  otherwise  like  C.  stel- 
laris;  wing  1.64-1.75  (1.72),  tail  1.50-1.80  (1.63),  culmen  .41-.47  (.43), 
tarsus  .65-.70  (.68).  Hab.  Eastern  tropical  America,  from  eastern 
Mexico  (Vera  Cruz)  to  Brazil,  Bolivia,  etc. 

C.  polyglottus  (ViEiLL.).     Southern  Marsh  Wren.' 
a*.  Bill  as  long  as  head,  the  culmen  equal  to  or  longer  than  middle  toe,  without 
claw ;  hind  claw  longer  than  the  toe ;  lower  parts  pure  white  medially ;  eggs 
pale  chocolate-brown  or  deeper  chocolate,  sometimes  nearly  uniform,  but  usu- 
ally finely  sprinkled  with  a  deeper  shade  of  the  ground-color  (the  latter 
sometimes  light  isabella-color).     (Subgenus  Telmatodytes  Cabanis.) 
b\  Culmen  usually  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe,  without  claw ;  bars  on 
middle  tail-featjiers  usually  indistinct  or  incomplete  ;  tail-coverts  (above 
and  below)  usually  without  distinct  bars,  sometimes  with  none  at  all ; 
length  4.25-5.50,  wing  1.80-2.12  (1.95),  tail  1.60-1.90  (1.80),  culmen  .50- 
.61  (.54),  bill  from  nostril  .34-.41  (.38),  tarsus  .70-.80  (.76).    Eggs  .66  X 
.46.    Hab.  Eastern  United  States  and  British  Provinces,  wintering  in 

Gulf  States 725.  C.  palustris  (Wils.).    Long-billed  Marsh  Wren. 

fe*.  Culmen  not  decidedly,  if  any,  longer  than  middle  toe,  without  claw  (some- 
times a  little  shorter) ;  bars  on  middle  tail-feathers  usually  very  distinct 
and  continuous;  tail-coverts  (upper  and  lower)  usually  distinctly  barred 
with  blackish ;  brown  of  upper  parts  appreciably  less  rusty ;  length 
about  4.50-5.75,  wing  1.95-2.22  (2.06),  tail  1.80-2.05  (1.92),  culmen  .48- 
.55  (.51),  bill  from  nostril  .31-.37  (.34),  tarsus  .68-.78  (.72).  Eggs  .62  X 
.49.  Hab.  "Western  United  States,  east  to  Rocky  Mountains  (to  Great 
Plains  ?) ;  south,  in  winter,  over  table-lands  of  Mexico,  to  Guatemala. 

— .  C.  palustris  paludicola  Baird.    Tnle  Wren.* 


1  Thryothoru»  polyglottui  Vie^ll,,  Nouv.  Diet.  xxiv.  1819,  59.  Cistothorus  polyglottus  Pelz.,  Orn.  Bras. 
1871,  48. 

*  Cistothorus  palustris  var.  paludicola  Baird,  Review  Am.  B.  i.  Sept.  1864,  148. 

Note. — The  vernacular  name  is  derived  from  the  Spanish  word  tule,  meaning  a  kind  of  rush  {Scirpus  vali- 
dus)  which  in  the  valleys  of  California  and  other  portions  of  the  western  country  forms  extensive  marshes. 
These  marshes  are  called  tides,  pronounced  as  if  spelled  too'lays. 

This  race  was  not  recognized  by  the  A.  0.  U.  Committee,  but  it  rests  on  quite  as  good  a. basis  as  Trog- 
lodytes aMon  parkmanii  and  several  other  accepted  forms. 


CERTHIA. 


557 


Family  CERTHIIDiE.— The  Creepers.    (Page  322.) 


Genera. 
(Characters  same  as  those  given  for  the  Family) Certhia.    (Page  557.) 

Genus  CERTHIA  Linn^'s.    (Page  557,  pi.  CXXII.,  fig.  6.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  brownish,  streaked  with  paler,  the  rump  plain 
rnsty  or  fulvous ;  tail-feathers  light  grayish  brown,  with  a  darker  mesial  stripe ;  a 
broad  bar  or  band  of  pale  rusty,  buflFy,  or  whitish  across  both  webs  of  quills  and 
secondaries,  the  wing  with  various  other  light  markings ;  a  white  superciliary 
stripe  ;  lower  parts  plain  whitish,  the  under  tail-coverts  usually  more  or  less  buffy ; 
length  about  4.80-5.50.  Nest  behind  loosened  bark  or  similar  cavities  about  dead 
tree-trunks  or  stumps,  composed  of  felted  materials,  soft  feathers,  etc.  Eggs  5-9, 
about  .60  X  -48,  white  or  creamy  white,  speckled  or  spotted,  chiefly  on  or  round 
larger  end,  with  reddish  brown, 

a}.  Lower  parts  white,  without  grayish  tinge  (unless  adventitiously  stained  or 
soiled)  ;  primary  coverts  distinctly  tipped  with  whitish  (except  very  rarely 
in  Pacific  coast  specimens) ;  rump  tawny,  and  colors  paler  throughout ; 
length  5.00-5.75,  wing  2.40-2.70,  tail  2.30-2.90,  culmen  .60-.82,  tarsus  .55-.65, 
hind-claw  .28-.35,  Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  in  wooded  districts,  down 
to  southern  border  of  United  States,  but  breeding  only  from  northern  border 
of  United  States  northward,  except  in  higher  mountains. 

726.  C.  familiaris  americana  (Bonap.).    Brown  Creeper.^ 


1  With  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  specimens  now  heforo  me,  I  have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  very  de- 
cided constant  differences  in  colors  and  proportions  according  to  region,  my  separation  of  the  North  Amrrican 
bird  into  three  geographical  races,  besides  that  peculiar  to  Mexico  and  Guatemala  (see  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v. 
1882,  pp.  111-116),  being  thus  fully  justified  by  the  evidence  of  abundant  additional  material.  One  of  these 
races  {C.  familtaris  occidentaUn)  differs  quite  as  much  from  the  typical  (eastern)  bird  as  does  the  Mexican 
form,  to  which  it  cannot  be  referred ;  while  the  other,  although  less  distinct  in  plumage,  is  sufficiently  different 
in  its  proportions  for  recognition  as  a  geographical  race.  The  characters  of  the  three  races  may  be  expressed 
as  follows : 

aK  Lighter  and  more  grayish  in  general  cast  of  plumage,  the  lateral  lower  parts  scarcely,  if  at  all,  tinged  with 

brown,  the  streaks  on  upper  parts  clearer  whitish  or  pale  grayish,  the  rump  more  tawny,  superciliary 

stripe  more  decidedly  whitish,  and  wing-markings  whitish  or  pale  buffy. 

6>.  Browner  above,  with  tawny  of  rump  less  distinctly  contrasted  with  color  of  back ;  bill  shorter  and 

stouter,  and  wing  and  tail  shorter;  wing  2.40-2.70  (2.53),  tail  2.50-2.90  (2.6.3),  culmen  .60-.70 

(.66),  bill  from  nostril  .35-.47  (.39),  tarsus  .55-.60  (.59),  hind-toe  .27-.32  (.29),  hind-olaw  .28-.35 

(.31),     Egg»  .60  X  .48.    Hah.  Eastern  North  America,  breeding  from  northern  border  of  United 

States  northward C,  familiaris  amerioana  (Bonap.).   Brown  Creeper. 

6*.  Grayer  above,  with  tawny  of  rump  more  distinctly  contrasted  with  color  of  back ;  bill  longer  and 
slenderer,  and  wings  and  tail  longer;  wing  2.50-2.65  (2.66),  tail  2.65-2.75  (2.71),  culmen  .70-.82 


558 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a'.  Lower  parts  palo  brownish  gray,  becoming  white  only  on  chin  and  throat;  pri- 
mary coverts  usually  (always?)  without  whitish  tips;  rump  deep  rusty, 
almost  chestnut,  and  colors  throughout  very  dark,  the  prevailing  color  of 
upper  parts  dark  sepia-brown  ;  length  about  4.80-5.60,  wing  2.55-2.60  (2.58), 
tail  2.65,  culmen  .70-.73  (.71),  bill  from  nostril  .42-.48  (.44),  tarsus  .58-.60 
(.59),  hind-toe  .30-.35  (.32),  hind-claw  .30-.35  (.32).  Hah.  Highlands  of  Gua- 
temala and  Mexico,  north  into  southern  Arizona. 

726a.  C.  familiaris  mexicana  (Gloq.).    Mexican  Creeper. 

Family  PARID^. — The  Nuthatches  and  Tits.    (Page  322.) 

Genera. 

a^.  Bill  slender,  long  as  the  head ;  hind-toe  longer  than  middle  toe ;  tail  much 
shorter  than  wing,  varied  with  white  and  black.    (Subfamily  Sittince.) 

Sitta.     (Page  559.) 
a'.  Bill  stouter,  much  shorter  than  the  head ;  hind-toe  shorter  than  middle  toe ; 
tail  equal  to  or  longer  than  wing,  plain-colored. 
h^,  Nosti'ils  concealed  by  feathers ;  tarsus  with  anterior  covering  scutellate  on 
outer  side ;  tail  graduated  for  mucli  less  than  half  its  length.    (Sub- 
family Parino!.^) 
c'.  Bill  with  either  the  cidmen  or  the  gonys  (sometimes  both)  decidedly 
convex ;  nostrils  wholly  concealed  ;  plumage  very  lax. 
d}.  Tail  not  conspicuously  longer  than  wing,  rounded. 

Parus.    (Pago  560.) 
(P.  Tail  conspicuously  longer  than  wing,  graduated. 

Psaltriparus.     (Page  504.) 
c'.  Bill  with  both  culmen  and  gonys  nearly  straight,  the  tip  acute ;  nos- 
trils pai'tially  exposed;  plumage  compact..  Auriparus.   (Page  565.) 
6'.  Nostrils  entirely  exposed ;  tarsus  with  anterior  covering  fused  or  booted 
on  outer  side ;  tail  graduated  for  about  half  its  length.     (Subfamily 
Chamoiince.) Chamsea.     (Page  566.) 


(.75),  bill  from  nostril  .40-.52  (.46),  tarsus  .58-.60  (.59),  hind-toe  .28-.30  (.29),  hind-claw  .30-.35 
(.33).     Eijgs  .59  X  .46.    Hab.  Rocky  Mountain  district,  north  to  Alaska,  west  to  Nevada,  etc. 

C.  familiaris  montar    Hidgw.    Booky  Moantain  Creeper. 
(Certhia  montana  Ridgw.,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus,  v,  July  8,  1882,  ii4.) 
a*.  Darker  and  more  rusty  in  general  cast  of  plumage,  the  lateral  lower  parts  more  or  less  (often  strongly) 
tinged  with  brownish,  streaks  on  upper  parts  more  brownish  (often  decidedly  tawny),  the  rump  more 
rusty,  superciliary  stripe  more  brownish  (often  bright  tawny),  and  wing-markings  decidedly  buflFy. 
Wing  2.40-2.50  (2.47),  tail  2.30-2.70  (2.45),  culmen  .68-.80  (.72),  bill  from  nostril  .42-.50  (.44),  tarsus 
.55-.B5  (.59),  hind-toe  .28-.32  (.80),  hind-claw  .30-.35  (.32).     Egtfs  .61  X  .48.     Hab.  Pacific  coast 
of  North  America,  from  southern  California  (in  mountains)  to  Sitka. 

C.  familiarii  oocidentalis  Ridgw.  Californian  Creeper. 
{Certhia  occtdentalis  RiDOW.,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v.  July  8,  1882,  115.) 
1  I  have  been  obliged  to  assign  different  limits  to  the  subfamilies  Paring  and  Chamteinte  from  those  given 
in  the  A.  0.  U.  Check  List,  on  account  of  the  impossibility  of  giving  characters  which  would  cover  the  ex- 
tremely different  genera  there  inadvertently  placed  under  Chamcetnie,  The  latter  properly  includes  only  Chamma; 
and  it  is  extremely  doubtful  whether  this  genus  has  any  real  afSnity  with  the  Parida,  its  relationship  being 
probably  much  nearer  to  the  Troghdytidm. 


SITTA. 


559 


Genus  SITTA  Linn^'s.    (Pago  558,  pi.  OXXII.,  fig.  7.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  bluish  gray,  the  top  of  the  head  different 
(black,  dusky  grayish,  olive-gray,  or  brownish) ;  tail-feathers  (except  middle  pair) 
tipped  with  white,  the  subterminul  portion  black ;  lower  parts  chiefly  plain 
whitish,  rusty,  or  dull  huffy.  Nest  in  holes  of  trees  or  stumps,  composed  of  soft 
felted  materials,  feathers,  etc.  Eggs  5-8,  white  or  creamy  white,  speckled  with 
reddish  brown. 

a'.  Top  of  head  glossy  black  in  males,  dark  grayish  in  females. 

OK  Wing  more  than  3.30 ;  sides  of  head  entirely  white,  to  above  the  eye ;  lower 

parts  white,  the  lower  tail-coverts  spotted  with  chestnut-rufous ;  tertials 

marked  with  black. 

c'.  Tertials  light  bluish   gray,  with   large  and   sharply  defined   oblong 

blotches  of  black,  that  on  outej  u  >b  of  third  feather  with  a  rounded 

terminal  outline;  white  on  side  ot  iuck  tinged  with  grayish;  length 

5.25-6.15,  wing  3.50-3.75  (3.60),  tail  1.95-2.20  (2.05),  culmen  (from 

extreme  base)  .80-90  (.84)   ;  ill  frota  nost  i  .1  .50-.60  (.53;,  greatest 

depth  of  bill  .i2-.15  (.14),  tarsus  .72-.75.     Eggs  .72  X -55.    Hab. 

Eastern  United  States  and  British  Provinces. 

727.  S.  carolinensis  Lath.  White-breasted  Nuthatch, 
c'.  Tertials  dark  or  dull  bluish  gray,  the  black  markings  narrower  and 
less  sharjjly  defined,  that  on  outer  web  of  third  feather  pointed 
posteriorly;  back  darker  plumbeous;  white  on  si  Jo  of  neck  very 
pure,  more  sharply  contrasted  with  black  of  nape ;  bill  usually 
longer  and  more  slender,  the  culmen  straighter;  length  5.00-6.10, 
wing  3.35-3.75  (3.54),  tail  1.90-2.20  (2.05),  culmen  .80-.95  (.90),  bill 
from  nostril  .50-.62  (.58),  greatest  depth  of  bill  .12-.15  (.13),  tarsus 
.70-.75  (.71).  Eggs  .71  X  -54.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  east  to, 
and  including,  Eocky  Mountains,  south  into  mountainous  districts 
of  Mexico. 

727^.  S.  carolinensis  aculeata  (Cass.).  Slender-billed  Nuthatch. 
b-.  Wing  less  than  3.00 ;  side  of  head  with  a  broad  black  stripe,  separated  from 
the  black  (male)  or  dark  grayish  (female)  of  crown  and  nape  by  a  broad 
white  superciliary  stripe  ;  lower  parts  (except  throat)  light  rusty  or 
ochraceous ;  tertials  plain  gray ;  length  4,12-4.75,  wing  2.60-2.85,  culmen 
about  .60.  Eggs  .59  X  -46.  Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  breeding 
chiefly  north  of  the  United  States,  except  in  western  mountainous  dis- 
tricts ;  eastdrn  United  States  chiefly  in  winter. 

728.  S.  canadensis  Linn.    Red-breasted  Nuthatch, 
a".  Top  of  head  (down  to  eyes  trd  ear-coverts)  brown  or  olive-grayish,  bordered 
below  by  a  darker  loral  and  postocular  streak ;   nape  with  more  or  less 
of  a  whitish  spot ;  no  superciliary  stripe  ;  sexes  alike. 


.:5 


M;. 


560  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

6'.  Top  of  head  brown,  the  nape  with  a  conspicuous  white  spot ;  middle  tail- 
feathers  without  distinct  basal  spot  of  white.  Young  with  top  of  head 
grayish,  the  wing-coverts  and  tertials  edged  with  light  fulvous.  Length 
3.85-4.40,  wing  about  :160,  culmen  .50-.60.  Eggs  .61  X  .50.  Hah.  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  north,  regularly,  to  lower  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia (lower  Potomac,  shores  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  etc.),  casually  to  Ohio, 
Michigan,  Missouri,  etc. 

729.  S.  pusilla  Lath.    Brown-headed  Nuthatch. 

6'.  Top  of  head  grayish  drab,  or  olive-gray ;  white  on  nape  concealed,  or  obso- 
lete; basal  half,  or  more,  of  middle  tail-feathers  white.  Young  not 
obviously  different  from  adults,  but  wing-coverts  usually  more  or  less 
distinctly  edged  with  pale  buffy.  Length  3.80-4.55,  wing  about  2.60, 
culmen  .60-.65.  Eggs  .60  X  .46.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  north 
to  northern  border,  east  to,  and  including,  Eocky  Mountains,  south  to 
mountainous  districts  of  Mexico. 

730.  S.  pygmaea  Via.    Pygmy  Nuthatch. 

Genus  PARUS  Linnaeus.    (Page  558,  pi.  CXXII.,  figs.  1,  3.) 

Species. 

Common  CHARACTER8..^Above  plain  grayish  or  brownish  (back  sometimes  dark 
rusty  or  chestnut),  the  top  of  head  and  hind-neck  usually  different  in  color  from  rest 
of  upper  surface  (usually  black) ;  sides  of  head  usually  whitish ;  chin  and  throat 
often  black  or  brown ;  rest  of  lower  parts  usually  whitish  medially,  the  sides  and 
flanks  buffy,  rusty,  grayish,  or  even  chestnut.  Nest  in  holes  of  trees  or  stumps, 
composed  of  soft  felted  materials,  feathers,  etc.  Eggs  5-8,  pure  white,  usually 
speckled  with  reddish  brown. 

a}.  Head  conspicuously  crested.     (Subgenus  Lophophanes  Kaup.) 
b\  Throat  white,  or  pale  grayish ;  wing  2.75,  or  more. 

c\  Forehead  or  crest  black  (except  sometimes  in  young) ;  flanks  tinged 
with  rusty. 
d}.  Forehead  sooty  black  (indistinctly  so  in  young) ;  crest  gray,  like 
back ;  beneath,  including  lores,  dull  white,  the  sides  and  flanks 
strongly  washed  with  rustj'.     In  winter,  the  upper  parts,  es- 
pecially back,  tinged   with   olive,   and  white  of  lower  parts 
tinged  with  brownish,  ospeciallj'^  across  bi'cast.     Young  simi- 
lar to  adult,  but  gray  of  upper  parts  more  brownish,  black  of 
forehead  indistinct,  or  replaced  by  dull  sooty  brownish,  and 
rusty  of  sides  less  distinct, 
e'.  Darker,  with  forehead  black  or  dark  sooty  in  adult ;  length 
5.65-6.50,  wing  3.05-3.45  (3.24),  tail  2.80-3.15  (2.96),  ex- 
posed culmen  .37-.45  (.41),  tarsus  .80-.86  (.83).    Eggs  .11 
X  .55.    Ilab.  Eastern  United  States  (chiefly  south  of  40®. 
but  occasionally  to  42"),  west  to  edge  of  Great  Plains, 


PARUS. 


561 


south  to  Gulf  coast  (including  Florida  and  eastern  and 
central  Texas)..  731.  P.  bicolor  (Linn.).  Tufted  Titmouse. 
e\  Paler,  with  forehead  chestnut,  light  rusty  brown,  or  smoky- 
brown.     Hab.  Suutheastern  Texas  (Bee  County). 
— .  P.  bicolor  texensis  Sennett.    Texan  Tufted  Titmouse.^ 
(P.  Forehead  white  or  brownish  (excejit  along  middle  line) ;   crest 
black,  or  dark  brown  (dull  blackish  or  dusky  brownish,  tinged 
with  gray,  in  young)  ;  length  about  5.00-6.00. 
e^.  Smaller,  with  forehead  white  or  pale  smoky  brown,  crest  and 
entire  crown  deep  black  in  adult ;  gray  of  upper  parts  more 
tinged  with  olive  ;  wing  2.70-3.05,  tail  2.50-2.90.    Eggs  .74 
X  .53.    Hab.  Eastern  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Texas 
(Eio  Gi'ande  Valley). 

732.  P.  atricristatus  Cass.    Black-crested  Titmouse. 
e*.  Larger,  with  crest  duller  black,  usually  more  or  less  mixed 
with  gray  and  passing  into  uniform  gray  anteriorly,  the 
forehead  usually  strongly  tinged  with  rusty  brown  (some- 
times   almost    chestnut);    wing   2.95-3.12,   tail   2.95-3.00. 
Hab.  Eastern  Texas  (Bee  Count}') •••  — ■  P«  atricristatus 
castaneifrons  Sennett.    Chestnut-fronted  Titmouse.* 
b*.  Top  of  head  entirely  gray  or  grayish  brown ;  flanks  grayish  or  olive-gray- 
ish, without  rusty  tinge. 

d}.  Lower  parts  whitish  (the  belly  quite  white),  in  marked  contrast 
with  color  of  upper  parts. 
e\  Above  brownish ;  bill  horn-grayish  or  plumbeous ;  length 
about  5.00-5.G0,  wing  2.68-2.90  (2.77),  tail  2.20-2.60  (2.40), 
culmen  .38-.40  (.40),  tarsus  .80-.88  (.83).  Eggs  .68  X  -52, 
plain  white.  Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  United  States  from 
southern  California  to  Oregon. 

733.  P.  inornatus  Gamu.    Plain  Titmouse, 
e'.  Above  ash-gray ;  bill  black ;  length  about  5.25-5.75,  wing  2.80, 
tail  2.40-2.55,  culmen  .38-.45,  tarsus  .75-.80.    Hab.  South- 
ern portion  of  Lower  California. 
7336.  P.  inornatus  cineraceus  Eidow.  Ashy  Titmouse. 
<P.  Lower  parts  light  grayish,  not  strongly  contrasted  with  brown- 
ish gray  of  upper  parts ;   length  about  5.76-6.10,  wing  2.80- 


1  Panu  bicolor  tereniii  Sennett,  Auk,  iv.  Jan.  1887,  29.  (Soe  foot-noto  under  P.  atricritlaliti  caitanei- 
front.) 

'  Parui  atrieri$tatu»  eattanei/roui  Sennett,  Auk,  iv.  Jan.  1887,  28. 

Having  examined  four  speoimens  of  this  form,  including  tlie  typos,  I  am  not  satisfied  as  to  its  validity  as 
a  permanent  form  or  lubspeoies.  There  is  laoking  that  definite  geographical  area  so  essential  to  the  existence 
of  a  geographical  race  in  a  non-migratory  species;  and,  its  peouiiarities  being  much  the  same  as  those  oharao- 
teriiing  the  P,  bicolor  texcniii  of  the  same  district,  the  probability  of  hybridism  between  P.  Hcolor  and 
P.  (itricriitatHi  is  very  strongly  suggested.  In  fact,  no  two  specimens  of  either  form  are  alike,  in  the  leries 
now  before  me,  with  which  it  is  almost  possible  to  make  a  series  oonneoting  the  two  tpeoies. 

71 


662  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

3.00  (2.92),  tail  2.40-2.70  (2.58),  culmen  .40-.48  (.45),  tarsus 
.80-.90  (.83).  Hab.  Eocky  Mountain  district  of  United  States, 
west  to  eastern  Oregon,  western  Nevada,  and  Arizona. 

733a.  P.  inornatus  griseus  Eidqw.    Gray  Titmonse. 
6*.  Throat  black  in  adult,  dull  grayish  in  young. 

Adult :  Top  of  head,  including  crest,  black,  the  crown  gray  ;  a  streak 
behind  eye,  connecting  posteriorly  with  a  vertical  bar  or  crescent 
behind  ear-coverts,  collar  round  hind-neck,  and  patch  covering  chin 
and  throat,  black ;  rest  of  head  grayish  white  j  upper  parts  plain 
grayish,  lower  parts  white  medially,  grayish  laterally.  Young 
with  chin  blackish,  but  throat  dull  grayish,  and  other  markings  of 
head  less  sharply  defined.  Length  4.50-5.00,  wing  2.60-2.80,  tail 
2.40-2.65.  Eggs  5-7,  about  .66  X  .52,  plain  white.  Hah.  High- 
lands of  Mexico,  north  to  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico, 
and  southern  Arizona. 

734.  P.  woUweberi  (Bonap.).    Bridled  Titmouse, 
a*.  Head  without  crest.    (Subgenus  Parus.') 
b^.  Top  of  head  and  throat  black. 

&.  A  white  superciliarj'  stripe ;  bill  very  slender. 

Above  gray,  the  wings  without  distinct  lighter  edgings ;  beneath 
grayish  white  medially,  brownish  gray  laterally ;  length  5.00- 
5.75,  wing  2.70-3.00,  tail  2,40-2.60.  Eggs  .63  X  -48,  usually  (?) 
plain  white,  sometimes  slightly  spotted  with  reddish  brown. 
Hab.  Mountains  of  western  United  States. 

738.  P.  gambeli  Eidqw.    Uonntain  Chickadee. 
c'.  No  white  superciliary  streak. 

d}.  Sides  and  flanks  brownish  gray,  not  very  different  in  color  from 
back. 

Sides  of  head  and  median  lower  parts  white  ;  wings  without 
distinct  whitish  edgings ;  length  4.70-5.20,  wing  2.60-2.80 
(2.64),  tail  2.25-2.40  (2.32),  tarsus  .68-.72  (.70).  Hab.  High- 
lands of  Mexico,  north  to  southern  Arizona. 

737.  P.  meridionalis  Scl.    Mexican  Chickadee, 
d*.  Sides  and  flanks  whitish  huffy,  or  light  brownish,  always  very 
different  in  color  from  back, 
c*.  Wing  .20,  or  more,  longer  than  tail ;  tertials  and  greater  wing- 
coverts  without  distinct  whitish  edgings ;  black  of  throat 
with  an  abruptly  defined  posterior  border. 
Above  uniform  grayish ;  beneath  white  medially,  light 
buffy  brownish  laterally  (paler  in  summer)  ;   length 
4.25-4.60,  wing  2.40-2.60  (2.47),  tail  2.10-2.50  (2.19), 
tarsus  .55-.65  (.61).     Eggs  .57  X  -45.     Hab.  Eastern 
United  States,  chiefly  south  of  40°,  west  to  Missouri, 
Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas. 

736.  P.  carolinensis  Aud.    Carolina  Chickadee. 


PARUS. 


563 


,  light 
length 
(2.19), 
Eastern 
jssouri. 


e*.  Wing  less  than  .20  longer  than  tail — usually  shorter  than  tail ; 
tertials   and   greater  wing-coverts  with    distinct  whitish 
edgings ;  black  of  throat  more  or  less  broken  posteriorly 
by  whitish  tips  to  the  feathers. 
/'.  Wing  and  tail  about  equal  in  length  (the  latter  sometimes 
a  little  shorter) ;  colors  darker,  without  white  termi- 
nal margins  to  tail-feathers. 
g^.  Lai'ger,  and  lighter  colored ;  back  olive-grayish,  some- 
times tinged  with  pale  buffy;  sides  light  huffy 
(nearly  white  in  summer) ;  length  4.70-5.75,  wing 
2.55-2.75  (2.63),  tail  2.50-2.70  (2.63),  tarsus  .65- 
.70  (.69).    Eggs  .60  X  -47.     Hub.  Eastern  North 
America,  chiefly  north  of  40°,  west  to  edge  of 
Great  Plains. 

735.  P.  atricapillus  Linn.  Chickadee. 
g*.  Smaller  and  darker  colored ;  back  dark  grayish ;  sides 
and  flanks  deep  fulvous,  or  light  buffy  brownish, 
in  marked  contrast  with  white  of  breast  and 
belly ;  length  4.50-5.25,  wing  2.35-2.60  (2.45),  tail 
2.30-2.55  (2.44),  tarsus  .68-72  (.70).  Hab.  North- 
western coast  district  of  United  States  (northern 
California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory; 
also  British  Columbia  and  southern  Alaska  ?). 
7356.  P.  atricapillus  occidentalis  (Baird). 

Oregon  Chickadee. 
f*.  Tail  decidedly  longer  than  wing;  colors  paler,  the  tail- 
feathers  usually  with  distinct  white  terminal  margins, 
the  tertials  and  greater  wing-coverts  very  broadly 
edged  with  white. 

Above  pure  ash-gray;  sides  and  flanks  pale  buffy, 
sometimes  nearly  pure  white  ;  length  about  4.75- 
6.00,  wing  2.55-2.80  (2.72),  tail  2.55-3.00  (2.83), 
tarsus  .65-.75  (.70).  Eggs  .61  X  -47.  Hab.  Rocky 
Mountain  district,  from  New  Mexico  to  Alaska 
(Yukon  Yalley,  Kadiak,  etc.),  west  to  edge  of 
Great  Basin,  oast  nearly  across  Great  Plains. 

735a.  P.  atricapillus  septentrionalis 
(Harris).    Long-tailed  Chickadee. 
b*.  Top  of  head  brownish  ;  chin  and  throat  brownish  or  dusky, 
c*.  Back  hair-brown  or  grayish  brown. 

<P.  Whole  side  of  neck,  ear-coverts,  etc.,  pure  white;  tertials  distinctly 

edged  with  whitish  ;  sides  and  flanks  light  buffy. 

Top  of  head  light  hair-brown  or  soft  light  grayish  brown ; 

chin  and  throat  deep  brownish  slate;  length  about  5.20- 

6.60,  wing  2.60-2.80  (2.72),  tail  2.70-2.80  (2.76),  tarsus  .62- 


; 


^ 


564  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

.68  (.65).   Eggs  .65  X  .50.   Hab.  Eastern  Siberia  and  north- 
ern Alaska  (St.  Michael's  to  Fort  Anderson). 

739.  P.  cinctus  obtectus  (Cab.).    Siberian  Chickadee. 
(?.  Sides  of  neck  ash-gray ;  ear-coverts  paler  grayish,  fading  to  white 
on  cheeks ;  tertials  without  distinct  whitish  edges ;  sides  dull 
rusty. 

Top  of  head  hair-brown ;  throat  sooty  blackish ;  length 
about  5.00-5.75,  wing  2.35-2.70  (2.52),  tail  2.30-2.80  (2.55), 
tarsus  .62-.70  (.68).  Eggs  .58  X  -50.  Hab.  Northern  North 
America  east  of  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  northern  por- 
tions of  Michigan,  New  York,  New  England,  etc.,  north  to 
Davis'  Straits  and  Alaska. 

740.  P.  hudsonicus  Forst.    Hndsonian  Chickadee.' 
c*.  Back  deep  rusty  chestnut.     (Top  of  head  deep  sepia-brown;  throat 
darker,  more  sooty ;  sides  of  head  and  neck  pure  white.) 
d}.  Sides  and  flanks  bright  rusty,  or  rusty  chestnut,  like  back  ;  length 
about  4.50-5.00,  wing  2.35-2.60  (2.47),  tail  2.00-2.30  (2.10),  tar- 
sus .60-.70  (.68).    Hab.  Coast  district  of  Oregon,  Washington 
Territory,  British  Columbia,  and  southern  Alaska. 

741.  P.  rufescens  Towns.    Chestnut-backed  Chickadee. 

cP.  Sides  and  flanks  light  grayish,  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  tinged 

with  rusty;  wing  2.30-2.60  (2.41),  tail  2.00-2.20  (2.10),  tarsus 

.60-.70  (.65).    Eggs  .59  X  -46.    Hab.  Coast  of  California. 

741a.  P.  rufescens  neglectus  Eidqw.  Californian  Chickadee. 


ti,,'^  n 


Genus  PSALTRIPARUS  Bonaparte.    (Page  558,  pi.  CXXII.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  grayish  or  brownish  (or  both),  the  crown 
different  in  color  from  back  (except  in  P.  plumbeus) ;  beneath  plain  light  grayish, 
grayish  white,  or  brownish  white.  Nest  very  bulky,  purse-shaped,  with  the  en- 
trance a  small  circular  opening  usually  on  one  side  near  top,  composed  of  mosses, 
plant-fibres,  lichens,  and  other  soft  materials,  lined  with  soft  feathers ;  suspended 
from  low  bushes.    Eggs  5-9,  pure  white,  without  markings. 

a}.  Back  gray. 

6*.  Top  of  head  light  brownish,  sides  of  head  much  paler. 
c'.  Back,  etc.,  brownish  gray. 

d^.  Darker,  the  back  deep  brownish  gray,  or  grayish  brown,  the  top 
of  head  sooty  brown,  lower  pai*ts  light  smoky  brown,  deeper 
along  sides;  length  about  4.00-4.50,  wing  1.95,  tail  2.20,  tarsus 
.65  (only  one  specimen  examined).  Hab.  Northwest  coast, 
from  northern  California  (?)  to  Washington  Territory. 

743.  P.  minimus  (Towns.).    Bush-Tit 

>  See  Appendix,  page  591. 


i 


AVRIPARVS. 


565 


(P.  Lighter  colored,  the  back  pale  brownish  gray,  top  of  head  rather 
light  smoky  brown,  lower  parts  pale  smoky  grayish ;  length 
about  4.00-4.50,  wing  1.85-2.10  (1,94),  tail  2.00-2.30  (2.18),  tar- 
sus .60-.67  (.63).  Eggs  .55  X  -40.  Hab.  California,  except 
northern  coast  district. 

743rz.  P.  minimus  californicus  Eidgw.    Californian  Bush-Tit. 
c*.  Back,  etc.,  bluish  ash-gray. 

d}.  Top  of  head  light  smoky  brownish,  sides  of  head  paler,  etc.,  as  in 
P.  minimus  californicus;  wing  1.85-2.00  (1.92),/ tail  2.10-2.30 
(2.18),  tarsus  .60.  Hah.  Southern  poi'tion  of  Lower  California. 
7436.  P.  minimus  grindse  (Beldinq).  Grinda's  Bush-Tit. 
<f.  Top  of  head  bluish  gray,  and  sides  of  head  light  smoky  brown, 
not  conspicuously  contrasted  with  gray  of  crown,  etc.;  length 
about  4.12-4.60,  wing  2.00-2.15  (r08),  tail  2.35-2.50  (2.43), 
tarsus  .62-.70  (.66).  Hab.  Eocky  Mountain  district  (chiefly 
within  Great  Basin),  from  western  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
Territory  to  eastern  Oregon  and  western  Nevada,  south  to 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

744.  P.  plumbeus  Baird.    Lead-colored  Bush-Tit. 
a'.  Back  light  brown  or  grayish  brown. 

Adult  male :  Side  of  head  glossy  black ;  top  of  head  ash-gray.  Adult  fe- 
male :  Similar  to  male,  but  without  black  patch  on  side  of  head,  the 
black  being  replaced  by  light  grayish  brown  (paler  on  malar  region  and 
lores),  except  a  streak  along  each  side  of  occiput.  Length  about  4.00, 
wing  1.90-2.00  (1.92),  tail  2.10-2.20  (2.15),  tarsus  .62-.65  (.63).  Hab. 
Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico,  north  to  Rio  Grande  Valley. 

745.  P.  melanotis  (Hartl.).    Blaok-eared  Bush-Tit. 

Genus  AURIPARUS  Baird.    (Page  558,  pi.  CXXIL,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Adult  male:  Head,  neck,  and  chest  bright  yellow,  tinged  with  olive  on  crown, 
the  forehead  sometimes  tinged  with  orange ;  lesser  wing-coverts  rich  chestnut-red  ; 
rest  of  upper  parts  plain  grayish,  lower  parts  (except  chin  and  throat)  grayish 
Avhite  or  pale  grayish.  Adult  female :  Similar  to  male,  but  usually  somewhat  duller 
in  colors,  the  yellow  confined  to  head  alone.  Young :  Top  of  head  and  lesser  wing- 
covci'ts  brownish  gray,  like  rest  of  upper  parts ;  chin  and  throat  dull  grayish  white, 
like  other  lower  parts.  Length  4.00-4.60,  wing  1.90-2.12,  tail  1.75-2.05.  Nest  a 
very  bulky  globular,  fiask-shaped,  or  retort-shaped  structure,  composed  of  sticks, 
thorny  twigs,  coarse  grass-stems,  etc.,  lined  with  soft  feathers,  down,  etc. ;  the  en- 
trance a  small  circular  opening  in  one  end  or  side  ;  placed  in  thorny  bushes,  six 
feet  or  less  from  ground.  Eggs  3-6,  .60  X  -44,  bluish  or  greenish  white  or  pale 
greenish  blue,  speckled,  chiefly  round  larger  end,  with  reddish  brown.  Hab.  Arid 
regions  of  northern  Mexico  and  contiguous  portions  of  United  States,  from  southern 
Texas  to  Arizona  and  Lower  California 746.  A.  flaviceps  (Sund.).    Yerdin. 


1 


ipll 


666 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


Genus  CHAM^ffiA  Gambel.    (Page  558,  pi.  CXXII,,  fig.  4.) 

Species. 

Adult:  Above  plain  brownish,  the  tail  showing  faint  narrow  darker  bars 
(nearly  or  quite  obsolete  in  some  specimens) ;  beneath  pale  cinnamon,  or  buify, 
middle  of  belly  somewhat  paler,  throat  and  chest  usually  faintly  streaked  with 
darker ;  length  about  6.00-6.50.  (Sexes  alike,  and  young  not  materially  different 
from  adult.)  ^est  in  low  bushes,  composed  of  small  twigs  and  straw,  mixed  with 
feathers,  open  at  top.    Eggs  3-5,  .71  X  -57,  plain  pale  greenish  blue. 

a*.  Darker :  Above  deep  umber-brown,  the  sides  of  head  and  neck  dark  grayish ; 
beneath  light  cinnamon ;  w'mg  2.20-2.60  (2.37),  tail  3.20-3.70  (3.41),  culmen 
.40-.45  (.42),  tarsus  1.00-1.05  (1.01).     Hah.  Coast  of  California. 

742.  C.  fasciata  Gajib.    Wren-Tit. 
a'.  Paler :  Above  brownish  gray,  or  grayish  brown,  the  sides  of  head  and  neck  de- 
cidedly ashy ;  beneath  pale  vinaceous-buff,  neai-ly  white  on  belly  ;  wing  2.20- 
2.50  (2.37),  tail  3.20-3.70  (3.42),  culmen  .40-.45  (.41),  tarsus  .95-1.05  (1.00). 
Hah.  Interior  of  California. 

742a.  C.  fasciata  henshawi  Kidgw.    Pallid  Wren-Tit. 


^ 


Family  SYLVIIDwffii. — The  Warblers,  Kinglets,  and  Gnat- 
catchers.     (Page  322.) 

Genera. 

o}   Wing  longer  than  the  nearly  even  or  emarginate  tail ;  anterior  tarsal  envelope 
continuous  or  undivided  for  the  gi'eater  part  of  its  extent ;  no  white  on 
tail, 
fc'.  Nostrils  exposed ;  inner  side  of  tarsus  with  distinct  scutellce.     (Subfamily 

Sylviince.) Phyllopseustes.     (Page  566.) 

¥.  Nostrils  concealed  by  small  feathers  ;  inner  side  of  tarsus  without  distinct 

scutell89.     (Subfamily /?e^M?m(5B.) Regulus.     (Page  323.) 

a*.  Wing  not  longer  than  the  graduated  tail ;  anterior  tarsal  envelope  distinctly 
scutellate ;  outer  tail-feathers  with  conspicuous  white  tips  and  edgings 
(sometimes  almost  entirely  white).    (Subfamily  PolioptUina;.) 

Polioptila.    (Page  322.) 

Genus  PHYLLOPSEUSTES  Meyer.   (Page  566,  pi.  CXXIV.,  fig.  1.) 

Species. 

Adult :  Above  plain  olive-green ;  a  conspicuous  superciliary  stripe  of  grayish 
white  (in  summer)  or  light  greenish  yellow  (in  winter) ;  lower  parts  plain  whitish, 
tinged  with  olive-grayish  on  sides,  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  light  greenish  yel- 


REGVLUS. 


567 


fer  bars 
)!•  buffy, 
:ed  with 
different 
ced  with 

grayish ; 
,  culmen 

^Tren-Tit. 

neck  de- 
ing  2.20- 
)5  (1.00). 

;irren-Tit. 


rNAT- 


envelope 
white  on 

ubfamily 
igo  56G.) 
t  distinct 
age  323.) 
listinctly 
edgings 

age  322.) 


grayish 

whitish, 

mish  yel- 


low, especially  in  winter.  Young  :  Similar  to  adult,  but  wing-coverts  tipped  with 
dull  light  greenish  yellow,  and  lower  parts  more  decidedly  tinged  with  yellow. 
Length  about  4.75-5.50,  wing  2.40-2.70,  tail  1.80-2.00,  exposed  culmen  .35-.40,  tar- 
sus .70-.80.    Hab.  Northeastern  Asia,  and  western  Alaska,  north  of  the  peninsula. 

747.  P.  bore  alls  (Blas.).    Eennicott's  Willow  Warbler. 


Genus  REGULUS  Cdvier.    (Page  566,  pi.  CXXIV.,  figs.  3,  4.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  olive-green  or  olive-grayish,  brighter  on 
rump  and  edges  of  quills  and  tail-feathers,  duller  (sometimes  grayish)  anteriorly ; 
middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  tipped  with  whitish,  producing  two  narrow  bands, 
and  tertials  edged,  more  or  less,  with  same ;  secondaries  with  a  broad  basal  bar  of 
whitish ;  lower  parts  dull  whitish,  tinged,  more  or  less,  with  olive  or  dull  yellow- 
ish ;  crown  usually  orange,  yellow,  or  rod  centrally.  Young  without  black  mark- 
ings or  bright  colors  on  head,  but  otherwise  like  adults.  I^est  very  bulky,  usually 
more  or  less  pensile  (but  variable  in  this  respect),  attached  to  small  twigs  in  lower 
portion  of  spruce  or  other  coniferous  trees,  composed  of  delicate  plant-fibres,  mosses, 
and  various  felted  materials,  and  lined  with  soft  feathers.  Bggs  5-10,  whitish  or 
buffy,  minutely  freckled  with  brown  (sometimes  apparently  immaculate). 

a}.  Nostril  hidden  by  a  single  plume-like  feather ;  adult  with  a  black  stripe  on  each 
side  of  crown.     (Subgenus  Begulus.) 
bK  Forehead  whitish,  dull  buffy,  or  light  brownish  ;  crown-patch  in  male  rich 
orange,  bordered  with  yellow,  wholly  yellow  in  female.     (Adult  males  : 
Foi'ehead  soiled  white,  sometimes  more  brownish,  the  superciliary  stripe 
similar;  a  dusky  streak  in  front  of  eye,  but  this  not  reaching  to  bill;  a 
dusky  streak  behind  eye ;  top  of  head  black  anteriorly  and  laterally, 
this  black  with  an  internal  border  of  yellow,  enclosing  a  concealed 
patch  of  rich  cadmium-orange;  sides  of  neck  and  hind-neck  grayish. 
Adult  females:    Similar,  but  orange  patch  in  centre  of  crown  entirely 
replaced  by  yellow.      Young:   Black  head-markings  obsolete,  or  very 
faintly  indicated,  and  bright  crown-patch  of  adult  wanting ;  otherwise 
much  like  adult.     Length  3.15-4.55,  wing  2.10-2.25,  tail  1.60-2.00,  ex- 
posed culmen  .25-.30,  tarsus  .70.     JVesf  a  ball-like  mass  of  green  moss, 
4.00,  or  more,  in  diameter,  attached  to  extremity  of  branch  of  pine  or 
fir  tree;    lined  with  hair  and  soft  feathers.     Eggs  6-10,  dull  or  buffy 
white,  finely  and  very  faintly  speckled  or  minutely  freckled,  chiefly 
round  larger  end,  with  deeper  buffy.) 
c\  Colors  duller  and  grayer.    Eggs  .52  X  -41.    Hab.  Eastern  and  northern 
North  America,  west  to  Rocky  Mountains,  breeding  from  extreme 
northern  and  elevated  portions  of  United  States  northward ;  winter- 
ing nearly  throughout  eastern  United  States,  and  south  to  Guate- 
mala   748.  R.  satrapa  Light.    Golden-crowned  Kinglet. 


immm 


f"   I  : 


568  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

c*.  Colors  brighter,  the  upper  parts  more  decidedly  olivaceous,  the  lower 
parts  with  a  strong  brownish  buffy  tinge,  yellow  and  orange  of  head 
more  intense,  etc.  Eggs  .56  X  -40.  Hab.  Pacific  coast,  from  Cali- 
fornia to  Sitka 748a.  R.  satrapa  olivaceus  Baird. 

Western  Golden-crowned  Kinglet. 
6*.  Forehead  and  broad  stripe  across  lores  and  behind  eye  black ;  crown-patch 
in  male  entirely  vermilion-red. 

Otherwise  much  like  B.  satrapa.  "  Length  4}  inches,  extent  of  wings 
6 ;  bill  along  ridge  nearly  i,  along  the  gape  nearly  i ;  tarsus  J." 
Hub.  "  Fatland  Ford,  on  the  Schuylkill  river,"  Pennsylvania.  (Only 
one  specimen  known  to  have  been  obtained,  this  by  Audubon,  on 

June  8,  1812.) — .  R.  cuvieri  AuD.    Cnvier's  Kinglet. 

a*.  Kostrils  hidden  by  a  tuft  of  small  bristle-like  feathers ;  adult  without  any  black 
on  head.  (Subgenus  Phyllobasileus  Cabanis.*) 
b^.  Above  grayish  olive,  the  head  not  darker  than  back ;  adxdt  male  with 
crown-patch  bright  minium-red,  or  scarlet-vermilion  ;  length  3.75-4.G0, 
wing  2.20-2.30,  tail  1.85-1.90,  bill  from  nostril  .20-.22,  tarsus  .75.  Nest 
semi-pensile,  very  bulky  (about  4.00  X  3.00-4.00  outside),  composed  of 
fine  strips  or  shreds  of  soft  bark,  feathers,  etc.,  and  green  moss,  lined 
with  hair  and  feathers  ;  cavity  about  3.00  deep  by  2.00  across ;  attached 
to  extremity  of  branch  of  pine  or  spruce  tree  10-20  feet,  or  more,  from 
ground.  Eggs  .55  X  -43,  dull  whitish  or  pale  butfy,  faintly  speckled  or 
spotted,  chiefly  round  larger  end,  with  light  brown  (sometimes  nearly 
plain).  Hab.  Whole  of  North  America,  breeding  from  extreme  northern 
border  and  higher  mountains  of  United  States  northward ;  wintering 
in  more  southern  United  States  and  south  to  Guatemala. 

749.  R.  calendula  (Linn.).    Unby-crowned  Kinglet, 
6'.  Above  sooty  olive,  the  head  usually  appreciably  darker  than  back ;  adult 
male  with  crown-patch  pinkish  or  purplish  vermilion-red  ;  wing  2.00- 
2.20,  tail  1.70-1.95,  bill  from  nostril  .22-.25,  tarsus  .80.    Hab.  Guada- 
lupe Island,  Lower  California. 

750.  R.  obscurus  Eidqw.    Dusky  Kinglet. 


Genus  POLIOPTILA  Sclater.    (Page  566,  pi.  CXXIV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males :  Above  plain  bluish  gray,  the  top  of  the 
head  sometimes  glossy  black ;  wings  duskj',  with  bluish  gray  edgings  (the  tertials 
sometimes  broadly  edged  with  white) ;  tail  black,  the  exterior  feathers  partly 
(sometimes  almost  wholly)  white ;  lower  parts  white  or  grayish.  Adult  females 
similar  to  males,  but  without  any  black  on  head,  and  with  the  gray  of  a  less 
bluish  tint.  Young  similar  to  adult  females,  but  colors  much  duller,  the  gray  of  a 
duller,  more  brownish  hue.    Nest  built  in  trees,  usually  saddled  upon  horizontal 

'  Phyllohaiilem  Cab.,  Mub.  Hcin.  i.  1850,  33.    Type,  Motacilla  calendula  Linn. 


IFlfM' 


POLIOPTILA. 


569 


branch,  deeply  cup-shaped,  very  compact,  composed  of  plant-fibres  and  other 
felted  materials,  lined  with  soft  feathers,  and  often  beautifully  decorated  exte- 
riorly with  variously  colored  lichens.  Eggs  3-5,  greenish  or  bluish  white,  speckled 
with  brown. 

a}.  Exposed  portion  of  outer  tail-feather  entirely  white. 

6*.  Top  of  head  in  adult  males  plumbeous-blue,  bordered  anteriorly  and  later- 
ally by  a  black  line ;  in  female,  bluish  ash-gray,  not  markedly  different 
from  lighter  gray  of  sides  of  head, 
c'.  Lower  parts  white  medially,  pale  ash-gray  laterally ;  upper  parts  clear 
grayish  blue  or  plumbeous,  deeper  on  top  of  head,  decidedly  paler 
on  rump;    length  4.05-5.50,  wing   2.00-2.20  (2.07),  tail   2.05-2.20 
(2.15).    JVest  always  (?)  beautifully  decorated  with  lichens.    Eggs 
.56  X  -43.    Hab.  United  States,  chiefly  south  of  42°,  wintering  in 
Gulf  States,  western  Cuba,  Bahamas  (occasionally),  Mexico,  and 

Guatemala 751.  P.  csrulea  (Linn.).    Blne-gray  Onatcatoher. 

c*.  Lower  parts  light  bluish  gray,  deeper  laterally ;  upper  parts  ileep  bluish 
plumbeous,  somewhat  bluer  on  top  of  head,  but  scai'cely,  if  at  all, 
paler  on  rump;  about  the  size  of  P.  ccerulea.  Hab.  Bahamas 
(Abaco  and  New  Providence ;  resident)  ;  Cozumel  ? 

P.  cserulea  csesiogaster  Bidqw.     Bahaman  Gnatcatcher.^ 
b'.  Top  of  head  in  adult  males  glossy  black ;  in  females  and  young  dark  bluish 
gray  or  plumbeous,  abruptly  contrasted  with  whitish  of  sides  of  head 
(the  latter  sometimes  including  a  distinct  superciliary  streak), 
c'.  Tertials  broadly  and  conspicuously  edged  with  pure  white. 

d}.  Lores  partly  (sometimes  entirely)  white ;  occiput  (in  adult  male), 
as  well  as  crown  and  forehead,  glossy  black;  length  about 
4.00^.25,  wing  1.90-2.00,  tail  1.90-2.10.  Hab.  Southern  Mex- 
ico (Tehuantepec,  etc.),  Guatemala,  Salvador,  and  Nicaragua. 

P.  albiloris  Scl.  &  Salt.    Wbite-lored  Gnatcatcher.* 

(P.  Lores  entirely  black  in  adult  males,  dull  grayish  in  females  and 

young. 

c*.  Otherwise  like  P.  albiloris;  length  about  4.25-4.50,  wing  1.85- 

2.10,  tail  2.00-2.20.   Hab.  Brazil  (Bahia,  etc.)  to  Nicaragua. 

P.  leucogastra  (Max.).     Maximilian's  Gnatcatcher.' 

e*.  Smaller,  and  with  occiput  light  bluish  gray,  like  hind-neck, 

back,  etc. ;  length  3.75,  wing  1.85,  tail  1.75.   Hab.  Yucatan. 

P.  albiventris  Lawr.     Lawrence's  Gnatcatcher.* 

c*.  Tertials  inconspicuously  edged  with  dull  grayish  white  or  light  grayish. 

d}.  Lores,  superciliary  region,  and  upper  half  of  ear-coverts  glossy 

black  in  adult  male,  ash-gray  in  female  and  young;   length 


'  New  subspcoios ;  seventeen  specimens  examined. 
»  PoUoptila  alhilorig  ScL.  &,  Salv.,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  298. 

»  Sylvia  leueogattra  Max.,  Bcitr.  iii.  1831,  710.     PoUoptila  leiicogaitra  ScL.,  Cat.  Am,  B.  18tt2,  12. 
*  PoUoptila  albiventria  Lawr.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ac.  Sei.  iii.  No.  9, 1885,  273. 

72 


^m 


i 
X 


670  NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 

about  4.10-4.50,  wing  1.85-1.95,  tail  2.10-2.25.    tiab.  Western 
Mexico  (Mazatlan  to  Tehuantepec). 

P.  nigriceps  Baird.  Baird's  Gnatcatcher.^ 
d*.  Lores,  superciliary  region,  and  greater  portion  of  ear-coverts 
white,  in  abrupt  contrast  with  black  or  gray  of  top  of  head ;  a 
distinct  black  or  gray  streak  behind  eye,  along  upper  edge  of 
ear-coverts ;  length  about  4.00-4.50,  wing  1.80-1.90,  tail  1.70- 
1.85.    Hab.  Guatemala  to  Peru  and  Venezuela. 

P.  bilineata  (Bp.).     White-browed  Gnatcatcher.* 
a*.  Exposed  portion  of  inner  web  ot  outer  tail-feather  with  at  least  the  basal  half 
black. 
bK  Adult  males  with  top  of  head  glossy  black. 

c\  Outer  tail-feather  with  outer  web  entirely  white,  the  inner  web  broadly 
tipped  with  white. 

Adult  male :  Above  light  bluish  gray  (as  in  P.  ccenilea),  the  whole 
top  of  head,  down  to  lores  and  auriculars,  uniform  glossy  black ; 
eyelids  white  ;  lower  parts  white,  shaded  with  bluish  gray  on 
sides.  Adult  female :  Top  of  head  wholly  gray,  the  plumage 
otherwise  as  in  male,  but  usually  somewhat  duller.  Young : 
Similar  to  adult  female,  but  somewhat  washed  with  brown- 
ish— the  young  male  attaining  the  black  by  degrees,  com- 
mencing with  a  streak  over  each  eye.  Length  about  4.25- 
4.60,  wing  1.90-2.00,  tail  2.15-2.25.  Eggs  .54  X  -42.  Hab. 
Southwestern  border  of  United  States,  from  southern  Texas 
to  lower  Colorado  Valley,  and  thence  south  to  Cape  St.  Lucas ; 
northern  Mexico. 

752.  P.  plumbea  Baird.    Plumbeous  Gnatcatcher. 
c'.  Outer  tail-feather  with  outer  web  black,  edged  with  white,  the  inner 
web  narrowly  tipped  with  white. 
Adult  male :  Top  of  head  black,  as  in  P.  plumbea,  rest  of  upper 
parts  dark  bluish  gray  or  slate-gray ;  eyelids  white ;  lower  parts 
duU  light  gray,  deeper  laterally,  tinged  with  brownish  poste- 
riorly.   Adult  female :  Similar  to  male,  but  with  black  on  head 
wholly  replaced  by  the  general  dark  gray  color,  the  latter  duller 
than  in  male.    Young  :  Similar  to  adult  female,  but  more  tinged 
with  brownish — the  young  male  with  black  of  head  appearing 
gradually,  as  in  P.  plumbea.   Length  about  4.15-4.50,  wing  1.90- 
2.00,  tail  2.16-2.25.     Hab.  Pacific  coast  of  southern  California 
and  northern  Lower  California. 

753.  P.  californica  Brewst.    Black-tailed  Gnatcatcher. 
6".  Adult  male  with  top  of  head  ash-gray,  like  back. 

Adult  male  with  a  curved  black  line  bordering  upper  and  hinder  mar- 


1  PoUoptila  nigriceps  Baird,  Review  Am.  B.  i.  1864,  69. 

s>  Culicivora  bilineata  Bp.,  Consp.  i.  1850,  316.     PoUoptila  bilineata  BcL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  12. 


TURDID^. 


671 


gin  of  ear-coverts.  Adult  female  similar,  but  duller  in  general  color, 
with  the  black  line  bordering  ear-coverts  indistinct  or  obsolete; 
length  about  4.20,  wing  1.55,  tail  1.90-2.00.     Hah.  Cuba. 

P.  lembeyi  Gumdl.    Cuban  Qnatcatcber.> 


ig 


Family  TURDID.^. — The  Thrushes,  Solitaires,  Stonechats, 

Bluebirds,  etc.     (Page  323.) 

Genera. 

a*.  Gonys  not  more  than  one-third  as  long  as  commissure,  the  bill  short   and 
rather  depressed.    (Subfamily  Myadestince. — The  Solitaires.) 

Myadestes.    (Pago  572.) 
a*.  Gonys  more  than  one-third  as  long  as  commissure,  the  bill  more  slender  and 
compressed.    (Subfamily  Turdints. — The  Thrushes.) 
6^  Wing  less  than  five  times  as  long  as  tarsus ;  wings  and  tail  without  any  blue, 
c*.  First  quill  not  reaching  beyond  tips  of  primary  coverts ;  tail  without 
clear  rufous  at  base. 
<P.  Tail  without  white  at  base. 

^.  Tarsus  decidedly  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw;   nasal 

fossae  partly  naked,  the  nostrils  wholly  exposed. 

/*.  Tail  less  than  three  times  as  long  as  tarsus ;  lower  parts 

more  or  less  spotted  in  adult....  Turdus.     (Page  573.) 

/'.  Tail  more  than  three  times  as  long  as  tarsus,  the  lower 

parts  plain  (throat  streaked)  in  adult. 

Merula.     (Page  577.) 
e'.  Tarsus  not  longer  than  middle  toe,  with  claw ;  nasal  fossa)  en- 
tirely filled  with  feathers,  partly  concealing  the  nostrils. 

Hesperocichla.    (Page  578.) 
<f .  Tail  with  basal  portion  white ;  plumage  entirely  without  spots  in 

adult Saxicola.     (Page  579.) 

c'.  First  quill  reaching  beyond  tips  of  primary  coverts. 

d\  Feathers  on  top  of  head  rather  short,  not  forming  an  obvious 
crest  when  erected ;  outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  widening  to- 
ward end ;  tail  bicolored,  the  basal  portion  (except  on  middle 
feathers)  abruptly  clear  rufous ;  sexes  very  different  in  color, 

the  adult  male  with  blue  throat Cyanecula.     (Pao-e  579.) 

d*.  Feathers  on  top  of  head  lengthened,  forming  a  decided  bushy  crest 
when   erected;   outer  web  of  outer  tail-feather  not  widened 

toward  end;  sexes  alike,  and  throat  never  blue Catharus.* 

b*.  Wing  more  than  five  times  as  long  as  tarsus. 


*  PoKoptila  lembtyi  Gundl.,  Journ.  fUr  Orn.  1861,  32. 

*  Oathanu  Bokap.,  Consp.  i.  1850,  278.     Type,   C.  immaculatua   Bp.,=  Turdm  aurantiiroitris  Hartl. 
(Represented  by  four  gpeoies  in  Mexico  and  Quatemala,  and  others  farther  southward.) 


672 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


^ 


i' 


c*.  Gonys  longer  than  two-fifths  the  comniissuro;  plumage  plain  above 
(except  in  young),  with  prevailing  color  bright  blue ;  no  white  spots 
on  quills;  wing  less  than  4.50 Sialia.     (Page  580.) 

c*.  Gonys  leas  than  two-fifths  the  commissure;  plumage  much  varied 
above,  the  prevailing  color  bistro  brown,  more  or  less  streaked  with 
dull  whitish,  the  wings  and  tail  mainly  black ;  quills  with  white 
patch  at  base;  wing  5.00,  or  more Ridgwayia} 


Genus  MYADESTES  Swainson.    (Page  571,  pi.  CXXIV.,  fig.  7.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters  (of  North  American  species). — Adults :  Above  uniform 
brownish  or  grayish,  beneath  plain  grayish  ;  a  distinct  whitish  orbital  ring  ;  quills 
and  secondaries  with  a  lighter  (pale  grayish  or  buflfy)  band  near  base,  conspicuous 
on  spread  wing.  Young:  Conspicuously  spotted,  above  and  below,  with  buffy. 
Nest  built  among  rocks,  banks  of  streams,  on  old  logs  or  stumps,  or  similar  places, 
rather  bulky,  loosely  constructed  of  sticks,  etc.,  lined  with  finer  materials.  Eggs  3-6, 
whitish,  speckled  with  reddish  brown. 

a}.  Second  quill  equal  to  sixth,  the  primaries  exceeding  secondaries  by  about  the 
same  distance  that  the  latter  exceed  the  greater  coverts. 
Adult:  Uniform  brownish  gray,  paler  beneath,  especially  on  chin  and 
throat,  anal  region,  and  lower  tail-coverts ;  wings  and  tail  dusky,  the 
bases  of  the  quills  and  secondaries  buffy  or  ochraceous  (mostly  con- 
cealed in  closed  wing),  the  secondaries  edged  with  pale  grayish,  the 
greater  coverts  and  tertials  tipped  with  whitish  (this  obsolete  in  worn 
summer  dress)  ;  tail-feathers  with  outer  Aveb  and  terminal  portion  of 
inner  web  grayish  white.  Young:  Wings  and  tail  as  in  adult;  rest 
of  plumage,  including  wing-coverts,  conspicuously  spotted  with  buff. 
Length  7.80-9.50,  wing  4.35-4.85,  tail  4.15-4.70.  Eggs  .91  X  -69.  Hab. 
Western  United  States  (in  mountains),  north  to  Bx-itish  Columbia,  east 
to  and  including  Eocky  Mountains  (casually  to  Illinois). 

754.  M.  townsendii  (Aud.).    Townsend's  Solitaire. 
'   Second  quill  not  longer  than  seventh,  the  longest  primaries  exceeding  the  sec- 
ondaries by  much  less  than  distance  between  tips  of  latter  and  longer  greater 
coverts. 
b^.  Lower  parts  conspicuously  different  in  color  from  the  upper;  a  distinct 
dusky  streak  on  each  side  of  throat.     (Head,  neck,  and  breast  gray, 
darker  above;   other  upper  parts  rusty  olive,  the  wings  more  rusty; 
secondaries  with  a  dusky  bar  across  basal  portion ;  sides  of  forehead, 
malar  stripe,  throat,  and  belly  whitish.) 
c*.  Head  and  breast  dark  gray,  the  throat  not  conspicuously  paler ;  wing 


a 


>  Ridgwayia  Stejneger,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  MuB.  r.  Feb.  13,  1883,  460.    Type,  TurdM  pinicola  Sci..     {Hah. 
Mountains  of  eastern  Mexico.) 


TURD  vs. 


573 


4.00-4.10,  tail  about  4.00,  exposed  culinen  .45-.50,  tarsus  .80-.85. 
Hah.  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  eastern  Mexico. 

M.  obacurus  Lafr.    Mexican  Solitaire.' 

c*.  Head  and  breast  ash-gray,  this  color  invading  the  back ;  throat  and 

forehead  distinctly  whitish. 

d}.  Middle   tail-feathers  without  trace  of  whitish  tips;   wing   4.15- 

4.35,  tail  4.30,  exposed  culme:i  .45-.47,  tarsus  .80-.82.    Hab. 

Central  and  western  Mexico,  north  to  Mazatlan. 

M.  obacurus  occidentalis  Stejx.    Mazatlan  Solitaire.' 
d}.  Six  middle  tail-feathers  minutely  tipped  with  white ;  wing  3.90- 
4.05,  tail  3.90-4.20,  exposed  culmen  .45,  tarsus  .90.     Hub.  Tres 
Marias  Islands,  western  Mexico. 

M.  obscuruB  insularis  Stejx.    Tres  Marias  Solitaire.* 

6'.  Lower  parts  similar  in  color  to  the  upper,  though  slightly  paler;  no  dusky 

streak  on  side  of  throat. 

Adult :  Uniform  slate-color,  paler  beneath,  the  lores  and  a  broad  bar 

across  basal  portion  of  secondaries   black ;   eyelids  white ;  wing 

about  3.90-4.00,  tail  3.70-3.90,  exposed  culmen  .40,  tarsus  .80-.85. 

Hab,  Highlands  of  Guatemala  and  southern  Mexico. 

M.  unicolor  Scl.    Slate-colored  Solitaire.* 


Genus  TURDUS  Linn^us.     (Page  571,  pi.  CXXIIL,  figs.  1,  4.) 

Species. 

a'.  Wing  never  longer  than  three  and  a  half  times  the  length  of  the  tarsus.    Adults 

plain  brown  above,  usually  uniform,  but  sometimes  more  rufescent  on  tail 

and  upper  tail-coverts ;  beneath  whitish  (sometimes  buffy  anterioi'ly),  the 

chest,  etc.,  spotted  with  brown  or  blackish.     Young  essentially  like  adults, 

but  with  top  of  head,  back,  etc.,  more  or  less  streaked  with  dull  whitish, 

pale  buffy,  or  pale  rusty,  the  middle  and  greater  wing-coverts  tipped  with 

the  same,  and  (except  in  T.  mustclinus)  spots  of  lower  parts  more  transverse, 

and  extending  backward  over  flanks,  etc.    (Subgenus  Hylocichla  Baird.) 

6^  Sides  distinctly  spotted,  as  well  as  the  breast;   exposed  culmen  .62,  or 

more. 

Adult :  Above  tawny  olive,  brighter  or  more  cinnamon  on  top  of  head, 

more  olive  on  tail ;  beneath,  including  sides,  white,  the  breast  and 

sides  marked  with  roundish  or  obcordate  spots  of  black  or  dusky ; 

length  7.50-8.25,  wing  4.10-4.50,  tail  3.00-3.30,  exposed  culmen  .62- 

.75,  tarsus  1.20-1.30.     West  usually  saddled  upon  horizontal  branch 

of  a  small  tree,  in  damp  woods,  very  compact,  composed  partly  of 


{Hab. 


1  Myiadeitet  obteurut  Lafr.,  Rev.  Zool.  1839,  08. 

•  Myadettei  obicurut  rar.  occidenialii  Stejit.,  Proo.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  iv.  Apr.  6,  1882,  371,  372. 
'  Myadeitea  obicurui  var.  iniulari*  Stejn.,  Proo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mua.  iv.  Apr.  6, 1882,  371,  373. 

*  Mj/iade$le»  unieolor  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  298. 


I 


K 


574 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


'■■kit 


mud.  Eggs  2-5,  1.04  X  -72,  plain  greenish  blue.  Hab.  Eastern 
United  States,  in  summer,  north  to  southern  Michigan,  Ontario, 
Massachusetts,  etc. ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Guatemala  and  Cuba. 

755.  T.  mustelinus  Gmel.    Wood  Thrush. 
b\  Sides  grayish  or  brownish,  without  distinct  spots ;  chest  more  or  less  tinged 
with  buff,  and  marked  with  triangular  darker  spots ;  exposed  culmen 
not  more  than  .60. 
c'.  Second  quill  much  longer  than  fifth,  the  second  or  third  longest ;  tail 
and  its  upper  coverts  not  noticeably  different  in  color  from  other 
upper  parts  (except  sometimes  in  T.  ustulatus). 
d}.  No  distinct  lighter  orbital  ring. 

e^.  Above  tawny  brownish,  the  chest  buffy  or  light  ochraceous, 
marked  with  small  wedge-shaped  spots  or  streaks  of  brown. 
Nest  on  or  near  ground,  without  mud  in  its  composition. 
Eggs  plain  greenish  blue  (very  rarely  with  a  few  small 
specks  of  brown). 
/'.  Above  light  tawny  brown ;  chest  creamy  buff,  with  nar- 
row markings  of  brown,  scarcely  .darker  than  upper 
parts;    length  6.45-7.75,   wing  3.75-4.15   (3.90),  tail 
2.70-3.30  (2.96),  culmen  .52-.60  (.55),  tarsus  1.05-1.25 
(1.15).     Eggs  .85  X  -67.    Hah.  Eastern  United  States 
and  British  Provinces,  breeding  from  about  40°  north 
to  Manitoba,  Ontario,  Anticosti,  and  Newfoundland. 

756.  T.  fuscescens  Steph.    Wilson's  Thrush. 
/*.  Above  russet-olive;   chest  very  pale  buff,  with  broader 

markings  of  darker  brown  ;  length  about  6.90-7.90, 
wing  3.80-4.25  (4.02),  tail  2.95-3.40  (3.20),  culmen  .55- 
.60  (.57),  tarsus  1.15-1.28  (1.17).  Eggs  .85  X  .66.  Hah. 
Eocky  Mountains,  east,  casually  (?),  during  migrations, 

to  Minnesota,  Illinois,  etc 756a.  T.  fuscescens 

salicicolus  (Kidgw.).    Willow  Thrush. 

e'.  Above  olive-brown  or  grayish  olive,  the  sides  of  the  head 

nearly   uniform    grayish ;     chest  pale    buffy  (eometimes 

nearly  white),   marked   with   large  triangular  spots  of 

dusky.     Nest  in  low  bushes  or  on  ground,  composed  of 

mosses,  etc.,  bulky  and   compact.      Eggs  greenish  blue, 

spotted  with  rusty  brown. 

f\  Length  about  7.00-7.75,  wing  3.75-4.40  (4.07),  tail  2.95- 

3.40  (3.09),  culmen  .45-.58  (.55),  tarsus  1.12-1.30  (1.18). 

Eggs  .92  X  -67.     Hah.  Northern  North  America  east 

of  Eocky  Mountains,  breeding  from   Labrador  and 

west  side  of  Hudson's  Bay  north  to  Arctic  coast  and 

coast  of   Bering's  Sea;   in  winter,  Middle  America, 

south  to  Costa  Eica ;  eastern  Siberia. 

757.  T.  alicise  Baird.    Oray-oheeked  Thrush. 


TVRDUS. 


575 


f\  Length  about  6.25-7.25,  wing  3.40-3.80  (3.65),  tail  2.60- 
2.70  (2.75),  culmen  .50-.52  (.51),  tarsus  1.10-1.25  (1.13). 
Eggs  .87  X  •63.  Mab.  In  summer,  higher  mountains  of 
northeastern  United  States  (Catskills,  White  Moun- 
tains, etc.),  and  Nova  Scotia;  Illinois  (autumn);  win- 
ter quarters  unknown 757a.  T.  aliciae  bicknelli 

EiDQw.    Bioknell's  Thrnsh. 
d*.  A  very  distinct  orbital  ring  of  buflf  or  whitish.    (Above  unifoi'm 
olive,  varying  from   a   grayish   to  a  russet   tint,  the  wings, 
sometimes  tail  also,  slightly  browner,  or  less  olive,  than  back ; 
sides  of   head   with   a   strong    buffy   suffusion ;    chest    buffy, 
marked  with  triangular  spots  of  brown  or  dusky.     Nest  in 
bushes,  usually  near  water,  bulky,  and  compact,  and  neatly 
constructed  of  mosses,  shreds  of  bark,  etc.     Eggs  light  green- 
ish blue,  averaging  decidedly  paler  than  in  T.  alicice,  spotted 
with  rusty  brown.) 
e*.  Above  russet-brown,  the   wings   and  tail  often  appreciably 
browner  or  move    rufescent ;    chest    pale    buff,    marked 
with    rather    small    and    usually   narrow  cuneate   spots 
of  dark  brown;    length  6.90-7.60,  wing  3.60-4.00  (3.87), 
tail   2.80-3.30    (3.05),   culmen   .50-.60    (.54),   tarsus   1.10- 
1.20  (1.13).     Eggs  .93  X  -67.     Hab.    Pacific  coast,   north 
to  Sitka ;  south,  in  winter,  through  western  Mexico  to 
Guatemala. 

758,  T.  ustulatus  Nutt.  Russet-backed  Thrush, 
e*.  Above  decidedly  olivaceous,  sometimes  even  inclining  to 
grayish,  the  wings  and  tail  concolor  with,  or  at  least  not 
very  different  from,  the  back ;  chest  j'^ellower  buff,  marked 
with  lai'go,  broad,  dusky  (sometimes  blackish)  triangular 
spots ;  length  6.35-7.55,  wing  3.80-4.10  (3.96),  tail  2.80- 
3.10  (2.95),  culmen  .50-.55  ^52),  tarsus  1.05-1.18  (1.10). 
Eggs  .90  X  -65.  Hab.  Eastern  North  America,  but  west 
to  and  including  Eocky  Mountains  (as  far  as  East  Hum- 
boldt Mountains  and  the  upper  Columbia),  breeding  chiefly 
north  of  the  United  States,  wintering  from  Gulf  States 
and  Mississippi  Valley  south  to  Cuba,  Guatemala,  Costa 
Eica,  Panama,  and  Peru..  758a.  T.  ustulatus  swainsonii 

(Cab.).  Olive-baoked  Thrush, 
c*.  Second  quill  shorter  than  fifth,  the  fourth  longest ;  tail  and  its  upper 
coverts  rufous,  in  decided  contrast  with  the  color  of  the  back. 
(Chest,  and  a  distinct  orbital  ring,  buff}'-,  sometimes  nearly  white, 
the  former  marked  with  largo  triangular  spots  of  dusky.  Nest  on 
ground,  in  damp  or  swampy  woods,  composed  of  dead  leaves,  dry 
grasses,  etc.  Eggs  plain  greenish  blue,  paler  than  in  T,  muste- 
lintis  and  T.  fuscescens.) 


I.* 


576 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


^5 


d}.  Grayish  brown  above  (more  olivaceous  in  winter);  flanks  and 
thighs  light  grayish  ;  bill  slenderer, 
e*.  Smaller;  tail  deep  rufous,  almost  chestnut;  length  6.00-7.00, 
wing  3.25-3.80  (3.57),  tail  2.60-3.00  (2.76),  culmen  .45-.52 
(.50),  tarsus  1.10-1.20  (1.12).  Eggs  .86  X  -62.  Hab.  Pa- 
cific coast,  breeding  from  mountains  of  California  north 
to  Kadiak ;  south,  in  winter,  to  Lower  California  and 
western  Mexico,  as  far  as  Colima  ;  during  migrations,  east 
to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

759.  T.  aonalaschkae  Gmel.  Dwarf  Thmsh. 
e'.  Larger ;  tail  dull  ochraceous-rufous,  or  fulvous ;  colors  in 
general  rather  grayer;  length  7.50-8.25,  wing  3.65-4.35 
(4.08),  tail  2.95-3.45  (3.27),  culmen  .53-.60  (.57),  tarsus 
1.12-1.28  (1.18).  Eggs  .86  X  -64.  Hah.  Eocky  Mountains, 
from  northern  border  of  United  States  south  to  highlands 

of  Mexico  and  Guatemala 759rt.  T.  aonalaschkae 

auduboni  (Baird).    Audubon's  Hermit  Thrush, 
d*.  Above  dull  brown,  deeper,  or  more  "  smoky,"  in  winter ;   flanks 
and  thighs  olive-brownish  ;  bill  stouter. 

Tail  and  its  upper  coverts  decidedly  rufescent  (averaging 
about  intermediate  in  tint  between  that  of  T.  aonalaschkae 
and  T.  auduboni) ;  length  6.50-7.65,  wing  3.40-3.90  (3.04), 
tail  2.55-3.15  (2.88),  culmen  .50-.60  (.59),  tarsus  1.15-1.30 
(1.19).     Eggs   .88  X  -66.     Hab.   Eastern   Ivorth  America, 
breeding  from   northern    United   States  northward,   and 
wintering  from  about  40°  to  Gulf  coast. 
7596.  T.  aonalaschkae  pallasii  (Cab.).  Hermit  Thrush. 
a\  Wing  more  than  four  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  tarsus.    (Subgenus  Turdus 
Linn.) 
Adult :  Above  plain  brownish ;  a  superciliary  stripe  and  a  malar  stripe 
(widening  beneath  and  behind  ear-coverts  into  somewhat  of  a  patch), 
white ;  lower  parts  white  medially,  the  under  wing-coverts,  sides,  and 
flanks  plain  rufous ;  breast  streaked  Avith  dusky.      Young  :  Upper  parts, 
including  wing-coverts,   streaked  and  barred  with  buffy  or  whitish  ; 
lower  parts  more  extensively  spotted  or  streaked.     Length  about  8.00- 
9.00,  wing  4.45-4.85,  tail  3.00-3.45,  culmen  .78-.86,  tarsus  1.15-1.25.   Nest 
usually  in  bushes   or  small  trees,  bulky,  composed  of   mosses,  dried 
grasses,  etc.    Eggs  1.01  X  -76,  pale  dull  bluish,  pale  greenish  blue,  or 
pale  olive-greenish,  freckled  with  reddish  brown.    Hab.  Northern  por- 
tion of  Eureka  and  Asia ;  accidental  in  Greenland. 

760.  T.  iliacus  Linn.    Bed-winged  Thrush. 


ft 


MERVLA. 


577 


or 


Genus  MERULA  Leach.    (Page  571,  pi.  CXXIII.,  fig.  5.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters  (of  North  American  species). — Adults  (sexes  essentially 
alike,  but  female  usually  a  little  paler  and  duller  in  color  than  male)  :  Above  plain 
grayish,  the  back,  scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  sometimes  rusty  or  olive-brownish, 
the  head  sometimes  blackish  ;  throat  white,  streaked  with  black  or  grayish  ;  chest, 
breast,  sides,  axillars,  and  under  wing-coverts  (sometimes  belly  also),  plain  rufous  or 
bulfy ;  under  tail-coverts,  anal  region,  and  hinder  flanks  (sometimes  belly  also)  white, 
the  first  with  concealed  spots  of  grayish.  Young :  Above  streaked  with  light  fulvous 
or  whitish  ;  beneath  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  rusty  or  buffy,  and  spotted 
with  blackish  or  grayish.  JVest  very  compact  and  rather  bulky,  with  moi'e  or  less 
of  mud  in  its  composition,  usually  saddled  upon  a  horizontal  branch,  but  often 
variously  situated.    Eggs  3-5,  plain  bluish  (very  rarely  speckled  with  brown). 

a^.  Upper  parts  in  adults  plain  grayish,  without  rusty. 

6'.  Breast,  etc.,  in  adults  rufous,  or  reddish  ochraceous ;  exposed  culmen  usually 
less  than  .80,  tarsus  1.30,  or  more.     {Adults:  Head  and  neck  blackish, 
or  at  least  decidedly  darker  than  back ;  eyelids,  a  supraloral  streak,  and 
streaks  on  chin  and  throat  white ;  wings  and  tail  dusky  (sometimes  black), 
the  feathers  edged  with  slaty ;  back,  scapulars,  and  rump  uniform  slaty, 
the  feather  of  the  first  sometimes  blackish  centrally ;  bill  bright  yellow, 
the  upper  mandible  tipped  with  black.     In  ivinter,  similar,  but  with  upper 
parts  tinged  with  brown,  rufous  feathers  of  bi'cast,  etc.,  margined  with 
white,  and  upper  mandible  chiefly  dusky,  the  lower  duller  yellow.    Young 
in  first  vnnter :   Head  and  neck  brownish   gray,  like  upper  parts,  the 
white  of  upper  eyelid  prolonged  backward  into  a  more  or  less  extensive 
postocular  streak,  and  rufous  of  bi-east,  etc.,  paler,  or  more  olivaceous.) 
c*.  Outer  tail-feather  with  a  distinct  white  spot  at  tip  of  inner  web ;  an- 
terior portion  of  back  usually  more  or  less  clouded  with  black  (in 
fully  adult  birds) ;   length   9.00-10.00,  wing  4.90-5.40   (5.28),  tail 
4.10-4.50  (4.34),  culmen  .85-.92  (.90),  tarsus  1.30-1.40  (1.34).    Eggs 
1.15  X  -78.     Hah.  Eastern  and  northern  North  America,  north  to 
Alaska  (Yukon  district)  and  Hudson's  Bay,  west  to  Great  Plains; 
occasional  in  eastern  Mexico. 

761.  M.  migratoria  (Linn.).  American  Robin. 
c*.  Outer  tail-feather  without  distinct  white  tip  (often  with  no  white  at 
all) ;  anterior  portion  of  back  slaty  gray,  abruptly  defined  against 
black  of  hind-neck;  length  10.00-11.00,  wing  5.20-5.70  (5.41),  tail 
3.80-4.70  (4.24),  culmen  .85-.96  (.90),  tarsus  1.20-1.40  (1.31).  Eggs 
1.17  X  '82.  Hab.  Western  United  States,  north  to  British  Columbia, 
east  to,  and  including,  Eocky  Mountains,  south  over  table-lands  of 
Mexico..  761a.  M.  migratoria  propinqua  Bidqw.    Western  Bobin. 

78 


678 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


""1 


a» 


ft*.  Breast,  etc.,  pale  buff;  exposed  culmen  usually  more  than  .80,  tai'eus  less 
tLan  1.30. 
Adult :  Above  plain  brownish  gray,  including  head  and  neck ;  a  dis- 
tinct superciliary  stripe  of  white ;  no  white  at  tips  of  outer  tail- 
feathers ;   wing  5.10-5.20,   tail   3.90-4.15,   culmen   .95-1.05,   tarsus 
1.20-1.25.    Hab.  Lower  California  (near  Cape  St.  Lucas). 

762.  M.  confinis  Baird.    St.  Lucas  Robin. 

Back,  scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  more  or  less  brown  or  rusty,  in  contrast  with 

grayer  shade  of  hind-neck,  rump,  and  quills.     (Whole  belly,  anal  region, 

and  lower  tail-coverts  white,  the  latter  with  the  plumbeous  spots  entirely 

concealed ;  no  white  about  eye,  and  no  white  on  outer  tail-feathers.) 

h^.  Sides,  flanks,  etc.,  ochraceous  or  ochraceous-rufous  ;  wing-coverts,  scapulars, 

and  back  bright  rusty  brown,  the  hind-neck  ash-gray  or  plumbeous,  in 

marked  contrast;  wing  4.60-5.20,  tail  3.85-4.50,  culmen  .85-1.00,  tarsus 

1.25-1.32.     Hab.  Western  and  southern  Mexico,  north  to  Mazatlan. 

M.  flavirostris  Swaixs.     Mazatlan  Robin.i 

6*.  Sides,  flanks,  etc.,  dull  grayish  fulvous ;  wing-coverts  and  scapulars  light 

raw-umber  brown,  the  back  more  grayish  brown ;  hind-r.eck  scarcely 

different  from  back;  wing  4.80-4.85,  tail  3.90-4.00,  cuimcn  1.02-1.05, 

tarsus  1.35.    Hab.  Tres  Marias  Islands,  western  Mexico. 

M.  graysoni  Einaw.    Tres  Marias  Robin.* 


Gwus  HESPEROCICHLA  Baird.    (Page  571,  pi.  CXXIIL,  fig.  3.) 

Species. 

Adult  male :  Above  dark  plumbeous,  varied  by  a  broad  supra-auricular  stripe, 
two  bands  across  wing  (tips  of  greater  and  middle  coverts),  patch  at  base  of  pri- 
maries, etc.,  of  orange-rufous  or  ochraceous  ;  chin,  throat,  breast,  and  sides  orange- 
rufous  or  ochraceous  ;  a  broad  band  of  dark  plumbeous  or  slaty  across  chest ;  pos- 
terior lower  pai'ts  white,  tinged  more  or  less  with  ochraceous,  the  feathers  dark 
grayish  beneath  surface.  AduU  female  :  Much  paler  and  duller  than  the  male,  the 
upper  parts  and  collar  across  chest  grayish  brown  (more  brown  in  winter).  Young  : 
Similar  to  adult  female,  but  collar  much  less  distinct  and  more  or  less  broken  by 
ochraceous  spotting;  feathers  of  throat  and  breast  indistinctly  bordered  with 
dusky,  and  some  of  the  feathers  of  upper  parts  with  indistinct  paler  shaft-streaks. 
Length  9.00-10.00,  wing  4.90-5.20,  tail  about  3.60-3.80,  culmen  about  1.00,  tarsus 
1.30.  Nest  compact  and  bulk}',  in  bushes  or  small  trees.  Eggs  1.11  X  '82,  pale 
greenish  blue,  sparingly  speckled  with  brown.  Hab.  Western  North  America, 
chiefly  near  Pacific  coast,  from  California  (in  winter)  to  Boring's  Strait;  breeding 
chiefly  north  of  United  States ;  east,  casually,  to  New  Jersey,  Long  Island,  and 
Massachusetts 763.  H.  nsevia  (Gmel.).    Varied  Thrnsh. 


W'- 


'  Wtrufa  flnvirniitni  SwAiNs.,  Philog.  Mag.  n.  a.  i.  1827,  369. 

*  derula  flaviroitrii  grayioni  RiDOW.,  Proo.  U,  S.  Nat.  MuB.  t.  June  6, 1882,  12. 


SAXICOLA. 


579 


Genus  CYANECULA  Brehm.    (Page  571,  pi.  CXXIV.,  fig.  2.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Above  plain  grayish  brown,  the  tail  dusky,  with  basal 
half  (except  of  middle  feathers)  abruptly  clear  rufous  ;  a  superciliary  stripe  of  dull 
white;  lower  parts,  from  breast  back,  dull  white,  the  sides  tinged  with  grayish  brown. 
Adult  males :  Chin,  throat,  and  breast  blue,  usually  enclosing  a  spot  of  rufous  or  white 
on  lower  part  of  throat,  the  blue  bordered  posteriorly  by  a  blackish  crescentic  band, 
this  succeeded  by  a  broader  one  of  rufous.  Adult  females  without  any  blue,  the 
chin,  throat,  and  chest  being  whitish,  bordered  laterally  and  posteriorly  by  a  nearly 
continuous  series  of  blackish  spots ;  a  whitish  malar  streak.  Young :  Dark  sooty 
above  and  across  chest,  with  narrow  streaks  of  pale  j'ellowish ;  lower  parts  with 
feathers  whitish  centrally,  but  bordered  with  sooty  blackish ;  under  tail-coverts 
pale  buff.-  Nest  in  cavities  in  banks  of  streams,  etc.,  composed  of  mosses  and  dried 
grasses,  lined  with  finer  grasses  and  hair.  Eggs  3-5,  .73  X  -55,  pale  olive,  olive- 
greenish,  or  brownish,  deeper  on  or  round  larger  end  (sometimes  uniform). 

a*.  Adult  male  with  throat-spot  rufous;  length  about  6.00,  wing  3.10-3.15,  tail  2-35- 
2.40,  culmen  .45-.48,  tarsus  1.10-1.15.  Hah.  Northern  Europe  and  Asia; 
casual  (?)  in  western  Alaska  (St.  Michael's). 

764.  C.  suecica  (Linn.).    Red-spotted  Bluethroat. 
a*.  Adult  male  with  throat-spot  (if  present)  white,  but  throat,  etc.,  frequently  en- 
tirely blue ;  wing  2.90-3.00,  tail  2.10-2.30,  culmen  .45-.50,  tarsus  1.00-1.10. 
Hab.  Central  Europe,  east  to  Eussia. 

C.  wolfli  Brehm.    Bluethroat.' 


Genus  SAXICOLA  Bechstein.    (Page  571,  pi.  CXXIV.,  fig.  5.) 

Species, 

Adult  male :  Above  plain  ash-gray,  the  wings  and  terminal  third  of  tail  black, 
the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  latter  (except  on  middle  feathers)  white ;  forehead, 
superciliary  stripe,  lower  rump,  and  upper  tail-coverts  also  white ;  a  broad  stripe 
of  black  on  side  of  head,  including  lores,  orbits,  and  ear-coverts  ;  lower  parts  plain 
light  buffy  anteriorly,  white  posteriorly.  Adult  female :  Above  duller  gray,  the 
wings  and  terminal  portion  of  tail  dusky ;  lores  dusky,  and  auriculars  dusky  gray- 
ish, neither  in  marked  contrast ;  lower  parts  dull  grayish  buff  anteriorly,  dull 
white  posteriorly.  Winter  plumage :  Above  plain  brown,  the  lower  rump,  upper 
tail-coverts,  and  basal  portion  of  tail  white,  as  in  summer ;  wing-feathers  (blackish 
in  male,  grayish  dusky  in  female)  conspicuously  margined  with  light  cinnamon  or 


1  Siflvia  woyii  Brkhm,  Beitr.-Vogelk.  ii.  1822,  173.     C^ntcula  wlfii  Brbbm,  Itit,  1828, 1280. 


k.iW 


580 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


brownish  buff;  lower  parts  entirely  dull  rusty  buff,  deeper  on  breast  and  chest;  no 
distinct  duslcy  stripe  on  side  of  head.  Young  :  Similar  to  female,  but  with  "  obscure 
transverse  terminal  dark  bars  and  pale  centres  to  most  of  the  feathers  of  the  upper 
and  under  parts."  Length  about  5.50-6.50,  wing  3.75-4.15,  tail  2.00-2.55,  culmen 
.47-.52,  tarsus  .95-1.20,  Nest  built  among  rocks,  stone  walls,  etc.,  composed  of 
grasses,  etc.,  lined  with  feathers.  Eggs  3-6,  .85  X  -63,  plain  pale  greenish  blue. 
Hub.  Northern  portion  of  northern  hemisphere,  breeding  far  northward  ;  south,  in 
winter,  casually,  to  Nova  Scotia,  Maine,  Long  Island,  New  York,  Canada,  and  Colo- 
rado   765.  S.  oenanthe  (Linn.).    Wheatear. 


Genus  SIALIA  Swainson.    (Page  572,  pi.  CXXIY.,  fig.  6.) 

Species. 

Common  Characters. — Adult  males  bright  blue  above,  the  back  sometimes 
partly  or  entirely  chestnut ;  beneath  cinnamlon  anterioi'ly  and  white  posteriorly, 
blue  with  cinnamon-chestnut  patch  on  breast,  or  blue  fading  into  white  posteriorly. 
Adult  females  much  duller,  with  bright  blue  confined  to  wings,  rump,  upper  tail- 
coverts,  and  tail,  the  other  upper  parts  dull  grayish  or  brownish  ;  beneath  similar 
to  male,  but  much  paler  and  duller  (dull  grayish  brown  anteriorly  in  S.  arctica). 
Young :  Grayish,  brownish,  or  dusky  above  (except  wings  and  tail),  the  back, 
scapulars,  and  wing-coverts  marked  with  drop-shaped  spots  or  streaks  of  pale 
buffy  or  whitish  (these  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  in  S.  arctica') ;  beneath  white, 
the  feathers  of  breast,  etc.,  edged  with  grayish,  brownish,  or  dusky.  Nest  in 
holes,  usually  in  trees  or  stumps,  often  about  buildings,  sometimes  among  rocks, 
composed  of  dried  grasses,  etc.  Eggs  4-7,  plain  pale  greenish  blue  (very  rai'ely 
white). 

a*.  Breast  and  sides  cinnamon  or  chestnut. 

6*.  Throat  cinnamon,  like  breast ;  belly  white. 

c'.  Breast,  etc.,  deep  cinnamon  or  cinnamon-rufous ;  sides  of  neck  and 
malar  region  blue. 
Adult  male:  Above  rich  cobalt-blue  (rarely  varying  to  ultra- 
marine, more  rarely  still  to  cerulean)  ;  in  winter,  the  blue 
duller,  the  cinnamon  of  breast,  etc.,  deeper  and  more  purplish, 
and  feathers  of  back,  etc.,  bordered  with  rusty ;  length  5.70- 
7.00,  wing  3.90-4.16  (3.99),  tail  2.60-2.90  (2.71),  culmen  .62-.67 
(.65),  tarsus  .75-.80  (.78).  Adult  female :  Above  dull  grayish, 
the  wings  dull  blue,  the  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,'  and  tail 
brighter  blue;  a  whitish  orbital  ring;  breast,  etc.,  light  dull 
cinnamon,  the  throat  paler,  with  a  dusky  streak  along  each 
side ;  an  indistinct  whitish  malar  stripe ;  wing  3.80-3.90  (3.85), 
tail  2.50-2.60  (2.53).  Young :  Above  dark  brownish  or  gray- 
ish, with  conspicuous  tear-shaped  streaks  of  whitish  over  whole 


SIALIA. 


581 


back,  scapulars,  etc.;  wings  (except  coverts)  and  tail  as  in 
adult  J  beneath  white,  the  feathers  of  breast,  etc.,  very  broadly 
bordered  with  dark  grayish  or  brownish;  a  whitish  orbital 
ring.  Eggs  .82  X  -64.  Hab.  Eastern  United  States,  north  to 
Nova  Scotia,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  etc.,  west  to  base  of  Rocky 
Mountains ;  Bermudas  (resident). 

766.  S.  sialis  (Linn.).    Bluebird. 

c\  Breast,  etc.,  light  ochraceous-cinnamon,  the  sides  of  neck  and  (usually) 

malar  region  similar. 

d}.  Above  light  greenish  blue  or  cerulean-blue  (much  as  in  S.  arctica), 

the  sexes  diflfering  as  in  S.  sialis ;  anal  region  cinnamon-buff; 

length  6.40-7.10,  wing   (male)  4.05-4.20  (4.10),  tail  2.70-2.95 

(2.79),  culmen  .47-.50  (.49),  tarsus  .80-.85  (.82).    Female:  Wing 

3.90,  tail  2.55.     Hab.  Highlands  of  Mexico,  north  to  southern 

Arizona 766a.  S.  sialis  azurea  (Baird).    Aznre  Bluebird.' 

d'.  Above  rich  cobalt-blue,  varying  to  ultramarine,  like  S.  sialis; 
otherwise  resembling  S.  azurea.  Male :  Wing  4.15-4.35  (4.25), 
tail  2.80-3.00  (2.93),  culmen  .50,  tarsus  .62-.65  (.63).  Female  : 
Wing  4.05-4.10,  tail  2.70-2.80.  Hab.  Highlands  of  Guatemala 
and  Honduras. 

S.  sialis  guatemalse  Bidow.    Guatemala  Bluebird.' 
6'.  Throat  and  belly  blue. 

Adult  male :  Above  rich  smalt-blue  (varying  to  ultramarine),  the  back 
usually  with  more  or  less  of  chestnut  (sometimes  entirely  chestnut, 
rarely  entirely  blue') ;  lower  parts  lighter  and  duller  blue,  the  breast 
and  sides  deep  cinnamon-chestnut,  (Colors  duller  and  more  suf- 
fused in  winter.)  Length  6.50-7.12,  wing  3.95-4.45  (4.19),  tail  2.62- 
3.05  (2.84),  culmen  .45-.50  (.48),  tarsus  .80-.90  (.82).  Adult  female  : 
Head,  neck,  and  upper  parts  dull  gray,  paler  on  throat,  browner  on 
back  ;  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  bright  blue,  the  outer  web 
of  lateral  tail-feather  whitish  ;  wings  dull  blue ;  breast  and  sides 
dull  light  cinnamon ;  belly  dull  grayish ;  wing  about  4.00,  tail  2.50. 
Young:  Not  always  distinguishable  with  certainty  from  correspond- 
ing stage  of  8.  sialis,  except  by  slenderer  bill ;  usually  darker,  how- 
ever, especially  on  lower  parts,  the  throat  dull  grayish  and  sides 
tinged  with  dull  dark  brown.  Eggs  .81  X  -64.  Hab.  Western 
United  States,  north  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, south  over  table-lands  of  Mexico. 

767.  S.  mexicana  Swains.    WeBtern  Bluebird. 


*  Swainson's  Sialia  axurea,  usually  quoted  for  this  form,  la  a  complete  nomen  nudum.  The  name  was  first 
coupled  with  a  description  by  Professor  Baihd  (Review  Am.  B.  i.  July,  1864,  62),  who  is  therefore  to  be  quoted 
as  its  authority. 

»  S.  $iali»  guatemalm  RiDOW.,  Pr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  v.  June  5, 1882,  13. 

»  This  variation  is  purely  individual,  and  not  at  all  dependent  on  locality,  as  supposed  by  Mr.  Seebobh 
(Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  t.  1881,  pp.  831-333). 


582 


NORTH  AMERICAN  BIRDS. 


a'.  Breast,  etc.,  fine  light  greenish  hlue  (in  adult  mr.le)  or  brownish  gray  or 
grayish  brown  (in  female),  the  belly  and  under  tail-coverts  pure  white. 
Adult  male :  Above  rich,  glossy  cerulean-blue,  the  wings  and  tail  more 
azure,  or  cobalt ;  beneath  lighter  cerulean-blue,  the  belly  and  under  tail- 
coverts  white.  (In  winter,  the  blue  of  head,  neck,  back,  and  breast  ob- 
scured by  grayish  brown  tips  to  the  feathers.)  Length  6.50-7.90,  wing 
4.60-4.80,  tail  3,00-3.15.  Adult  female :  Above  brownish  gray,  the  pri- 
maries dull  light  blue,  the  rump,  upper  tail-coverts,  and  tail  brighter 
greenish  blue ;  beneath  light  grayish  brown,  the  belly  and  under  tail- 
coverts  white ;  a  whitish  orbital  ring.  (In  winter  colors  deeper,  espe- 
cially on  lower  parts.)  Length  7.00-7.20,  wing  about  4.25,  tail  2.75-2.90. 
Young :  Quills  and  tail-feathers  as  in  adults  ;  above  grayish  brown,  the 
back  usually  streaked  with  white ;  beneath  grayish  white,  the  breast 
and  sides  mottled  with  grayish  brown.  Eggs  .87  X  -65.  Hab.  Eocky 
Mountain  district,  north  to  Great  Slave  Lake,  south  into  Mexico  ;  west 
across  Great  Basin,  to  higher  ranges  along  Pacific  coast. 

768.  S.  arctica  SwaIns.    mountain  Blnebitd. 


gray  or 
lite. 

iail  more 
Qder  tail- 
reast  ob- 
,90,  wing 
,  the  pri- 
brighter 
ider  tail- 
per,  espe- 
2.75-2.90. 
•own,  the 
le  breast 
b.  Kocky 
CO ;  west 

Bluebird. 


APPENDIX. 


Since  the  preceding  pages  were  printed,  additional  specimens  of  certain  rare 
or  little  known  species  have  been  examined,  and  various  facts  have  become  for  the 
first  time  known,  rendering  necessary  the  following  memoranda. 

Genus  ARDEA  LiNN.aEUs,  pages  128,  129. 

The  examination  of  eight  additional  specimens  of  Ardea  wuerdemanni  renders 
necessary  a  revision  of  the  diagnosis  of  this  form  and  its  allies,  as  follows : — 

fl*.  Color  nearly  uniform  bluish  gray  above,  the  lower  parts  usually  striped  with 
black  and  white  (sometimes  entirely  white). 
/'.  Adult  with  head  entirely  white,  except  (usually)  black  or  dusky  streaks  on 
forehead,  or  (very  rarely)  a  blackish  patch  on  sides  of  crown  or  occiput, 
beneath  edge  of  crest ;  shoulder-knots  broadly  striped  with  white,  and 
(usually)  tinged  with  ru.gty ;  lowermost  wing-coverts  with  more  or  less 
of  their  outer  webs  white;  outer  web  of  exterior  tail-feather  with  a 
,"  large  white  wedge-shaped  patch  on  basal  portion  ;   lower  parts  white 

(the  anal  region  entirely  so),  the  breast  and  belly  (medially)  usually 
striped  or  streaked  with  black,  dusky,  or  brownish  gray ;  gray  of  upper 
parts  of  an  ashy  tint;  length  48.00-50.00,  wing  18.75-21.00  (19.39),  tail 
6.25-8.00  (7.21),  culmen  5.75-6.70  (6.14),  depth  of  bill  at  base  1.20-1.30 
(1.24),  tarsus  7.30-8.75  (7.80),  naked  portion  of  tibia  4.50-5.50  (4.99),  mid- 
dle toe  4.20-5.20  (4.63).  Hab.  Southern  extremity  of  Florida,  chiefly  (?) 
in  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Sable,  and  on  Florida  Keys ;  Cape  Florida  (?) ; 
Jamaica  (?);  accidental  in  southern  Illinois  (Mount  Carmel,  Sept.  11-22, 

1876) — .  A.  wuerdemanni  Baird.    Wiirdemaim's  Heron. 

/*.  Adult  with  sides  of  forehead  (to  considerably  in  front  of  eyes),  together  with 
whole  crown  and  occiput  (beneath  crest),  including  longer  crest-feathers, 
uniform  deep  black ;  forehead  and  centre  of  crown  pure  white,  without 
dusky  streaks ;  shoulder-knots  entirely  deep  black,  or  (ravely)  narrowly 
streaked  with  white,  and  without  admixtui-e  of  rusty ;  lowermost  wing- 
coverts  without  white  on  outer  webs ;  outer  web  of  exterior  tail-feather 
without  distinct  wedge-shaped  space  of  white ;  breast,  belly,  and  anal 
region  deep  black  (the  last  entirely  so),  the  breast  and  belly  broadly 
striped  with  white ;  gray  of  upper  parts  of  a  deep  plumbeous  tint. 

688 


. 


584 


APPENDIX. 


g\  Larger,  with  legs  and  feet  yellowish  brown  or  olive-yellowish ;  length 
about  48.00-54.00,  wing  19.50-21.00  (20.00),  tail  7.15-8.00  (7.58),  ex- 
posed culraen  5.90-6.90  (6.25),  depth  of  bill  at  base  1.10-1.30  (1.19), 
tarsus  7.85-8.40  (8.19),  middle  toe  4.65-5.15  (4.83),  bare  portion  of 
tibia  4.45-5.60  (5.05).  Hab.  Florida,  chiefly  (?)  on  western  side; 
south  to  Oyster  Bay,  north  to  Gainesville. 

193.  A.  wardi  Eidqw.    Ward's  Heron. 

g*.  Smaller,  with  black  or  dusky  legs  and  feet,  the  tibia,  only,  yellowish ; 
length  about  40.00-48.00,  wing  18.00-19.50  (18.58),  tail  7.00-7.50 
(7.23),  exposed  culmen  5.45-5.95  (5.68),  depth  of  bill  at  base  1.05- 
1.17  (1.14),  tarsus  6.75-7.85  (7.16),  middle  toe  3.90-4.50  (4.18),  naked 
portion  of  tibia  4.00-4.50  (4.20).  Hab.  Whole  of  temperate  North 
America  (except  middle  and  southern  Florida) ;  north  to  Hudson's 
Bay  and  Sitka,  south  through  Middle  America  to  Colombia  and 
Venezuela  (including  Cura^oa) ;  Bermuda ;  Galapagos  ? 

194.  A.  herodias  Linn.    Great  Blue  Heron. 

Subgenus  NYCTHERODIUS  Eeichenbach,  page  133. 

The  name  Nyctherodius,  as  applied  by  Eeichenbach  (in  1852)  to  this  subgenus 
(or  genus),  being  antedated  by  its  lise  in  an  entirely  different  connection  by  Mac- 
gillivray  in  1842,  Dr.  Stejneger  has  proposed  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  x.  1887,  in 
press)  as  a  substitute  the  name  Nyctanassa,  with  Ardea  violacea  Linn,  as  type. 


No.  198.  Ardea  rufa  Bodd.,  page  131.    Beddish  Egret. 

This  name  being  preoccupied  (by  Scopoli,  in  1769)  for  another  species,  it 
becomes  necessary  to  substitute  the  next  in  order  of  date.  The  species  will  there- 
fore have  to  be  called  Ardea  rufescens  Gmel.  (S.  N.  i.  pt.  ii.  1788,  628). 


(L#» 


Genus  SYMPHEMIA  Eapinesque,  page  167. 

Mr.  Brewster  has  recently  separated  the  western  birds  of  this  species  as  a 
geographical  race,  the  main  distinctive  characters  of  which  are  as  follows: — 

a*.  Smaller,  with  relatively  shorter  and  thicker  bill ;  summer  adults  with  ground- 
color of  upper  parts  darker,  more  olive-grayish,  more  heavily  spotted  or 
barred  with  dusky,  the  anterior  and  lateral  lower  parts  also  more  heavily 
marked  with  dusky ;  wing  7.06-7.75  (7.36),  tail  2.71-3.30  (2.91),  exposed  cul- 
men 2.02-2.31  (2.19),  tarsus  2.08-2.42  (2.29).  Hab.  Atlantic  coast  of  United 
States 258.  S.  semipalmata  (Gmel.).    Willet. 

a*.  Larger,  with  relatively  longer  and  slenderer  bill ;  summer  adults  with  ground- 
color of  upper  parts  paler,  more  ashy,  gray,  less  heavily  marked  with  dusky, 
the  anterior  and  lateral  lower  parts  also  less  heavily  marked ;  wing  7.88- 
8.26  (8.11),  tail  3.10-3.50  (3.29),  exposed  culmen  2.28-2.70  (2.46),  tarsus  2.45- 
2.95  (2.66).    Hab.  Western  North  America,  east  to  Mississippi  Valley  (Illi- 


APPENDIX. 


685 


nois,  etc.)  and  Gulf  States  (sparingly  to  South  Atlantic  States  in  winter) ; 
south  through  Mexico,  etc.,  in  winter. 

— .  S.  semipalmata  inornata  Brewst.    Westenx  Willet.^ 

No.  290.  Colinus  graysont  (Lawr.)-    Orayson's  Bob-white. 

Explorations  in  Sonora  considerably  south  of  the  Arizona  boundary,  by  Lieut. 
Harry  C.  Benson,  U.S.A.,  failed  to  discover  any  trace  of  this  species,  although  G. 
ridgwayi  Brewst.  was  met  with  in  abundance.  The  likelihood  of  its  occurrence 
within  our  limits  is  thus  materially  diminished,  and  it  may  without  much  risk  of 
error  be  stricken  from  the  list  of  our  birds.  It  occurs  abundantly  at  Mazatlan,  but 
how  much  farther  north  its  range  extends  remains  to  be  determined. 


Genus  CALLIPEPLA  Wagler,  pages  191-193. 

On  page  193,  under  "  c*,"  insert  the  following  : — 
d}.  Throat  with  white  predominating ;  rusty  markings  on  upper  parts  brighter  and 
more  extended,  rump  more  olivaceous,  tail  less  bluish  gray,  and  white  spots 
on  lower  parts  smaller ;  adult  female  with  crest  chiefly  light  brownish,  throat 
dull  white  very  faintly  or  narrowly  streaked  with  dusky  (mere  shaft-streaks), 
and  back  distinctly  barred  with  light  tawny.    Hah.  Vicinity  of  Mazatlan. 

C.  elegans  (Less.).  Elegant  Partridge, 
d*.  Throat  with  black  predominating  ;  rusty  markings  on  upper  parts  duller  and 
less  extended,  rump  less  olivaceous,  tail  more  bluish  gray,  and  white  spots  on 
lower  parts  smaller;  adult  female  with  crest  uniform  blackish,  whole  throat 
thickly  speckled  or  streaked  with  blackish,  back  nearly  uniform  gray,  and 
markings  of  lower  parts  larger  and  coarser.  Hab.  Sonora  (vicinity  of 
Campos). 

C.  elegans  bensoni  Bidow.    Benson's  Partridge.* 

Genus  COLUMBIGALLINA  Boie,  pages  214-215. 

C.  passerina  varies  a  great  deal  with  locality,  and  some  of  its  variations  seem 
sufficiently  marked  and  constant  to  merit  formal  recognition.  The  following  forms 
occurring  north  of  the  parallel  of  18°  N.  appear  fairly  well  defined : — 

6'.  Larger,  with  bill  yellow  or  red  for  at  least  basal  half  (rarely  obscured  in  dried 
skins), 
c*.  Back  and  rump  grayish  olive,  or  light  grayish  brown. 

d}.  Much  deeper  colored,  with  rather  shorter  wings  and  much  larger  bill, 
the  latter  always  (?)  yellow  basally ;  wing  3.30-3.60  (3.41),  exposed 
culmen  .43-.48  (.47),  tarsus  .62-.65  (.64).    Hab.  South  Atlantic  and 

Gulf  States 320.  C.  passerina  (Linn.).    Oronnd  Dove. 

<P.  Much  paler,  with  rather  longer  wings  and  much  smaller  or  more  slender 

»  Of.  Auk,  iv.  April,  1887,  146. 

*  CalKpela  elegans  bensoni  Rioaw.,  Forest  and  Stream,  zxriii.  No.  6,  March  3,  1887,  106. 

74 


686 


APPENDIX. 


bill,  the  latter  often  (always  in  fully  adult  males  ?)  red  basally ; 
wing  3.30-3.60  (3.46),  exposed  culmon  .42-.47  (.44),  tarsus  .60-.66 
(.62).  Hab.  Southwestern  United  States  (Texas  to  Arizona  and 
Lower  California),  and  south  through  Mexico  (both  coasts)  to 
Central  America. 

— .  C.  passerina  pallescens  (Baird).  Mexican  Oronnd  Dove.* 
c*.  Back  and  rump  deep  olive-brown. 

Plumage  in  general  much  deeper  than  in  true  C.  passerina;  wing 
3.10-3.40  (3.28),  exposed  culmen  .41-.44  (.42),  tarsus  .60-.63  (.62). 
Hah.  Socorro  Island,  western  Mexico ;  Tros  Marias  ? 

C.  passerina  socorroensis  Bidqw.    Socorro  Ground  Dove.* 
6*.  Smaller,  with  bill  chiefly  or  entirely  black  or  dusky  (rarely  yellowish  or  orange 
at  base). 

Similar  in  color  of  plumage  to  C.  passerina  pallescens,  but  still  paler,  witu 
upper  parts  more  ashy;  wing  3.10-3.30  (3.21),  exposed  culmen  .40-47 
(.43),  tarsus  .60-.64  (.62).    Hab.  Bahamas ;  Greater  Antilles  ? 

C.  passerina  bahamensis  (Matn.).    Babaman  Qround  Dove. 

Genus  MEGASCOPS  Kaup,  pages  260-262. 

In  western  Mexico  (vicinity  of  Mazatlan),  and  possibly  in  Lower  California, 
occurs  a  species  nearly  allied  to  M.  brasilianus  (Gm.)  of  South  America,  but  ap- 
parently quite  distinct.  It  belongs  under  section  a',  having  the  toes  completely 
naked,  but  is  very  diflfei'ent  from  M.  flammeolus  in  color  and  dimensions.  It  is  an 
undescribed  species,  which  may  be  named  Megascops  hastatus  and  characterized  as 
follows : — 

Toes  completely  naked ;  upper  parts  light  grayish  brown,  mixed  or  mottled 
with  paler  and  spotted  with  blackish ;  lower  parts  delicately  but  irregularly  barred 
with  dark  brown,  on  a  whitish  ground,  and  marked  also  with  irregular  mesial 
streaks  of  brownish  black,  most  conspicuous  on  chest;  legs  whitish,  barred  with 
dark  brown;  wing  6.00-6.10,  tail  3.40-3.50.  Hab.  "Western  Mexico  (vicinity  of 
Mazatlan) ;  La  Paz,  Lower  California  ? 


^'< 


Genus  ARA  Brisson,  page  268. 

Two  species  occur  in  southern  Mexico,  one  of  them  common  as  far  north  as 
Mazatlan.    Their  characters  are  as  follows: — 

a}.  General  color  grass-green,  with  forohetid  smd  part  of  tail-feathers  red ;  rump, 

tail-coverts,  and  tip  of  tail  light  blue ;  wing  about  14.00,  tail  about  15.00. 

Hab.  Mexico  to  Bolivia. 

A.  militaris  (Linn.).    Military  Macaw.* 


*  ChamrepeUa  patiertna  var.  palletcens  Baird,  Pr,  Phil,  Ac.  1859,  305. 

*  New  subspeoies ;  type,  No.  50829,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Socorro ;  A.  J.  Qrayson. 

*  Okanuepelia  bahamen»i»  Matk.,  Am.  Exchange  and  Mart,  iii.  No.  6,  Feb.  5,  1887,  69. 

*  PiUiaeua  milUaru  Link.,  S.  N.  ed.  12,  i.  1766, 159.    Ara  militarii  Gray,  Gen.  B.  ii.  1845,  412. 


APPENDIX. 


m 


a*.  General  color  vermilion-red,  with  middle  wing-coverts  chrome-yellow,  the  quills 
dark  blue,  the  tail  blue  and  red ;  a  little  larger  than  A.  militaris,  the  tail 
much  longer.     Hub.  Southern  Mexico  to  Bolivia. 

A.  macao  (Linn.).    Red  yellow  and  blue  Macaw.^ 

Genus  AMAZONA  Lesson,  page  269. 
Several  Mexican  species,  distinguished  as  follows  : — 

a}.  Wing  more  than  7.50;  bill  not  bright  yellow;  primary  coverts  always  green, 
and  3-6  innermost  secondaries  with  outer  webs  chiefly  red. 
b^.  Anterior  border  of  wing  with  more  or  less  of  red;  forehead  (in  adult  whole 
head  and  neck)  yellow. 
Adult :  Whole  head  and  neck  yellow.    Young  with  yellow  on  head  and 
red  on  anterior  border  of  wing  more  restricted,  according  to  age. 
Wing  8.70-9.50,  tail  4  50-5.50.     Mab.  Western  Mexico,  from  Tehuan- 
tepec  to  Mazatlan  and  Tres  Marias. 

A.  oratrix  BiDow.    Double  Yellow-head  Parrot.' 
b^.  Anterior  border  of  wing  without  trace  of  red ;  forehead  green  or  red. 

c*.  Outer  tail-feather  without  trace  of  red  or  yellow  spot  on  basal  portion 

of  inner  web. 

d}.  Forehead  green  ;  feathers  of  breast,  etc.,  without  trace  of  blackish 

tins ;  whole  top  of  head  light  blue,  or  bluish  green  ;  wing  9.30- 

10.20,  tail  5.20-6.20.    Mab.  Eastern  Mexico  (Mirador)  and  south 

to  Costa  Eica. 

A.  guateinalse  (Hahtl.).     Blue-crowned  Parrot.* 

d*.  Forehead  purplish  red ;  crown  and  occiput  lilac-bluish,  the  feathers 

narrowly  tipped  with  blackish ;  feathers  of  chest,  etc.,  narrowly 

tipped  with   blackish;    wing  7.60-8.20,  tail  4.80-5.50.     Hab. 

Western  Mexico,  from  Tehuantepec  to  Mazatlan. 

A.  finschi  (Scl.).    Finsch's  Parrot.* 
c*.  Outer  tail-feather  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  red  or  yellow  spot  on 
basal  portion  of  inner  web. 
Adult:  Forehead  and  upper  half  of  lores  red;  lower  half  of  lores, 
and  backward  beneath  eyes,  yellow;  top  of  head  pale  bluish 
or  lilac  superficially.     Young :  Similar  to  adult,  but  yellow  re- 
placed by  light  green.    Wing  8.00-8.70.  tail  4.70-5.20.    Hab. 
Eastern  Mexico  (Mirador)  and  south  to  Honduras  and  Vera 
Paz,  Guatemala. 

A.  autumnalis  (Linn.).    Autumnal  Parrot.* 


1  Psittacnt  macao  LiKN.,  S.  N.  ed.  10,  i.  1758,  96.     Am  maK.ao  Gray,  List  Psitt.  Brit.  Mus.  1859,  26. 

*  ChrynoHs  levaillantii  Gray,  List  Psitt.  Brit.  Mus.  1859,  79;  nee  Amazona  levatllantn  Less.,  1831. 

'  Chrytotit  guatemalx  Hartl.,  Verz.  Brem.  Samml.  1&44,  87.    Amnxona  guatemala  Schleg.,  Mas.  P.-B. 
Rot.  Psitt.  1874,  27. 

*  Chrytotii  fintcU  ScL.,  P.  Z.  S.  1804,  298;  ih.  1870,  pi.  34. 

*  Pnttarut  autumnalit  Link.,  S.  N.  ed.   12.  i.  1766,   147.    Amatofta  autumnali*  Sorleo.,  Mua.  P.-B. 
Psitt.  1864,  51. 


■#■ 


588 


APPENDIX. 


1 


W.-K 
\ 


a'.  Wing  not  more  than  7.50 ;  bill  bright  yellow ;  primary  coverts  (sometimes  alula 

also)  carmiue-red  in  adult ;  outer  webs  of  all  the  secondaries  wholly  deep 

blue.     {Adult  with  orbits  and  part  or  whole  of  lores  deep  carmine ;  forehead 

(sometimes  crown  also)  white  or  pale  yellow.) 

¥.  Adult :  Forehead  (only)  white  or  pale  yellow  ;  crown  blue ;  anterior  border 

of  wing  entirely  green  ;  alula  carmine-red.     Young  :  White  of  forehead 

and  red  of  lores  and  orbits  much  restricted  (or  altogether  wanting?); 

primary  coverts  and  alula  green.    Wing  6.30-7.50,  tail  3.30-4.20.    Uab. 

Southern  Mexico  (Mazatlan  to  Yucatan)  and  south  to  Costa  Eica. 

A.  albifrons  (Sparrm.).  White-fronted  Parrot.^ 
6*.  Adxdt :  Forehead  and  more  or  less  of  crown  white;  upper  half  of  lores  yel- 
low ;  a  black  spot  on  ear-coverts ;  anterior  border  of  wing  carmine-red ; 
alula  (except  sometimes  innermost  feather)  green.  Young :  No  white 
on  head,  red  barely  indicated,  yellow  more  restricted,  no  red  on  anterior 
border  of  wing,  and  primary  coverts  green.  Wing  6.90-7.10,  tail  3.50- 
3.80.     Hah.  Coast  of  Yucatan  (including  Cozumel)  and  Honduras, 

A.  xantholora  Gray.    Yellow-lored  Parrot.' 

Genus  PHAL.ffiNOPTILUS  Ridgw^y,  page  299. 

Omit  measurements  from  diagnosis,  to  which  add  the  following : — 
a'.  Larger  and  darker,  with  prevailing  color  above  grayish  brown  (more  grayish  on 
sides  of  pileum,  scapulars,  etc.)  and  relieved  by  broad  irregularly  sagittate  or 
diamond-shaped  spots  on  scapulars  ;  chin  and  sides  of  head  blackish  ;  chest 
(next  to  white  throat-patch)  with  black  predominating,  the  sides  and  flanks 
more  heavily  barred  with  dusky ;  ochraccous  of  quills  deeper,  and  more 
restricted  ;  wing  5.50-6.15  (5.78),  tail  3.40-3.80  (3.67).  Hab.  Western  United 
States  in  general,  excepting  more  southern  plains,  east  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

418.  P.  nuttalli  (Aud.).  Poor-wilL 
a}.  Smaller  and  paler,  with  pi'evailing  color  above  pale  brownish  gray,  inclining  in 
places  to  palo  hoary  or  silvery  whitish,  relieved  bj''  smaller  or  narrower 
black  markings;  chin  and  sides  of  head  finely  mottled  grayish  brown;  chest 
■with  little,  if  any,  of  uniform  black  ;  sides  and  flanks  more  narrowly  barred 
(the  latter  sometimes  immaculate) ;  ochraceous  of  quills  paler  and  more 
extended ;  wing  5.40-5.75  (5.44),  tail  3.50-3.60  (3.52).  Hab.  Central  Texas 
to  Arizona  (probably  northward  to  Kansas,  etc.). 

— .  P.  nuttalli  nitidus  Brewpt.    Frosted  Poor-will.' 


1  Psi'ttaciia  albiffont  SPARRM.,  Mus.  Carls.  1787,  pi.  62.  Amatona  albi/ront  tscnLBO,,  Mus.  P.-B, 
Psitt.  18(54,  69. 

*  Clinjiio(i»  xantholora  Qrav,  List  Psltt.  Brit.  Mus.  1859,  83.  Amazona  xantholora  Schleo.  Mus.  P.-B, 
Psitt.  1864,  59. 

>  Phaltenopiilnt  nnttnlli  nitidui  Brewst.,  Auk,  iv.  No.  2,  April,  1887,  147. 

Note. — It  is  not  improbable  that  the  Californian  birds  of  this  species,  at  least  those  ft-otn  the  more  humid 
and  wooded  northiTti  coast  districts,  will  have  to  bo  goparatod  as  a  local  roce,  characterized  by  very  dark  colors, 
with  heavier  markings.  At  least  the  two  Californian  examples  In  the  Nat"  nal  Museum  collection  (one  from 
Nicasio,  the  other  from  Calaveras  County)  arc  alfoftcthor  darker  than  any  from  elsewhere.  Bhou'J  additional 
material  show  the  observed  difierenoes  to  be  oonstant,  I  would  propose  fur  this  dark  northwestern  race  th« 
name  P,  nu'talli  cal\/orHicui, 


APPENDIX. 


589 


Genus  MOLOTHRUS  Swainson,  page  367. 

Section  a',  including  M.  ceneus  (Wagl.),  should  constitute  a  distinct  genus, 
Callothrus  Cassin  (Pr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1866,  18,  type,  Psarocolius  ceneus  Waol.), 
the  characters  of  which  are  as  follows  : — Feathers  of  hind-part  and  sides  of  neck 
much  elongated,  forming  a  very  conspicuous,  soft,  and  dense  erectile  ruff  in  the 
adult  male ;  four  outer  primaries  with  inner  webs  curiously  sinuated  and  emar- 
ginated,  the  web  being  expanded  just  beyond  the  middle  portion,  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  widened  part  forming  an  acute  poii^t,  projected  longitudinally 
(less  marked  on  the  first  quill).  Two  apparently  distinct  specios  constitute  the 
genus,  their  distinctive  characters  being  much  more  obvious  in  the  females  than  in 
the  males.     They  may  be  thus  characterized : — 

b^.  Bill  decidedly  stouter;  adult  female  grayish  brown  (washed  with  plumbeous  in 
fresh  plumage),  lighter  below,  the  feathers  of  back,  etc.,  darker  medially, 
producing  more  or  less  conspicuous  streaks ;  adult  male  brighter  colored, 
with  the  bronze  of  head,  neck,  etc.,  more  greenish  (scarcely,  if  at  all,  duller 
on  top  of  head  than  on  back),  and  rump  distinctly  purple  or  violet.  Ilab 
iVestern  Mexico  (Mazatlan,  Manzanillo  Bay,  Colima,  etc.). 

C.  seneus  (Waql.).  Bronzed  Cowbird. 
i'.  Bill  more  slender;  adult  female  dull  black,  more  or  less  glossed  with  bluish  or 
purple,  especially  on  wings  and  tail ;  adult  male  duller  in  color,  with  bronze 
less  greenish  (decidedly  duller  on  top  of  head  than  on  back),  and  with  rump 
dull  bronzy  scarcely,  if  at  all,  mixed  or  tinged  with  purj^lish  or  violet.  Ifab. 
Eastern  and  southern  Mexico,  Yucatan,  and  south  to  Panama;  north  to 
lower  Eio  Gi'ande  Valley  in  Texas. 

496.  C.  robustus  (Cab.).    Red-eyed  Cowbird.^ 

Genus  PI  RANG  A  Vieillot,  page  453. 

Add  P.  riibriceps  Gray  (Pyranga,  rubriceps  Gray,  Gen.  B.  ii.  364,  pi.  89),  which  is 
said  to  have  been  taker  in  California  (Dos  Pueblos,  Santa  Barbara  County,  cf,  Walter 
E.  Bryant,  Auk,  Jan.  1887,  p.  78).  This  species  belongs  in  section  a',  although  the 
wing  is  bicolored,  the  lesser  and  middle  coverts  being  pur-o  gamboge-yellow,  while 
the  greater  and  priniarj''  coverts,  alula,  and  remiges  r  'o  dull  black,  edged,  more  or 
less,  with  olive-green.  Tho  adult  male  hat  the  enti"'i  *  .id  and  upper  part  of  neck 
(sometimes  whole  neck  and  chest)  bright  red,  the  bach  and  scapulars  olive-green 
changing  to  olive-yellow  on  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts,  the  to  d  olive-dusky  eJgcd 
with  olive-green,  and  the  lower  parts  rich  yellow ;  wing  3.60-3.76,  tail  3.40-3.50. 


>  ^fn1nthrm  rohtuUm  Oab.,  Mu9.  Hein.  \.  Sept.  i85T,  193,  foot-noto  (Mexico). 

Thia  is  based  on  the  adult  female  of  the  eastern  bird.    The  description  of  PmrocoUui  leneut  Waol.  agrees 
minutely  with  the  adult  mule  of  the  western  form ;  and  therefore,  while  the  locality  :jiven  is  simply  "  Moxici, 
I  hare  preferred  to  restrict  the  name  as  above,  rather  thn.n  :;ivo  a  new  name  to  the  western  species,  which 
would  bo  the  necessary  alternative.    The  two  speoleis  are  iallyldentio^l  in  all  measurements  except  of  the 

bill,  whloh  is  oonsidurably  stouter  in  JIf.  ^'•i«i(«. 


JL 


590 


APPENDIX. 


The  adult  female  probably  lacks  the  red  of  the  head  and  neck,  although  said  to 
bo  "like  the  male,  but  the  scarlet  color  of  the  head  only  extending  to  the  nape  and 
throat"  (ScLATER,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  xi.  1886,  192).  The  occurrence  of  this  species 
in  California  can  only  be  considered  as  purely  accidental,  its  habitat  being  Colombia 
and  Ecuador,  entirely  south  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Genus  VIREO  Vieillot,  pages  4G9-478. 

In  Termeszetrajzi  Fiizetek,  vol.  ix.  part  1,  1885,  p.  85,  Von  Madarasz  has  de- 
scribed  a  new  Vireo  (V.forreri)  from  the  Tres  Marias  Islands.  It  is  said  to  re- 
semble most  nearly  V.  flavoviridis  (Cass.),  from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  absence 
of  the  superciliary  stripe  and  dsrk  streak  on  sides  of  crown,  the  latter  lighter  gray, 
and  the  breast  tinged  with  grayish. 


Genus  CERTHIOLA  Sundevall,  page  479. 

According  to  the  A.  O.  IT.  Code,  the  proper  name  for  this  genus  is  Coereba 
Vieillot,  first  established  in  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  i.  1807,  70.  Although  the  name  was  evi- 
dently intended  to  cover  all  the  Coerebidce  known  at  that  time,  the  only  species 
mentioned  is  Certhia  flaveola  Linn.,  which  must  therefore  be  considered  the  type. 
To  the  generic  group  to  which  the  name  Coereba  has  been  quite  universally  restricted 
by  more  recent  authoi's,  the  name  Arbelorhina  Cab.  {Arch,  fur  Naturg  1847,  325) 
may  be  available ;  for,  although  this  was  at  first  intended  simply  as  a  substitute 
for  Careba  (the  latter  being  rejected  as  not  classical),  its  author  three  years  later 
(Miis.  Hein.  i.  1850,  96)  restricted  it  to  the  group  which  has  Certhia  cyanea  Linn. 
as  typo. 


No.  666.  Dendroica  chrysoparia  Scl.  &  Salv. 

507-509. 


Golden-cheeked  Warbler,  pages 


On  page  508  it  is  stated  that  the  female  of  this  species  "has  not  been  described." 
This  is  an  error,  for  the  following  description  occurs  in  volume  x.  of  the  "Catalogue 
of  Birds  in  the  British  Museum"  (pp.  295,  296),  by  E.  Bowdlor  Sharper— 

"  Ad^dt  female.  Differs  from  the  male  in  being  olive-j'cllow  above,  slightly 
mottled  with  blackish  centres  on  the  crowny  lower  back,  and  rump  ;  upper  tail- 
coverts  ashy  gray,  with  black  centres ;  scapulars  uniform  ashy  gray ;  wings  as  in 
the  male,  with  two  white  wing-bars,  the  median  series  very  bi'oadly  tipped  with 
white,  the  ashy  margins  to  the  quills  broader  than  in  the  male;  tail  as  in  the  male; 
a  broad  eyebrow  and  entire  sides  of  face  golden  yellow,  the  black  line  through  the 
eye  dusky  blackish  ;  base  of  cheeks  and  feathers  below  the  eye  whitish,  as  also  the 
base  of  the  chin ;  breast  and  abdomen  white ;  and  streaked  with  black  on  the 
flanks  as  in  tie  male ;  the  throat  yellow,  the  lower  part  and  fore-neck  ashy 
whitish,  overshading  the  black  tlv  "oat,  Avhich  can  be  traced  below ;  axillaries  and 
under  wing-covcrts  white  ;  quills  dusky  below,  white  along  the  edge  of  the  inner 
web.  Total  length  4.5  inches,  culmcn  0.5,  wing  2.6,  tail  2.06,  tarsus  0.75  (Mus. 
Salvin  and  Godjnan),^' 


APPENDIX. 


691 


No.  740.  Parus  hudsonicus  Forst.,  page  564. 

Since  the  synopsis  of  the  genus  Parus  was  written,  the  National  Museum  has 
received  three  specimens  of  a  species  closely  allied  to  P.  hudsonicics,  but  apparently 
specifically  distinct,  collected  by  Lieut.  George  M.  Stoney,  U.S.N.,  on  the  Kowak 
or  Putnam  Eivor,  northwestern  Alaska.  The  characters  of  the  new  species,  which 
is  named  in  honor  of  Lieut.  StoL>ey,  are  as  follows:  — .  Parus  stoneyi  Eidqw.  Eowak 
Chickadee.  Similar  to  P.  hudsonicus,  but  much  grayer  above,  sides  of  neck  purer  ash- 
gray,  sides  much  paler  rusty,  and  throat  clear  slate-black  instead  of  sooty  blackish  ; 
wing  2.55-2.75  (2.62),  tail  2.60-2.65  (2.62),  exposed  culmeu  .30-.35  (.32),  tarsus 
.62-.70. 

The  three  specimens  upon  which  this  species  is  based  have  been  carefully  com- 
pared with  89  examples  of  P.  hudsonicus,  including  18  from  Alaska,  29  from  northern 
Labrador  (Fort  Chimo)  and  Moose  Factory,  35  from  New  Brunswick,  1  from  Nova 
Scotia,  4  fro.n  Maine,  and  2  from  northern  New  York.  The  only  appreciable  vari- 
ation w  I  locality  in  this  extensive  series  is  that  four  of  the  Alaskan  skins  are 
browner  than  the  I'est,  but  they  are  all  fall  or  winter  specimens,  in  fresh  plumage, 
while  the  others  are  all  in  spring  or  summer  plumage. 

Genus  REGULUS  Cuvier,  page  567. 

An  adult  male  of  E.  satrapa  from  the  city  of  Mexico  in  Mr.  Lawrence's  collec- 
tion is  much  deeper  and  richer  colored  than  even  Pacific  coast  examples,  and  no 
doubt  represents  a  race  resident  on  the  high  mountains  of  central  Mexico,  which 
Mr.  Lawi-ence  has  named,  in  manuscript,  Regulus  satrapa  aztecus.  The  lower  parts 
are  light  grayish  brown,  or  drab,  the  underlying  portion  of  the  plumage  paii  dull 
buffy ;  the  white  superciliary  stripe  (tinged  with  brownish  anteriorly)  is  much  more 
conspicuous  than  usu.al,  owing  to  contrast  with  the  very  dark  color  of  adjacent  por- 
tions of  sides  of  head  and  brownish  lower  parts ;  the  secondaries  and  rectrices  are 
edged  with  very  bright  yellowish  olive-green,  while  the  back,  scapulars,  and  rump 
are  a  rather  dull  olive-green,  changing  to  dull  sooty  grayish  on  the  hind-nork. 
Wing  2.25,  tp.il  1.70. 

LIST  OF  NEW  SUBGENERA  DESCRIBED  IN  THIS  V/ORK. 

1.  Neofiilco.    (Type,  Falco  alhigularis  Daitd.) Page  248 

2.  Nuttallornis.    (Tj-pe,  TyrcrnnMS  6orert?«s  Swains.) "     337 

b.  j>iirrica.    (Typo,  Fringilla  mexicana  MCll.) «      390 

4.  Chamajthlypis.     ('£yi><i,  Geothlypis  j)oh'ocephaIa  Baikv.) «'      525 

LIST  OF  NEW  SPECIES  AND    SUBSPECIES    DESCRIBED    IN  THIS  WORK. 

1.  Ortalis  vetula  pallidiventris  (Yucatan) Pago  209 

2.  Oidemia  (Mclanitta)  stejnegeri  (Kamtfchatka  to  Japan) "      112 

3.  Cocoyzufl  amcricanus  occidontalis "      273 

4.  Ooccyzus  maynardi "      274 

5.  .Dryobates  villosus  maynardi  (Bn'uunas  ;  =  P<cms  insularis  Mayn.,  nee 

Gould) «     282 


i 

^r,; 


692  APPENDIX. 

6.  Dryobates  scalaris  sinaloensis  (western  Mexico) Page  285 

7.  Dryobates  arizonffi  fraterculus  (southwestern  Mexico) "  286 

8.  lache  lawrencei  Berlepsch,  MS.  (Tres  Marias) "  320 

9.  Platypsaris  insularis  (Tios  Marias) "  325 

10.  Myiodynastes  audax  insolens  (southeastern  Mexico) "  332 

11.  Myiarch  us  brachyuru  3  (Nicaragua) "  334 

12.  Aphelocoma  californica  hypoleuca "  356 

13.  Aphelocoma  cyanotis  (Mexico) "  357 

14.  Corvus  corax  principalis "  361 

15.  Corvus  americanus  hesperis "  362 

16.  Agelaius  phceniceus  Bonoriensis "  370 

17.  Agelaius  phceniceus  bryanti "  370 

18.  Pinicola  enucleator  kadiaka. "  388 

19.  Carpodacus  mexicanus  ru;    "'•*''' ^ "  391 

20.  Plectrophenax  nivalis  townsL "  403 

21.  Cardinalis  cardinalis  yucatanicuo  ^^Yucatan) "  443 

22.  Passerina  parellina  indigotiea  (southwestern  Mexico) "  447 

23.  Passerina  sumichrasti  (Tehuantcpcc) "  447 

24.  Passerina  versicolor  pulchra "  448 

25.  Piranga  flammea  (Tres  Marias) "  457 

26.  Piranga  leucoptera  latifasciata  (Costa  Rica  and  Veragua) "  457 

27.  Ptiliogonys  cinereus  molybdophancs  (Guatemala).., "  464 

28.  Lanius  ludovicianus  gambeli "  467 

29.  Viroo  crassirostris  flavescons  (Bahamas) "  476 

30.  Compsothlj-^pis  graysoni  (Socorro) "  492 

31.  Geothlypis  (ChamBBthlypis)  palpebralis  (southeastern  Mexico) "  526 

32.  Thryothoi'us  maculipcctus  umbrinus  (Guatemala) "  552 

33.  Thryothorus  maculipoctus  canobrunneus  (Yucatan) "  552 

34.  Polioptila  crorulea  cojsiogaster  (Bahamas) "  569 

35.  Columbigallina  passerina  socorroonsis  (Socorro) "  686 

36.  Megascops  hastatus  (western  Mexico) "  586 

37.  Phalcenoptilus  nuttalli  californicus "  588 

38.  Parus  stoneyi "  591 

39.  Hegulus  satrapa  aztccua  Lawr.,  MS.  (Mexico) "  591 

LIST  OF  GENERA  AND  SUBGENERA  NOT  NEW  BUT  ADDITIONAL  TO  THOSE 
RECOGNIZED  AS  NORTH  AMERICAN  IN  THE  A.   O.  U.  CHECK  LIST. 

1.  Thalnssarche  Beich Pago    51 

2.  Coturnix  BoNNAT.    (Introduced.) "  186 


320 

325 

332 

334 

356 

357 

361 

362 

370 

370 

388 

391 

403 

443 

447 

447 

448 

457 

457 

464 

467 

476 


"   492 

"   526 

"   552 

'   552 

"   569 

'   686 

'   686 

'   588 

'   691 

'  591 

rnosE 

1ST. 

igo  51 

'   186 

i_ 

APPENDIX.  593 

3.  Phasianus  Linn.  (Introduced.) Page  206 

4.  Tachytriorchis  Kaup.    (Type,  Falco  pterocles  TEMM.,  =  Buteo  albican- 

datus  YimLL.) "  237 

5.  Rhynchopsitta  BoNAP "  269 

6.  Carduelis  Briss.    (Introduced.) «  400 

7.  Passer  Briss.    (Introduced.) "  401 

8.  Callothrus  Cass.    (Type,  PsarocoZiMS  ob/icms  Wagl.) "  589 

LIST  OF   SPECIES  AND   SUBSPECIES  ADMITTED  AS   NORTH  AMERICAN 
WHICH  ARE  NOT  INCLUDED  IN  THE  A.  O.  U.  CHECK  LIST. 

1.  Larus  barrovianus  EiDGW.*- Page    26 

2.  Diomedea  exulans  Linn "  51 

3.  Diomedea  (Thalassarche)  melanophry 8  Temm "  52 

4.  Botaurus  (Ardetta)  neoxena  (Cory)*... "  127 

5.  Tringa  (Actodromas)  damacensis  (HoRSF.) "  158 

6.  Coturnix  coturnix  (Linn.).     (Introduced.) "  186 

7.  Colinus  virginianus  cubanensis  (Gould) "  188 

8.  Phasianus  colchicus  Linn.    (Introduced.) "  206 

9.  Phasianus  torquatus  Gmel.     (Introduced.) "  206 

10.  Phasianus  versicolor  ViEiLL.    (Introduced.) "  206 

11.  Phasianus  soemmerringii  Temm.     (Introduced.) "  206 

12.  Ehynchopsitta  pachyrhyncha  (Swains.) "  269 

13.  Trochilus  (Selasphorus)  floresii  (Gould) "  315 

14.  Cyanocitta  stelleri  annectens  (Baird) "  354 

15.  Aphelocoma  insularis  Hensh.* "  356 

16.  Carduelis  carduelis  (Linn.).     (Introduced.) "  401 

17.  Passer  domesticus  (Linn.).     (Introduced.) "  401 

18.  Passer  montanus  (Linn.).    (Introduced.) "  402 

19.  Spizella  pusilla  arenacea  Chadb.* "  420 

20.  Guiraca  cfiBrulea  eurhyncha  CouEs "  446 

21.  Progne  cryptoleuca  Baird "  459 

22.  Vireo  gilvus  swainsoni  Baird "  472 

23.  Vireo  solitarius  alticola  Brewst.* «  473 

24.  Vireo  noveboracensis  maynardi  Brewst.* "  476 

25.  Dendroica  testiva  morcorai  Coale* "  494 

26.  Cistothorus  (Telmatodytes)  palustris  paludicola  Baird "  656 

27.  Parus  bicolor  texensis  Sennett* "  561 

*  These  hare  been  detoribed  linoe  publioation  of  the  Check  Lilt. 

76 


^f^ 


594  APPENDIX. 

28.  Parus  atricristatus  castaneifrons  Sennett* Page  561 

29.  Symphemia  semipalmata  inornata  Beewst.* "      585 

30.  Columbigallina  passerina  pallescens  Baird ^ "      586 

31.  Phalaenoptilus  nuttalli  nitidus  Brewst.*  ! "      588 


SPECIES  AND  SUBSPF'^IES  RECOGNIZED  IN  THfi  A.  O.  U.  CHECK  LIST 

WHICH  HAVE  BEEN  CANCELLED. 

No.  519a.  Carpodacus  frontalis  rhodocolpus  (Cab.).  This  proves  to  be  simply 
an  individual  color-phase  of  C.  frontalis  (or  C.  mexicanus  frontalis).  The 
Cape  St.  Lucas  specimens,  however,  which  have  been  referred  to  this 
supposed  race  constitute  G.  mexicanus  ruberrimus  Ridqw.   (See  page  391.) 

No.  676.  Peucsea  arizonae  Ridqw.  This  proves  to  be  the  same  as  No.  577,  P. 
mexicanus  (Lawr.),  the  range  of  which  is  thus  extended  to  Arizona  and 
Sonora. 


NAMES  IN  A.  O.  U.  CHECK  LIST  WHICH  HAVE  BEEN  MORE  OR  LESS 

CHANGED. 


Name  as  in  A.  0.  U.  Check  List. 
No.  99.  -^strelata  gularia  'I  iP.A.-Ly'] 
No.  159.  Somateria  moUissima  (Linn.). 
No.  198.  Ardea  rufa  Bodd. 
Subgenus  Nyctherodius  Reich. 
Subgenus  Rhyacophilus  Kaitp. 
Genus  Ulula  Ctjvier. 
No.  386.  Dryobates  scalaris  ("Waol.). 
No.  398.  Dryobates  stricklandi  (Malh.). 
No.  464.  Baird's  Flycatcher. 
No.  496.  Molothrus  seneus  (Wagl.). 
No.  515.  Pinicola  enucleator  (Linn.). 
No.  519.  Carpodacus  frontalis  (Say). 
Genus  Certhiola  Sundevall. 
Subgenus  Oporornis  Baird. 

No.  766a.  Sialia  sialis  azurea  (Swains.). 


Name  as  corrected. 

M.  scalaris  Brewst. 
S.  moUissima  borealis  (Brehm). 
A.  rufescens  Gmel.    (See  Appendix.) 
Nyctinassa  Stejn.    (See  Appendix.) 
Helodromas  Kaup. 
Scotiaptox  Swains. 
D.  scalaris  bairdi  (ScL.). 
D.  arizoniB  (Hargitt). 
Western  Flycatcher. 
Callothrus  robustus  Cab.  (See  Appendix.) 
P.  enucleator  canadensis  (Cab.). 
C.  mexicanus  frontalis  (Sat). 
Coereba  Vieillot. 

Limits  extended  to  include  Sylvia  Phila- 
delphia "WiLs.  and  S.  macgillivrayi  Aud. 
Sialia  sialis  azurea  (Baird). 


•  These  have  been  described  since  publication  of  the  Check  Lilt. 


INDEX. 


A. 

Abaeo  Yellow-throat,  525. 
abbreviatus,  Buteo,  234. 
Abeille's  Grosbeak,  387. 

Oriole,  378. 
abeillei,  Ornismya,  304. 

Xanthornus,  378. 
Abeillia,  304. 
abeitlii,  Coocothraustes,  387. 

Quiraoa,  387. 

Icterus,  378. 
aberti,  Anas,  92. 

Pipilo,  441. 
Abert's  Duck,  92. 

Towhee,  441. 
Acadian  Flycatcher,  342. 
acadica,  Nyctala,  2(50. 
acadicus,  Empidonax,  342. 
Acanthis,  382,  395. 

brewsterii,  395,  393. 

holboellii,  397. 

horneinannii,  396. 
exilipes,  896. 

linaria,  397. 

holbrellli,  397. 
rostrata,  397. 
Accipiter,  223,  227. 

atricapillus,  228. 
Btriatulus,  228. 

cooperi,  228. 

volos,  227. 
Aecipitrinro,  222. 
accipitrinus,  Asio,  258. 
Aotitis,  148,  169. 

hypoleuoos,  170. 

maoularia,  170. 
Actocholidon,  39. 
Actodromas,  155. 

damacensis,  158. 
aouflnvida.  Sterna  sandvicensis,  40. 
aouleata,  Sitta  carolinensis,  559. 
acuminata,  Tringa,  155. 
acuta,  Dafila,  98. 
adameii,  Urlnator,  7. 
Admirable  Hummingbird,  310, 
^chmophorus,  4. 

elarkii,  4. 

oocidentalis,  4. 
a^'don  parkmanii,  TroglodTtei,  654. 

Troglodytes,  553,  554. 
iEgialitis,  172, 174, 170. 

ooUaris,  179. 


^gialitis  dubia,  176, 177. 

hiaticula,  177. 

meloda,  178. 

circumcinota,  178. 

mongola,  179. 

montana,  176. 

nivosa,  178. 

Bemipalmata,  176, 177. 

vocifera,  174. 

wilsonia,  175. 

ruflnuoha,  175. 

wilsonius  var.  rufinuohus,  175. 
(eneus,  Callothrus,  589. 

Molothrus,  367,  580. 

Psarocolius,  589. 

Quiscalus  quiscula,  380. 
(equinoctialis,  Procellaria,  55. 
iEsalon,  249. 
(estiva,  Dcndroica,  .  ''4. 

morcomi,  Dendroica,  494. 
(estivalis  bachmani,  Peucsea,  428. 

Pcucwa,  427. 
^atrelata,  54,  63,  65. 

arminjoniana,  65. 

aterrima,  67. 

atlantica,  66. 

brevirostris,  66. 

cookii,  65. 

defilippiana,  68. 

externa,  68. 

fisheri,  68. 

grisea,  67. 

gularig,  67,  68. 

hasitata,  66. 

incerta,  64. 

jamaicensis,  66. 

lessoni,  63. 

leucoptero,  65. 

magentffi,  64. 

mollis,  63. 

neglccta,  87. 

parvirostris,  65. 

phseopygia,  65. 

rostrata,  64. 

scalaris,  68. 

trinitatis,  66. 
(cthereus,  PhaSthon,  74. 
affinis,  Aythya,  103. 

Campylorhynohus,  547. 

Qeoooccyx,  273. 

Larus,  29. 

mariloides,  Aythya,  103. 
AgelaiuB,  365,  308. 


Agelaius,  assimilis,  370,  371. 

gubemator,  370,  371. 

humeralis,  371. 

phceniceus,  369,  370. 
bryanti,  370. 
sonoriensis,  370. 

tricolor,  371. 
agilis,  Geothlypis,  521. 
aglasus,  Quiscalus  quiscula,  380. 
bglaite,  Pachyrhynohus,  324. 
aglsise,  Platypsaris,  324. 
Agyrtria,  306. 
aikoni,  Junco,  422. 
Aix,  85j  98. 

galericulata,  99. 

sponsa,  99. 
Ajaja,  122. 
ajaja,  Ajaja,  123. 
alascensis,  Picoides  americanus,  287. 

Troglodytes,  650. 
Alaskan  Jay,  360. 

Three-toed  Woodpecker,  287. 

Wren,  555. 
Alauda,  346. 

arrensls,  347. 

blakistoni,  347. 
Alaudidse,  321,  346. 
alaudinus,  Ammodramua  sandwich- 

cnsis,  409. 
alba,  Gavia,  24. 

Guara,  123. 

Motacillo,  533. 
Albatross,  Black-footed,  51. 

Cautious,  53. 

Gill's,  52. 

Green-billed,  53. 

Speckled,  52. 

Spectacled,  52. 

Snort-tailed,  51. 

Sooty,  53. 

Wandering,  51. 

Yellow-nosed,  52. 
albatrus,  Diomodea,  51. 
albellus,  Mergus,  90. 
albeola,  Chari'»netta,  106. 
albicaudatus,  Buteo,  238. 

Faleo,  237. 
alhicilla,  Haliaeetus,  243. 
albicollis,  Contopus,  338. 

Nyctidromus,  300. 

Pipilo,  430. 

Zonotrichia,  417. 
albifacies,  Gcotrygon,  217. 

696 


596 


INDEX. 


:"1 


albifrons,  Amazona,  5SS. 
Anaer,  116. 

Engyptila,  214. 
gamboli,  Anser,  116. 

Psittaous,  588. 
albigula,  Pipilo,  441. 

Pipilo  fuscus,  440. 
albigularia,  Empidonax,  340. 

Falco,  248. 
albilinea,  Petrochelidon,  462. 

Tachycineta,  462. 
albilora,  Dcndroica  dominica,  504. 
albiloris,  Polioptila,  369. 
albinucha,  Dolicbonyx  oryzirorus, 
366. 

Thryothorus,  550. 

Troglodytes,  550. 
albiventris,  Hadrostomus,  325. 

Platypsaris,  325. 

Polioptila,  569. 
albooiliatus,     Phalacrocorax     dilo- 

phus,  78. 
albolarvatus,  Xcnopious,  2S6. 
Alca,  10,  18. 

torda,  18. 
AloedinidsB,  271,  278. 
Alcedo  torquata,  279. 
Alcidae,  4,  8. 
Alcino),  10. 
alcyon,  Ceryle,  279. 
Alcyones,  271. 
Aleutian  Leucosticte,  393. 

Sandpiper,  154. 

Song  Sparrow,  432. 

Tern,  4'- 
aleutica,  Sterna,  45. 
alcuticus,  Ptychoramphus,  12. 
alexandri,  Trochilus,  312. 
alicia3,  Turdus,  574,  575. 
A)le,  10,  19. 
alle,  Alio,  19. 
allcni,  Lagopus  lagopus,  199. 

Pipilo  crythrophthalmus,  436. 

Syrnium  nebulosum,  259. 

Trochilus,  314. 
Allen's  Hummingbird,  314. 

Ptarmigan,  199. 
Allied  Shearwater,  61. 
Allinge,  10. 
alpestrig  arcnioola,  Otocoris,  349. 

chrysolnma,  Otocoris,  349. 

giraudi,  Otocoris,  349. 

leucolffima,  Otocoris,  348. 

Otocoris,  348. 

praticola,  Otocoris,  348. 

rubea,  Otocoris,  349. 

strigata,  Otocoris,  349. 
alpina,  Tringa,  159. 

paoifica,  Tringa,  160. 
Alpine  Three-toed  Woodpecker,  287. 
alticola  Junco,  424. 

Vireo  solitarius,  473. 
altiloquus  barbntalus,  Vireo,  470. 
amabilis,  Zcnaida,  213. 
Amazilia,  308,316. 

berylllna,  317. 

cerviniventris,  317. 

cinnamomea,  318, 

cyanura,  318. 

fuscicaudatt^  317. 

graysoni,  318. 

mariBB,  317. 


Amazilia  ocai,  317. 

yucatanensis,  317. 
Amazona,  269,  587. 

albifrons,  588. 

autumnalis,  587. 

finschi,  587. 

guatemalee,  587. 

levaillantii,  587. 

oratrix,  587. 

xantholora,  588. 
Amazonian  Turliey  Vulture,  221. 
ambiguus,  Trogon,  276. 
American  Avocet,  146. 
•     Barn  Owl,  255. 

Bittern,  126. 

Black  Tern,  47. 

Coot,  142. 

Crossbill,  392. 

Crow,  362. 

Dipper,  538. 

Eared  Grebe,  6. 

Egret,  130. 

Eider,  110. 

Flamingo,  121. 

Golden-eye,  105. 

Golden  Plover,  174. 

Goldfinch,  398. 

Goshawk,  228. 

Hawk  Owl,  265. 

Herring  Gull,  31. 

Long-eared  Owl,  257. 

Magpie,  352. 

Merganser,  89. 

Osprey,  265. 

Oyster-catcher,  182. 

Pine  Grosbeak,  388. 

Pipit,  536. 

Redstart,  529. 

Kobin,  577. 

Rough-legged  Hawk,  241. 

Scaup  Duck,  103. 

Scoter,  111. 

Sparrow  Hawk,  252. 

Three-toed  Woodpecker,  287. 

White-fronted  Goose,  116. 

White  Pelican,  82. 

Woodcock,  150. 
americana.  Anas,  96. 

Aythya,  101,  103. 

Corthia  familiaris,  657. 

Compsothlypsis,  491. 

Fulica,  142. 

Grus,  135. 

Mycteria,  126. 

Oidemia,  111. 

Recurrirostra,  146,  147. 

Spiza,  452. 
ameiicnnus  alasoensis,  Piooides,  287. 

Coccyzus,  273. 

Corvus,  362,  363. 

dorsalis,  Picoides,  287. 

floridanus,  Corvus,  362. 

hciperis,  Corvus,  362. 

Merganser,  89. 

occidentalis,  CoocycuB,  273. 

Picoides,  287. 

Tympanuchus,  203. 
Ammodramus,  384,  407,  412. 

bairdi,  410. 

beldingi,  409. 

oaudacutus,  413. 
nelsoni,  413. 


Ammodramua  henslowii,  412. 

leconteii,  412. 

maritimus,  413. 

nigrescens,  413. 

prinoeps,  407. 

rostratus,  410. 
guttatus,  410. 

sandwichensis,  408, 409. 
alaudinus,  409. 
bryanti,  409. 
savanna,  408. 

savanna,  409. 

savannarum  passorinus,  411. 
jperpallidus,  411. 
amcena,  Passerina,  447,  448. 
Ampelidte,  322,  463. 
Ampeliute,  463. 
Ampelis,  463,  464. 

ccdrorum,  465. 

garrulus,  464,  465. 

hypopyrrha,  323. 

japonica,  465. 

japonicus,  465. 
Amphispiza,  385,  425. 

belli,  426. 

nevadensis,  427. 

bilinenta,  425. 

ferrariperezi,  426. 

humeralis,  426. 

mystacalis,  426. 

quinqucstriata,  426. 
amplus,  Carpodacus,  391. 
Anabates  fernandinse,  482. 
anaethetus.  Sterna,  46. 
Anas,  84,  90. 

aberti,  92. 

americana,  96. 

arborca,  119. 

bahamensis,  98. 

boschas,  91. 

carolinensis,  94. 

clangula,  106. 

crecca,  94. 

cyanoptera,  93. 

diazi,  92. 

discors,  93. 

ferina,  101. 

fuligula,  103. 

fulvigula,  92. 

galericulata,  99. 

marila,  103. 

moschata,  87, 100. 

nigra,  111. 

obscura,  91,  92. 

pcnelope,  90. 

segctum,  116. 

strepera,  95. 

vallisneria,  102. 

viduata,  119. 
Anatidse,  84,  88. 
Anatinae,  84. 

anatum,  Falco  peregrinus,  247. 
Ancient  Murrelet,  14. 
Ancylocheilus,  160. 
andina,  Reourvirostra,  146. 
angustifrons,  Melanerpes  formioir- 

orus,  291. 
Anhinga,  76,  77. 

anhinga,  77. 
anhinga,  Anhinga,  77i 
AnhingidsB,  73,  76. 
Ani,  272. 


INDEX. 


597 


ani,  Crotophaga,  272. 

Groove-billed,  272. 
anna,  Trochilus,  312,  315. 
Anna's  Hummingbird,  312. 
annectens,  Cyanucitta  stelleri,  354. 

Cyanoura  stelleri,  var.,  354. 

Junco,  424. 
Anorthura,  554. 
Anous,  23,  24,  47. 

leucocapillus,  48. 

melanogenya,  48, 

stolidus,  48. 

tenuiroHtris,  48. 
Anser,  87,  115. 

albifrons,  116. 
gambeli,  116. 

segetum,  116. 
Anserus,  1,  84. 
Anserinae,  87. 
Antarctic  Fulmar,  58. 

Skua,  21. 
antarctica,  Procellaria,  58. 

Thalassoica,  58. 
antarcticus,  Fulmarus,  58. 

Lestris,  21. 

Tar.  b.  ohilensis,  21. 

Megalestris  21. 
anthracina,  Urubitinga,  239. 
AnChus,  532, 535. 

oervinus,  537. 

gustavi,  537. 

pensilvanicus,  535,  536. 

pratensis,  536. 

gpragueii,  537. 
antillarum,  Stoma,  46. 
Autillcan  Dove,  213. 

Yellow  Warbler,  496. 
antiquus,  Synthliboramphus,  14. 
Antrostomus,  297,  298. 

carolincnsis,  298. 

cubanensis,  298. 

macromystax,  298,  299. 

vociferus,  299. 
arizonse,  299. 
aonalaschkse,  Turdus,  576. 
Aphelouoma,  351,  355. 

arizonae,  357. 

oalifornica,  356,  357. 
hypoleuca,  356. 

couchi,  357. 

cyanotia,  357. 

floridana,  355. 

insularis,  356. 

Rieberii,  358. 

arizonae,  357. 

sumichrasti,  356. 

ultramarina,  357. 

unicalor,  358. 

woodhousei,  355. 
Aphriza,  179,  180. 

virgata,  ISO. 
AphrizidK,  1(3,  179. 
Aplomado  Falcon,  251. 
aprioarius,  Charadriug,  173. 
Aquila,  223,  241. 

chryiiaetos,  242. 

pelagica,  243. 
aquila,  Fregata,  83. 
Ara,  268,  586. 

brasiliensis,  268. 

ohloroptera,  268. 

macao,  587. 


Ara  militaris,  586,  587. 
Aramidae,  134,  135. 
Aramus,  135. 

giganteus,  136. 

scolopaceu8,  136. 
Arbelorbina,  590. 
arborea,  Anaa,  119. 

Dcndrooygna,  119. 
Arcbibuteo,  223,  240. 

ferruginous,  241. 

lagopus,  240. 

sancti-johannis,  241. 
Arctic  Horned  ^wl,  263. 

Tern,  43. 

Three-toed  Woodpecker,  287. 

Towhee,  437. 
arctica,  Fratercula,  11. 

glacialis,  Fratercula,  11. 

Sialia,  580,  582. 
arcticus.  Bubo  virginianus,  263. 

Pieoides,  287. 

Pipilo,  437. 

Pipilo  maculatus,  437. 

Urinator,  7 
arctoa,  Leucosticte,  395. 
Arctonetta,  87,  108. 

fischeri,  108. 
arctous.  Passer,  395. 
Ardea,  126,  128,  583. 

brunnescens,  131. 

caarulea,  130. 

candidissima,  130. 

cinerea,  129. 

cocoi,  129. 

egretta,  130. 

herodias,  129,  584. 

involucris,  127,  128. 

maguari,  125. 

minuta,  127. 

occidentalis,  128. 

pealei,  131. 

pinnata,  127. 

rufa,  131,  584. 

rufeacens,  584. 

scolopacea,  136. 

striata,  132. 

tricolor  ruficollis,  131. 

violacea,  584. 

virescens,  132. 

wardi,  129,  584. 

vruerdemanni,  128,  129,  583. 
Ardeidee,  122,  126. 
Ardeinae,  126. 
ardeaiacus,  Cinclua,  538. 
Ardetta,  127. 

involucris,  128. 

neoxena,  127. 
arenacea,  Spizella  pusilla,  420. 
Arenaria,  179, 180. 

interpres,  180, 181. 

melanooephala,  181. 
arenaria,  Calidris,  162. 
arenicola,  Otocoris  alpestria,  349. 
argcntatua,  Larus,  29,  30,  32. 

smithsonianus,  Larus,  31. 
Aristonetta,  102. 
Arizona  Cardinal,  442. 

Crested  Flycatcher,  333. 

Goldfinch,  399. 

Hooded  Oriole,  376. 

Jay,  357. 

Junco,  424. 


Arizona  Woodpecker,  286. 
arizonae,  Aphelocoma,  357. 

Aphelocoma  sieberii,  357. 

Dryobates,  286. 

fraterculus,  Dryobates,  286. 

Peucsea,  428,  594. 

Picus,  266. 

Spinus  psaltria,  399. 

Spizella  aocialis,  419. 
Ail..an8as  Goldfinch,  399. 

Kingbird,  330. 
armiqjoniana,  ^strelata,  65. 
Arminjon's  Petrel,  65. 
Arquatella,  153. 
arra,  Uria  lomvia,  18. 
arvensia,  Alauda,  347. 
Ash-throated  Flycatcher,  333. 
Ashy  Petrel,  71. 

Titmouse,  561. 
Aaio,  256,  257. 

accipitrinus,  258. 

otua,  257. 

stygius,  257. 

wilsonianua,  257. 
asio  bendirei,  Megascops,  262. 

fluridanua,  Mega.scups,  261. 

kennicottii,  Megascops,  262. 

maxwellias,  Megaacops,  262. 

mccallii,  Megasuupa,  261. 

Megascops,  261. 

trichopsis,  Megascops,  261. 
assimilis,  Agelaius,  370,  371. 

Pufiinus,  61. 
Astur,  228. 
Asturina,  223,  239. 

nitida,  240. 

plagiata,  240. 
Asyndesmus,  291. 
ater,  Haematopus,  183. 

Molothrus,  367. 

obscurus,  Molothrus,  367. 
aterrima,  ^atrelata,  67. 

Procellaria,  67. 
atkhensis,  Lagopus  rupestris,  201. 
Atlantic  Petrel,  66. 
atlantica,  ^strelata,  66. 

Procellaria,  66. 
Dtra,  Fulica,  141. 
atrata,  Catharista,  221,  222. 

Leucosticte,  394. 
atricapillus,  Accipiter,  228. 

occidentalis,  Parus,  563. 

Parus,  563. 

septentrionalis,  Parus,  563. 

Btriatulua,  Accipiter,  228. 

Vireo,  474. 
atrioeps,  Chrysomitria,  400. 

Spinus,  400. 
atricilla,  Larus,  35. 
atricristatus,  Parus  561. 

castaneifrons,  Parus,  561. 
atrigularia,  Spizella,  417,  421. 
Atthia,  311, 316. 

ellioti,  316. 
Attila,  324. 

brasiliensis,  324. 
audax  insolens,  Myiodynastes,  332. 

Muscicapa,  332. 

MyiodynasteH,  332. 

nobilis,  Myiodynastes,  332. 
auduboni,  Dendroioa,  497. 

Puffinus,  60. 


6dS 


INDEX. 


m\ 


WM 


ftuduboni,  Tardus,  S70. 

Turdus  aonalaschkie,  ATS. 
kudubonii,  Dryobatea  villosui,  282. 

Icterus,  374. 
Audubon's  Caraoara,  254. 

Hermit  Thrush,  570. 

Oriulo,  374. 

Shearwater,  60. 
.      Warbler,  497. 
Auk,  Great,  19. 

Razor-billed,  18. 
Auklet,  Caasin's,  12. 

Crested,  13. 

Least,  13. 

Paroquet,  12. 

Rhinoceros,  12. 

Whiskered,  13. 
aura,  Cathartes,  221. 
aurantiirostris,  Turdus,  571. 
auratua,  Colaptes,  295. 
aurifrons,  Melanerpea,  294. 
Auriparus,  558,  5G5. 

flaviceps,  565, 
auritus,  Colymbus,  5. 
aurocapillus,  Seiurus,  518. 
australis,  Leucosticte,  395. 
Autumnal  Parrot,  587. 
autumnalis,  Amazona,  587. 

Dendrocygna,  119. 

Plegadis,  124. 

Psittacus,  587. 
Avocet,  American,  146. 

Chilian,  146. 
axillaris,  Empidonax,  340. 
Aythya,  85,  101. 

affinis,  103. 

mariloides,  103. 

americana,  101,  1U3. 

collaris,  103,  104. 

ferina,  101. 

fuligula,  103. 

marila,  103. 

nearctica,  103. 

Tallisneria,  102. 
Azara's  Least  Bittern,  128. 

Ring  Plover,  179. 
aztec,  Conurus,  270. 
Aztec  Parakeet,  270. 
aztecus,  Regulus  satrapa,  691. 
Azure  Bluebird,  581. 
azurea,  Sialia,  581, 

Sialia  sialis,  681. 


baohmani,  Haematopus,  183. 

Helminthophila,  487. 

Peuciea  aestivalis,  428. 
Bachman's  Sparrow,  428. 

Warbler,  487. 
Bahama  Honey  Creeper,  480. 

Pintail,  98. 
Bahamnn  Crested  Flycatcher,  3S4. 

Gnatcatcher,  569. 

Ground  Dove,  580. 

Hairy  Woodpecker,  282. 

Petarchy,  331. 
■    lled-wing,  370. 

Swallow,  462. 

Wood  Pewee,  339. 


bahamensis,  Anas,  98. 

Certhiola,  480. 

Chamaepelia,  686. 

Contopus,  339. 

Dafila,  98. 

Empidonax,  330. 

Pitangus,  331. 
bairdi,  Campephilus,  281. 

Campephilus  principalis,  var., 
281. 

Dryobates  scalaris,  285. 

Junco,  425. 

Melanerpes  formicivorus,  291. 

Picus,  285. 

Thryothorus  bewickii,  651. 

Vireo,  477. 
bairdii,  Ammudramus,  410. 

Empidonax,  340,  341. 

Tringa,  157. 
Baird's  Cormorant,  80. 

Flycatcher,  341. 

Gnatcatcher,  570. 

Junco,  426. 

Sandpiper,  167. 

Shrike,  468. 

Sparrow,  410. 

Vireo,  477. 

Wren,  551. 
Bald  Eagle,  243. 
Baldpate,  96. 
Baltimore  Oriole,  377. 
Banded  Partridge,  193. 
Band-tailed  Pigeon,  211. 
Bank  Swallow,  463. 
barbatulus,  Vireo  altiloquus,  470. 
Barn  Owl,  American,  255. 

Swallow,  461. 

Kamtsohatka,  461. 
Barnacle  Goose,  117. 
Barred  Owl,  259. 

Florida,  259. 

Mirador,  258. 
barrovianus,  Larus,  20. 
Barrow's  Golden-eye,  105. 
Bar-tailed  Godwit,  163. 
Bartramia,  148,  168. 

longicauda,  169. 
Battramian  Sandpiper,  169. 
Basileuterus,  483,  531. 

belli,  532. 

culicivorus,  531. 

delattrii,  532. 

rufifrons,  532. 
Basilinna,  309,  318. 

leucotis,  319. 

xantusi,  318. 
bassana,  Sula,  76, 
Bathmidurus  major,  S20. 
baueri,  Limosa  lapponica,  103. 
Bay-breasted  Warbler,  601. 
Bean  Goose,  110. 
beani.  Troglodytes,  563. 
Beardless  Flycatcher,  340. 
Beautiful  Bunting,  448. 

Hummingbird,  310. 
Beoard,  Grayson's,  825. 

Gray-throated,  326. 

Rose-throated,  324. 

Rufous,  326. 

Thick-billed,  826. 

Xantus's,  325. 
beecbeii,  Cissolopha,  360. 


beeoheii.  Pica,  350. 
behringianus,  Corvus  corax,  it02. 
beldingi,  Ammodramus,  409. 
Geothlypis,  524,  525. 

Rallus,  138. 
Belding's  Marsh  Sparrow,  409. 

Rail,  138. 

Yellow-throat,  524. 
Belize  Vireo,  470. 
belli,  Amphispiza,  420. 

Basileuterus,  532. 

nevadensis,  Amphispiza,  427. 
bellii,  Vireo,  476. 

pusillus,  Vireo,  478. 
Bell's  Sparrow,  426. 

Vireo,  476. 

Warbler,  532. 
Belted  Kingfisher,  279. 

Piping  Plover,  178. 
bendirei,  Harporhynchus,  643,  645. 

Loxia  curvirostra,  392. 

Megascops  asio,  262. 
Bendire's  Thrasher,  545. 
bensoni,  CaDipepla  elegans,  586. 
Bering's  Raven,  362. 
berlandicri,  Thryothorus,  550. 
bernicla,  Branta,  118. 
beryllina,  Amazilia,  317. 
Berylline  Hummingbird,  317. 
beryllinus,  Trochilns,  317. 
bewickii  bairdi,  Thryothorus,  551. 

Cygnus,  120. 

Olor,  120. 

spilurus,  Thryothorus,  651. 

Thryothorus,  551. 
Bewick's  Swan,  120. 
bicknclli,  Turdus  alicioe,  576. 
Bicknell's  Thrush,  575. 
bicolur,  Euetheia,  451. 

Hirundo,  461. 

Parus,  561. 

Tachycineta,  461,  462. 

texensis,  Parus,  561. 
Bicolored  Blackbird,  370. 
bidentata,  Piranga,  456. 

Pyranga,  456. 
bilineata,  Amphispiza,  425. 

Culicivora,  670. 

Polioptila,  570. 
Bittern,  American,  126. 

Cory's  Least,  127. 

European  Least,  127. 

Least,  127. 

South  American,  127. 
Black  Brant,  118. 

Duck,  91. 

Guillemot,  10. 

Gyrfalcon,  240. 

Hawk,  Little,  235. 
Mexican,  239. 

Leucosticte,  394. 

Merlin,  250. 

Oyster-catcher,  183. 
Chilian,  183. 

Petrel,  07,  70. 

Phoebe,  336. 

Rail,  140. 

Seedeater,  460. 

Skimmer,  49. 

Swift,  302. 

Tern,  40. 

American,  47. 


INDEX. 


599 


■ax,  i<62. 
40». 


r,  400. 


piza,  427. 


3,  543,  545. 

92. 


ns,  585. 
I,  550. 


,317. 

7. 

orus,  551. 


IS,  551. 
578. 

12. 

25. 


Blaek  Tern,  White- winged,  47. 
Turnstone,  181. 
Vulture,  222. 
Blac1<  and  White  Warbler,  484. 
Blackbird,  Bicolored,  370. 
Brewer's,  379. 
Red-winged,  369. 
Rusty,  379. 
Tricolored,  371. 
Yellow-headed,  363. 
Blaok-backed  Oull,  Great,  28. 

Lesser,  28. 
-bellied  Plover,  173. 

Storm-Petrel,  72. 

Tree-duck,  119. 
-billed  Cuckoo,  274. 
-Ireasted  Bob  White,  189. 
-capped  Petrel,  66. 

Vireo,  474. 
-cheeked  Noddy,  48. 
-chinned  Hummingbird,  312. 

Sparrow,  421. 
-crested  Titmouse,  561. 
-crowned  Night  Heron,  133. 
-eared  Bush-Tit,  565. 
-faced  Partridge,  193. 
-footed  Albatross,  51. 
•beaded  Goldfinch,  400. 

Grosbeak,  445. 

Jay,  354. 

Oriole,  374. 

Trogon,  277. 
-necked  Stilt,  147. 
-poll  Warbler,  503. 
-tailed  Gnatcatoher,  570. 

Godwit,  164. 

Shearwater,  58. 

Skimmer,  49. 
-throated  Blue  Warbler,  496. 

Gray  Warbler,  507. 

Green  Warbler,  510. 

Loon,  7. 

Sparrow,  425. 
-vented  Shearwater,  60. 
-whiskered  Vireo,  470. 
•winged  Guillemot,  17. 
blnckburnisB,  Dendroioa,  505. 
Blackburnian  Warbler,  505. 
blakei,  Centurus,  292. 
Melanerpes,  292. 
Blake's  Woodpecker,  292. 
blakistoni,  Alauda,  347. 
Bluebird,  581. 
Azure,  581. 
Guatemala,  581. 
Mountain,  582. 
Western,  581. 
Blue  Bunting,  446. 
Goose,  115. 
Grosbeak,  445. 

Western,  446. 
Heron,  European,  129. 

Great,  129,  583. 

Little,  130. 
Jay,  353. 

Florida,  353. 
Warbler,  Black-throated,  496. 
Blue-black  Grosbeak,  446. 

-cheeked  Brown  Jay,  352. 
-crowned  Motmot,  278. 
-crowned  Parrot,  687 
•eared  Jay,  357. 


Blue-faced  Booby,  75. 

-fronted  Jay,  354. 

-gray  Gnatcatoher,  569. 

-headed  Eupbonia,  453. 
Quail-dove,  217. 
Vireo,  473. 

-tailed  Hummingbird,  318. 

-throated  Hummingbird,  310. 

-winged  Teal,  93. 
Warbler,  486. 
Bluethroat,  579. 

Red-spotted,  579. 
Boat-tailed  Grackle,  381. 
Bobolink,  366. 

Western,  366. 
Bob  White,  188. 

Black-breasted,  189. 

Coyolcos,  189. 

Cuban,  188. 

Florida,  188. 

Grayson's,  189,  585. 

Masked,  189. 

Texan,  188. 

Yuuatan,  190. 
Bohemian  Waxwing,  464. 
Bold  Flycatcher,  332. 
Bombicyvorajaponica,  465. 
Bonaparte's  Gull,  36. 

Sandpiper,  157. 
Bonasa,  186,  197. 

umbellus,  197. 
sabini,  198. 
togata,  198. 
umbelloides,  198. 
Booby,  75. 

Blue-faced,  75. 

Peruvian,  75. 

Red-footed,  76. 
borealis,  Buteo,  233,  233. 

calurus,  Buteo,  233. 

Contopus,  327. 

Dryobates,  283. 

kriderii,  Buteo,  232. 

Lanius,  466. 

lucasanus,  Buteo,  233. 

Mniotilta,  484. 
varia,  484. 

Numenius,  171. 

Phyllopsoustes,  567. 

Platypus,  109. 

Pufiinus,  59. 

sibiricus,  Laniua,  466. 
boschas.  Anas,  91. 
Botaurinse,  126. 
Botaurus,  126. 

exilis,  127. 

invniucris,  128. 

lentiginosus,  126. 

minutus,  127. 

neoxenus,  127. 

pinnatus,  127. 
botterii,  Peucsea,  428. 

Zonotrichia,  428. 
Botteri's  Sparrow,  428. 
boucardi,  Granatellus,  482. 

Peucaea,  429. 

rufloeps,  429. 
Boucard's  Sparrow,  420. 
Brachyotus,  257. 
Brachyramphus,  9,  14. 

brevirostris,  15. 

oraveri,  15. 


Brachyramphus  hypoleuoua,  16. 

kittlitzii,  15. 

marmoratus,  15. 

perdix,  15. 
broohyrhynchus,  Larus,  34. 
braohytarsus,  Contopus,  339. 

Empidonax,  339. 
brachyura,  Diomedea,  51. 
braohyurus,  Buteo,  235,  236. 

Myiarohus,  334. 
Brandt's  Cormorant,  79. 
Brant,  118. 

Black,  118. 
Branta,  87,  116. 

berniola,  118, 

canadensis,  117. 
hutohinsii,  117. 
minima,  117. 
occidentalls,  117. 

leucopsi',  116,  117. 

nigricans,  118. 
Brasher's  Warbler,  531. 
brasiliensis,  Ara,  268. 

Attila,  324. 

Himantopus,  147. 

Mogasoops,  586. 

Psittaoula,  269. 
Brazilian  Courlan,  136. 

Stilt,  147. 

Tree-duck,  119. 

Urubitinga,  238. 
brevicaudus,  Thryothorus,  661. 
brevipennis,  Uelinai,  479. 

Neochloe,  468. 
brevipes,  Conurus  holoohlorus,  var., 
270. 

Heteraotitis,  168. 
'  Tetanus,  168. 
brevirostris,  ^Estrelata,  66. 

Brachyramphus,  15. 

(Estrelata,  66. 

Proccllaria,  66. 

Rissa,  25. 

Trochilus,  306. 

Uria,  15. 
brewcri,  Spizella,  421. 
Brewer's  Blackbird,  379. 

Sparrow,  421. 
brewsterii,  Acanthis,  395,  398. 
Brewster's  Linnet,  398. 

Warbler,  486. 
Brick-colored  Tanager,  455. 
Bridled  Tern,  46. 

Titmouse,  562. 
Bristle-thighed  Curlew,  171. 
Broad-banded  Tanager,  457. 

-billed  Hummingbird,  310. 

-tailed  Hummingbird,  313. 

-winged  Hawk,  236. 
Bronzed  Cowbird,  367,  580. 
,  Grackle,  380. 

i  Viotogeris,  268. 

tovi,  268. 
Brown  Crane,  Little,  135. 

Creeper,  557. 

Heron,  131. 

Jay,  352. 

Blue-cheeked,  352. 
White-tailed,  352. 

Pelican,  82. 

California,  82. 

Thrasher,  543. 


600 


INDEX. 


*■■:. 


W.t' 


Brown  Towhee,  440. 
Brown-capped  Leucoaticte,  305. 
-hea<iod  Nuthatch,  560. 
•red  Tanager,  455. 
brunneicapillu«,  Campylorhynohas, 

547. 
brunneicollis,  Troglodytes,  554. 
brunneinuoha,  Fringilla  (Linaria), 
395. 

Loucostiote,  395. 
brunneitorques,  Chatura,  302,  303. 
brunnescent),  Ardea,  131. 

Butorides,  131, 
BrUnnicb'g  Murre,  18. 
bryanti,  Agelaius  phoenioeas,  370. 

Ainmodramus     gandwiohensis, 
400. 

oaataneiceps,  Dor  droioa,  495. 

Dendroica,  495. 

vieilloti,  var.,  495. 
Bryant's  Marsh  Sparrow,  409. 

Yellow  Warbler,  495. 
Bubo,  256,  262,  263. 

mexicanus,  264. 

Tirginianus,  263. 
arcticus,  263. 
saturatus,  263. 
subarcticus,  263. 
Bubonidw,  218,  255. 
buccinator,  Olor,  120. 
Budytes,  532,  534. 

flavus,  535. 

Icucostriatus,  535. 
BuiT-belliod  Hummingbird,  317. 

-breasted  Flycatcher,  345. 
Sandpiper,  169. 
Buffle-hoad,  106. 
Bullfinsh,  Cassin's,  389. 
bullocki,  Icterus,  378. 
Bullock's  Oriole,  378. 
bulweri,  Bulworia,  69. 

Thalassidroma,  69. 
Bulweria,  54,  69. 

bulweri,  69. 

niacgillivrayi,  69. 
Bulwer's  Petrol,  69. 
Bunting,  Beautiful,  448. 

Blue,  446. 

Indigo,  448. 

Lark,  453. 

Lazuli,  447. 

Leclancher's,  449. 

Painted,  449. 

Rosita's,  449. 

Townsend's,  452. 

Turquoise-fronted,  447. 

Varied,  448. 
Burrica,  390. 

Burroughs's  Turkey  Vulture,  221. 
burrovianus,  Cathartes,  221. 
Burrowing  Owl,  265. 

Florida,  265. 
Bush-Tit,  564. 

Black-eared,  565. 

Californian,  565. 

Orinda's,  565. 

Lead-colored,  565. 
Butco,  223,  229. 

abbreviatus,  234. 

albicaudatus,  238. 

borealis,  232,  233. 
calurus,  233. 


Butoo  borealia  kriderii,  232. 
lucasanus,  233. 

braohyurus,  235,  336. 

buteo,  233. 

coopori,  230. 

fuliginosus,  235. 

harlani,  231. 

latissimus,  236. 

lineatua,  237. 
alleni,  237. 
elegans,  237. 

swainsoni,  235. 
Buteola,  235. 
Butorides,  131. 

brunnescens,  131. 

striatus,  132. 
Buzzard,  European,  233. 


C. 

cabanisi,  Ceryle,  279. 
caboti,  Certhiola,  480. 
Cabot's  Hummingbird,  317. 

Ladder  -  backed    Woodpecker, 
284. 

Tern,^  40. 

Wren,  550. 
cachinnans,  Larus,  30,  31. 
Cackling  Goose,  117. 
Cactus  Wren,  547. 

St.  Lucas,  547. 
oaerulea,  Ardea,  130. 

csesiogaster,  Polioptila,  569. 

Dendroica,  499. 

eurhyncha,  Guiroca,  440. 

Guiraca,  445. 

Procellaria,  55. 
ceeruleioeps,  Momotus,  278. 
caerulescens,  Chen,  115. 

Dendroica,  496. 

Melanotis,  539. 

Orpheus,  539. 
caesiogaster,  Polioptila  oserulea,  569. 
cafer,  Colaptes,  296, 

collaris,  Colaptes,  296. 

saturatior,  Colaptes,  296. 
Cairina,  87,  100. 

moschata,  100. 
Calamospiza,  384,  452. 

melanocorys,  4a3. 
Calaveras  Warbler,  489. 
Calcarius,  383,  404. 

lapponicus,  404. 

pictus,  404,  405. 

ornatus,  405,  406. 
calendula,  Motacilla,  568. 

Regulus,  568. 
Calidris,  149,  162. 

arenaria,  162. 
California  Brown  Pelican,  82. 

Clapper  Rail,  137. 

Crow,  362. 

Gull,  31. 

Jay,  356. 

Murre,  18. 

Partridge,  192. 

Purple  Pinch,  390. 

Screech  Owl,  262. 

Shrike,  467. 

Vulture,  220. 
Californian  Bi^h-Tit,  565. 


Californian  Chickadee,  564. 
Creeper,  558. 
Cuokuo,  273. 
Thrasher,  546. 
Towhee,  441. 
Woodpecker,  291. 
californianus,  Geococoyx,  272. 

Pseudogryphus,  220. 
californica,  Apnolocoma,  356,  357. 

Callipepla,  192,  193. 

hypuleuoa,  Apholocoma,  35C. 

Polioptila,  570. 

Uria  troile,  18. 

vallicola,  Callipepla,  192. 

var.    sumichrasti,    Cyanocitta, 
356. 
oalifomicus,  Carpodocus  purj 
390. 

Colymbus  nigricoUis,  6. 

Larus,  31,  32. 

Pelecanus,  82. 

Psaltriparus  minimus,  565. 
Callichelidon,  458,  462. 

cyancoviridis,  462. 
Calliope  Hummingbird,  316. 
calliope,  Troohiius,  316. 
Callipepla,  185,  191. 

californica,  192,  193. 
vallicola,  192. 

elegans,  193,  585. 
bensoni,  585, 

fasciata,  193. 

gambeli,  193. 

personata,  193. 

equamata,  191. 

oastanogastris,  192. 
Callothnis,  589. 

scneus,  589. 

robustus,  589. 
Calobates,  534. 
Calocitta,  350. 

colliei,  350. 
Calothorax,  304,  305,  316. 

pulohra,  316. 
Calypte,  312. 

hclenae,  312,  313. 
Campephilus,  280,  281. 

bairdi,  281. 

guatemalensis,  281. 

imperialis,  281. 

principalis,  281. 
bairdi,  281. 
var.  bairdi,  281. 
Camptolaimus,  86,  107. 

labradorius,  107. 
Campylopterus,  304,  305. 

nemileucurus,  305. 
Campylorhynchus,  539,  547. 

affinis,  547. 

brunneioapillus,  547. 
Canachites,  196. 
Canada  Goose,  117. 

Grouse,  196. 

Jay,  359. 
canadensis,  Branta,  117. 

capitalis,  Perisoreus,  360. 

Dendragapus,  196. 

fumifrons,  Perisoi^ii^,  360. 

Grus,  135. 

hutohinsii,  Branta,  117. 

minimus,  Branta,  117. 

nigricapillus,  Perisoreus,  350. 


INDEX. 


6Ui 


canadensis  occidentalis,  Branta,  117. 

Perisoreus,  3i>9. 

Pinicola,  388. 

enucleator,  3S3. 

Sitta,  o5». 

Sylvan  ia,  528. 
Canadian  Kuffud  Grouse,  198. 

Warbler,  528. 
canagica,  Pbilacte,  118. 
Cancroina  cochlearia,  122. 
candidiaaima,  Ardea,  130. 
cnniceps,  Junco,  423. 
caninuoha,  Oeothlypis,  520, 

Geothlypis  polioccpbala,  var., 
526. 
canobrunneuB,  Thryothorus  inaouli- 

SBctus,  552. 
on  Towheo,  440. 

Wren,  649. 
canora,  Euetheia,  450,  451. 

Loxia,  451. 
canus,  Larus,  33. 
oanutus,  Tringa,  153. 
Canvas-back,  102. 
caparoch,  Surnia  ulula,  265. 
Cape  May  Warbler,  493. 
oapensis,  Daption,  69. 
oapitalis,    Perisoreus     canadensis, 

360. 
Caprimulgi,  297. 
Caprimulgidao,  297. 
Caprimulgus  macromystax,  298. 
Caracara,  254. 

Audubon's,  254. 

Guadalupe,  254. 
carbo,  Cepphua,  17. 

Phalacrocorax,  78. 
carbonata,  Dendroica,  493. 
Carbonated  Warbler,  493. 
Cardellina,  483,  530. 

rubrifrons,  531. 

versicolor,  531. 
Cardinal,  442. 

Arizona,  442. 

Colima,  443. 

Cozumel,  443. 

Mexican,  442. 

St.  Lucas,  442. 

Texan,  444. 

Venezuelan,  443. 

Yucatan,  443. 
Cardinalis,  382,  441,  444. 

oardinalis,  443. 
cocoineus,  442. 
igneus,  442. 
saturatus,  443. 
superbus,  442. 
yucatanicus,  443. 

oamous,  443. 

phceniceus,  441,  443. 

saturatus,  443. 

virginianus,  442. 

var.  coccineus,  442. 
oardinalis,  Cardinalis,  442,  443. 

coccineus,  Cardinalis,  442. 

igneus,  Cardinalis,  442. 

saturatus,  Cardinalis,  443. 

superbus,  Cardinalis,  442. 

yucatanicus,  Cardinalis,  443. 
Carduelis,  383,  400. 

oarduelis,  401. 
carduelis,  Carduelis,  401. 


oarduelis,  Fringilla,  400,  401. 
oaribasa,  Fulica,  142. 

Muscipeta,  339. 
caribaeus,  Contopus,  339. 
Caribbean  Coot,  142. 
carmani,  Pipilo,  438. 
carnei]>e8,  Puffinus,  62. 
carncuii,  Cardinalis,  443. 
carnivorus,  Corvus,  361. 
Carolina  Chiclcadee,  562. 

Junco,  423. 

Paroquet,  270. 

Wren,  550. 
Carolina,  Porzana,  139. 
carolincnsis  aculeata,  Sitta,  559. 

Anas,  04. 

Autrostomus,  298. 

Conurus,  270. 

Galeoscoptes,  542. 

Junco  byemalis,  423. 

Pandion  baliaetus,  255. 

Parus,  562. 

Sitta,  559. 
carolinus,  Melanerpes,  293. 

Scolecophagua,  379. 
carpalis,  Peuciea,  430. 
Carpodacus,  383,  389. 

ampins,  391. 

caasini,  390. 

frontalis  rhodocolpus,  391,  594. 
ruberrimus,  391. 

mexicanus,  391. 
frontalis,  391. 

purpureus,  389,  390. 
californicus,  390. 

rhodocolpus,    'Jl. 
Caspian  Tern,  3'J. 
casaini,  Carpodacus,  390. 

Peucaea,  428. 

Pyrrhula,  389. 

Vireo  solitarius,  473. 
Cassin's  Auklet,  12. 

Bullfinch,  389. 

Kingbird,  330. 

Purple  Finch,  390. 

Sparrow,  428. 

Vireo,  473. 
ca«tanea,  Columba,  213. 

Dendroica,  501,  502. 

Zcnaida,  213. 
castaneiceps,    Dendroica    bryanti, 

495. 
caetaneifrons,   Parus   atricristatua, 

561. 
castaneus,  Ortyx,  187. 
Catbird,  542. 
Catbarista,  219,  221. 

atrata,  221,  222. 
Cathartes,  219-221. 

aura,  221. 

burrovianus,  221. 

pernigra,  221. 
Cathartidse,  218. 
Catharus,  571. 

immaculatus,  671. 
Catherpes,  540,  648. 

mexicanus,  548,  549. 
conspersus,  649. 

sumichraeti,  548,  640. 
caudacutus,  Ammodramus,  413. 

nelsoni,  Ammodramus,  413. 
caudatus,  Ptiliogonys,  464. 

76 


oaiirinus,  Corvus,  363. 
cauta,  Diomedea,  53. 
Cautious  AlbatroHM,  .33. 
oautua,  Thalaagogiifun,  63. 
cayanua,  Lanius,  323. 
Cedar  Waxwing,  465, 
cedrurum,  Ampelis,  465. 
celata,  Uelmiutbupbila,  488. 

lutescena,  lIeluilutbophila,489. 
Central  American  House  Wren,  554. 

Parula,  492. 
Centrocercus,  185,  2U4. 

urophasianus,  206, 
Ccntronyx,  410. 
Centurus,  291. 

blakei,  292. 

elegans,  292. 

bypopoliua,  292. 

leei,  293. 

nyeanus,  292. 

rubriventris,  293. 
pygmeeus,  293. 

santa-cruzi,  294. 

superciliaris,  292. 
Ceophloeua,  280,  289. 

pileatus,  289. 

scapularis,  290. 
Cepphus,  9,  16. 

oarbo,  17. 

oolumba,  17. 

grylle,  16. 

mandtii,  16. 

motzfeldi,  17. 

perdix,  16. 
Cerorbinca,  9,  11,  12. 

monoccrata,  12. 
Certhia,  657. 

cyanea,  590. 

familiaris  americana,  567. 
mexicana,  558. 
montana,  558. 
occidentalis,  657,  663. 

flaveola,  590. 

montana,  558. 

occidentalis,  568. 
Certhiidos,  322,  557. 
Certhiola,  322,  479,  590. 

bahamensis,  480. 

caboti,  480. 

mexicana,  480. 
Cerulean  Warbler,  499. 
cerviniventris,  Amazilia,  317. 
cervinus,  Anthus,  637. 
Ceryle,  278. 

alcyon,  5:79. 

cabaniai,  279. 

torquata,  .^79. 
Chach<«^laca,  20,). 

Cocta  Bi'jan,  209. 

Gray-necked,  209. 

Guatemalan,  200. 

Wagler's,  208. 

White-bellied,  208. 

Yucatan,  209. 
Chsetura,  302. 

brunneitorques,  802,  303. 

gaumeri,  303. 

pelagioa,  303. 

Tauxii,  303. 
Chffitnrinse,  302. 
chalybea,  Hirundo,  469. 

Progne,  '469. 


6Q2 


mvEX. 


(fill 


^;v« 


Cbamiea,  558,  500. 

fasoiata,  566. 

hensbawi,  560. 
Chamseinee,  558. 
Chamffipelia  babamensis,  ^80. 

pasaeriua  var.  palleacenB,  580, 
Chamsethlypig,  525. 
Charudriidae,  U3,  172, 17». 
Charadrius,  172,  173. 

apricarius,  173. 

oullaris,  179. 

crasHirojitrig,  175. 

dominicu8,  174. 
fulvus,  174. 

squatarola,  173. 
Charitonctta,  85,  106. 

alboola,  106. 
Chat,  Long-tailed,  527. 

Yellow-breasted,  627. 
Chaulelasimus,  94. 
Cbolidon,  458,  460. 

erytbrogaster,  461. 

tytleri,  461. 
Cben,  87, 114. 

cwrulc^cens.  115. 

hyperborea,  115. 

nivalis,  115. 

rossii,  Ho. 
cheriway,  Polyboius,  264. 
Cbostnut-backed  Chickadee,  564. 

-bellied  Scaled  Partridge,  192. 

-collar-Ml  Longepur,  405. 

-fronted  Titmouse,  561. 

-sided  Warbler,  450. 
Chickadee,  5t)3. 

Californian,  664. 

Carolina,  562. 

Che!<tnut-backed,  664. 

Hudsonian.  564. 

Kowak,  591. 

Long-tailed,  563. 

Mexican,  662. 

Mountain,  562. 

Oregon,  663. 

Siberian,  664. 
Chilian  Avocet,  146. 

Black  Oyster-catcher,  183. 

Skua,  21. 
chilensi?,  Mcgalcstris,  21. 
Chimney  S»?ift,  803. 

Gaunier'g,  «03. 

Lafrcsnayc's,  303. 
Chinese  Scaup  Duck,  103. 
Chipping  Sparrow,  418. 

Uuatcnialnn,  419. 

Western,  419. 
chloroptt,ra,  Ara,  268. 
ohlororhynca,  Diomedea.  63. 
ohlororhynchu;,  Puflinus,  02 

ThalasRogeron,  53. 
chlorosoma,  Pipilo,  ^38, 
Chlorostilbon,  ;W6. 
ohloruruH,  Pipilo,  4.j9. 
Chondestcs,  38?,  414. 

gramniaoiis,  414. 
strigatuH,  414. 
Chordeiles,  297,  100. 

texensi?,  <>00,  ftOl, 

Tirginianus,  3U0,  301. 
hcnryi,  301. 
minor,  301. 
Christmag  Island  ^'heifrwater,  02. 


ohrysaStos,  Aquila,  242. 
ohrysocaulosus,  Colaptes,  295. 
chrysoides,  Colaptes,  295. 
chrygolaBma,  Otocoris  alpestris,  349. 
Chrysomitris  atrioeps,  400. 

columbibna,  398. 

forreri,  400. 
chrysoparia,  Dendroica,  609. 
cbry8oj)tera,  Helmintbophila,  486. 
Cbrysotis  finsohi,  587. 

guatcmalae,  587. 

levaillantii,  687. 

xantholora,  588. 
Chuck-will'ti-widoY,  2«>8. 
Ciceronia,  13. 
Ciconiae,  122, 
Ciconiidae,  122, 124. 
Clconiinic,  125. 
cincinatus,  Phaliiorocoi'a:^:  dilopbus, 

78. 
Cincinnati  Warbler,  487. 
cincinnaiiensis,      Uelminthophila, 

487. 
Cinclida,  323,  638. 
Cinolns,  538. 

ardesiacus,  638. 

mexicanus,  538. 
cinotus  obtectus,  Parus,  664. 
cineraceus,  Parus  inornatus,  661. 
oinerasce.as,  Myiarcbus,  333. 
cinerea,  Ardea,  129. 

Fringilla,  423. 

Molospiza,  432. 

Strix,  259. 

Vireosylvia,  470. 
cinereisepg,  Ortalida,  209. 

Ortalis,  209. 
Cinereous  Shearwater,  59. 
oinureum  lapponicum,   Scotiaptex, 
260. 

Scotiaptex,  269. 
cinereus  dorsalis,  Junoo,  423. 

Harporhynchus,  644. 

Junoo,  '*23. 

pailialui,  Junoo,  424. 

Ptiliogonys,  464, 

PnffinuB,  58. 

V;reo,  470. 
cinnan:omea,  i/naziMa,  318. 

Omiamya,  318. 
Cinnacnomcous  Hummingbird,  818. 
oinnamomous,  Paohyrliamphu8,326. 
Cinnamon  Teal,  03. 
oircumdncta,     JEgialitis     moloda, 

178. 
Circus,  222,  226. 

hiidsonius,  220. 
ciris,  Passerinu,  449. 
cirrbata,  Lunda,  10. 
Cissolopha,  350. 

beecheii,  360. 
C'stothorus,  540,  556, 

palustris,  556. 

paludicola,  560. 

polyglottug,  568. 

stellaris,  656. 
oitrna,  Protonotaria,  484. 
Citreoline  Trogon,  277. 
oitreoluR,  Trogoii,  277. 
Clamutores,  32  i. 
Clanpla,  86,  106. 

nyetu^lis,  100. 


olangula  americana,  Glaucionetta, 
105. 

Anas,  106. 

Gluucionetta,  105. 
Clapper  Kail,  137. 

California,  137. 

Louisiana,  137. 
Clarke's  Nutcracker,  364. 
olnrkii,  ^obmophorus,  4. 
Clark's  Grebe,  4. 
Clay-colored  Sparrow,  421. 
clomenciso,  Coeligena,  310. 
Clifl'  Swallow,  460. 

Cuban,  460. 

Mexican,  460. 
Clivicola,  468,  462. 

riparin,  463. 
clypeata,  Spatula,  97. 
coccineus,Cardinaliscnrdinali8,442. 

Cardinalis    rirginianua    var., 
442. 
Coccothraustns,  382,  386. 

abeillii,  f('?7. 

vespertinua,  387. 
Coccyges,  271. 
Coccyginae,  271. 
Coccygi.s,  272,  273. 

americanus,  273. 

occidontalis,  273. 

erytbropUthalmuB,  274. 

maynardi.  274. 

minor,  274. 

seniculuf,  274. 
cocblear'a,  Cancrnma,  122. 
CocblcariidsB,  122. 
Coohlenrius,  122. 
cocoi,  Ardea,  129. 
Cocoi  Heron,  129. 
Coeligena,  308,  310. 

clemcncio!,  310. 

henrica,  310. 

viridipallens,  310. 
Coereba,  590. 
CoDrebidae,  322,  479. 
Colaptes,  280,  295. 

auratus,  295. 

cafer,  296. 

coUaria,  296. 
saturatior,  296, 

nbrysooaulusug,  295. 

chrysoides,  295. 

mtxicanoides,  296. 

ruflpileua,  296. 
colcbicus,  Phasianus,  206,  200. 
Colima  Cardinal,  443. 

Woodpeoker,  286. 
Colinus,  185,  186. 

coyoloos,  189. 

gray  son  i,  189,  686. 

nigrogularis,  190. 

pectoralis,  189. 

ridgwayi,  189,  685. 

virginianus,  188. 

cubancnsis,  187,  188,  100. 
floridanus,  188. 
texunus,  188,  189. 
oollaris,  iKgialitig,  179. 

Aythya,  103,  104. 

Charadrius,  179. 
oolHol,  C'alocitta,  360. 
Colombian  Tree-duok,  110, 
colubris,  TroobUui,  811. 


INDEX. 


603 


Columba,  210,  211. 

castanea,  213. 

fasciata,  211. 

flavirortris.  211. 

leucocephala,  212. 

martinica,  2  J  3. 

moDtana,  217. 

squamosa,  21!i. 
columba,  Cepphus,  17. 
Columbse,  21U. 
columbarius,  Faloo,  250. 

Buckloyi,  Faluo,  250. 
Columbian  Sharp-tailed  Grouie,  204. 
Columbiana,  Chrysomitris,  393. 

Spinua  psaltria,  3US. 
columbianua,  Olor,  120. 

Pioicorvus,  364. 
Columbigallina,  211,  214,  585. 

passerina,  215,  58). 
bahamonsis,  686. 
pa'.lescons,  585. 
Bocorronnsis,  586. 

ruflpennis,  215. 
ColumbiniB,  210. 
Colymbua,  4,  5. 

auritus,  5. 

cristatus,  5. 

dominicua,  6. 

grisegena,  5. 

holbocllii,  5. 

nigriooli'd,  6. 

oalifornious,  6. 
COiUmon  Sandpiper,  170. 

Tern,  43. 
Complex  Towhee,  439. 
comploxus,  Pipilo,  439. 
Compsohalieus,  79. 
Compsothlvpis,  481,  490. 

americana,  491. 

graysoni,  492. 

gutturalis,  481. 

Inornata,  492. 

insularis,  492. 

nigrilora,  491,  492. 

pitiayumi  inornata,  492. 
oonoreta,  Cyanoloxia,  440. 

Guiraca  cyanoides,  446. 
oonfinis.  Morula,  578. 

Prococtos  gramiueuB,  407. 
Conirostrum  Buporoiliosum,  481. 
Connecticut  Warbler,  521. 
oonsobrinua,  Pipilo,  437. 
oonsperaus,  Cathorpos    mexioanus, 

549. 
Contopus,  327,  336. 

albioollis,  338. 

bahamensis,  339.  ' 

borealia,  327,  337. 

brachytarsuB,  339. 

oaribtnuB,  839. 

j'ortinax,  337. 

riohttrdsonii,  338. 

BchottM,  839. 

virena,  338. 
Conurua,  268,  269. 

•kiiw,  270. 

aarolineniis,  270. 

hoioohloruB,  270. 

var.  brevipea,  270. 

potEli,  2ii0. 
eookli,  ^strelata,  65. 

Prooellaria,  55,  66. 


Cookilaria,  55,  65. 
oooperi,  Accipiter,  228. 

Buteo,  230. 

Piranga  rubra,  454. 

Tringa,  157. 
Cooper's  Hawk,  228. 

Henhawk,  230. 

Sandpiper,  157. 

Tanager,  454. 
Coot,  American,  142. 

Caribbean,  142. 

European,  141. 
Copper  Pneaaant,  206. 
Coppery-tailed  TiOijon,  276. 
coraz,  Corrua,  361. 

behriugianua,  Corvus,  362. 

principalis,  Corvus,  361. 

ainuatus,  Corvus,  361. 

var.  littoralis,  CorvuB,  361. 
Cordova  Sparrow,  435. 
Cormorant,  78. 

Eaird'B,  80. 

Brandt's,  79. 

Double-crested,  78. 

Farallone,  78. 

Florida,  78. 

Mexican,  79. 

Pallaa's,  81. 

Pelagic,  80. 

Red.faced,  80. 

Violet-green,  80. 

White-crested,  78. 
Corn  Crake,  140. 
corniculata,  Fratercula,  11. 
ooronata,  Cyanocitta,  355. 

Cyanocitta  stelleri,  355. 

Denilroica,  497. 

Zonotrichia,  416. 
Coronated  Jay,  a.'iS. 
ooronatus,  Garrulus,  355. 
Corvidw,  322,  350. 
corvina,  Spermophila,  450. 

Sporophila)  450. 
Corvinao,  351. 
Corvus,  351,  360. 

americanua,  363,  363. 
floridanua,  302. 
hesperis,  362. 

carnivorus,  361. 

oaurinus,  363. 

oorax,  361. 

behringianus,  362. 
principalis,  361. 
tiinuatUB,  861. 

oryptoleucus,  362. 

littoralis,  361. 

lugubria,  361. 

roexicanua,  363. 

minutus,  863. 

nasious,  363. 

OBBifraguB,  363. 

pica,  351. 

ultramarinuB,  857. 

vociforus,  361. 
coryi,  Geothlypls,  526. 
Cory's  Least  Bittern,  127. 

Shearwater,  59. 

Yellow -throat,  625. 
Coata  Rican  Chachalaoa,  309. 

Dipper,  638. 
oostn),  TrochlluB,  312. 
Coata'B  UummiDgbird,  313. 


CotingidiB,  321,  323. 
Coturnicops,  140. 
Coturniculua,  410. 

lecontoii,  410. 

savanuarum,  410. 
ooturninulus,  Porzana  jamaicensia, 

140. 
Coturnix,  184,  186. 

coturnix,  184,  186. 
coturnix,  Coturnix,  184,  186. 

Tetrao,  186. 
couchi,  Aphelocoraa,  357. 

Cyanocitta,  357. 

Tyrannua  melancholioua,  329. 
Couch's  Jay,  357. 

Kingbird,  329. 
couesi,  Tringa,  154. 
Coucs'a  Flycatcher,  337. 
Courlan,  Brazilian,  136. 
Cowbird,  367. 

Bronzed,  367,  589. 

Dwarf,  367. 

Red-eyed,  589. 
Coyoloos  Bob  White,  189. 
coyolcos,  Colinus,  189. 

Ortyx,  189. 
coyoloos,  Tetrao,  189. 
Cozumel  Cardinal,  443. 

Flycatcher,  335. 

Honey  Creeper,  480. 

Thrasher,  544. 

Vireo,  470. 

Wren,  653. 
Cracidec,  184,  l^i. 
Cracinae,  207. 
Crake,  Corn,  140. 

Spotted,  189. 
Crane,  Little  Brown,  135. 

Sandhill,  135. 

Whooping,  135. 
craaairostna,  Charadriua,  175. 

Embcrnagra  rutivirgata,  435. 

flavescens,  Vireo,  476. 

Lanivi;eo,  476. 

Tringa,  163. 

Tyrunniis,  329. 

Vireo,  476. 
oraveri,  Brachyramphus,  15. 
Craveri'f,  Murrelet,  16. 
Crax,  207. 

globicera,  207. 

rubra,  207 
Creagrus,  38. 
crcatopus,  Puffinus,  59. 
creoca.  Anas,  ^4. 
Creciacus,  139. 
Creeper,  Bahama  Honey,  480. 

Brown,  657. 

Californian,  558. 

Cozumel  Honey,  480. 

Mexican,  658. 

Mexican  Honey,  480, 

Rocky  Mountain,  558. 
crepitans,  Rallus  longiroatria,  137. 
Created  Auklet,  18. 

Flycatcher,  333. 
Arizona,  338. 
Bahaman,  334. 
Cuban,  334. 
Mexican,  833, 
Nicaraguan,  334. 
Yuuatau,  384. 


604 


INDEX. 


Crested  Grebe,  o. 

Scaup  Duok,  103. 
Crex,  136,  140. 
crex,  140. 
orex,  Crex,  140. 

Crimson-fronted  House  Finch,  391. 
crinitus,  Myiarchus,  333. 
Crissal  Thrasher,  546. 
crissalis,  Harporhynchus,  546. 

Pipilo  fuscus,  441. 
cristata,  Cyanocitta,  353. 

florincola,  Cyanooitta,  353. 

Meleagris,  207. 
cristatcUus,  Simurhynchus,  13. 
cristatus,  Colymbus,  5. 

Tetrao,  185. 
Crossbill,  American,  392. 

Mexican,  392. 

w>»ite-winged,  393. 
Crot  1   .aga,  271,  272. 
ai,  272. 

juloirostiis,  272, 
Crotopbaginee,  271. 
Crow,  American,  362. 

California,  362. 

Cuban,  363. 

Cuban  Fish,  363. 

Fish,  363. 

Florida,  362. 

Mexican,  363. 

!^orthwest,  363. 
Ciymophilus,  143,  144. 

fulicarius,  144. 
oryptoleuoa,  Progne,  459. 
oryptoleunura,  Cymochorea,  71. 

Oceanodroma,  71. 
cryptoleucuB,  Corvua,  362. 
Cuban  Bob  White,  188. 

Cli«F  Swallow,  460. 

Crested  Flycatcher,  334. 

Crow,  363, 

Fish  Crow,  363. 

Flicker,  295. 

Gnatcatchor,  571. 

Ivory-billed  Woodpecker,  281. 

Martin,  459. 

Nightbawk,  301. 

Pine  Warbler,  615. 

Red-wing,  371. 

Sparrow  Hawk,  253. 

Vireo,  478. 

Whippoorwill,  •?98. 

Wood  Pewee,  339. 
eubanensis,  Antrostomus,  298. 

Colinus  virginianus,  187,  188, 
190. 

Ortyx,  188. 
Cuckoo,  Black-billed,  274. 

Californian,  273. 

Mangrove,  274. 

itlaynard'8,  274. 

Yel'low-billed,  273. 
Cuculi,  271. 
Cuculidn,  271. 
ououllatus.  Icterus,  374,  375,  370. 

igneus.  Icterus,  376. 

Lophodytes,  89. 

nelsoni.  Icterus,  370. 
Culioivora  bilineata,  570. 
culiclTorus,  Basileuterus,  531. 
oulminntUB,  Thalassogeron,  62. 
ounioularia  floridana,  Spootyto,  265. 


ounicularia  hypogsea,  Speoty to,  265. 
oupido,  Tympauucbus,  203. 
Curlew,  Bristle-thighed,  171. 
Eskimo,  171. 
Hudsonian,  171. 
Long-billed,  170. 
Curlew  Sandpiper,  160. 
Curve-billed  Thrasher,  545. 
curvirostra  bendirei,  Loxia,  392. 
minor,  Loxis,  392. 
stricklandi,  Loxia,  392. 
ourvirostris,  Harporhynchus,  545. 
occidentalis,       Methriopterus, 

546. 
palmeri,  Harporhynchus,  545. 
cuvieri,  Kegulus,  1-68. 
Cuvier's  Kinglet,  668. 
cyanea,  Certhia,  590. 

Passerina,  448. 
Cyanccula,  571,  679. 
suecica,  679. 
wolfli,  679. 
cyaneoviridis,  Callichelidon,  462. 

Hirundo,  462. 
cyjinocapilla,    Xanthoura   luxuosa, 
358. 
Xanthura,  358. 
cyanocapillui!,  Cyanocorax,  358. 
cyanocephala,  Starnoenas,  217. 
Cyanocephalus,  351,  364. 
cyanocephalus,  364. 
cyanocephalus,  Cyanocephalus,  364. 

Scolecophagus,  379. 
Cyanooitta,  351,  363. 

californica    var.    Bumichrasti, 

366. 
coronata,  355. 
couchi,  367. 
cristata,  353. 

florincola,  353. 
Stelleri,  363,  354. 
annectens,  354. 
coronata,  355. 
diademata,  354. 
frontalis,  354. 
macrolopha,  354. 
Cyanocompsa,  446. 
Cyanocorax  cyanooapillus,  358. 

unicolor,  358. 
CyanogarruluB  diadematus,  354. 
cynnogonys,  Psilorhinus,  362. 
cynnoides  concreta,  Guiraca,  446. 
Cyanoloxia  concreta,  446. 

parellina,  446. 
Cyanomyia  (?)  sordida,  309. 
oyanops,  Sula,  75. 
cyanoptera.  Anas,  93. 
oyanopyga,  Psittncula,  209. 
Cyanospiza  rositffi,  449. 
oyanotis,  Aphelocoma,  367. 
Cyanoura  stelleri,  var.  annectens, 

364. 
cyanura,  Amazilia,  318. 
Cyolorhls,  469. 
Cyclorrhynchus,  9,  12. 

psittaculus,  12. 
Cygninre,  88. 
Cygnus  bewiokii,  120. 
cygnus,  Olor,  120. 
Cymuohorea  oryptoleuoura,  71. 

markhami,  71. 
Cymodroma,  56,  71. 


Cymodroma  grallaria,  72. 

melanogaster,  72. 

tropica,  72. 
Cyphorhinus  leucostictus,  540. 
Cypseli,  297. 
Cypseloides,  302. 

niger,  302. 
Cyrtonyx,  186,  193. 

montezuma),  104. 

ocellatus,  194. 

Bumichrasti,  19'1. 

sallaei,  194. 

Bumichrasti,  194. 
Cyrtopelicauus,  SI. 


D. 

Daflla,  '     97. 

acuiu,  98. 

bahamensis,  98. 
damacensis,  Actod-  ,  158. 

Totanus,  168. 

Tringa,  158. 
Daption,  56,  69. 

capensis,  69. 
Dark-bodied  Shearwater,  61. 

-rumped  Petrel,  65. 
decora,  Dcndroica,  606. 

Dondroica  graoise,  var.,  500. 
Decorated  Warbler,  506. 
decurtata,  Sylvia,  479. 
decurtatus,  Hylopbilus,  479. 
defilippiana,  ^strelata,  68. 
De  Filippi's  Petrel,  68. 
deglandi,  Oidemia,  112. 
dcglandii,  Oidemia,  112. 
doiroleucus,  Falco,  248. 
Delattre's*  Warbler,  632. 

Woodpecker,  290. 
delattrii,*  Basileutcrus,  532. 
delawarcnsis,  Larus,  32. 
delicata,  Gallinago,  160. 
Dendragapus,  186,  194,  105. 

canadensis,  196. 

franklinii,  196. 

fuliginosus,  196. 

obscurus,  195,  196. 

richardsonii,  196. 
Dendrocygna,  87,  118. 

arborea,  119. 

autumnalis,  119. 

discolor,  119. 

fulva,  119. 

vidaata,  119. 
Dendroica,  482,  492. 

aastiva,  494. 

moroomi,  494. 

auduboni,  497. 

blackburniw,  505. 

bryanti,  495. 

castanoioeps,  49<>. 

cnsrulca,  499. 

CBsrulescens,  496. 

carbonata,  403. 

castanea,  501,  502. 

chrysoparia,  500,  500. 

coronata,  407. 

•  Tlieso  two  tiampa  wero  inadvertnntW 
■ppllt'd  on  the  imge  cited  as  Delatr*  i 
and  Malrii  respectively. 


INDEX. 


605 


Dendroica  decora,  606, 

discolor,  M6. 

dominica,  481,  482,  504. 
albilora,  504. 

dugesi,  493. 

graciae,  506. 

var.  decora,  506. 

gundlachi,  495. 

hypochrysea,  518. 

kirtlandi,  514. 

maculosa,  498. 

nigrescena,  507. 

occidentalis,  513. 

olivacea,  494, 

palmarum,  482,  517,  518. 
hypochrysea,  517. 

pennsylvanica,  450. 

petechia,  495. 

gundlachi,  495. 

pityophila,  515. 

striata,  503, 

tigrina,  493, 

townsendi,  512. 

vieilloti,  var.  bryanti,  495. 

vigorsii,  498,  514. 

virens,  510. 
Dendronessa,  99. 
Dendrortyx,  184, 
derbianus,  Ortalis,  208. 

Pitangus,  331, 
Derby  Flycatcher,  331. 
Desert  Horned  Lark,  349. 

Song  Sparrow,  432. 
diademata,  Cyanocitta  stelleri,  354. 
diadematus,  Cyanogarrulus,  354. 
Diademed  Jay,  354, 
diazi,  Anas,  92. 
Dichromanassa,  130, 
Dickcissel,  452. 

difBcilis,  Empidonax,  340,  341. 
dilophus   albociliatus,    Phalacrooo- 
rax,  78. 

cincinatus,  Phalaorocorax,  78. 

floridaaus,  Phalaorocorax,  78, 

Phalacrocorax,  78. 
Diomedea,  50. 

albatrus,  51. 

brachyura,  51. 

cauta,  53. 

chlororhyncha,  53. 

exulans,  51. 

gilliana,  52. 

inorata,  52, 

melanuphrys,  51,  52. 

nigripos,  51. 
Diomedeidio,  50. 
Dipper,  American,  538. 

Costa  Rioan,  538. 
discolor,  Dcndi'ocygna,  119. 

Dendroica,  510. 
discors.  Anas,  03. 
D'Oca's  Hummingbird,  317. 
Dolichonyx,  305,  366. 

oryzivorus,  306. 
albinuoha,  360. 
domestica,  Fringilla,  401. 
domestious.  Passer,  401,  402. 
dominica  albilora,  Dendroica,  504. 

Dendroioa,  481,  482,  504. 
dominioensls,  Faloo,  253. 

Progne,  459. 

Tyrannus,  329. 


dum:nicu8,  Charadrius,  174. 

Colymbus,  6. 

fulvus,  Charadrius,  174. 

Nomonyx,  114. 
Dorieha,  304,  305. 
dorsalis,  Junco  cinereus,  423. 

Picoides  americanus,  287. 
Double  Yellow-head  Parrot,  687. 
Double-crested  Cormorant,  78. 
doubledayi,  lache,  320. 

Trochilus,  320. 
Doubleday's  Hummingbird,  320. 
dougalli.  Sterna,  44. 
Dove,  Antillean,  213. 

Ground,  215,  585. 

Inca,  216. 

Mexican  Ground,  586. 

Mourning,  213. 

Rufous  Ground,  215. 

Scaled,  215. 

Socorro,  213. 

Ground,  586. 

White-fronted,  214. 

White-winged,  214. 

Yucatan,  213. 

Zenaida,  213. 
Dovekie,  19. 
Dowitoher,  151. 

Long-billed,  151. 
Downy  Petrel,  63. 

Woodpecker,  283. 
dresseri,  Somateria,  110. 
Dryobates,  280,  281. 

arizonae,  286. 

frateroulus,  286. 

borealis,  283. 

nuttaili,  285. 

pubescens,  283,  286. 
gairdnerii,  283. 

soalaris,  284. 
bairdi,  285, 
gray  son  i,  285. 
lucasanus,  285. 
parvus,  284. 
sinaloensis,  285. 

stricklandi,  186, 

villosus,  282,  286, 
audubonii,  282. 
harrisii,  283, 
jardinii,  283. 
leucomelas,  282. 
maynardi,  282. 
dubia,  .^gialitis,  176,  177. 
dubius,  Molanerpos,  293. 

Pious,  293. 
Duck,  Abert's,  92. 

Black,  01. 

Ferruginous,  113. 

Florida,  92. 

Harlequin,  107. 

Hawk,  247. 

Labrador,  107. 

Mandarin,  99. 

Masked,  114. 

Mexican,  92, 

Muscovy,  100, 

King-neoked,  104, 

Ruddy,  113, 

Rufous-orested,  100. 

Scaup,  103, 

Steller's,  108. 

Wood,  99. 


dugesi,  Dendroioa,  495. 
Dug^s's  Yellow  Warbler,  495. 
Dunlin,  169. 
Dusky  Grouse,  195. 

Horned  Owl,  263. 

Kinglet,  568. 

Seaside  Sparrow,  413. 

Shearwater,  61. 
Dwarf  Cowbird,  367. 

Thrush,  576. 
Dysporus,  76, 

variegatus,  75. 
Dytes,  5. 

B. 

Eared  Grebe,  6. 

American,  6. 
Ectopistos,  210,  212. 

migratorius,  212. 
Egret,  American,  130. 

Peale's,  131. 

Reddish,  131,  587. 
egretta,  Ardea,  130. 
Eider,  109. 

American,  110. 

Greenland,  109. 

King,  110. 

PaciHc,  110. 

Spectacled,  108. 
Elanoides,  222,  224. 

forficatus,  224. 
Elanua,  222,  224. 

leucurus,  225. 
elegans  bensoni,  Callipcpla,  585. 

Callipepla,  193,  585. 

Centurus,  292. 

Melanerpes,  292. 

Ortyx,  193. 

Picus,  292. 

Puffinus,  61. 

Rallus,  138. 

Sterna,  40. 

Trogon,  276, 

var.  tenuirostris,  Rallus,  138, 
Elegu,nt  Partridge,  193, 

Shearwater,  61, 

Tern,  40. 

Trogon,  276. 

Woodpecker,  292. 
elogantissiraa,  Euphonia,  453. 
Elf  Owl,  267. 

Socorro,  267. 
ellioti,  Atthis,  315. 

Trochilus,  315. 
Elliot's  Hummingbird,  315. 
Emberiza  olivacea,  451. 
Embernagra,  385,  434. 

rufivirgata,  435. 

orassirostris,  435. 

vertioalis,  435. 
Emperor  Goose,  118. 
Empidonax,  327,  339. 

acadious,  342. 

albigularis,  340. 

axillaris,  340. 

baharaensis,  .339. 

bairdii,  340,  341. 

brachytarsui,  330. 

diffloilis,  340,  341. 

flaviventris,  341. 

fulviflroni,  844. 


606 


INDEX. 


«i.SK 


Empidonax    fulvifrons    pygmsBus, 
345. 
rubicundus,  345. 
fulvipcctus.  344. 
hammondi,  344. 
minimus,  343,  344. 
obscurus,  S44. 
pusillus,  343. 

traillii,  343. 
salvini,  341. 
Engyptila,  210,  214. 

albifrons,  214. 
Eniconetta,  86,  107. 

stelleri,  108, 
enicurus,  Trochilas,  305. 
enucleator     caoadensis,     Pinicola, 
388. 
kadiaka,  Pinicola,  388. 
Loxia,  388, 
Pinicola,  388, 
eremoeca,  Peuoaea  bouoardi,  429. 
Ereunetes,  148,  161. 
occidentnlis,  162. 
pusillus,  161. 
Ergaticus,  483,  531. 
ruber,  531. 
versicolor,  531. 
Erionetta,  110. 
Erismatura,  87, 113. 
ferruginea,  113. 
rubida,  113. 
erythrocephala,  Piranga,  456. 
Pyranga,  456. 
Spermagra,  456. 
erythrooephalus,  Melanerpes,  200. 
erythrognster,  Chelidon,  461. 
erythromelas,  Piranga,  454. 
erythrophthalmus    alleni,    Fipilo, 
436. 
Coccyens,  274. 
Pipilo,  436,  438,  439. 
erythrorhynchos,  Peleoanui,  82. 
Eskimo  Curlew,  171. 
Euetheia,  386,  450. 
bicolor,  451. 
oanora,  450,  451. 
olivacca,  451. 

intermedia,  461. 
pusilla,  451. 
pusilla,  451. 
Eugenes,  307,  309. 

fulgcns,  304,  305,  309. 
spectnbilis,  310. 
Eupherusa,  304. 
Eupbonia,  453. 

Bluo-headcd,  453. 
clegnntiHsiina,  453. 
Eupsychortyx,  185. 
Euptilotus,  275. 

eurnyncha,  Ouiraca  cserulea,  446. 
European  Blue  Heron,  120. 
Buzzard,  233. 
Coot,  141. 

House  Sparrow,  401. 
Least  Bittern,  127. 
Quail,  186. 
Scoter,  111. 
Snipe,  150. 
Teal,  94. 

Tree-Sparrow,  402. 
Woodcock,  149. 
Evirynorbynohui,  149,  160. 


Eurynorbynohus  pygmaeui,  160. 
Euthlypis,  483. 

lachrymosa,  483. 
Euxenura,  125. 
Evening  Qrosbeak,  387. 
Everglade  Kite,  226. 
excubitorides,  Lanius,  467,  468. 

Lanius  Indovicianus,  467. 
exilipes,  Acanthis  hornemannii,396. 
exilis,  Botaurus,  127. 
eximia,  Ornismya,  304. 
externa,  ^strelata,  68. 

(Estrelato,  68. 
exulans,  Diomedea,  51. 


F. 

Falcinellus  ridgwayi,  124. 
Falco,  224,  244. 

albicaudatus,  237. 

albigularis,  248. 

columbarius,  250. 
Buckleyi,  250. 

deiroleucus,  248. 

dominicensis,  253. 

fusco-ccerulescens,  251. 

islandus,  244. 

jugger,  246. 

mexicanus,  247. 

nitidus,  240. 

peregrinus,  247. 
anatum,  247. 
penlei,  248. 

plumbeus,  225. 

ptcrocles,  237. 

regulus,  249. 

richardsonii,  251. 

rusticolus,  245. 
gyrfalco,  246. 
obsoletus,  246. 

eparverioides,  253. 

gparverius,  252. 

tharus,  254. 

nnicinctua,  229. 

urubitinga,  238. 

conurus,  238. 
Falcon,  Aplomado,  261. 

Peale's,  248. 

Peregrine,  247. 

Prairie,  247. 

Temminck's,  248. 

White-throated,  248. 
Falcones,  218. 
FalconidaB,  218,  222. 
Falconinoe,  224. 
fallax,  Melospiza  fasciata,  432. 
familiaris  americana,  Certhia,  557. 

mexicana,  Certhia,  558, 

montana,  Certhia,  558. 

occidentnlis,  Certhia,  558. 
Farallone  Cormorant,  78. 

Rail,  140. 
fasc'ata,  Callipepla,  193. 

Chan.aea,  566. 

Columba,  211. 

fallax,  Melospiza,  432. 

Kuttata,  Melospiza,  432. 

Eeermnnni,  Melospiza,  431. 

henshawi,  Chameeu,  566. 

Melospiza,  431. 

mexicana,  Moloipiza,  432. 


fasciata  montana,  Melospiik,  431. 
ruflna,  Melospiza,  432. 
samuelis,  Melospiza,  431. 
fasciatus,  Ortyx,  193. 
fedoa,  Limosa,  163. 
fclix,  ThryothoruB,  552. 
ferina.  Anas,  101. 
Aythya,  101. 
femandinoB,  Anabates,  482. 
ferrariperczi,  Amphispiza,  420. 
Ferrari-Perez's  Sparrow,  426. 
ferruginea,  Erismatura,  113. 

Tringa,  160. 
ferrugineus,  Archibuteo,  241. 
Ferruginous  Duck,  113. 
Pygmy  Owl,  266. 
Rough-leg,  241. 
Field  Sparrow,  420. 

Western,  420, 
Fiery  Oriole,  376, 
figlina,  Piranga,  455. 
Finch,  California  Purple,  390. 
Cassin's  Purple,  390, 
Crimson-fronted  House,  391. 
Guadalupe  House,  391. 
House,  391. 
Purple,  389. 
finscbi,  Amazona,  587. 

Chrysotis,  587. 
Finsch's  Parrot,  687. 
fischeri,  Arctonetta,  108. 
Fish  Crow,  363. 
Cuban,  363. 
flsheri,  ^strelata,  68. 
Fisher's  Petrel,  68. 
Five-striped  Sparrow,  426, 
Flamingo,  American,  121. 
flammea,  Piranga,  457. 
Setophaga,  530. 
miniata,  630. 
flammeolus,  Megascops,  262,  586. 
flaramula,  Pinicola,  388. 
Flammulated  Flycatcher,  335. 

Screech  Owl,  262, 
flammulatus,  Myiarohus,  332,  335. 
flava,  Budytes,  535. 
Motocilla,  536, 
flaveola,  Certhia,  690, 
flavescens,  Vireo  orassirostrig,  476. 
flaviccps,  Auriparus,  605. 
flavifrons,  Vireo,  472, 
flavipes,  Totanus,  166, 
flavirostris,  Columba,  211. 
Merula,  678. 
Phaethon,  74, 
flaviventris,  Empidonax,  341. 
flavoviridis,  Vireo,  470,  690. 
flavus,  Budytes,  535. 

leucostriatus,  Budytei,  636. 
Flesh-footed  Shearwater,  02. 
Flicker,  295, 
Cuban,  296, 
Gilded,  296. 
Guadalupe,  296. 
Guatemalan,  296. 
Northwestern,  296. 
Red-shafted,  296. 
floresii,  Selasphonis,  316, 
Troohilus,  313,  316. 
Florosi's  Hummingbird,  316. 
Florioola,  305. 
Florida,  130. 


itammmk 


INDEX. 


607 


Florida  Barred  Owl,  259. 

Blue  Jay,  353. 

Bob  White,  188. 

Burrowing  Owl,  265. 

Cormorant,  78. 

Crow,  362. 

Duck,  02. 

Gallinule,  141. 

Graokle,  380. 

Jay,  355. 

Ked-shouldored  Hawk,  237. 

Screech  Owl,  261. 

Wren,  550. 
floridana,  Aphelocoma,  355. 

Spootyto  ounicularia,  265. 
fioridanus,  Colinus  virginianua,  188. 

Curvns  amerioanus,  362. 

Megascops  asio,  261. 

Phalaorocorax  dilophns,  78. 
florincola,  Cyanocitta  cristata,  353. 
Flycatcher,  Acadian,  342. 

Arizona  Crested,  333. 

Ash-throated,  333. 

Bahaman  Crested,  334. 

Baird's,  341. 

Beardless,  346. 

Bold,  332. 

Buff-breasted,  345. 

Coues's,  337. 

Cozumel,  335. 

Crested,  333. 

Cuban  Crested,  334. 

Derby,  331. 

Flammulated,  335. 

Fork-tailed,  327. 

Fulvous,  344. 

Oiraud'a,  331. 

Hammond's,  344. 

Insolent,  332. 

Lawrence's,  336. 

Least,  343. 

Little,  343. 

Mexican  Crestad,  333. 

Narrow-billed,  344. 

Nicaraguan  Crested,  334. 

Noble,  332. 

Nutting's,  334. 

Olivaceous,  335. 

Olive-sided,  337. 

Ridgway's,  346. 

Ruddy,  346. 

Salvin's,  341. 

Scissor-tailed,  328. 

Sulphur-bellied,  332. 

Traill's,  343. 

Vermilion,  345. 

Western,  340. 

White-throated,  340. 

Wright's,  314. 

Yellow-bellied,  341. 

Yucatan  Crested,  334. 
forflcatuB,  Elanoides,  224. 

Milvulus,  328. 
Fork-tailed  Flyoatoher,  327. 

Petrel,  70. 
formicivorus    angustlfVong,    Mela- 
nerpes,  201. 

bairdi,  Mclanerpos,  201. 

Melanerpes,  291. 

Picus,  291. 
formoia,  Qenthlypis,  5>0,  521. 

Oporornis,  487. 


formosa.  Pica,  850. 
forreri,  Chrysomitria,  400. 

Spinus,  400. 

Vireo,  690. 
Forrer'g  Goldfinch,  400. 
forsteri.  Sterna,  42. 
Forster's  Tern,  42.      . 
Fox  Sparrow,  434. 
francescee,  Granatellus,  482. 
francim,  Trochilus,  306. 
franklinii,  Dendragapui,  190. 

Larus,  36. 
Franklin's  Grouse,  106. 

Gull,  36. 
Fratercula,  8, 11. 

arctica,  11. 

gla«ialis,  11. 

corniculata,  11. 
Fraterculinse,  8. 
fraterculus,     Dryobates     arizonaa, 

286. 
Fregata,  82. 

aquila,  83. 

minor,  83. 
Fregatidae,  73,  82. 
Fringilla,  brunneinnoha,  895. 

carduelis,  400,  401. 

cinerea,  423. 

domestica,  401. 

mexicana,  390,  391. 

montana,  402. 
Fringillid89,  321,  382. 
frontalis,    Carpodaous    mexioanus, 
391. 

Cyanocitta  stelleri,  354. 

rhodocolpus,  Carpodacuj,  594. 
Frosted  Poor-will,  688. 
fulgens,  Eugei  es,  304,  305,  309. 
Fulica,  136,  141. 

americana,  142. 

atra,  141. 

caribsea,  142. 
fuHcarius,  Crymophilns,  144. 
Fulicinte,  136. 
fuliginosa,  Phoebetria,  68. 

Sterna,  45. 
fuliginosus,  Buteo,  235. 

Dendragapus  obsouruB,  100. 
Fuligula,  102. 

Ay  thy  a,  103. 

marila  nearctiov,  103. 

mariloides,  103. 
fuligula,  Anas,  103. 
Fulmar,  57. 

Antarctic,  68. 

Giant,  57, 

Lesser,  57. 

Pacific,  57. 

Rodgers's,  68. 

Slender-billed,  68. 
Fulmarus,  64,  67. 

antarcticus,  68. 

glaoialis,  67. 

glupisoha,  67. 
minor,  67. 
rodgeraii,  68. 

glaoialoides,  58. 
fulva,  Dendrocygna,  119 

Hirundo,  460. 

Petroohelidon,  460. 
fulvifrons,  Empidonax,  344. 

pygmseua,  Empidonax,  846. 


fulvifrons  rubioundus,  Empidonax, 

346. 
fulvigula.  Anas,  02. 
fulvipectus,  Empidonax,  344. 
Fulvous  Flycatcner,  344. 

Tree-duok,  119. 
fulvus,  CharadriuB  dominions,  174. 
fumifrons,    Perieoreus   oanadecsia, 

360. 
furcata,  Oceanodroma,  70. 

Xema,  38. 
Fumarius  roseus,  630. 
fusca,  Oidemia,  112. 
fuBcescens  salicicoluB,  Tardus,  574. 

Turdus,  574, 
fuscicaudata,  Amazilia,  317. 
fuscicollis,  Tringa,  157. 
fusco-coerulcscens,  Faloo,  251. 
fusous  albigula,  Pipilo,  440. 

orissalis,  Pipilo,  441. 

Larus,  28, 

meaoleucus,  Pipilo,  440. 

Pelecanus,  82. 

Pipilo,  440.  .       „ 


6. 

Gadwall,  05. 

gairdnerii,    Dryobates    pubescens, 

283. 
Gairdner's  Woodpecker,  283, 
galapagcnsis,  Ilaematopus,  182. 
Galapagos  Oyster-catcher,  182. 

Storm  Petrel,  70. 
galbula.  Icterus,  377. 
galeata,  Gallinula,  141. 
Galeoscoptes,  539,  542. 

carolinensis,  542. 
galerioulata,  Aix,  99. 

Anas,  09, 
Gallinas,  184. 
Oallinago,  147,  149,  150. 

delicata,  150. 

gallinago,  150. 
gallinago,  Gallinago,  150. 
Gallinula,  136,  141, 

galeata,  141. 
Gallinule,  Florida,  141. 

Purple,  141. 
Gallinulinao,  136, 
galloparo,  Meleagrts,  207, 

mexicana,  Meleagrig,  207. 
gambeli,  Anser  albifrons,  116. 

Callipepla,  193, 

Lanius  ludoviolanuB,  467. 

ParuB,  562. 

Zonotrichia,  416. 
Gambeil'B  Partridge,  193. 

Sparrow,  416. 
Gannet,  76, 
Garrodla,  56. 
GarruliniB,  350. 
garruluB,  Ampelis,  464,  466. 
Garrulus  coronatuB,  366. 
GarzetU,  130. 
gaumeri,  Chtetura,  303. 
Oaumer'B  Chimney  Swift,  803. 
Gavia,  23,  24. 

alba,  24. 
gavia,  PufflnuB,  00. 
gelida,  Prooellaria,  68. 


608 


INDEX. 


:..]. 


%  -11: 


gelidus,  Puff.nus,  58. 
Uelochelidon,  24,  38. 

nilotica,  33. 
Oennaia,  246. 
Geococcyx,  271,  272. 

afflnis,  273. 

oalifornianus,  272. 
I^eorgiana,  Melospiza,  433. 
tieotblypis,  482,  520. 

agilis,  621. 

beldingt,  524,  525. 

caninucha,  526. 

coryi,  525. 

furmosa,  620,  521. 

macgillivrayi,  522. 

mclnnopg,  524. 

occidcntaiis,  523. 

palpebnilia,  52G. 

Philadelphia,  521,  522. 

poliocephala,  482,  625,  526. 
var.  caninucha,  620. 

rostrata,  624. 

8pecio8a,  525. 

tanneri,  525, 

triohos,  522,  523. 

occidentalis,  523,  624. 
Geotrygon,  2t0,  211,  216. 

albifacHs,  217. 

martinica,  216. 

montana,  217. 
Giant  Fulmar,  57. 
gigantea,  Oasifraga,  57. 
gigantcus,  Aramus,  136. 
Giia  Woodpecker,  294. 
Gilded  Flicker,  295. 
gilliana,  Diomedea,  52. 
Gill's  Albatro83,  52. 
gilvus,  Vireo,  471. 

gwninsoni,  Vireo,  472. 
giraudi,  Otocoria  alpestris,  349. 
Giraud's  Flycatcher,  331. 
glabriroatris,  Melnnoptila,  539. 
glacialis,  Fratercula  arctica,  11. 

Fulmarus,  57. 

glupischa,  Fulmarus,  57. 

minor,  Fulmarus,  57. 

rodgersii,  Fulmarus,  58. 
glacialoidos,  Fulmarus,  68. 
glareola,  Totanus,  166. 

Tringa,  166. 
glauoescens,  Larus,  27. 
Olaucidium,  256,  266. 

gnoma,  266. 

phalaenoides,  266. 
Glauoionetta,  85,  104. 

olangula,  105. 

americana,  105. 

islandica,  105. 
Glaucous  Gull,  26. 

-winged  Gull,  27. 
glaucus,  Larus,  26,  28. 
globioera,  Crax,  207. 
Glossy  Ibis,  124. 

Peruvian,  124. 

AVhite-faced,  124. 
glupischa,  Fulmarus  glacialis,  67. 
Gnatcatcber,  Bahaman,  669. 

Baird'a,  670. 

Black-teiled,  670. 

Blue-grey,  609. 

Cuban,  671. 

Lawrence's,  609. 


Gnatcatcber,  Maximilian's,  669. 

Plumbeous,  570. 

White-browed,  570. 

Whito-lored,  569. 
gnoma,  Glaucidium,  266. 
Godwit,  Bar-tailed,  163. 

Black-tailed,  164. 

Hudaonian,  164. 

Marbled,  163. 

Pacific,  163. 
Golden  Eagle,  242. 

Plover,  173. 

American,  174. 
Pacific,  174. 
Golden-cheeked  Warbler,  509,  590. 

-crowned  Kinglet,  567. 

Kinglet,  Western,  568. 
Sparrow,  416. 

-fronted  Woodpecker,  294, 

-winged  Warbler,  486. 
Golden-eye,  105. 

American,  105. 

Barrows's,  106. 
Goldfinch,  401. 

American,  398. 

Arizona,  399. 

Arkansas,  399. 

Black-headed,  400. 

Forrer's,  400. 

Lawrence's,  309. 

Mexican,  399. 

Salvin's,  400. 
Goose,  American  White-fronted,116. 

Barnacle,  117. 

Bean,  116. 

Blue,  116. 

Cackling,  117. 

Canada,  117. 

Emperor,  118. 

Greater  Snow,  115. 

Hutchins's,  117. 

Lesser  Snow,  115. 

Ross's  Snow,  115. 

White-cheeked,  117. 

White-fronted,  116. 
Goshawk,  American,  228. 

Mexican,  240. 

South  American,  240. 

Western,  228. 
Graceful  Petrel,  71. 
Grace's  Warbler,  506. 
grociaa,  Dendroioa,  506. 
gracilis,  Mimus,  642. 

Oceanites,  71. 

Thalossidroma,  71. 
Grackle,  Boat-tailed,  381. 

Bronzed,  380. 

Florida,  380. 

Grayson's,  381.  * 

Great-tailed,  381. 

Purple,  379. 

Slender-billed,  381. 
grellaria,  Cymodroma,  72, 
gramineus,  Poocsates,  406. 

conflnis,  Pooctetes,  407. 
gremma«u8,  Chondostes,  414, 

strigatus,  Chondestes,  414. 
GranatelluB,  482, 

boucardi,  482, 

francescee,  482. 

pelzeini,  482. 

Mllsei,  482. 


Granatellus  venustus,  482. 
Grasshopper  Sparrow,  411. 

Western,  411. 
GrasBouit,  451. 

Melodious,  451. 

Mexican,  451. 

Yellow-faced,  451. 
Gray  Gyrfalcon,  245. 

Kingbird,  329. 

Owl,  Great,  259, 

Ruffed  Grouse,  198. 

Sea  Eagle,  243. 

Titmouse,  562. 

Vireo,  478. 

Wagtail,  534. 

Warbler,  Black-throated,  607. 
Grey-breasted  Martin,  459. 
Woodpecker,  292. 

-cheeked  Thrush,  574. 

-crowned  Leucosticte,  394, 

-headed  Junco,  423, 

-naped  Yellow-throat,  526. 

-necked  Chachalaca,  209, 

-throated  Becard,  325. 
graysoni,  Amazilia,  318. 

Colinus,  189,  585. 

Compaothlypis,  492. 

Dryobatcs  scalaris,  285. 

Harporhynchus,  542,  543. 

Merula,  578. 

flavirostris,  578. 

Micrathene,  267. 

Mimodes,  643. 

Picus  scalaris,  var.,  285, 

Quiscalus,  381. 

Zenaidura,  213. 
Grayson's  Becard,  325. 

Bob  White,  189,  685. 

Grackle,  381. 

Hummingbird,  318. 

Woodpecker,  285. 
Great  Auk,  19. 

Black-backed  Gull,  28. 

Blue  Heron,  129,  584. 

Gray  Owl,  259. 

Horned  Owl,  263, 

Rufous-bellied  KingfiBher,279, 

White  Heron,  128, 
Great-billed  Kingbird,  328. 

-tailed  Grackle,  381. 
Greater  Redpoll,  397. 

Shearwater,  59. 

Snow  Goose,  115. 

Yellow-legs,  165. 
Grebe,  American  Eared,  6. 

Clark's,  4. 

Crested,  6. 

Eared,  6, 

Holbcell's,  6. 

Horned,  6. 

Pied-billed,  6. 

Red-necked,  5. 

St,  Domingo,  6. 

Western,  4. 
Green  Heron,  132, 

Jay,  358, 

Yellow-bellied,  358, 

Parakeet,  270, 

Pheasant,  206, 

Sandpiper,  166, 

Warbler,  Blaok-throated,  510. 
Green-backed  Towhee,  438. 


wmm 


INDEX. 


609 


Green-billed  Albatross,  53. 
Shearwater,  62. 

-tailed  Tuwhee,  439. 

-winged  Teal,  94. 
Greenland  Eider,  109. 

Ptarmigan,  200. 

Redpoll,  396. 
Greenshank,  165. 

grindie,  Psaltriparus  minimus,  565. 
Grinda's  Bush-Tit,  565. 
Grinnell's  Water-Thrush,  519. 
grisea,  ^Estrelata,  67. 

Proeellarin,  67. 
grisegena,  Culymbus,  5. 
griseonucha,  Leucosticte,  393. 
griseus,  Macrorhamphus,  151. 

Parus  inornatus,  562. 

Puffinus,  61. 
Groove-billed  Ani,  272. 
Grosbeak,  Abeillo's,  387. 

American  Pine,  388. 

Black-headed,  445, 

Blue,  445. 

Blue-black,  446. 

Evening,  387. 

Kadiak  Pine,  388. 

Pine,  388. 

Rose- breasted,  444. 

Western  Blue,  446. 
Ground  Dove,  215,  585. 

Mexican,  586. 

Socorro,  586. 
Grouse,  Canada,  196. 

Canadian  Ruffed,  198. 

Dusky,  195. 

Franklin's,  196. 

Gray  Ruffed,  193. 

Oregon  Ruffed,  198, 

Richardson's,  196. 

Ruffed,  197. 

Sago,  205. 

Sharp-tailed,  204. 

Sooty,  196. 
Grues,  134. 
Gruidse,  134. 
Grus,  134. 

amerioana,  135. 

canadensis,  135. 

me.Yioana,  135. 
grylle,  Cepphus,  16. 
gryphus,  Vultur,  218. 
Guadalupe  Caracara,  254. 

Flicker,  290. 

House  Finch,  391. 

Junco,  425. 

Rock  Wren,  548, 

Towhee,  437. 

Wren,  551. 
guadclouponsis,  Salpinctes,  548. 
Guara,  123. 

alba,  123. 

rubra,  123. 
guarauna,  Plegadis,  124. 
Guatemala  Bluebird,  581. 
guatemalifi,  Amazona,  587. 

Chrysotis,  687. 

Setophaga,  530. 
picta,  530. 

Sialia  sialis,  581 , 
Guatemalan  Chachalaoa,  209. 

Chipping  Sparrow,  419. 

Flicker,  296. 


Guatemalan     Ivory-billed    Wood- 
pecker, 281. 

Junco,  424. 
guatemalensis,  Campephilus,  281. 

Pious,  281. 
gubernator,  Agelaius,  370,  371. 
guianensis,  Tanagra,  469. 
Guillemot,  Blaek,  16. 

Black-winged,  17. 

Mandt's,  16. 

Pigeon,  17. 

Sooty,  17. 
Guiraca,  383,  445. 

abeillii,  387. 

cterulea,  445. 

eurhyncha,  446. 

oyanoides  concreta,  446. 
gularis,  iEstrelata,  67,  68. 

(Estrelata,  67. 

Procellaria,  67,  68. 
Gull,  Bonaparte's,  36. 

California,  31. 

Franklin's,  36. 

Glaucous,  26. 
-winged,  27. 

Great  Black-backed,  28. 

Heermann's,  34. 

Herring,  30. 

Iceland,  26. 

Ivory,  24. 

Kumlien's,  27. 

Laughing,  35. 

Lesser  Block-backed,  28. 

Little,  36. 

Mew.  33. 

Nelson's,  27. 

Pallas's,  30. 

Point  Barrow,  26. 

Ring-billed,  33. 

Ross's,  37. 

Sabine's,  38. 

Short-billed,  34. 

Siberian,  29. 

Slaty-backed,  29. 

Swallow-tailed,  38. 

Western,  28. 
Gull-billed  Tern,  38. 
gundlachi,  Dendroioa,  495. 

Dcndroica  petechia,  495. 

Vireo,  478. 
gundlachii,  Mimus,  542. 
Gundlach's  Mockingbird,  542. 
gustavi,  Anthus,  537. 
guttata,  Melospiza  fasciata,  432. 
guttatus,   Ammodramus    rostratus, 
410. 

Harporhynchus,  544. 
gutturalis,  Compsothlypis,  481. 

Helrainthophila       ruflcapilla, 
489. 
gymnostoma,  Jaeama,  183. 
Gypagus,  219. 

papa,  219. 
Gyrfalcon,  246. 

Black,  246, 

Gray,  245, 

White,  244. 

H. 

Habia,  383,  444. 

ludovioiana,  444. 

77 


Habia  molanocephala,  445, 
Hadrostomug  albiventris,  325. 
haemustica,  Limosa,  164. 
Hffimatopodidue,  143,  181. 
Hasmatopus,  181. 

ater,  183, 

bachmani,  183, 

galapagensis,  182. 

leucopodus,  182, 

ostralegus,  181. 

pnlliatus,  182. 
Haemophila  humeralis,  426. 
Hairy  Woodpecker,  282. 

Bahaman,  282, 

Northern,  282, 

Southern,  282, 
Haitien  Sparrow  Hawk,  253, 
HalitBctus,  223,  242, 

albicilla,  243. 

leucocephalus,  243. 
haliaetus  carolinensis,  Pandion,  255. 
Haliplana,  45. 
HaloWna,  55. 
Halocyptena,  56,  69, 

microsoma,  69, 
Halodromidse,  50. 
hammondi,  Empidonax,  344. 
Hammond's  Flycatcher,  344. 
Happy  Wren,  552. 
harlani,  Buteo,  231. 
Harlan's  iiawk,  231. 
Harlequin  Duck,  107. 
Harporhynchus,  539,  543,  546. 

bendirei,  543,  545. 

cinereus,  544. 

crissalis,  546. 

curvirostris,  545. 

occidentalis,  546. 
palmeri,  545. 

graysoni,  542,  543. 

guttatus,  544. 

lecontci,  546. 

longirostris,  544. 

ocellatus,  544. 

palmeri,  543. 

redivivus,  546. 

rufus,  543. 
Harpy  Eagle,  242. 
harpyia,  Thraaaetus,  242. 
harrisii,  Dryobates  villosua,  283. 
Harris's  Hawk,  229. 

Sparrow,  415. 

Woodpecker,  283. 
Hartlaub's  Sparrow,  426. 
hasitata,  Estrelata,  66. 
hastatus,  Megascops,  586. 
Hawk,  American  Sparrow,  262. 

Broad-winged,  236. 

Cooper's,  228. 

Cuban  Sparrow,  253. 

Duck,  247. 

Haitien  Sparrow,  253. 

Harlan's,  231. 

Harris's,  229. 

Krider's,  232. 

Marsh,  216. 

One-handed,  229. 

Pigeon,  250, 

Red-breasted,  237. 
-shouldered,  237. 
-tailed,  232. 

Sharp-shinned,  227. 


610 

Hawk,  Short-tailed,  236. 

Swainson's,  235. 

White-tailed,  238. 

Zone-tailed,  234. 
Hawk  Owl,  265. 

American,  265. 
Heath  Hen,  203. 
beermanni,  Larus,  34. 

Melospiza,  432. 
fasciuta,  431. 
Heermann's  Gull,  34. 

Song  Sparrow,  431. 
belenos,  t'alypte,  312,  313. 

Ortborbynchus,  313. 

Trochilus,  313.' 
Helinai  brcvipennig,  479. 
Helluaia,  481,  484. 

swain.-'onii,  4S5. 
Heliomaster  spectabilis,  310. 
Helminthopbila,  481,  485. 

bacbmani,  487. 

celata,  488. 

lutescons,  489. 

chrysoptera,  486. 

cincinnatieusis,  487. 

lawrcncci,  486. 

leucobronchialis,  486. 

lucite,  185,  490. 

percgrina,  488. 

pinus,  486,  487. 

ruficapilla,  489. 
gutturalis,  489. 

Virginia},  488,  490. 
Helmitherus,  481,  485. 

vermivorus,  485,  528. 
Helodromas,  166. 
heloisa,  Trochilus,  315. 
Heloise's  Hummingbird,  315. 
hemilcucurus,  Campylopteru8,  304, 

305. 
Hemiproone,  302. 
Hen,  Heath,  203. 

Lesser  Prairie,  203. 

Prairie,  203. 
Henhawk,  Cooper's,  230. 
Henioorbina,  640. 
Henri     Delattre's    Hummingbird, 

310. 
henrica,  Ornismya,  310. 
henrici,  Cce'.igena,  310. 
hensbawi,  Chamaca  fasciata,  666. 
henslowi,  Ammodramus,  412. 
Henslow's  Sparrow,  412. 
Hepatic  Tanager,  456. 
hepatica,  Piranga,  455. 
Hepburn's  Leucosticte,  394. 
Hermit  Thrush,  576. 

Warbler,  613. 
Herodias,  130. 
herodias,  Ardca,  129,  683. 
Herodiones,  1,  122. 
Heron,  Brown,  131. 

Cocoi,  129. 

Oreat  Blue,  683. 

Green,  132. 

Louisiana,  131, 

Snowy,  130. 

Streaked,  132. 

Ward's,  129,  683. 

WUrdemann's,  128,  683. 
Herring  Gull,  30. 

American,  31. 


INDEX. 

Hesperiphona,  3S6. 

besperis,  Corvus  americanus,  362. 

Hesperocichla,  571,  573. 

nievia,  578. 
Heteraotitis,  148,  167. 
brevipes,  168. 
inuauua,  168. 
hiaticula,  ^gialitis,  177. 
bieraalis  paciticus.  Troglodytes,  565. 

Troglodytes,  555. 
Hierofaloo,  244. 
Himantopus,  146. 
brasiliensis,  147. 
mexicanus,  147. 
himantopus,  Micropalama,  152. 
Hirundinidae,  457. 
Hirundo  bicolor,  461. 
cbalybea,  459. 
cyaneoviridis,  462. 
fulva,  460. 
melanogastcr,  460. 
eaturata,  461. 
tytlcri,  461. 
zonaris,  302. 
hirundo.  Stoma,  43. 
Histrionicus,  86,  107. 
histrionicus,  107. 
histrionicus,  Histrionicus,  107. 
Hoary  Redpoll,  3U6. 
holbcellii,  Acantbis,  397. 
Acanthis  linaria,  397. 
Colymbus,  5. 
Holboell's  Grebe,  5. 

Redpoll,  397. 
bolocblorus  brevipes,  Conurua,  270. 

Conurus,  270. 
bomochroa,  Oceanodroma,  71. 
Hooded  Merganser,  89. 
Oriole,  375. 

Arizona,  376. 
Warbler,  527, 
hornbyi,  Oceanodroma,  70. 
Hornby's  Petrel,  70. 
Horned  Grebe,  5. 
Lark,  348. 

Desert,  349. 
Mexican,  349. 
Pallid,  34S. 
Prairie,  348. 
Ruddy,  3 19. 
Streaked,  349. 
Texan,  349. 
Owl,  Arctic,  263. 
Dusky,  263. 
Great,  263. 
Striped,  264. 
Western,  263. 
Puffin,  11. 
hornemannii,  Acanthis,  396. 
exilipes,  Acanthis,  396. 
House  Finch,  391. 

Crimson-fronted,  391. 
Guadalupe,  391. 
Sparrow,  European,  401. 
Wren,  653, 

Central  American,  554. 
Hudsonian  Chickadee,  564. 
Curlew,  171. 
God  wit,  164. 
budsonioa.  Pica  pica,  362. 
hudsonicus,  Numenius,  171. 
ParuB,  564. 


hudsonius.  Circus,  226. 
humeralis,  Agelaius,  371. 

Amphispiza,  426. 

Ila'mupbila,  426. 

Lcistcs,  371, 
Hummingbird,  Admirable,  310. 

Allen's,  314, 

Anna's,  312, 

Beautiful,  316. 

Berylline,  317, 

Black-chinned,  312. 

Blue- tailed,  318. 
-throated,  310. 

Broad-billed,  319. 
-tailed,  313. 

Buff-bellied,  317. 

Cabot's,  317. 

Calliope,  316. 

Cinnumomcous,  318. 

Costa's,  312. 

D'Oca's,  317. 

Doubleday's,  320. 

Elliot's,  316. 

Floresi's,  315. 

Grayson's,  318. 

Heloise's,  315. 

Henri  Delattre's,  310. 

Lawrence's,  320. 

Lucifer,  316. 

Magic,  320. 

Maria's,  317. 

Pale-grcen-throated,  810. 

Princess  Helena's,  313. 

Rieffer's,  317. 

Rivoli,  309. 

Ruby-throated,  311. 

Rufous,  314. 

White-eared,  319. 

Xantus's,  318. 
hutchinsii,  Branta  canadensis,  117. 
Hutchins's  Goose,  117. 
huttoni  stephensi,  Vireo,  477. 
Hutton'a  Vireo,  477. 
Hydranassa,  131. 
Hydrochelidon,  24,  46. 

leucopareia,  47. 

leucoptora,  47. 

nigra,  46. 

surinamcnsis,  47. 
hyemalis  carolinensis,  Junoo,  433. 

Clangula,  106. 

Junoo,  422,  423,  424. 

oregonus,  Junco,  424. 
Hylocbaris  magica,  320. 
Hylociohla,  573. 
Hylophilus,  469,  478. 

decurtatus,  479. 

ochraceiceps,  479, 

Ochraceous-fronted,  479. 

Short-winged,  479. 

thoracicus,  478, 
hyperborea,  Chen,  115, 

nivalis,  Chen,  115, 
hyperboreus,  Plectrophenax,  403. 
hypocbrysea,  Dendroica,  618, 

Dendroica  palmarum,  617. 
hypoobrysous,  Vireo,  478, 
hypogeea,  Speotyto  cunioularia,  265. 
hypoleuoa,  Apheloooma  oalifornioa, 

356, 
bypoleucog,  Actitis,  170. 

Tringa,  170. 


INDEX. 


611 


hypoleuouB,  Brachyrampbus,  15. 

Molunotis,  539. 
Hypolia,  ;595. 
hypopolius,  Centurus,  202. 

Melanerpea,  292. 

Picua,  292. 
hypopyrrha,  Ampelia,  323. 


I. 

lache,  308,  319. 

doubledayi,  320. 

latirostris,  319,  320. 

lawrencei,  32U. 

inagica,  320. 
Ibididffi,  122,  123. 
Ibis,  aiossy,  124. 

Peruvian  Qlossy,  124. 

Scarlet,  123. 

White,  123. 

White-faced  Qlossy,  124. 

Wood,  125. 
ibis,  Tantalus,  125. 
Ice  Petrel,  58. 
Iceland  Qull,  26. 
Icteria,  482,  526. 

virens,  627. 

longicauda,  627. 
Icteridte,  321,  365. 
Icterinae,  365. 
Icterus,  366,  372. 

abeillei,  378. 

abeillii,  378. 

audubonii,  374. 

bullooki,  378. 

ououllatus,  374,  375,  376. 
igneus,  376. 
nelsoni,  376. 

galbula,  377. 

icterus,  373. 

melanocephalus,  374. 

parisorum,  373. 

prosthemelas,  375. 

spurius,  376. 

wagleri,  374,  375. 
icterus,  Jvlerus,  373. 
lotiaia,  222,  225. 

mississippiensis,  225. 

plumbca,  225. 
igneus,  Cardinalis  cardinalis,  442. 

Icterus  ououllatus,  376. 
iliaca     mcgarhyncha,      Passerella, 
434. 

Passerella,  434. 

Bchistacea,  Passerella,  434. 

unalasohonsis,  Passerella,  434. 
iliacuB,  Turdus,  576. 
imbor,  Urinator,  7. 
imberbe,  Ornithion,  346. 

ridgwayi,  Ornithion,  346. 
immaculatus,  Catharus,  671. 
iuipennis,  Plautus,  19. 
Imperial  Woodpecker,  281. 
imperialis,  Campephilua,  281. 

Pious,  281. 
Inoa  Dove,  216. 
inca,  Scardafella,  216. 
inoanns,  Heteractitis,  168. 
inoerta,  ^strelata,  64. 

Prooellaria,  64. 
Indigo  Bunting,  448. 


indigotica,  Passorina  parellina,  447. 
inornata,  Compsothlypis,  492. 

Compsothiypis  pttiayumi,  492. 

Parula,  492. 
inomatus  cineraceus,  Parus,  561. 

griseus,  Parus,  562. 

Parus,  561. 
insolens,  Myiodynastes  audax,  332. 
Insolent  Flycatcher,  332. 
insularis,  Apheloooma,  356. 

Compsothlypis,  492. 

Junco,  425. 

Myadestcs  obsouras,  573. 

Parula,  492. 

Picus,  282. 

Platypsaris,  325. 

Troglodytes,  553. 
intermedia,  Euetheia  olivaoea,  451. 

Zonotrichia,  416,  417. 
Intermediate  Sparrow,  416. 
intermedius.  Troglodytes,  554. 
intorpres,  Arenaria,  180,  181. 
involucris,  Ardea,  127,  128. 

Ardetta,  128. 

Botaurus,  128. 
lonornis,  136,  140. 

martinica,  141. 
Ipswich  Sparrow,  407. 
Iridoproone,  461. 
irrorata,  Diomedea,  52. 
islandica,  Olaucionetta,  105. 
island  us,  Falco,  244. 
Ivory-billed  Woodpecker,  281. 

Cuban,  281. 

Guatemalan,  281. 
Ivory  Gull,  24. 


J. 

Jabiru,  126. 
Jacana,  183. 

gymnostoma,  183. 

Mexican,  183. 
Jacanido),  143,  183. 
Jaeger,  Long-tailed,  23. 

Parasitic,  22. 

Pomarine,  22. 
Jamaican  Petrel,  66. 
jamaicensis,  ^strelata,  66. 

(Estrelato,  66. 

Porzana,  140. 

Procellaria,  66. 
Japanese  Leucosticte,  395. 

Waxwing,  465. 
japonica,  Ampelis,  465. 

Bombicyvora,  465. 
japonicus,  Arapelis,  463. 
Jardine's  Woodpecker,  28?,. 
Jardinii,  Dryobatca  viUoBUS,  283. 

Picus,  283. 
Jay,  Alaskan,  360. 

Arizona,  357. 

Black-headed,  354. 

Blue-eared,  357. 
-fronted,  354. 

Brown,  362. 

California,  366. 

Canada,  359. 

Coronated,  366. 

Couch's,  367. 

Ciademed,  354. 


Jay,  Florida,  355. 
Green,  358. 
Labrador,  359. 
Long-orested,  364. 
Oregon,  360. 
Pinon,  364. 
Rocky  Mountain,  360. 
Santa  Cruz,  366. 
Sieber's,  358. 
Steller's,  353. 
Sumicbrast's,  356. 
Ultramarine,  357. 
Unicolored,  358. 
Woodhouse's,  355. 
Xantus's,  356. 
Yellow-bellied  Green,  388. 
jugger,  Falco,  246. 
Junco,  385,  422. 
aikeni,  422. 
alticola,  424 
annectcns,  A'i^, 
Arizona,  424. 
bairdi,  425. 
Baird's,  426. 
caniceps,  423. 
Carolina,  423. 
cinereus,  423. 

dorsalis,  423. 

palliatus,  424. 
Gray-headed,  423. 
Guadalupe,  425. 
Guatemalan,  424. 
byemalis,  422-424. 

carolinenais,  423. 

Oregon  us,  424. 
insularis,  425. 
Mexican,  423. 
Oregon,  424. 
Pink-sided,  42'. . 
Red-backed,  423. 
Slate-colored,  422. 
White-winged,  422. 


K. 

Kadiak  Pine  Grosbeak,  388. 
kadiaka,  Pinicola  enucleator,  388. 
Kamtschatkan  Barn  Swallow,  461. 

Scoter,  112. 

Sea  Eaglu,  243. 

Skylark,  347. 

Wagtail,  634. 
Kaup's  Redstart,  530. 
kennicottii,  Megascops  asio,  262. 
Kennicott's  Screech  Owl,  262. 

Willow  Warbler.  667. 
Kentucky  Warbler,  520. 
Key  Webl  Quail-dove,  206. 

Vireo,  475. 
kidderi,  (Estrelata,  67. 
Killdeer,  174. 
Kingbird,  328. 

Arkansas,  330. 

Cassin's,  330. 

Couch's,  329. 

Gray,  329. 

Great-bill  id,  328. 

Thick-billed,  329. 
King  Eider,  110. 
Kingfisher,  Belted,  279. 

Great  Rufous-bellied,  270. 


612 


INDEX. 


'.1 


H« 


Kingfisher,  Texnn,  279. 
Kinglet,  Cuvier'ii,  568. 

Dusky,  568. 

Qolden-orowned,  567. 

Ruby-crowneU,  568. 

AVestorn  Golden-crowned,  568. 
King  Rail,  138. 

Mexican,  138. 
King  Vulture,  219. 
kirtiandi,  Dcndroica,  514. 
Kirtland's  Warbler,  514, 
Kite,  Everglade,  226. 

Mississippi,  225. 

Plumbeous,  225. 

gwallovT-tailed,  224. 

White-tailed,  225. 
Kittiwake,  25. 

Pacific,  25. 

Red-legged,  25. 
kittlitzii,  Brachyramphus,  15. 
Kittlitz's  Murrelet,  15. 
Knot,  153. 

Kowak  Chickadee,  591. 
Krider's  Hawk,  232. 
kuhlii,  Puflinus,  59. 
kumlieni,  Larus,  27. 
Kumlien's  Gull,  27. 


L. 

Labrador  Duck,  107. 

Jay,  359. 
labradorius,  Camptolaimus,  107. 
lachrymosa,  Eutnlypis,  483. 
Ladder-backed  Woodpecker,  284. 

Cabot's,  284. 
Lafresnaye's  Chimney  Swift,  303. 
Lagopus,  185,  198. 
lagopus,  199,  200. 

alleni,  199. 
leuourus,  202. 
rupestris,  200,  201. 
atkhensis,  201. 
nelsoni,  201. 
reinhardti,  200. 
welchi,  201. 
lagopus  alleni,  Lagopus,  199. 
Archibuteo,  240. 
Lagopus,  199,  200. 
sanrM-johannis,      Archibuteo, 
2il. 
Lampornis,  304,  307. 
mango,  274. 
violicauda,  274. 
Lamprolalma,  304. 

rhami,  304. 
Laniida:,  323,  465. 
Laniocera,  323. 

sanguinaria,  323. 
Lanius,  465. 

borealis,  466. 

sibiricus,  466. 
oayanus,  323. 
excubitorides,  467,  468. 
ludovicianus,  467,  468. 
excubitorides,  467. 
gambeli,  467. 
Tar.  robustus,  468. 
major,  466. 
robustug,  468. 
LsniTireo,  472. 


Lanivireo  orassirostris,  476. 
Lapland  Longspur,  404. 
Lapp  Owl,  260. 
lapponica  baueri,  Limosa,  163. 

Limosa,  163. 

Scolopax,  163. 
lapponicum,    Sootiaptex  cinereum, 

260. 
lapponious,  Caloarius,  404. 
Lapwing,  172. 
Large-billed  Puffin,  11. 

Sandpiper,  153. 

Sparrow,  410. 

Vireo,  476. 
largipennis,  Trochilus,  305. 
Laridoi,  20,  23. 
Larinae,  23. 
Lark  Bunting,  453. 

Sparrow,  414. 

Western,  414. 
Larus,  23,  25. 

affinis,  29. 

argentatug,  30,  32. 

smithsonianus,  31. 

atricilla,  35. 

barrovlanus,  26. 

brachyrhynchus,  34. 

cbchinnans,  30,  31. 

californicus,  31,  32. 

canus,  33. 

delawarensis,  32. 

franklinii,  36. 

fusous,  28. 

glaucescens,  27. 

glaucus,  26,  28. 

heermanni,  34. 

kumlieni,  27. 

leucopterus,  26,  27. 

marinus,  28. 

minutus,  36. 

nelsoni,  27. 

occidentalis,  28,  29. 

Philadelphia,  36. 

schistisagus,  29. 
latifasciata,     Piranga     lencoptera, 

457.  * 

latirostris,  lache,        ,  320. 

Pachyrhamphus,  324,  325. 

Platypsaris,  325. 
latissimus,  Buteo,  230. 
Laughing  Gull,  35. 
lawrencei,  laohe,  320. 

Mlmus,  542. 

gilvus,  y,,  542. 

Spinus,  399. 
lawrenceii,  Myiarchus,  335. 

olivasoens,  Myiarchus,  335. 
lawrencii,  Helminthopbila,  486. 

Thryothorus,  552. 
felix  p.,  552. 
Lawrence's  Flycatcher,  335. 

Gnatcatcher,  569. 

Goldfinch,  399. 

Hummingbird,  320, 

Warbler,  486. 
Laiuli  Bunting,  447. 
Leach's  Petrel,  71. 
Lead-colored  Bush-Tit,  666. 
Least  Auklet,  13. 

Bittern,  127. 
Azara's,  128. 
Cory's,  127. 


Least  Bittern,  European,  127. 
Flycatcher,  343. 
Petrel,  69. 
Sandpiper,  168. 
Tern,  46. 
Vireo,  478. 
leclanchcri,  Passerina,  440. 
Leclancher's  Bunting,  449. 
lecontei,  Harporhynchus,  546. 
leconteii,  Ammodramus,  412. 

"  Coturniculus,"  410. 
Le  Conte's  Sparrow,  412. 
Leconte's  Thrasher,  546. 
leei,  Centurus,  293. 

Melanorpca,  293. 
Lee'g  Woodpecker,  293. 
Leistes  humernlis,  371. 
lembeyi,  Polioptila,  571. 
lentiginosuH,  Botaurus,  120. 
Leptopclicanus,  82. 
Lesser  Black -backed  Gull,  28. 

Fulmar,  57. 

Man-o'-War  Bird,  83. 

Prairie  Hen,  203. 

Scaup  Duck,  103. 

Snow  Goose,  115. 

lessoni,  JE.strelata,  63. 

Procellaria,  63. 
lessonii,  Momotus,  278. 
Lesson's  Motmot,  278. 

Petrel,  63. 
Lestris  antarcticus,  21. 

antaroticus    var.   b.   chilensis, 
21. 
leucobronchialig,     Helmintbophila, 

486. 
leucooapillus,  Anous,  48. 
leucocephala,  Columba,  212. 
leucoeephalus,  Halireetus,  243. 
leucogaster,  Penelope,  208. 
leucogastra,  Ortalida,  208. 

Ortalis,  208. 

Polioptila,  669. 

Sylvia,  569. 

Troglodytes,  540. 
leucoloema,  Otocoris  alpestris,  348. 
leuoomelas,  Dryobates  villosus,  282. 

Procellaria,  62. 

Puffinus,  62. 
leucopareia,  Hydroohelidon,  47. 

Sterna,  47. 
i..acophrys,  Zonotrlchia,  415-417. 
leucopodus,  Hoimatopus,  182. 
leucopsis,  Branta,  116,  117. 
leucoptera,  ,£strelata,  65. 

Hydroohelidon,  47. 

latifasoiata,  Piranga,  467. 

Loxia,  393. 

Melopelia,  214. 

Piranga,  457. 

Procellaria,  65. 

Pyranga,  457. 
leucopterus,  Larus,  26,  27. 
leuoorhoa,  Oceanodroma,  71. 
Leucostiote,  383,  393. 

Aleutian,  S93. 

arotoa,  396. 

atrata,  394. 

australis,  896. 

Black,  394. 

Brown-capped,  395. 

brunneinuoba,  896. 


INDEX. 


613 


Loucosticte,  Oray-crowned,  394. 

grlHeonucha,  393. 

Hepburn's,  394. 

Japanese,  395. 

littoralis,  394. 

Silvery-winged,  395. 

tephrocotis,  394,  395. 
leucostictus,  Cyphorhinus,  540. 
leuooatriatus,  Bydytes  flavus,  ;»u5. 
leucotis,  Basilinna,  319. 

TroohihM,  319. 
leuourus,  E'anus,  225. 

lagopus,  202. 
levaillantii,  Amazona,  587. 

Chryaotia,  5H7. 
Lewis's  W(H)dpecker,  291. 
LimicolsD,  143. 
Limosa,  149,  162,  167. 

fedoa,  163. 

heemastioa,  164. 

lapponica,  163. 
baueri,  163. 

limosa,  164. 
limosa,  Limosa,  164. 
Lirapliin,  136. 
linaria,  Acanthis,  397. 

holboellii,  Aoanthis,  397. 

rostrata,  Acanthis,  397. 
lincolni,  Melospiza,  433. 
Lincoln's  Sparrow,  433. 
lineata,  Thalassidroma,  56. 
lineatus  alleni,  Buteo,  237. 

Buteo,  237. 

elegans,  Buteo,  237. 
lineola,  Myiopaitta,  269. 
Linnet,  Brewster's,  398. 
Lipangus,  323. 
Lipaugus,  323. 
Little  Bla«k  Hawk,  235. 

Blue  Heron,  130. 

Brown  Crane,  135. 

Flycatcher,  343. 

Oull,  36. 

Ring  Plover,  177. 
littoralis,  Corvus,  361. 
Corvus  oorax  var.,  361. 

Leucosticte,  394. 
tephrocotis,  394. 
lobatuS;  Phalaropua,  145. 
looulator,  Tantalus,  125. 
Loggerhead  Shrike,  407. 
lomvia,  Uria,  18. 
Long-billed  Curlew,  170. 
Dowitcher,  151. 
Marsh  Wren,  556. 
Thrasher,  544. 

-crested  Jay,  354. 

-eared  Owl,  257. 

-eared  Owl,  American,  257. 

-tailed  Chat,  627. 
Chickadee,  563. 
Jaeger,  23. 

•toed  Stint,  158. 
longicauda,  Bartramia,  169. 

Icteria  virens,  527. 
longicaudus,  Stercorarius,  23. 
Longipennes,  1,  20. 
longirostris  crepitans,  Rallus,  137. 

HarporhynohuB,  544. 

Numenius,  170. 

Baturatus,  Rallus,  137. 
longirostris,  Troobilus,  305. 


Longspur,  Chestnut-collared,  405. 

Lapland,  404. 

MoCown's,  406. 

Smith's,  405, 
Loon,  7. 

Black-throated,  7. 

Pacific,  8. 

Red-throated,  8. 

Yellow-billed,  7. 
Lopbodytes,  84,  89. 

cucullatus,  89. 
Lophophanes,  560. 
Lophortyx,  192. 
Louisiana  Clapper  Rail,  137. 

Heron,  131. 

Tanagor,  456. 

Water-Thrush,  519. 
Loxia,  382,  392. 

canora,  451. 

'ourvirostra  bendirei,  392. 
minor,  392. 
stricklandi,  392. 

enucleator,  388. 

leucuptera,  393. 

minor,  392. 
luoasanus,  Dryobatcs  scalaris,  285. 
lucaysiensis,  Myiarchus,  334. 

Tyrannula  (Myiarchus)  stolida 
var.,  334. 
luoi»,  Helrainthophiln,  485,  490. 
Lucifer  Hummingbird,  316. 
lucifer,  Troohilus,  316. 
Lucy's  Warbler,  490. 
ludoviciana,  Habia,  444. 

Piranga,  456. 
ludovicianua  excubitorides,  Lanius, 
467. 

gamboli,  Lanius,  467. 

Lanius,  467,  468. 

miamcnsis,  Thryothonis,  550. 
lugens,  Motaoilla,  532,  634. 
lugubria,  Corvus,  361. 
lurame,  Urinator,  8. 
Lunda,  8,  10. 

cirrbata,  10. 
lunifrons,  Petrochelidon,  460. 
luteiventris,  Myiodynastee,  332. 
lutescens,    Helminthophila  oelata, 

489. 
Lutosoent  Warbler,  489. 
lutosus,  Polyborus,  254. 
luxuoaa    oyanocapilla,   Xanthoura, 
358. 

Xanthoura,  368. 


M. 

Macao,  Ara,  587. 

Psittaeus,  587. 
Macaw,  Military,  586. 

Red  Yellow  and  Blue,  587. 
maocalli,  Ortalis,  209. 
Ortalis  vetula,  209. 
macgillivrayi,  Bulweria,  69. 

Oeothlypia,  522. 

Thalassidroma,  69. 
Macgillivray's  Petrel,  69. 

Warbler,  622. 
Maoroobiree,  297. 


macrolopha,     Cyiinocitta     stoUeri, 

macromystax,    Antrudtomus,     298, 
299. 

Caprimulgus,  298. 
maoronyx,  Pipilu,  438,  439. 
Maororhamphus,  149,  l&O,  151. 

griseus,  151. 

scolopuceus,  151. 

semipalmatus,  151. 
macroui'u,  Ortyx,  184. 

Zcnaidura,  213. 
macrourus,  Quiscalus,  381. 
maculariu,  Aotitis,  170. 
maculuta,  Tringa,  150,  160. 
maculatus  arutious,  Pipilo,  437. 

mcgalonyx,  Pipilo,  437. 

oregonus,  Pipilo,  437. 

Pipilo,  436. 
maculipectus  canobrunneus,  Thryo- 
thorua,  552. 

Thryothorus,  552. 

umbrinus,  Thryothorus,  552. 
maculosa,  Dendroioa,  498. 
Magenta  Petrol,  64. 
magentte,  iGstrcIata,  64. 
Magic  Hummingbird,  320. 
magioa,  Hylocharis,  320. 

lache,  320. 
magiater,    Myiarchus    mexicanus, 
333. 

Vireo,  470. 

Vireosylvia,  470. 
magna  mexicana,  Stumella,  372. 

neglecta,  Stumella,  372. 

Stumella,  372. 
magniroatria,  Tyrannus,  328. 
Magnolia  Warbler,  498. 
Magpie,  351. 

American,  352. 

yellow-billed,  352. 
maguari,  Ardea,  125. 
Majaqueua,  55. 
major,  Bathmidurua,  326. 

Lanius,  466. 

Pachyrhamphus,  326. 

Puffinus,  59. 

Quiscalus,  381. 
Mallard,  91. 
Mandarin  Duck,  99. 
mandtii,  Ceppbus,  16. 
Mandt's  Guillemot,  16. 
mango,  Lampornis,  274. 

Troohilus,  307. 
Mangrove  Cuckoo,  274. 

Warbler,  495. 
Man -o'- War  Bird,  83. 

Leaser,  83. 
Manx  Shearwater,  60. 
Marbled  Godwit,  163. 

Murrelet,  16. 
Mareca,  95. 
maria,  Troohilus,  317. 
mariaB,  Amazilia,  317. 
Maria's  Hummingbird,  317. 
marila.  Anas,  103, 

Aythya,  103. 

nearctioa,  Aythya,  103. 
Fuligula,  103. 
mariloidea,  Fuligula,  103. 
marina,  Pelagodroma,  72. 
marinus,  Larus,  28. 


^^^ 


614 

maritima,  Tringa,  153,  154. 
maritimuH,  Aiuiuu<lrainu8,  413. 
markbanii,  Cymooborea,  71. 

Oceanodi  oina,  71. 
Markhani'8  Fetrvl,  71. 
mariuuralus,  lirauliyramphus,  15. 
Harah  Hawk,  ?2U. 

Sparrow,  Beijing's,  409. 
Bryant's,  4(IU, 

Wren,  Long-billed,  556. 
Short-billed,  656. 
Southern,  656. 
Martin,  Cubun,  469. 

Ciray-brcusted,  469. 

Purple,  469. 
martinica,  Columba,  213. 

Geotrygon,  216. 

lonornid,  141. 
uartinicana,  Zenaida,  213. 
Maryland  Yellow-throat,  523. 
Masked  Bob  White,  189. 

Duck,  114. 
Mai"8«--'\  Partridge,  194. 
ma  iim  i,  Stcrnr,  10. 
Max.iuilian's  Unatcatcher,  569. 
maxwellitc,  Megascops  asio,  262. 
maynardi.  Cocuyzus,  274. 

Dryobates  villoaus,  282. 

Vireo  noveboracensis,  475. 
Maynard's  Cuckoo,  274. 
Mazatlan  Robin,  578. 

Solitaire,  573. 

Thrasher,  645. 

Woodpecker,  285. 

Yellow-throat,  526. 
mocallii,  Meguscops  asio,  261. 
mccownii,  Khynchophanes,  406. 
McCown's  Longspur,  406. 
McKay's  Snowflake,  403. 
Meaduwlark,  372. 

Mexican,  372. 

Western,  372. 
Meadow  Pipit,  636. 
Me^alestris,  20. 

antarcticus,  21. 

chilensis,  21. 

skua,  21. 
megalonyx,  Pipilo  maoulatus,  437. 
Megaquiscalus,  380. 
mogarnyncha,  Passerellailiaca,  434. 
Megascops,  266,  260,  686. 

asio,  261. 

floridanus,  261. 
kennicottii,  262. 
maxwellisB,  262. 
mccallii,  261. 
triohopsis,  261. 

brasilianus,  686. 

flammeolus,  262,  586. 

hastatus,  586. 
Melanerpes,  280, 290. 

aurifrons,  294. 

blakei,  292. 

oarolinus,  293. 

dubius,  293. 

elegans,  292. 

erythrocephalns,  290. 

formioivorus,  291. 
angustifrons,  291. 
bairdi,  291. 

hypopolitts,  292. 

leei,  293. 


INDEX. 

Molanernes  nyeanus,  202. 
pucnerani,  291. 

merganser,  Merganser,  88. 

Mergus,  88. 

pygmouus,  293. 

Merginu),  84. 

rubriventris,  293. 

Mergus,  84,  90. 

santa-cruzi,  294. 

albellus,  90. 

superciliaris,  292. 

merganser,  88. 

torquatus,  291. 

Merlin,  249. 

uropygialis,  294. 

Black,  250. 

melania,  Ocutinodroua,  70. 

Richardson's,  251. 

Mulimitta,  111. 

Morula,  571,  577. 

melanocophala,  Aronaria,  181. 

conflnis,  578. 

Ilubia,  445. 

flavirostris,  578. 

melanocephalus.  Icterus,  374. 

graysoni,  578. 

Psarocolius,  374. 

graysoni,  578. 

Trogon,  277. 

migratoria,  367,  577. 

melanocorys,  Calamospiza,  463. 

propinqua,  577. 
mesoleucus,  Pipilo  fuscus,  440. 

melanogastur,  Cymochorea,  72. 

Cyuiodroina.  72. 

Methriopterus,  643. 

liirundo,  460. 

curvirostris  occidentalis,  545. 

Petrochclidon,  460. 

Mew  Gull,  33. 

Thalassidroma,  72. 

Mexican  Black  Hawk,  239. 

melanogastra,  Thalassidroma,  72. 

Cardinal,  442. 

uiolanogonys,  Anous,  48. 

Chickadee,  662. 

melanoleucus,  Micropus,  303. 

Cliff  Swallow,  460. 

Totanus,  Kij. 

Cormorant,  79. 

melanopo,  Motacilla,  634. 

Creeper,  658. 

melanophrys,  DiomeJea,  61,  52. 

Created  Flycatcher,  333. 

melanops,  Ucothlyj  :s,  624. 

Crossbill,  392. 

Mela-.oritila,  639. 

glabrirostris,  639. 

Crow,  363. 

Duck,  92. 

Melanotis,  539. 

Goldfinch,  399. 

cierulesccns,  639. 

Goshawk,  240. 

hypolcucus,  639. 

Grassquit,  451. 

Psaltriparus,  665. 

Ground  Dove,  586. 

melanurus,  Kynchops,  49. 

Honey  Creeper,  480. 
Horned  Lark,  349. 

Meleagrince,  206. 

Meleagria,  206,  206. 

Jaoana,  183. 

cristata,  207. 

Junco,  423. 

gallopavo,  207. 

King  Rail,  138. 

mexicana,  207. 

Meadowlark,  372. 

ocellata,  207. 

Quail-dove,  217. 

melitophrys,  Vircolanlus,  469. 

Raven,  361. 

meloda,  ^gialitis,  178. 

Road-runner,  273. 

oircumolncta,  ^gialitis,  178. 

Screech  Owl,  261. 

melodia  var.  mexicana,  Melospiza, 

Solitaire,  573. 

432. 

Song  Sparrow,  432. 

Melodious  Orassquit,  451. 

Sparrow,  428. 
Towhee,  436. 

Melopelia,  210,  214. 

leucoptcra,  214. 

Trogon,  276. 

Melospiza,  386,  430. 

Turkey,  207. 

cinerea,  432. 

Urubitinga,  238. 

fasciata,  431. 

Whippoorwill,  298. 

fallax,  -132. 

mexicana,  Certhia  familiaris,  558. 

guttata,  432. 

Certhiola,  480. 

heermanni,  431. 

Fringilla,  390,  391. 

mexicana,  432. 

Orus,  135. 

montana,  431. 

Meleagris  gallopavo,  207. 

ruflna,  432. 

Melospiza  fasciata,  432. 

samuelis,  431. 

melodia  var.,  432. 

georgiana,  433. 

Peucsea,  428. 

heermanni,  432. 

Sialia,  581 

lincolni,  433. 

Spinu-  '                  '9. 

melodia  var.  mexicana,  432. 

Strix, 

ruflna,  432. 

Sturn.             -iia,  372. 

samuelis,  432. 

moxicanoiu         olaptes,  2"6. 
mexioanus,  i'  .       264. 

Merganser,  84,  88. 

American,  89. 

Carpodaous,  .t91. 
Catherpes,  648,54.. 

americanus,  89. 

Hooded,  89. 

Cinolus,  538. 

merganser,  88. 

conspersua,  Catherpes,  649. 

Red-breasted,  89. 

Corvus,  363. 

serrator,  89. 

Falco,  247. 

INDEX. 


615 


mexionniiii     frontalis,    Carpodacus, 
■A'H. 

Ilirniintopiiii,  147. 

maj^ister,  Myiarchus,  333. 

Muiuotus,  27H. 

Myiarchiia,  333. 

Phiilacrooonix,  79. 

Psilorhinua,  352,  301. 

punctulatug,  Catherpes,  549. 

ryroocphalus  rubineus,  345. 

rubcrrimiis,  Carpodacus,  391, 

Trogon,  27fl. 
miameniiis,  Tbryothorus  ludovioia- 

nus,  550. 
Miorathcne,  257,  266. 

graysoni,  267. 

wbitnoyi,  207. 
microcephala,  Sylvanla,  527. 
Micropalama,  140,  152. 

himantopua,  152. 
MioropodidoB,  297,  302. 
Micropodinic,  302. 
Micropua,  302,  303. 

melunoleucua,  30.3. 
microaoma,  Halocypicnn,  69. 
migratoria,  Morula,  357,  577. 
migratioriua,  Ectopiatea,  212. 
militaria,  Ara,  580,  587. 

Psittacua,  587. 
Military  Macaw,  586. 
Milvulus,  .326,  327. 

forficatus,  328. 

tyrannus,  327. 
Miminie,  538. 
Mimodos,  539,  542. 

grayaoni,  5(.'?. 
Mimua,  539,  541. 

gilvus,  y.  lawrcncei,  542. 

gracilis,  542. 

gundlachli,  512. 

lawrencei,  542. 

polyglottua,  541. 
miniata  Jlaminca,  Sctophaga,  530. 

Setophaga,  530. 
minima,  Uranta  uanadenais,  117. 
miniraua  californicua,  Pealtriparua, 
5CJ. 

Empidunax,  343,  344. 

grindie,  Psaltripaiua,  565. 

Psaitriparus,  564. 
minor,  Coocyzus,  274. 

Fregata,  83. 

Fulmarus  glacialis,  hi, 

Loxia,  392. 

curvirostra,  392. 

Pelecanus,  83. 

Philohela,  150. 
minuta,  Ardea,  127. 

Tringa,  158. 
minutilla,  Tringa,  158. 
minutua,  Botaurua,  127. 

Corvua,  363. 

Larua,  36. 
Mirador  Barred  Owl,  258, 

Yellow-throat,  526. 
Mississippi  Kite,  225. 
misaisaippienais,  Ictinia,  225. 
mitrata,  Sylvania,  527,  628. 
Mniotilta,  480,  483. 

borealis,  484. 

varia,  484,  528. 
borealie,  484. 


MniotiltidoD,  322,  480. 
niucinno,  Pharomachrua,  275. 
Mocliingbird,  511. 

Gundlach'a,  542. 

Tehuantepeo,  542. 

Yucatan,  542. 
moUia,  ^atrelata,  63. 

Prooellaria,  63. 
mollisaima  borealia,  Somateria,  109, 

110. 
Molothrua,  365,  367,  689. 

iBneua,  367,  589. 

ater,  367. 

obacurua,  367. 
molybdophanea,   Ptiliogonys   cine- 

reus,  464. 
momota,  Rampbaatoa,  277. 
Moinotidee,  277. 
Momotua,  277. 

coeruleioepa,  278. 

lesaonii,  278. 

mcxicanua,  278. 
mongola,  iilgialitia,  179. 
Mongolian  Plover,  179. 
luonocerata,  Ccrorhinca,  12. 
montana,  iligialitis,  176. 

Corthia,  558. 

familiaria,  558. 

Columba,  217. 

Fringilla,  402. 

Qcotrygon,  217. 

Meloapiza  faaciata,  431. 
montanua,  Oroacoptea,  541. 

Paaser,  402. 
montezuniEB,  Cyrtonyx,  194. 
monticola  oobraoea,  Spizella,  418. 

Spizella,  417. 
morcomi,  Dcndroica  SDstiva,  494. 
inorcllcti,  SpoiophiV-'-  450. 
Morellct'a  Seedeai<ji,  450. 
morio,  Pica,  352. 

Psilorhinua,  352. 
moaohata,  Anas,  87,  100. 

Cairina,  100. 
Motacilla,  532. 

alba,  533. 

calendula,  568. 

flava,  535. 

lugena,  532,  534. 

melanope,  534. 

ocularis,  533. 

petechia,  495. 
motacilla,  Seiurua,  519. 
MntacilHdte,  322,  532. 
Motmot,  Blue-crowned,  278. 

Lesson's,  278. 

Rufous-crowned,  278. 
motzfeldi,  Cepphua,  17. 
Mountain  Bluebird,  682. 

Chickadee,  562. 

Partridge,  191. 

Plover,  176, 

Solitary  Vireo,  473. 

Song  Sparrow,  431. 
Mourning  Dove,  213. 

Warbler,  521. 
murinua,  Paittaoua,  260. 
Murre,  18. 

BrUnnioh'g,  18. 

California,  18. 

Pallag'a,  18. 
Murrelet,  Ancient,  14. 


Murrclct,  Craveri'a,  15. 

Kittlitz'a,  15. 

Marbled,  15. 

Partridge,  15. 

Short-billed,  16. 

Tcmminck'g,  14. 

Xantua'a,  15. 
Muacicapa  audax,  332. 

sagru),  334. 

aimplex,  323. 
Muacipeta  carbsDa,  339. 
MuBcovy  Duck,  100. 
inuatolinua,  Turdua,  573-676. 
Myadestes,  571,  572. 

obscurus,  573. 

insularis,  573. 
occidcntal'a,  573. 

townsendii,  572. 

unicolor,  573. 
Myadestinae,  571. 
Mycteria,  125. 

americana,  126. 
Myiarchus,  327,  332. 

brachyurua,  334. 

cincrajicena,  333. 

crinitua,  333. 

flaDimulatua,  332,  3.35. 

lawrenccii,  335. 
olivaacena,  335. 

lucaysiensis,  334. 

mcxicanua,  333. 
magiater,  333. 

nuttingi,  334. 

platyrhynchug,  335. 

sagres,  334. 

yucatanenaiR,  334. 
Myiodynaateg,  320,  331. 

audax,  332. 

insolcns,  3.32. 
nobilis,  332. 

lutciventria,  332 
Myiopsitta,  269. 

lincnl'    269. 
Myiozetetes,  327,  331. 

tcxcnsis,  331. 
Myrtle  Warbler,  497. 
mystacalis,  Ainphispiza,  426. 

Zonotrichia,  426. 


N. 

ntevia,  Hesperocichla,  578. 
nsevius,  Nycticorax  nycticorax,  133. 

Seiurus,*  519. 
Narrow-billed  Flycatcher,  344. 
Narrow-fronted  Woodpecker,  291. 
Nashville  Warbler,  489. 
nosicua,  Corvua,  363. 
Nassau  Yellow-throat,  524. 
nativitatis,  Pufflnus,  (52, 
nebularius,  Tetanus,  165. 
nebulosum  alleni,  Syrnium,  269. 

sartorii,  Syrnium,  258. 

Syrnium,  259. 
neglecta,  iEstrelata,  67. 

Procellaria,  67. 

Stumella,  372, 
magna,  372. 


*  -•  Beiurus  noTeboraceniU. 


616 


INDEX. 


'i^ 


^-^-.^ 


Neglucted  Petrol>  67. 
neglectu8,  Purus  rufesceng,  5A4. 
nclsuni,  Aminodraiuus  cauJauutu8, 
413. 

Icterun  cucuDatug,  376. 

Iiagupus  rupestrig,  201. 

Lnrus,  27. 
Xelgun'g  Gull,  27. 

Ptarmigan,  201. 

Sparr-.-w,  413, 
Keochiot,  403. 

Lrevipunnis,  468, 
Neocoryg,  .'>37, 
Neofalco,  248. 
neo\cna,  Ardetta,  127. 
ucoxenus,  Uotai  rug,  127. 

Trogon,  275. 
nereis,  Procfllftria,  56. 
Netta,  86,  100. 

rufina,  100. 
Nettion,  93. 

nuvadinsiit,  Amphispiza  belli,  427. 
Kicaraguan  Crested  Flycalober,334. 
n!ger,  Cypseloides,  302. 
Nijlitliawk,  301. 

v"uban,  301. 

Ttxan,  301. 

Wcsiorn,  301. 
Niglii  Horon,  Black-crowned,  133. 

Yellow-crowned,  133. 
nigra.  Anas,  III. 

Ilydroclielidon,  46. 

Oidcniia,  111. 

Pene'.ope,  208. 

Sternii,  46. 

surinainonsig,    Hydroobelidon, 
47. 
nigresocns,  Ammodramu?,  413. 

Dcndroica,  607. 
nigricang,  Drnnta,  118. 

Sayornis,  .'!3B. 
nigricapillus,  Porigoreue  canadensis, 

350. 
nifrieops,  Polioptiliv,  570. 
nigricollis  californioug,  Colymbus,  6. 

Colyinbus,  6, 

Podieepg,  0. 
nigrilora,  Compsothlypis,  491,  492. 
nigrijien,  Dioiiiedca,  61. 
nigrogularis,  Colinug,  190. 

Ortyx.  100. 
nilotina,  (Jclochelidon,  38. 
nitcn^,  Phnin<ipcpla,  405. 
nitida,  Asturina,  240. 
nitidug,  Falco,  240. 
nivalis,  Chen  liyporborea,  115. 

riootrophenax,  402. 

townNcndi,  Pleutrophenaz,  403. 
nivoa,  Procellaria,  55, 
nivosa,  ^ginlitig,  178, 
nobilig,  Myiodynactob  audaz,  332, 
Noble  Flycatcher,  332. 
Noddy,  48. 

Blank-cheeked,  48. 

Slender-billed,  48. 

White-crowned,  48. 
Nomonyx,  87,  114. 

dominious,  114. 
Northern  Hairy  Woodpecker,  282. 

Phalarope,  145, 

Raven,  361. 

Shrike,  466. 


Northwest  Crow,  363. 
Northwestern  Flicker,  296. 
notabilis,   Seiurus    noveboraocnsig, 

619. 
Tiotatus.  Spinug.  400. 
notostiuta,  Peucaca,  430. 
noveboraeonsig    notabilis,    Seiurus, 
519. 

Porzana,  140. 

Poiurus,  519. 

Vireo,  475. 
nuchalis,  Sphyrapicus  varius,  288. 
Numcninas,  149. 
Numenii.s,  149,  167,  170. 

borealis,  171. 

hudsoniciig,  171. 

longirogtris,  170. 

pha^opus,  171 

tahitiensis,  171. 
Nutcracker,  Clark'g,  3fi4. 
Nuthati'.h,  Browu-beaded,  560. 

Pygniy,  560. 

Rod-breasted,  566. 

Slender-billed,  669. 

White- bre.isted,  669. 
i^uttalli    oalifurnicus,   Phalaonopti- 
lus,  688. 

Dryobatcs,  285. 

nitidus,  Phaieenoptilus,  588. 

Phaltcnoptilug,  299,  588. 

Pica,  352. 
Nuttall'g  Woodpecker,  285. 
Nut:;ilornis,  337. 
nuttingi,  M;'iLrchus,  334. 
Nutting's  Flycatcher,  334. 
Nyctftla,  250,  260. 

acadioa,  260. 

tcngmalmi,  260. 

richardsonii,  260. 
Nyctalops  stygius,  257. 
Nyotanassa,  584. 
Nyctea,  266,  264. 

nyctea,  264. 
nyctea,  Nyctea,  264. 
Nycthorodius,  133,  684. 
Nycticorax,  126,  132. 

nyotlcorax  neeviug,  133. 

violaoeus,  133. 
Nyctidromus,  297,  300. 

albioollis,  300. 
nyeanus,  Centurus,  292. 

Mclancrpeg,  292. 
Nye's  Woodpecker,  292. 


O. 

Oaxaca  Sparrow,  430. 
obgoura,  Anag,  91,  92. 

Dondragapug,  195,  196. 

Procellaria,  61. 
obsourug,  Den<iragapug,  195. 

Einpidonax,  344. 

fuliginosug,  Dendragapus,  196. 

ingularis,  Myadostcs,  o73. 

Molothrug  ater,  367. 

Myadestes,  673. 

ocoidentalis,  Myadeetes,  673. 

PorisoreuB,  360. 

Pufflnug,  61. 

Regulus,  568. 

riohudionii,  Dendr»gapiu,lO0. 


obgoletus,  Rallus,  137. 

Salpinctes,  548. 
obtcctus,  Parue  cinctus,  564. 
ocai,  Auiuzilia,  317. 
occidentale,  Syrnium,  259. 
ocoidentalis,  .^chmopborus,  4. 

Ardea,  128. 

Branta  canadensis,  117. 

Certhia,  558. 

familiarig,  557,  558. 

Coccyzug  americanug,  273. 

Dcndroica,  513. 

Ereunctes,  162. 

Geothlypis,  523. 

trichas,  52.3,  524. 

Harporhynchus      curvirostris, 
545. 

Larus,  28,  29. 

Methriopterug  ourvirostrig,545. 

Myade^tog  obscurus,  573. 

Parus  ntricapillus,  563. 
oceanicug,  Oceanites,  71. 
Ocoanites,  56,  71. 

gracilis,  71. 

oceanicug,  71. 
Oceanitinae,  66. 
Oceanodroma,  66,  70. 

cryptolcuoura,  71. 

furcata,  70. 

honiociiroa,  71. 

hornbyi,  70. 

Icucorhoa,  71. 

markhami,  71. 

uelania,  70. 
ooellata,  Mclcagris,  207. 
Oocllatnd  Partridge,  194. 

Thrasher,  544. 

Turkey,  207. 
ocellatus,  Cyrtonyx,  194. 

Harporhynchus,  544. 

Ortyx,  194. 

sumichrasti,  Cyrtonyx,  194. 
ochracea,  Spizclla  monticola,  418. 
ochraeeice]>g,  Ilyloj)hilu8,  479. 
Ochraccous-fronted  Hylophilu8,479. 

-ruinpcd  Seedeater,  450. 

Viroo,  476. 
ochraceus,  Vireo,  476. 
ochropus,  Totanus,  166. 

Tringa,  166. 
Oohthodrotnug,  175. 
ocularis,  Mntacilla,  533, 
Odontogloggae,  1,  121. 
(Duanthe,  Buxicola,  580. 
(Enopg  pernigra,  221. 
OSstrelata  brevirostris,  66. 

externa,  68. 

gularis,  67. 

jaDiaiccngig,  60. 

kidderi,  67. 

phwopygia,  65. 

sandwiclicngls,  6S. 
Oideinia,  86,  110. 

amoricana.  111. 

deglandi,  112. 

deglandli,  112. 

fuses,  112. 

nigra,  HI, 

perspioillata,  118. 

8ti\jnogeri,  112. 
Old-squaw,  106. 
oliraoea,  Dendroioft,  494. 


Ri^illl 


INDEX. 


617 


oliraoea,  Emherir  i,  451. 
Euetheia,  451. 
puailla,  Euetheia,  451. 
Oliraoeouj  Flycatcher,  333. 
olivaoeus,  Rogulus  satrapa,  568. 

Vireo,  4(W,  470. 
ohvascens,  Myiarchus    lawrenceii, 

335. 
Olive-backed  Thrush,  575. 

-sided  Flycatcher,  337. 

Warbler,  494. 
Olor,  88,  120. 

bewiokii,  120. 

buccinator,  120. 

oolumbianus,  120. 

oygnus,  120. 
One-banded  Hawk,  229. 
onocrotalus,  Peleoanus,  81. 
Oporornis,  520. 

furmosa,  487. 
Orange-crowned  Warbler,  488. 
oratrix,  Amazona,  587. 
Orchard  Oriole,  376. 
Oregon  Chickadee,  563. 

Jay,  360. 

Junoo,  424. 

Ruffed  Grouse,  198. 

Towhee,  437. 
orogonus,  Junco  hyemalis,  424. 

Pipilo  inaculatud,  437. 
Oreophasinad,  208. 
Oreophasis,  208. 
Oreortyx,  185,  190. 

pictus,  191. 

plumiferus,  191. 
Oreothlypis,  481. 

guperciliosa,  481. 
OrioU,  Abciile'8,  378. 

Arizona  Hooded,  376. 

Audubon's,  374. 

Baltimore,  377. 

Black-headed,  374. 

Bullock's,  378. 

Fiery,  376. 

Hooded,  375. 

Orchard,  376. 

Scott's,  373. 

Strickland's,  375. 

Wag!<ir's,  375. 
Orizaba  Yellow-throat,  525. 
ornatus,  Calcarius,  405,  406. 
Orniamya  aboillei,  304, 

cinnamoinea,  318. 

eximia,  304. 

henrica,  310. 

pauipa,  304. 

rhami,  304. 
Ornithion,  327,  345. 

iiuborbo,  346. 

ridgwayi,  346. 
Oroscoptos,  538,  541. 

niontanus,  541. 
Orphoud  cwrulescons,  539. 
Ortalida  cinorolocps,  209, 

louooga»tra,  208. 

ptuniboiflops,  200. 

poliooophala,  200. 

wagleri,  208. 
Ortalis,  208. 

cineroioeps,  209, 

dorbinnus,  208. 

leuoogaatra,  SOS. 


Ortalis  maccalli,  209. 
plumbeicepg,  209. 
poliocephala,  209. 
votula,  2UP. 

pallidiventris,  209. 
plumbeicepg,  209. 
wagleri,  208. 
Orthorhynchus  helente,  313. 
Ortyx  castuneus,  187. 
coyolcos,  189. 
cubanensis,  188. 
elegans,  193. 
fasciatus,  193. 
macroura,  184. 
nigrogularis,  190. 
ocellatus,  194. 
pectoralis,  189. 
oryzivorus  albinucha,  Dolichonyx, 
366. 
Dolichonyx,  366. 
Oscinos,  321. 
Osproy,  American,  255. 
Ossifraga,  53,  67. 
gigantea,  57, 
ossifragus,  Corvus,  363. 
ostralogus,  Htcmatopus,  181. 
Otocoris,  346,  347. 
alpestris,  343. 

arenicola,  349. 
chrysoluDina,  349. 
giraud'.,  349. 
leucoloima,  343. 
praticola,  348. 
rubua,  349. 
strigata,  349. 
otus,  Asio,  257. 
Strix,  257. 
Oven-bird,  518. 
Owl,  Amerioan  Barn,  255. 
Hawk,  265. 
Arctic  Horned,  26.3. 
Barred,  259. 
Burrowing,  265. 
California  Screech,  262. 
Dusky  Horned,  263. 
Elf,  267. 

Ferruginous  Pygmy,  266. 
Flammulatod  Screech,  262. 
Florida  barred,  269. 
Burrowing,  265. 
Screech,  261. 
Groat  Gray,  259. 
Horned,  163. 
Hawk,  265. 

Konnioott's  Screech,  262 
Lapp,  260. 
Lnng-carod,  257. 
Mexican  Screech,  261. 
Mirai'o  Bitrrod,  268. 
Pygmy,  206. 
Riohards(m's,  260. 
Rooky  Mountain  Screech,  262. 
Saw-whct,  200. 
Screech,  261. 
Short-earml,  258. 
Snowy,  201. 
Socorro  Elf,  267. 
Spotted,  269. 
Striped  Horned,  264. 
Stygian,  267. 
Tengmalm's,  260. 
Texan  Soroeoh,  201. 

78 


Owl,  Western  Horned,  263. 
Oxyeohus,  174. 
Oysiter-catcher,  181. 

American,  182. 

Black,  183. 

Galapagos,  182. 

White-footed,  182. 


P. 

Pachyrhamphns,  323,  325. 

cinnamomeus,  326. 

latiroatris,  324,  326. 

major,  326. 
pachyrhyncha,  Rhynchopsitta,  269. 
Pachyrhynchus  aglaio),  324. 

cuviori,  325. 
Pacific  Eider,  110. 

Fulmar,  57. 

Godwit,  163. 

Golden  Plover,  174. 

Kittiwake,  25, 

Loon,  8. 

paciticuB,   Troglodytes  hiema- 
Us,  555, 

Urinator,  8. 
pacifica,  Trin^a  alpina,  160. 
Ppgodroma,  56. 
Painted  Bunting,  449. 

Redstart,  529. 
Pale  Vireo,  478. 
Pale-greon  -throated  Hummingbird, 

310. 
pallasii,  Turdus  aonalaschko),  570. 
Pallas's  Cormorant,  81. 

Gull,  30. 

Murre,  18. 
pallons,  Vireo,  478. 
pallesccns,  Chamtopolia  passerina, 
var.,  580. 

Columbigallina  passerina,  585. 
palliatus,  Ilumatopus,  182. 

Junco  cinereus,  424. 
Pallid  Horned  Lark,  348. 

Wren-Tit,  566. 
pallida,  Spizella,  421. 
pallidicinctus,  Tympnnuchus,  203. 
pallidiventris,  Ortalis  vetula,  209. 
Palm  Warbier,  517. 

Warbler,  Yellow,  517. 
palmarum,  Dendroiua,  482,  517, 518. 

hypochrysca,  Dcndroica,  517. 
palmcri,  Harporhynohus,  64.3. 

Harporhynchus      ourvirostris, 
545. 
Palmer's  Thrasher,  545. 
palpcbralis,  (Icothlypis,  526. 
paludicola,    Cistothorus    paiustria, 

556. 
PaludioolBD,  134. 
palustria,  C'atothorus,  556. 

paludicola,  Cistothorus,  556. 

QuisoaluB,  381. 

var.    paludicola,    Cistothorui, 
556. 
nampa,  Urnismya,  .304. 
Pandion,  218,  224,  254. 

haliafe'tu.  oarolinsnais,  255. 
papa,  Gypagus,  219. 

Vulture,  219. 
Parabuteo,  223,  228. 


?3 


H^ 


618 

Parabuteo  nnicinotus,  220. 

unicinctus  harrisi,  220. 
paradisaea,  Sterna,  43,  44,  45. 
Parakeet,  Aztec,  270. 
Green,  270. 
Petz's,  270. 
Socorro,  270. 
Parasiuo  Jaeger,  22. 
parasiticus,  Stercorarius,  22. 
Parauque,  300. 
parellina,  Cyanoloxia,  446. 
indigotica,  Passerina,  447. 
Passerina,  446. 
Paridas,  322,  658. 
i'arinoB,  658, 
parisorum.  Icterus,  373. 
paikmanii,  Troglodytes  aedon,  554, 

566. 
Parkinan's  Wren,  554. 
Paroquet  Auklct,  12. 
Paroquet,  Carolina,  270. 
Parrot,  Autumnal,  587. 
iilue-crowncd,  687. 
Double  Yellow-head,  687. 
Finach's,  587. 
Thick-billed,  209. 
White-fronted,  688. 
Yellow-lored,  588. 
Partridge,  Banded,  193. 
Black -faced,  193. 
California,  192. 
Elegont,  193. 
Gambel's,  193. 
Masscna,  194. 
Mountain,  191. 
Murrelet,  15. 
Ocellated,  194. 
Plumed,  191. 
Salle's,  194. 
Scaled,  191. 
Val'cy,  192. 
Parula,  Central  American,  492. 
inornatn,  492. 
insularis,  492. 
Tres  Marias,  492. 
Warbler,  491. 
Parus,  568.  500,  662. 
atricapillus,  663. 

orcidcntalis,  663. 
p<  ptontrionalis,  563, 
atricrii<tatu8,  661. 

oastnnoifrons,  661. 
bioolor,  661. 

texonsis,  661. 
oarolinoniiiH,  562. 
oinotus  .ibtcetus,  664. 
gambcli,  562, 
nudsonious,  564, 
inornatus,  ;;61. 

cineraeeiis,  661. 
griscus,  562. 
meridiiinali!),  562. 
rufcsccns,  564. 

ncglor^tus,  564. 
stonnyi,  591. 
wollwebori,  562. 
pKrvn,  Spormonhila,  460. 
parvirostr'.g,  ^strelata,  65. 

Prooellaria,  65. 
parvui>,  Dryobatos  soalarii,  284. 

Picug,  284. 
Passenger  Pigeon,  213. 


INDEX. 

Passer,  382,  401. 
arctous,  396. 
domestious,  401,  402. 
montanus,  402. 
Passerculus,  407. 
Posserella,  384,  433. 
ilia«a.  434. 

megarhyncha,  434. 
schistacea,  434. 
unalaschcensis,  434. 
schistacea,  434. 
unalaschcensis,  434. 
Paaaeres,  321, 
Passerina,  385,  446,  447. 
nmcena,  447,  44S. 
ciris,  449. 
cyanea,  448. 
leclanoheri,  440. 
parellina,  446. 

indigotica,  447. 
rositsa,  449. 
sumichrasti,  447. 
versicolor,  448. 
pulchra,  448, 
passerina  bahamenais,  Columbigal- 
lina,  686. 
Columbigallina,  215,  685. 
pallescens,  Columbigallina,  586. 
socorroensis,      Columbigallina, 

586, 
var,    pallescens,    ChameDpelia, 
686. 
passerinus,  Ammodramus  savanna- 
rum,  411. 
Psittacus,  269. 
PavoncoUa,  148,  168. 

pugnax,  168. 
Pealea,  56. 
poalci,  Ardea,  131. 

Falco  percgrinus,  248. 
Peclc's  Egret,  131. 
Falcon,  248. 
Petrel,  67. 
Pectoral  Sandpiper,  156. 
pectoralis,  Colinus,  189. 

Ortyx,  189. 
Pediocivtcs,  185,  203. 
phasianellus,  204. 
campestris,  204. 
columbianus,  204. 
Pelagic  Cormorant,  80. 
pelagica,  Aqulla,  243. 
Chietura,  303. 
Procellaria,  70. 
pelagicus,  Phalacrocorax,  80. 

rcsplcndens,  Phalacrocorax,  80. 
robudtHS,  Phalacrocorax,  80. 
ThalHssoaotuH,  243. 
Pelagodroma,  56,  72. 

marina,  72. 
PeleoanidiB,  73,  81. 
Polecanus,  81. 

californicuB,  82, 
erythrorhynchos,  82. 
fusoia,  82, 
minor,  83, 
onocrotaluH,  81, 
Pelican,  American  White,  82. 
Brown,  82. 
California  Brown,  82. 
Pclidnu,  159. 
Polionetta,  113. 


pelzelni,  Oranatellus,  483. 
Pelzeln's  Shearwater,  60. 
Penelope,  207. 

leucogaster,  208, 

nigra,  208. 

poliocephala,  209. 

vetula,  209. 
penelope,  Anas,  96. 
Penelopes,  184. 
Penelouina,  208. 
penicillatus,  Phalacrocorax,  79. 
pennsylvanica,  Dendroica,  450. 
pensilvanicua,  Anthus,  635,  536. 
Perdicina;,  184. 
Perdix,  184. 

perdix,  184. 
perdix,  Brachyramphus,  15. 

Cepphus,  15. 

Perdix,  184. 

Tetrao,  184. 
peregrina,  Helminthophila,  488. 
Peregrine  Falcon,  247. 
peregrinus  anatum,  Falco,  247. 

Falco  '^17. 

pealei,  Falco,  248. 
Perisoreus,  361,  358. 

canadensis,  359. 
capitalis,  300. 
fumifrons,  360. 
nigrinapillus,  369. 

obscurus,  .^OO. 
Perissoglossn,  4U2. 
pernigra,  Cntliartcs,  221. 

(Enops,  221. 
perpallidus,   Ammodramus    savan- 

narum,  411. 
personatn,  Callipcpla,  193. 
personiitus,  Philortyx,  193. 
porppicillnta,  Oidcmia,  113. 
pcrspieillatu.i,  Phalacrocorax,  79, 81. 

i)ertinax,  Cuntopus,  337. 
Peruvian  Booby,  75. 

Glossy  Ibis,  124. 
Petarchy,  Bahanian,  331. 
Pftaaophora,  306. 
Pctchora  Pipit,  537. 
petcoliii\,  Dcndroicn,  495. 

Motacilla,  496. 
Petrol,  Arminjon's,  65. 

Ashy,  71. 

Atlantic,  66. 

Black,  07,  70. 

-bellied  Storm,  72. 
-capped,  00. 

Bulwer'H,  09. 

Dark-runipcd,  66. 

Do  Filippi's,  08. 

Downy,  63. 

Fisher's,  68. 

Fork-tiiiled,  70. 

Galapagos  Storm,  70. 

Graceful,  71, 

Hornby's,  70. 

Ice,  58. 

Jamaican,  66. 

Leach's,  71. 

Least,  69. 

Lesson's,  63, 

Muogillivray's,  60. 

Magenta,  64. 

Markham's,  71. 

Negleoted,  67. 


\m\. 


ma 


Petrel,  Peale'g,  67. 
Pintado,  B9. 
Salvin's,  68. 
Sandwich  Island,  71. 
Scaled,  68. 
Schlegel's,  64. 
Short-billed,  66. 
Small-billed,  63. 
Storm,  70. 
Thick-billed,  64. 
Trinidad,  66. 
Tropical,  72. 
White-bellied,  72. 
-faced,  72. 
-winged,  65. 
Wilson's,  71. 
Petrochelidon,  457,  469. 
albilinea,  462. 
fulva,  460. 

poeciloma,  460. 
lunifrons,  460. 
melanogaster,  460. 
petzii,  Conurus,  270. 

Sittace,  270. 
Veti'a  Parakeet,  270. 
PeucBBa,  386,  427. 
ffistivalis,  427. 

bachmani,  428. 
arizonae,  428,  604. 
botterii,  428. 
boucardi,  429. 
oarpalis,  430. 
cassini,  428. 
mexioana,  428. 
notostiota,  430. 
ruficops,  429. 

boucardi,  429. 
eremoeca,  429. 
Peuoedramus,  493. 
Phaethon,  73,  74. 
tethereus,  74. 
flavirostria,  74. 
rubricauduB,  74. 
Phacthontidse,  73. 
Phteoptila,  309. 
phaaopus,  Numenius,  171. 
phaeopygia,  ^strelata,  63. 

(Estrelata,  63. 
Phmthornis,  304. 
Phaeton  rubrioauda,  74. 
Pbainopepla,  463,  463. 

nitens,  465. 
Phalacrocoraoidsa,  73,  77. 
Phalacrooorax,  77. 
carbo,  78, 
dilophua,  78. 

albociliatus,  78. 
oincinatus,  78. 
floridanus,  78. 
mexicanus,  79. 
pelagious,  80. 

resplendens,  80. 
robustua,  8(). 
penicillatus,  79. 
porspioillatus,  70,  81. 
urilo,  80. 
phalwnoidoa,  Qlaucidium,  266. 
PhalicnoptiluB,  297,  299,  388. 
uuttalli,  299,  388. 
oalifornioui,  588, 
nitidus,  688, 
Phalarope,  Northsrn,  143. 


INDEX. 

Phalarope,  Red,  144. 

Wilson's,  143. 
Phalaropodidse,  143. 
Phalaropus,  143,  144. 

lobatus,  146. 

tricolor,  143. 
PhaleriniB,  7. 
Phaleris,  13. 
Pharomachrus,  273. 

mocinno,  273. 
phasianellus   oampestris,  Pediocffi- 
tes,  204. 

columbianus,  Pediocsetes,  204. 

Pediooajtes,  204. 
Phasianidse,  184,  203, 
Phaaianinae,  203. 
Phaaianus,  206. 

colchicus,  205,  206. 

soemraerringii,  206. 

torquatus,  206. 

versicolor,  206. 
Pheasant,  206. 

Copper,  206. 

Qreen,  206. 

Ring-necked,  206. 
Philacte,  88,  118. 

canagica,  118. 
Philadelphia,  Oeothlypis,  521,  522. 

Larus,  36. 
Philadelphia  Vireo,  471. 
philadelphicus,  Vireo,  471. 
Philohela,  147,  150. 

minor,  130. 
Philortyx,  193. 

uersonatus,  193 
Phoeoastria,  31. 
Phoebe,  336. 

Black,  336. 

Say's,  336. 
nhcebe,  Sayornis,  336. 
Phcebetria,  50,  53. 

fuliginosa,  53, 
phoeniceus,  Agelaiua,  369,  370. 

bryanti,  Agelaiua,  370. 

Cardinalia,  441,  443. 

sonorirnsis,  Agelaius  370. 
PhcenicopteridaB,  121. 
Phoenicupterua,  121. 

ruber,  121. 
PhyHobasileuB,  568. 
Phyllupaeustea,  366. 

boroalis,  367. 
Pica,  350,  331. 

beechoii,  330. 

formoaa,  330. 

niorio,  352. 

nuttalli,  352. 

pica,  331. 

hudaonica,  352 

sanblaoiana,  330. 

aicberii,  358, 
plea,  Corvus,  331. 

hudaonica,  '"ioa,  333. 

Pica,  361. 
Piei,  280, 
PiuioorvuH,  331,  364. 

columbianus,  304. 
Picidre,  280. 
Piooidoa,  280,  286, 

americanuR,  187. 
alaacenais,  287. 
donalii,  287. 


619 

Picoides  arcticua,  287. 

picta  guatemaln,  Setophaga,  530. 

Setophaga,  529. 
pictus,  Calcariua,  404,  405. 
Oreortyx,  191. 
plumiferus,  Oreortyx,  191. 
Picus  arizonaa,  286. 
bairdi,  285. 
dubiua,  293. 
elcgana,  292. 
formicivorus,  291. 
guatemalensis,  281. 
hypopoliua,  292. 
imperialis,  281. 
inaularis,  282. 
jardinii,  283. 
parvus,  284. 
scalaris,  284. 

var.  grayaoni,  285. 
scapularis,  290. 
Strickland!,  286. 
superciliaris,  292. 
Pied-billed  Grebe,  6, 
Pigeon,  Uand-tailed,  211. 
Passenger,  212, 
Red-billed,  211. 
White-crowned,  212. 
Pigeon  Guillemot,  17. 

Hawk,  230. 
Piloated  Woodpecker,  289. 
pileatus,  Ceophloeua,  289. 
pileolata,  Sylvania  pusilla,  323. 
Pilcolated  Warbler,  528, 
Pine  Grosbeak,  388. 

American,  388. 
Kadiak,  383. 
Siskin,  400. 
Warbler,  514. 
Cuban,  515. 
pinetorum,  Spizella,  419. 
Pine-woods  Sparrow,  427. 
Pinicola,  382,  387, 
canadensis,  388. 
enucleator,  388. 

canadensis,  388. 
kadiaka,  388. 
flammula,  388, 
pinicola,  Turdus,  572. 
Pink-footed  Shearwater,  39. 
-headed  Warbler,  531. 
-aided  Junco,  424. 
pinnata,  Ardea,  127. 
pinnatus,  Botaurug,  127. 
Pifion  Jay,  364. 
Pintado  Petrel,  69. 
Pintail.  98, 

Bahama,  08. 
pinua,  Hclminthophila,  486,  487. 

S]  inua,  400. 
Pipilo,  384,  433. 
aberti,  441. 
albicullia,  439. 
albigula,  441. 
arcticua,  437. 
oarmani,  438. 
chloroaoma,  438. 
ohlorurua,  439. 
oomplexus,  4dO. 
oonaobrlnus,  437. 
erythrophthalmua,    436,    438, 
430. 
Klloui,  436. 


mm 


620 


INDEX. 


Pipilo  fuscus,  440. 

albigula,  440. 
cri88alis,  441. 
mesoleucus,  440. 

macronyx,  438,  439. 

maculatus,  436. 
arcticus,  437. 
megalonyx,  437. 
oregonus,  437. 

rutilus,  439. 

Bubmaculatus,  438. 
Piping  Plover,  178. 

Plover,  Belted,  178. 
Pipit,  American,  536. 

Meadow,  536. 

Petchora,  537. 

Red-throated,  537. 

Sprague's,  537. 
Piranga,  453,  589. 

bidentata,  456. 

erytbrucephala,  456. 

erytbromelas,  454. 

figlina,  455. 

flainmea,  457. 

bepatica,  455. 

leucoptera,  457. 

latifasciata,  457 

ludoviciana,  456. 

roseigularis,  455. 

rubra,  454. 

cooperi,  454. 

rubriceps,  589. 

testaeea,  455. 
piscator,  Sula,  76. 
Pitangus,  326,  330. 

bahamensis,  331. 

dcrbianus,  331. 
pityopbila,  Dendroica,  515. 

Sylvicola,  515. 
plagiata,  Asturina,  240. 
Plain  Titmouse,  661. 
Plataleidffi,  122. 
platycercus,  Selasphorus,  304. 

Trocbilus,  313. 
Platypsaris,  323,  324. 

aglniie,  324. 

albiventriH,  325. 

insularis,  325. 

latirostris,  325. 
Platypus  borealis,  109. 
platyrhyncbus,  Alyiarohus,  335. 
Plautus,  10,  19. 

irapennis,  10. 
Plectrophenax,  382,  402. 

hyperboreuB,  403. 

nivalis,  402. 

townsendi,  403. 
Plegadis,  123. 

autumnalis,  124. 

guaraunii,  124. 

ridgwayi,  124. 
Plover,  American  Oolden,  174. 

Black-bellied,  173. 

Golden,  173. 

Mongolian,  179. 

Mountain,  176, 

Ring,  177. 

Rufous-napcd,  175. 

Semipalmated,  176. 

Snowy,  178. 

Wilson's,  176. 
plumbea,  lotinia,  226. 


plumbea,  Polioptila,  570. 
plumbeiceps,  Ortalida,  209. 

Ortalis,  209. 
vetula,  209. 
Plumbeous  Gnateatcher,  570. 

Kite,  225. 

Vireo,  474. 
plumbeus,  Falco,  225, 

Psaltriparus,  564,  565. 

Vireo  solitarius,  474. 
Plumed  Partridge,  191. 
plumiferus,  Oreortyx  pictus,  191, 
Pochard,  101, 
Podasocys,  175. 
Podiceps,  6. 

nigricollis,  6. 
podiceps,  Podilymbus,  6. 
Podicipidae,  1,  4. 
Podilymbus,  4,  6. 

podiceps,  6. 
poeoiloma,  Petrooholidon  fulva,  460. 
Poecilonctta,  98. 
Point  Barrow  Gull,  26. 
poliocephala,  Geothlypis,  482,  525, 
526. 

Ortalida,  209. 

Ortalis,  209. 

Penelope,  209. 
Polioptila,  566,  568. 

albiloris,  569. 

albiventris,  669. 

bilineata,  570. 

caDrulea,  669. 

Cffisiogastcr,  569 

californica,  570. 

lembeyi,  571. 

leucoftnstra,  569, 

nigriccpg,  570, 

plumbea,  570. 
Polioptilina;,  322,  566, 
Polyborus,  224,  253. 

cheriway,  264. 

lutosus,  264. 

tharus,  264. 
polyglottos,  Mimus,  641. 
polygluttus,  Cistothorus,  660. 

Thryothorua,  556. 
Polynesian  Tatler,  168. 
Pomarino  Jneger,  22. 
pomarinus,  Stercorarius,  22, 
PoocBDtes,  384,  406, 

gramineus,  406, 
conflnis,  407. 
Poor-will,  299,  588, 

Frosted,  588, 
Porrana,  136,  139. 

Carolina,  139, 

jamaicensis,  140, 

coturniculus,  140. 

novcboracensis,  140. 

porKHna,  139. 
porzana,  Porzana,  139. 
Prairie  Falcon,  247. 

Hon,  203. 

Lesser,  203. 

Horned  Lark,  348. 

Sharp-tailed  Grouse,  204. 

Warbler,  516. 
pratensis,  Anthus,  636. 
pratioola,  Otncoris  alpestris,  848. 
pratincola,  Strix,  256. 
princeps,  Ammodramui,  407. 


Princess    Helena's    Humm.ngbird, 

313. 
principalis     bairdi,     Campephilus, 
281. 

Campephilus,  281. 

Corvus  corax,  361. 
Priocella,  58. 
Priofinus,  58. 
Prion,  55. 

turtur,  55. 
Procellaria,  36,  69, 

ajquinoctialis,  66. 

antarctioa,  68. 

aterrima,  67. 

atlantica,  66. 

brevirostris,  66. 

caorulea,  66. 

cookii,  65,  65. 

gelida,  58. 

grisea,  67. 

gularis,  67,  68. 

incerta,  64. 

jamaicen!>is,  66. 

lessoni,  63. 

leucoraelas,  62. 

leucoptera,  63,  66. 

mollis,  63. 

neglecta,  67. 

nereis,  66. 

nivea,  55. 

obscura,  61. 

parvirostris,  65. 

pelagica,  70. 

rostrata,  64. 

tetbys,  70. 

vittata,  56. 
Procellariidae,  50,  63. 
Procellariinse,  53. 
Progne,  457,  458. 

chalybea,  469. 

cryptoleuca,  459. 

dominicensis,  459. 

subis,  459. 
proplnqua,  Morula  migratoria,  677. 

Vircosylvia,  472. 
propinquus,  Vireo,  472. 
prosthcmelas,  Icterus,  375. 

Xanthornus,  376. 
Prothonotary  Warbler,  484. 
Protonotnria,  481,  484. 

citren,  484. 
Prybilof  Sandpiper,  164. 

Snowflake,  403. 
psaltria  arizono:,  Spinus,  309. 

Columbiana,  Spinus,  398. 

mexicana,  Spinus,  399. 

Spinus,  399. 
Pealtriparus,  658,  564. 

melanotis,  566. 

minimus,  564. 

californicus,  565. 
grindic,  666. 

plumbeus,  664,  666. 
Psarocolius  seneus,  580. 

molnnooephalus,  374. 
Pseudogryphus,  219,  220. 

caltfornianus,  220. 
Pseudoprion,  65. 
Pseudoscolopas,  161. 

semipalmatuB,  161. 
PsouddtnntaluB,  125. 
Psilorhinui,  850,  352. 


INDEX. 


621 


Psilorhinus  cyanogenys,  352. 
mexicanus,  352,  361. 
morio,  352. 
Psittaoi,  268. 
PsittacidiB,  268. 
Psittiioula,  269. 

brasiliensis,  269. 
cyanopyga,  269. 
psittaeulus,  Cyclorrhynchus,  12. 
Psittacus  albifrons,  588. 
autumnalis,  587. 
macao,  587. 
militaris,  587. 
murinus,  269. 
passerinus,  269. 
pulvorulentus,  269. 
pyrrhopterus,  268. 
Ptaruigan,  Allen's,  199. 
Greenland,  200. 
Nelson's),  201. 
Rock,  200. 
Turner's,  201. 
Welch's,  201. 
White-tailed,  202. 
Willow,  199. 
pterocles,  Faico,  237. 
rtiliogonys,  464. 
caudatus,  464. 
cinereus,  464. 

molybdophanea,  464. 
ptilocnemis,  Tringa,  154. 
Ptilogonatinae,  463. 
Ptychoramphus,  9,  12. 

alouticus,  12. 
pubescens,  Dryobatcs,  283,  ?86. 
gairdnerii,  Dryobatcs,  283. 
pucherani,  Melanerpes,  291. 
Troohilus,  306. 
Zebrapicus,  291. 
Pucheran's  Woodpecker,  291. 
puella,  Trogon,  276,  277. 
Puffin,  11. 

Horned,  11. 
Large-billed,  11. 
Tufted,  10. 
Puffinus,  55,  58,  59. 
assimilis,  61. 
auduboni,  60. 
borealis,  59. 
carneipes,  62. 
ohiororhynchus,  62. 
cinereus,  58. 
oreatopus,  59, 
•legans,  61. 
gavia,  60. 
golidus,  58. 
griseus,  61, 
kuhlii,  59. 
leucomelas,  62. 
major,  59. 
nativitatis,  62. 
obsourus,  61. 
puffinus,  60. 
■phenurus,  62. 
ttricklandi,  61. 
tonebrosug,  60. 
tenuirostris,  62. 
puffinus,  Puffinus,  60. 
pugnax,  Pavoncella,  168. 
pulchra,  Calothorax,  316. 

Pasaerina  versicolor,  443. 
Troohllus,  316. 


pulverulentus,  Psittacus,  269. 
Purple  Finch,  389. 

California,  390. 
Cassin's,  390. 
Oallinule,  141. 
Grackle,  379. 
Martin,  459. 
Sandpiper,  153. 
purpureus  californicus,  Carpodacns, 
390. 
Carpodaous,  389,  390. 
pusilla  arenacea,  Spizella,  420. 
Euetheia,  451. 

olivacea,  451. 
pileolata,  Sylvania,  528. 
Sitta,  560. 

Spizella,  419,  420,  422. 
Sylvania,  528. 
Tiaris,  451. 
pusillus,  Kmpidonax,  343. 
Ereunetes,  161. 
Simorhynchus,  13. 
Vireo,  478. 
Vireo  bellii,  478. 
pygmaea,  Sitta,  560. 
pygmseus,   Empidonax    fulvifrons, 
345. 
Eurynorhynchua,  160. 
Melanerpes,  293. 
Simorhynchus,  13. 
Pygmy  Nuthatch,  560. 
Owl,  266. 

Ferruginous,  266. 
Woodpecker,  293. 
Pygopodes,  1,  4. 
Pyranga  bidentata,  456. 
erythrooephala,  456. 
figlina,  455. 
leucoptera,  457. 
roseigularis,  455. 
rubriceps,  539, 
testacea,  455. 
Pyrooephalus,  327,  345. 

rubineus  mexicanus,  346. 
pyrrhopterus,  Psittacus,  268. 
Pyrrhula,  382.  388. 

cassini,  389. 

Pyrrhuloxia,  382,  443. 

sinuata,  444. 


Quail,  European,  186. 
Quail-dove,  Blue-headed,  217. 

Key  West,  216. 

Mexican,  217. 

Ruddy,  217. 
Querquedula,  92. 
querula,  Znnotrichia,  414,  415, 
Quetzal,  275. 
quinquestrinta,  Amphispiza,  426. 

Zonotrichia,  426. 
Quiscalinee,  36(1. 
Quiscalus,  366,  379. 

graysoni,  381. 

maorourus,  '381. 

major,  381. 

palustris,  381. 

quiscula,  379,  380. 
BBneus,  380. 
aglwuB,  380. 


Quiscalus  tenuirostris,  381. 
quiscula  seneus,  Quiscalus,  380. 

aglaeus,  Quiscalus,  380. 

Quiscalus,  379,  380. 


R. 

Rail,  Belding's,  133. 
Black,  14U. 
Clapper,  137. 
Farralone,  140. 
King,  138. 
Virginia,  138. 
Yellow,  140. 
RaHidBB,  134,  136. 
Rallinae,  136. 
Rallus,  136. 

beldingi,  138. 
elegans,  138. 

var.  tenuirostris,  138. 
longirostris  crepitans,  137. 

saturatus,  137. 
obsolctus,  137. 
tenuirostris,  138. 
virginianus,  138. 
Ramphastos  momota,  277. 
Raptores,  218. 
Raven,  361. 

Bering's,  362. 
Mexican,  361. 
Northern,  361. 
White-necked,  362. 
Razor-billed  Auk,  18. 
Recurvirostra,  146. 

americana,  146,  147. 
andina,  146. 
Recurvirostridce,  143,  146. 
Reddish  Egret,  131,  584. 
Red  Warbler,  531. 
Red  yellow  and  blue  Macaw,  687. 
Red-backed  Junco,  423. 
Sandpiper,  160. 
-bellied  Redstart,  530. 
Woodpecker,  293. 
-billed  Pigeon,  211. 
Tropic  Bird,  74. 
-breasted  Hawk,  237. 
Merganser,  89. 
Nuthatch,  560. 
Sapsucker,  289. 
-cockaded  Woodpecker,  283. 
-eyed  Cowbird,  589. 

Vireo,  470. 
-faced  Cormorant,  80. 

Warbler,  631. 
-footed  Booby,  76. 
-headed  Tanagor,  456. 
Woodpecker,  290. 
-legged  Kittiwake,  26. 
-naped  Sapsucker,  288. 
-necked  Grebe,  5. 

Phalarope,  144. 
-shafted  Flicker,  296. 
-shouldered  Hawk,  237. 
Hawk,  Florida,  237. 
-spotted  Bluetbroat,  579. 
■tail,  St.  Lucas,  233. 

Western,  2.33. 
-tailed  Hawk,  232. 

Tropic  Biru,  74. 
-throated  Loon,  8. 


622 


INDEX. 


Hf: 


Red-throated  Pipit,  537. 

-wing,  Bahaman,  370. 
Cuban,  371. 
Sonoran,  370. 
Vigors's,  371. 

winged  Blackbird,  369. 
Thrush,  576. 
Redhead,  101. 

redivivus,  Harporhynchus,  546. 
Redpoll,  397. 

Greater,  397. 

Greenland,  396. 

Hoary,  396. 

llolbceH'g,  397. 
Redstart,  American,  529. 

Kaup's,  530. 

Painted,  529. 

Red-bellied,  530. 

Sharpe's,  530. 
Regulinse,  566. 
Regulu8,  566,  567. 

calendula,  568. 

cuvieri,  568. 

obscurus,  568. 

satrapa,  567,  563. 
aztecus,  591. 
olivaceus,  568. 
regulns,  Falco,  249. 
reinhardti,  Lagopus  rupestria,  200. 
reaplendens,  Phalacrocorax  pelagi- 

cus,  80. 
rhami,  Lamprolaima,  304. 

Ornismya,  304. 
Rhinoceros  Auklet,  12. 
Rhinoptynx,263. 
Rhodinocichia,  539. 

rosea,  539. 

schistacea,  539. 
rhodocolpus,  Carpodaous,  391. 

Carpudacus  frontalis,  391,  594. 
Rhodoatethia,  23,  37. 

rosea,  37. 
Rhyacophilus,  166. 
Rhynohodon,  247. 
Rhynchofaico,  251. 
Rhynchophanes,  383,  406. 

mcuownii,  406. 
Rhynchopsitta,  268,  269. 

paohyrhyncha,  269. 
I'iccordi,  Troohilus,  306. 
richardsoni,    Nyctala    tengmalmi, 

260. 
richardsonii,  Contopus,  33b. 

Dendragapus  obscurus,  196. 

Falco,  251. 
Richardson's  Grouse,  196. 

Merlin,  251. 

Owl,  260. 
ridgwayi,  Colinus,  189,  585. 

Falcinellus,  124. 

Ornithion  imberbe,  346. 

Plegadis,  124. 

Urubitinga,  238. 
Ridgwayia,  572. 
Ridgway's  Flycatcher,  346. 
Rieff'er's  Hummingbird,  317. 
Ring  Plover,  177. 

Azara's,  179. 

Little,  177. 
Ring-billed  Gull,  32. 

-necked  Duck,  104, 
Pheaiant,  206. 


ringvia,  TJria,  17. 
riparia,  Clivicola,  463. 
Rissa,  23,  24. 

brevirostris,  25. 

tridactyla,  24,  25. 
pollicaris,  25. 
Rivoli  Hummingbird,  309. 
Road-runner,  272. 

Mexican,  273. 
Robin,  American,  577. 

Mazatlan,  578. 

St.  Lucas,  578. 

Trea  Marias,  578. 

Western,  577. 
robustus,  Callothrus,  589. 

Lanius,  468. 

ludovicianus,  468. 

Phalacrocorax  pelagicus,  80. 
Rock  Ptarmigan,  2U0. 

Sparrow,  429. 

Wren,  648. 

Guadalupe,  548. 
Rocky  Mountain  Creeper,  558. 
Jay,  360. 
Screech  Owl,  262. 
rodgersii,  Fulmarus  glacialia,  68. 
Rodgers's  Fulmar,  58. 
rosea,  Rhodinocichia,  639. 

Rhudostethia,  37. 
Roseate  Spoonbill,  123. 

Tern,  44. 
Rose-breasted  Grosbeak,  444. 

-throated  Becard,  324. 
Tanager,  455. 
roseigularis,  Piranga,  456. 
roseus,  Furnarius,  539. 
rositffi,  Cyanospiza,  449. 

Passerina,  449. 
Rosita's  Bunting,  449. 
rossii,  Chen,  115. 
Ross's  Gull,  37. 

Snow  Goose,  115. 
rostrata,  Acanthia  linaria,  397. 

iEstrelata,  64. 

Oeothlypis,  624. 

Procellaria,  64. 
rostratus,  Ammodramus,  410. 

guttatus,  Ammodramus,  410. 
Rostrhamus,  222,  225. 

sociabilis,  226. 
Rough-log,  Ferruginous,  241. 
Rough-legged  Hawk,  240. 

Hawk,  American,  241. 

-winged  Swallow,  463. 
Royal  Tern,  40. 
rubca,  Otocoris  alpeatris,  349. 
ruber,  Ergaticus,  531. 

Phoenicoptcrus,  121. 

Spbyrapicus,  289. 
ruborrimus,  Carpodaeus  mexicanus, 

391. 
rubicundus,  Empidonax  fulvifrons, 

345. 
rubida,  Erismatura,  113. 
rubineus  mexicanus,  Pyrocephalus, 

346. 
rubra  oooperi,  Piranga,  454. 

Crax,  207. 

Quara,  123. 

Piranga,  454. 
rubricauda.  Phaeton,  74. 
rubrioaudus,  Phab'tbun,  74. 


rubrioeps,  Piranga,  690. 

Pyranga,  690. 
rubrifrons,  Cardellina,  531. 
rubriventris,  Centurus,  293. 

Melanerpes,  293. 

pygmaeus,  Centurus,  293. 
Ruby-crowned  Kinglet,  563. 

-throated  Hummingbird,  311. 
Ruddy  Duck,  113. 

Flycatcher,  345. 

Horned  Lark,  349. 

Quail-dove,  217. 
rufa,  Ardca,  131,  584. 
rufalbus,  Thryuthorus,  540. 
rufescens,  Ardea,  584. 

neglectus,  Parua,  564. 

Parus,  664.  . 
Ruff,  168. 
Ruffed  Grouse,  197. 

Canadian,  198. 

Gray,  198. 

Oregon,  198. 
ruficapilla  gutturalis,   Helmintho- 
phila,  489. 

Helminthophila,  489. 
ruficeps  boucardi,  Peucaja,  429. 

eremceca,  Peucaea,  429. 

.Pcucsea,  429. 
ruficoUis,  Ardea  tricolor,  131. 

Tringa,  158. 
rufifrons,  Basileuterus,  532. 

Setoi)haga,  532. 
rufina,  Melospiza,  432. 

Melospiza  fasciatc,  432. 

Netta,  100. 
rufinucha,  ^gialitis  wilsonia,  175. 
rufinuuhus,  ^gialitis  wilsonia  var., 

175. 
rufipennis,  Cniumbigallina,  215. 

Talpacotia,  215. 
rufipileus,  Colaptes,  296. 
rufivirgiita  crassirostris,  Emberna- 
gra,  435. 

Embernagra,  435. 

verticalis,  Embernagra,  435. 
rufociliatus,  Troglodytes,  554. 
Rufous  Becard,  326. 

Ground  Dove,  215. 

Hummingbird,  314. 
Rufous-browed  AVren,  554. 

-crested  Duck,  100. 

-crowned  Motmot,  278. 
Sparrow,  429. 
Warbler,  532. 

-naped  Plover,  175. 

-winged  Sparrow,  430. 
rufus,  Harporhynchus,  543. 

Trochilus,  314,  315. 
rupestris  atkhensis,  Lagopus,  201. 

Lagopus,  200,  201. 

nelsoni,  Lagopus,  201. 

reinhardti,  Lagopus,  200, 
Rueset-backed  Thrush,  575, 
rusticola,  Scolopas,  140. 
rusticolus,  Falco,  245. 

gyrfaloo,  Falco,  246. 

obsoletus,  Falco,  246. 
Rusty  Blackbird,  379. 

Song  Sparrow,  432. 
ruticilla,  Setophaga,  483,  629. 
rutilus,  Pipilo,  439. 
Rynohopidsa,  20,  48. 


INDEX. 


623 


Rynchops,  48,  49. 
melanura,  49. 
melanurus,  49. 


S. 


Sabino'g  Gull,  38. 
Biibini,  Bonasa  umbollus,  198. 
sabinii,  Xeina,  H7,  38. 
Sage  Grouse,  205. 

Sparrow,  427. 

Thrasher,  641. 
sagrae,  Muscicapa,  334. 

Myiarchua,  334. 
sniicicolus,  Turdus  fusoescens,  574. 
gallKii,  Cyrtonyx,  194. 

Granatellus,  482. 
Salle's  Partridge,  194. 
Salpinctcs,  540,  547. 

guadeloupensis,  548, 

obsolctus,  548. 
galvini,  Einpidonax,  341. 
Salvin'g  Flycatcher,  341. 

Goldflneh,  400. 

Petrel,  68. 
samuelis,  Melospizs,  432. 

Melospiza  fasciata,  431. 
Samuels's  Song  Sparrow,  431. 
sanblasiana,  Pica,  350. 
Sanderling,  162. 
Sandhill  Crane,  135. 
Sandpiper,  Aleutian,  154. 

Baird's,  157. 

Bartramian,  169. 

Bonaparte's,  157. 

BufT-brcasted,  169. 

Common,  170. 

Cooper's,  157. 

Curlew,  160. 

Green,  166. 

Large-billed,  153. 

Least,  158. 

Pectoral,  156. 

Purple,  153. 

Prybilof,  154. 

Red-backed,  160. 

Semipalmated,  161. 

Sharp-tailed,  155. 

Solitary,  166. 

Spoon-bill,  160. 

Spotted,  170. 

Stilt,  152. 

Western,  162. 

Wood,  166. 
sandvicensis  acuflavida.  Sterna,  40. 
Sandwich  Island  Petrel,  71. 
Sandwich  Sparrow,  408. 
sandwichensis    alaudinus,    Ammo- 
dramus,  409. 

Ammodramus,  408,  400. 

bryanti,  Ammodramus,  400. 

(Estrelata,  65. 

savanna,  Ammodramus,  408. 
sanguinaria,  Laniocera,  323. 
Santa  Cruz  Jay,  366, 
santa-oruzi,  Centurus,  294. 

Melanerpeg,  294. 
Santa  Cruz's  Woodpecker,  294. 
Sapsuokcr,  Ked-broasted,  289. 

Red-naped,  288. 


Sapsucker,  Williamson's,  289. 

Yellow-bellied,  288. 
Sarcoramphi,  218. 
Sarcorhamphus,  218. 
sartorii,  Syrnium  nebulosum,  258. 

Syrnium  nebulosum,  var.,  258. 
satrapa,  Regulus,  567,  568. 

aztecus,  Regulus,  691. 

olivaoeus,  Regulus,  5C8. 
saturata,  Hirundo,  461. 
saturatus.  Bubo  virginianus,  263. 

Cardinalis,  443, 
cardinalis,  443. 

Rallus  longirostris,  137. 
savanna,  Ammodramus,  409. 

Ammodramus    sandwichensig, 
408. 
Savanna  Sparrow,  408. 
Western,  409. 
savannarum,  "  Coturniculus,"  410. 

pagscrinus,  Ammodramus,  411. 

perpallidus,  Ammodramus,  44. 
Saw-whet  Owl,  260. 
Saxioola,  671,  679. 

oenantbe,  680. 
saya,  Sayornis,  336. 
Sayornis,  327,  335. 

nigricans,  .336. 

phoebe,  336. 

saya,  336. 
Say's  Phoebe,  336. 
scalarig  bairdi,  Dryobateg,  285. 

Dryobateg,  284. 

graysoni,  Dryobates,  285. 

lucasanug,  Dryobates,  286. 

parvus,  Dryobates,  284. 

Picus,  284. 

sinaloensis,  Dryobates,  28f 
Scaled  Dove,  215. 

Partridge,  191. 

Chestnut-bellied,  192. 

Petrel,  68. 
scapularis,  Ceophlocus,  290. 

Pi3U8,  290. 
Scardnfella,  211,  215. 

inca,  216. 

squamosa,  215. 
Scarlet  Ibis,  123. 

Tanager,  464. 
Scaup  Duck,  103. 

American,  103. 
Chinese,  103. 
Crested,  103. 
Lesser,  103. 
schistacea,  Paggerella,  434. 

PossercUa  iliaca,  434. 

Rhodinooichla,  539. 
sohistisagus,  Larus,  29. 
Schlegel'g  Petrel,  64. 
schottii,  Contopus,  339. 
Schott'g  Wood  Pewee,  339. 
Scissor-tailed  Flycatcher,  328. 
Sclator'g  Towhee,  439. 
Scolecophagug,  3(56,  378. 

carolinus,  379. 

oyanocephalus,  379. 
soolopaoea,  Ardea,  136. 
Boolopaceus,  Aramus,  139. 

M.acrorhamphus,  161. 
Soolopacidae,  143,  147. 
Soolopax,  147,  149. 

lapponioa,  163. 


Scolopas,  rusticola,  149. 
Scops  asio  bendirei,  262. 
Scoter,  American,  111. 

European,  111. 

Kamtschatkan,  112. 

Surf,  113. 

Velvet,  112. 

White-winged,  112. 
Bcotiaptex,  256,  269. 

cinoreuro,  269. 

lapponicum,  260. 
Scott's  Oriole,  373. 
Screech  Owl,  261. 

California,  262. 

Flammulated,  262. 

Florida,  261. 

Kennicott's,  262. 

Mexican,  261. 

Rocky  Mountain,  262. 

Texan,  261. 
Sea  Eagle.  Gray,  243. 

Kamtschatkan,  243. 
Seaside  Sparrow,  413. 
Dusky,  413. 
Seedeater,  Black,  460. 

Morellet's,  460. 

Ochractaus-rumped,  450. 
segetum,  Anas,  116. 
Seiurus,  482,  618. 

aurocapillus,  618. 

motacilla,  519, 

DBBvius,*  619. 

noveborocensis,  519. 
notabilis,  619. 
Selasphorus,  313. 

floresii,  315, 

platyccrcus,  304. 
semipalmata,  iEgialitis,  176,  177. 

Symphcmia,  167,  584, 
Semipalmated  Plover,  176. 

Sandpiper,  161. 

Snipe,  151. 
semipnlmatus,  Macrorhamphu8,151. 

Pseudoscolopax,  151. 
seniculus,  Coccyzus,  274. 
Sennett's  Waroler,  491, 
septentrionalis,  Parus  atricapillns, 

663. 
serrator,  Merganser,  89. 
serripennis,  Stolgidopteryx,  463. 
sorrirostris,  Trochilus,  306. 
Setophaga,  483,  529. 

flammca,  530, 

guatemalEC,  530. 

minintn,  630, 

flammca,  530, 

picta,  629. 

guatemalsB,  630. 

rufifrons,  632. 

ruticilla,  483,  529. 
Shorpe's  Redstart,  630. 
Shnrp-shinned  Hawk,  227. 
Sharp-tailed  Grouse,  204. 
Columbian,  204. 
Prairie,  204. 

Sandpiper,  165. 

Sparrow,  413, 
Shearwater,  Allied,  61. 

Audubon's,  60, 

Black-tailed,  68. 

*  —  8,  noveboraoeMil, 


'^m 


624 


INDEX. 


Shearwater,  Black-vented,  60. 

Chriatmas  Island,  62. 

Cinereous,  59. 

Cory's,  59. 

Dark-bodied,  61. 

Dusky,  61. 

Glegant,  61. 

Flesh-footed,  62. 

Greater,  59. 

Green-billed,  62. 

Munx,  60. 

Polzeln's,  60. 

Pink-footed,  59. 

Slender-billed,  62. 

Sooty,  61. 

Streaked,  62. 

Wedge-tailed,  62. 
Short-billed  Gull,  34. 

Marsh  Wren,  656. 
Murrelct,  15. 
Petrel,  66. 

-eared  Owl,  258. 

-tailed  Albatross,  51. 
Hawk,  230. 

-winged  Uylophilus,  479. 
Shoveller,  97. 
Shrike,  Baird's,  468. 

California,  467. 

Loggerhead,  467. 

Northern,  466. 

Siberian,  466. 

White-rumped,  467. 
Sialin,  572,  580. 

arctica,  580,  582. 

azurea,  581. 

mexicana,  581. 

sialis,  581. 

azurea,  581. 
guatemaloB,  581. 
Bialis,  Sialia,  581. 
Siberian  Chickadee,  564. 

Gull,  29. 

Shrike,  466. 

Yellow  Wagtail,  635. 
sibiricus,  Lanius  borealis,  466. 
giebcri,  Aphclocoma,  358. 
sieberii,  Aphelocoma,  358. 

arizonoe,  Aphelocoma,  357. 

Pica,  358. 
Siober's  Jay.  358. 
Silvery-winged  Loucostiote,  395. 
Simorhynchus,  9,  12. 

cristatellus,  13. 

pusillus,  13. 

pygmteus,  13. 
simplex,  Muscicapa,  323. 
ginaloensis,  Dryobates  scalaris,  286. 
Binuata,  Pyrrhuloxia,  444. 
8inuatu8,  Corvus  ooras,  361. 
Siskin,  Pine,  400. 
Sitta,  558,  559. 

canadensis,  659. 

carolinensis,  559. 
aculeata,  669. 

pusilla,  560. 

pygmrea,  560. 
Pittace  petzii,  270. 
Sittinte,  558. 
Skimmer,  Black,  49. 
Skimmer,  Black-tailed,  ^.9. 
Skua,  21. 

Antarotio,  21. 


Skua,  Chilian,  21. 

Mcgalestris,  21. 
Skylark,  347. 

Karatschatkan,  347. 
Slate-colored  Junco,  422. 

Solitaire,  573. 

Sparrow,  434. 
Slaty-backed  Gull,  29. 
Slender-billed  Fulmar,  68. 

Grackle,  381. 

Noddy,  48. 

Nuthatch,  659. 

Shearwater,  62. 
Small-billed  Petrel,  65. 

-headed  Warbler,  527. 
Smew,  90. 

Smith's  Longspur,  405. 
gmithsonianu8,LarusargentatU8,29. 
Snipe,  European,  150. 

Semipalmated,  151, 

Wilson's,  150. 
Snowflake,  402. 

McKay's,  403. 

Pribylof,  403. 
Snow  Goose,  Greater,  115. 
Lesser,  115. 
Ross's,  115. 
Snowy  Heron,  130. 

Owl,  264. 

Plover,  178. 
sooiabilis,  Kostrhamus,  226. 

arizonse,  Spizella,  419. 

Spizella,  418,  419. 
Socorro  Dove,  213. 

Elf  Owl,  267. 

Ground  Dove,  586. 

Parakeet,  270. 

Thrasher,  543. 

Towhee,  438. 

Warbler,  492. 

Wren,  553. 
socorroensis,    Columbigallina    pas- 

serina,  586. 
loemmerringii,  Phasianus,  206. 
Solitaire,  Mazatlan,  573. 

Mexican,  573. 

Slate-colored,  573. 

Townsend's,  672. 

Tres  Marias,  573. 
Bolitarius  alticola,  Vireo,  473. 

cassini,  Vireo,  473. 

plumbeus,  Vireo,  474. 

Tetanus,  166. 

Vireo,  472,  473. 
Solitary  Sandpiper,  166. 

Vireo,  Mountain,  473. 
Somatcria,  87,  108,  109. 

dresseri,  110. 

mollisgima,  109,  110. 
borealis,  109. 

spectabilis,  110. 

v-nigra,  110. 
Song-Sparrow,  431. 

Aleutian,  432. 

Desert,  432. 

Hcerraann's,  431. 

Mexican,  432. 

Mountain,  431. 

Rusty,  432. 
Song-Sparrow,  Samuels's,  431. 

Sooty,  432. 
Sonoran  Red-wing,  370. 


Bonoriensis,    Agelaiua    phoeniceua, 

370. 
Sooty  Albatross,  53, 

Grouse,  196. 

Guillemot,  17. 

Shearwater,  61. 

Song  Sparrow,  432. 

Tern,  45. 
Sora,  139. 

sordida  (?)  Cyanorayia,  309. 
South  American  Bittern,  127. 

Goshawk,  240. 
Southern  Hairy  Woodpecker,  282, 

Marsh  Wren,  656, 
Sparrow,  Aleutian  Song-,  432, 

Bachman's,  428, 

Baird's,  410, 

Belding's  Marsh,  409. 

Bell's,  426. 

Black-chinned,  421. 
-throated,  425. 

Botteri'g,  428. 

Boucard's,  429. 

Brewer's,  421. 

Bryant's  Marsh,  409. 

Cassin's,  428. 

Chipping,  413. 

Clay-colored,  421. 

Cordova,  435. 

Desert  Song-,  432. 

Dusky  Seaside,  413. 

European  House,  401. 
Tree,  402. 

Ferrari-Perez's,  426. 

Field,  420. 

Five-striped,  426. 

Fox,  434. 

Gambel's,  416. 

Golden-erowned,  416. 

Grasshopper,  411. 

Guatemalan  Chipping,  419. 

Harris's,  415, 

Hartlaub's,  426. 

Hecrmann's  Song-,  431. 

Henslow's,  412. 

Intermediate,  416. 

Ipswich,  407. 

Large-billed,  410. 

Lark,  414. 

Le  Contc's,  412. 

Lincoln's,  433. 

Mexican,  428. 
Song-,  432. 

Mountain  Song-,  431. 

Nelson's,  413. 

Oaxaca,  430. 

Pine-woods,  427. 

Rock,  429. 

Rufous-crowned,  429. 
-winged,  430. 

Rusty  Song-,  432. 

Sage,  427. 

Samuels's  Song-,  431. 

Sandwich,  408. 

Savanna,  408. 

Seaside,  413. 

Sharp-tailed,  413. 

Slate-colored,  434. 

Song-,  431. 

Sooty  Song-,  432. 

St.  LucftB,  410. 

Striped-crowned,  435. 


laiai 


INDEX. 


625 


Sparrow,  Swamp,  433. 
Texas,  435. 
Thick-billed,  434. 
Townsend's,  434. 
Tree,  417. 
Vesper,  40fl. 
Western  Chipping,  419. 
Field,  420. 
Grasshopper,  411. 
Lark,  414. 
Savanna,  409. 
Tree,  418. 
Vesper,  407. 
White-urowned,  415. 

-throated,  417. 
Worthen's,  419. 
Sparrow  Hawk,  American,  252. 
Cuban,  253. 
Haiticn,  253. 
gparverioides,  Falco,  253. 
sparverius,  Faloo,  252. 
Spatula,  85,  96. 

olypeata.  97. 
gpeciosa,  Geothlypis,  525. 
Speckled  Albatross,  52. 
spectabilis,  Eugenes,  310. 
Heliomaster,  310. 
Somateria,  110. 
Spectacled  Albatross,  52. 

Eider,  108. 
Speotyto,  257,  265. 

ounicularia  floridana,  265. 
hypogiea,  2G5. 
Spermagra  erythrocephala,  456. 
Spertuophila  corvina,  450. 
parra,  450. 
torqueola,  450. 
Sphenoproctus,  304. 
Sphcnotelus,  464. 
sphenurua,  Puffinus,  62. 
Spbyrapious,  280,  288. 
ruber,  289. 
thyroides,  289. 
varius,  288. 

nuchalis,  288. 
spilurus,  Thryotborus  bewickii,  551. 
Spinus,  383,  .398. 
atriceps,  400. 
forrori,  400. 
lawrencei,  399. 
notatus,  400. 
pinus,  400. 
psaltria,  399. 

arizonae,  399. 
Columbiana,  398. 
mexicana,  399. 
tristis,  398,  399. 
Spiza,  384,  451. 

americana,  452. 
townscndii,  452. 
Spizella,  385,  417. 

atrigularis,  417,  421. 
breweri,  421. 
montioola,  417. 

ochracea,  418. 
pallida,  421. 
pinetorum,  419. 
pusilla,  419,  420,  422. 
arenacea,  420. 
Spiiella  Booialis,  418,  419. 
arizonas,  419. 
vortheni,  419. 


sponsa,  Aix,  99. 
Spoonbill,  Roseate,  123. 
Spoon-bill  Sandpiper,  160. 
Sporadinus,  .306. 
Sporophila,  386,  449. 

corvina,  450. 

morelleti,  450. 

torqueola,  450. 
Spotted-Dreasted  Wren,  552. 
Spotted  Crake,  139. 

Owl,  259. 

Sandpiper,  170. 
Spotted-winged  Tanager,  450. 
spragueii,  Anthus,  537. 
Sprague's  Pipit,  537. 
spurius.  Icterus,  376. 
Spurred  Towhee,  437. 
squamata,  Callipepla,  191. 

castanogastris,  Callipepla,  192. 
squamosa,  Columba,  215. 

Soardafella,  215. 
Squatarola,  173. 
squatarola,  Charadrius,  173. 
Starling,  365. 
Starnoenas,  211,  217. 

cyanocephala,  217. 
St.  Domingo  Qrebe,  6. 
Steganopodes,  1,  73. 
Steganopus,  145. 
stejnegeri,  Oidemia,  112. 
Stelgidopteryx,  458,  433. 

serripennis,  463. 
stellaris,  Cistothorus,  556. 
stelleri  annectens,  Cyanooitta,  354. 

coronata,  Cyanooitta,  355. 

Cyanooitta,  353,  354. 

diademata,  Cyanooitta,  354. 

Enioonetta,  108. 

frontalis,  Cyanooitta,  354. 

macrolopha,  Cyanooitta,  354. 
Steller's  Duck,  108. 

Jay,  353. 
Stellula,  315. 

Stephens!,  Vireo  button!,  477. 
Stephens's  Vireo,  477. 

Wbippoorwill,  299. 
Stercorariidee,  20. 
Stercorarius,  20,  21. 

longicaudus,  23. 

parasiticus,  22. 

pomarinus,  22. 
Stoma,  24,  39,  41. 

aleutioa,  45. 

aneethetus,  46. 

antillarum,  46. 

dougalli,  44. 

clegans,  40. 

forsteri,  42. 

fuliginosa,  45. 

birundo,  43. 

leucopnreia,  47. 

maxima,  40. 

nigra,  46. 

paradisaea,  43,  44,  45. 

gandvioensis  acuflavida,  40. 

tenuirostris,  48. 

trudeaui,  41. 

tsohegrava,  39. 
Sterninee,  23. 
Sternula,  46. 
Stilt,  Black-necked,  147. 

Brazilian,  147. 

79 


Stilt,  Sandpiper,  152. 
Stint,  Long-toed,  158. 
St.  Lucas  Cactus  Wren,  547. 

Cardinal,  -^42. 

Red-tail,  233. 

Robin,  678. 

Sparrow,  410. 

Thrasher,  544. 

Towhee,  440. 

Woodpecker,  286, 
Btolidus,  Anous,  48. 
Stoneyi,  Parus,  591. 
Storm  Petrel,  70. 

Black-bellied,  72. 
Streaked  Heron,  132. 

Horned  Lark,  349. 

Shearwater,  62. 
strepera.  Anas,  95. 
Streptoceryle,  278. 
striata,  Ardea,  132. 

Dendroica,  503. 
striatus,  Butorides,  132. 
Strickland!,  Dryobates,  286. 

Loxia  curvirostra,  392. 

Pious,  286. 

Picus  (Leuconotopious),  286. 

Puffinus,  61. 
Strickland's  Oriole,  375. 

Woodpecker,  286. 
Btridula,  Strix,  259. 
strigata,  Otocoris  alpestris,  349. 
Btrigatus,  Chondestes   grammacus, 

414. 
Striges,  218. 
Strigidae,  218,  255. 
Striped-breasted  Woodpecker,  291. 

-crowned  Sparrow,  435. 
Striped  Horned  Owl,  264. 
Strix.  255. 

cinerea,  259. 

mexicana,  263,  264. 

otus,  257. 

pratincola,  255. 

striduk.  259. 

tengmalmi,  260. 

uralensis,  259. 
Sturnella,  365,  371. 

magna,  372. 

mexicana,  372. 
neglecta,  372. 

neglecta,  372. 
Sturnidae,  322,  364. 
Stumus,  364. 

vulgaris,  365. 
Stygian  Owl,  257. 
Btygius,  Asio,  257. 

Nyctalops,  257. 
subarcticus.  Bubo  virginianus,  263. 
Submaculated  Towhee,  438. 
Bubmaculatus,  Pipilo,  438. 
BubruRoollis,  Tryngites,  169, 
suckleyi,  Faloo  columbarius,  250. 
suecica,  Cyaneoula,  579. 
Sula,  74,  75. 

bassana,  76. 

oyanops,  75. 

pisoator,  70. 

aula,  75. 

variegata,  75. 
sula,  Sula,  75. 

suloirostris,  Crotophaga,  372. 
Sulidae,  73,  74. 


. 


^3 

"^1 


^K 


626 

Sulphur-bellied  Flycatcher,  332. 
sumichragti,  Apheloooma,  356. 

Catheriies,  548,  540. 

Cyanouitta    californioa     var., 
356. 

Cyrtonyx,  194. 

Passerina,  447. 
Sumiohrast's  Bunting,  447. 

Jny,  356. 

Wren,  549. 
Summer  Tanagor,  454. 
superbuB,  Cardinalis  cardinalis,  442. 
superciliaris,  Conturua,  292. 

Melanerpes,  292. 

Picua,  292. 
Superciliary  Woodpecker,  292. 
superoiliosa,  Oreutnlypig,  481. 
guperoilioHum,  Conirodtrum,  481. 
Buperciliosusi,  Troubilua,  304. 
Surf  Bird,  180. 

Scoter,  113. 
surinamensig,  Hydrochelidon  nigra, 

47. 
Surnia,  256,  264. 

ulula,  265. 

caparoch,  265. 
gwainsoni,  Buteo,  235. 

Vireo,  472. 

Vireo  gilvu8,  472. 
swainsonii,  Turdu8  ustulatus,  575. 
Swainson's  Hawk,  235. 

Towhee,  438. 

Warbler,  485. 

Woodpecker,  293. 
Swallow,  Bahaman,  462. 

Bank,  4  03. 

Cliff,  460. 

Rough-winged,  463. 

Violet-green,  462. 

White-bellied,  461. 
-rnmpod,  462. 
Swallow-tailed  Qull,  38. 

Kite,  224. 
Swamp  Sparrow,  433. 
Swan,  Bewick's,  120. 

Trumpeter,  120. 

Whistling,  120. 

Whooping,  120. 
Swift,  Black,  302. 

Vaux's,  303. 

White-throated,  303. 
Swinhoe's  Wagtail,  533. 
Sycamore  Warbler,  504. 
Sylvania,  483,  527. 

canadensis,  528. 

miorocephala,  527. 

mitraU,  527,  528. 

pusilla,  528. 

pileolata,  528. 
Sylria  deourtata,  479. 

leucogastra,  569. 

wolfii,  579. 
Sylvicola  pityophila,  515. 
Sylviidae,  322,  323,  666. 
Sylviinse,  666. 
Symphemia,  148, 167,  584. 

Bemipalmata,  167,  584. 
inornata,  585. 
Syntbliboramphus,  9, 13. 

antiquug,  14. 

wumizuBume,  14. 
Syrnium,  266,  368,  269. 


INDEX. 

Syrnium  ncbulosum,  259. 
alleni,  259. 
sartorii,  258. 
var.  sarturii,  258. 
oooidentale,  259. 


TachycineU,  458,  461. 

albilinea,  462. 

bicolor,  461,  462. 

thalassina,  462. 
Taohytriorchis,  237. 
tabitiensis,  Numenius,  171. 
Talpacotia  rufiponnis,  215. 
Tanager,  Brick-colored,  456. 

Bruad-banded,  457. 

Bruwn-red,  455. 

Cooper's,  454. 

Hepatic,  455. 

Louisiana,  456. 

Red-headed,  456. 

Rose- throated,  456. 

Scarlet,  454. 

Spotted-winged,  456. 

Summer,  454. 

Trcs  Marias,  457. 

White-winged,  457. 
Tanagra  guianensis,  469. 
Tanagridoe,  321,  453. 
tanneri,  Geothlypis,  525. 
Tantalus,  125. 

ibis,  125. 

loculator,  126. 
Tatler,  Polynesian,  168. 

Wandering,  108. 
Tawny-throated  Wren,  664. 
Teal,  Blue-winged,  93. 

Cinnamon,  93. 

European,  94. 

Green -winged,  94. 
Tehuantepec  Mockingbird,  642. 
Telmatodytes,  556. 
Temax  Wren,  552. 
temminckii,  Tringa,  153. 
Temminok's  Falcon,  248. 

Murrelet,  14. 
tenebrosus,  Puffinus,  60. 
tengmalmi,  Nyctala,  260. 

richardsoni,  Nyctala,  260. 

Strix,  260. 
Tengmalm's  Owl,  260. 
Tennessee  Warbler,  488. 
tenuirostris,  Anous,  48. 

Puffinus,  62. 

Quiscalus,  381. 

Rallus,  138. 

elegans  var.,  138. 

Sterna,  48. 
tephroootis,  Leuoosticte,  394,  395. 

littoralis,  Leuoosticte,  394. 
Teretistris,  482. 
Tern,  Aleutian,  45. 

American  Blaok,  47. 

Arctic,  43. 

Black,  46. 

Bridled,  46. 

Cabot's,  40. 

Caspian,  39. 

Common,  43. 

Elegant,  40. 


Tern,  Forster's,  42. 

Gull-billed,  38. 

Least,  46. 

Roseate,  44. 

Royal,  40. 

Sooty,  46. 

Trudeau's,  41. 

Whiskered,  47. 

White-winged  Black,  47. 
testacea,  Piranga,  455. 

Pyranga,  455. 
tethys,  Procellaria,  70. 
Tetrao  coturnix,  186. 

coyolcos,  189. 

eristatus,  185. 

perdix,  184. 
TetraonidoD,  184. 
Tetraoninte,  185. 
Texan  Bob  White,  188. 

Cardinal,  444. 

Horned  Lark,  349. 

Kingfisher,  279. 

Nighthawk,  301. 

Screech  Owl,  261. 

Tufted  Titmouse,  661. 

Woodpecker,  285. 
texanus,  Colinua  virginianus,  188, 

189. 
Texas  Sparrow,  435. 
texensis,  Chordeilcs,  300,  301. 

Myiozetetes,  331. 

Parus  bicolor,  561. 
Thalassarche,  61. 
Thalasseus,  24,  39. 
Thalassidroma  bulweri,  69. 

gracilis,  71. 

lineata,  56. 

macgillivrayi,  69. 

melanogastra,  72. 

tropica,  72. 
thalassina,  Tachycineta,  462. 
Thalassoaetus,  223,  243. 

pelagicus,  243. 
Thalassogeron,  50,  62. 

cautus,  53. 

chlororhynohug,  63. 

oulminatus,  62. 
Thalassoica,  58. 

antarctica,  58. 
tharus,  Faico,  264. 

Polyborus,  254. 
Theillus,  62. 
Thick-billed  Beoard,  326. 

Kingbird,  329. 

Parrot,  269. 

Petrel,  64. 

Sparrow,  434. 
thoracicus,  Hylophilus,  478. 
Thrasafe'tus,  223,  242. 

harpy ia,  242. 
Thrasher,  Bendire's,  645. 

Brown,  543. 

Californian,  546. 

Cozumel,  544. 

Crissal,  546. 

Curve-billed,  545. 

Leconte's,  646. 

Long-billed,  644. 

Mazatlan,  645. 

Ocellated,  644. 

Palmer's,  545. 

Sage,  541. 


wk,  41. 


501. 
inianus,  188, 

00,  301. 
i,  69. 


a,  462. 
3. 


3. 


26. 

1,  4?8. 
15. 


INDEX. 

627 

Thrasher,  Socorro,  543. 

Towhee,  Abert's,  441, 

Trinidad  Petrel,  66. 

St,  Lucas,  544. 

Arctic,  437, 

trinitatis,  ^strelata,  66. 

Three-toed   Woodpecker,   Alaskan, 

Brown,  440, 

tristis,  Spinus,  ;t98,  399. 

287. 

Californian,  441. 

Trochili.  2"J7. 

Alpine,  287. 
American,  287. 

CaBon,  440, 

Trochilidie,  297,  303, 

Complex,  439, 

Trochilus.  308,  310,  311. 

Arctic,  287. 

Green-backed,  433, 

alcxandri,  312, 

Thrush,  Audubon's  Hermit,  576. 

-tailed,  439. 

allcni,  314, 

Bicknell's,  575. 

Guadalupe,  437, 

anna,  312,  315. 

Dwarf,  576. 

Mexican,  436, 

beryllinus,  317. 

Gray-cheeked,  574. 

Oregon,  437. 

brcvirostris,  306, 

Hermit,  576, 

Sclater'a,  439. 

calliope,  316. 

Olive-backed,  575. 

Socorro,  438, 

colubris,  311, 

Red-winged,  576. 

Spurred,  437. 

costa?,  312. 

Russet-backed,  575. 

St.  Lucas,  440. 

doubledayi,  320. 

Varied,  678. 

Submaculated,  438. 

etiioti,  316. 

Willow,  574. 

Swainson's,  438. 

enicurus,  305. 

Wilson's,  574. 

Whitc-oyed,  436, 

floresii,  313,  315. 

Wood,  574. 

townscndi,  Dendroica,  512. 

franciiB,  306. 

Thryomanes,  350,  651. 

Plectrophenax  nivalis,  403, 

hclcna;,  313. 

Thryophilus,  540. 

townsendii,  Myadcstes,  672, 

heloisa,  315. 

Thryothorus,  540,  549,  551. 

Spiza,  452, 

largipcnnis,  305. 

albinucba,  550. 

Townsend's  Bunting,  452, 

leucotis,  1119. 

berlandieri,  550. 

Solitaire,  672. 

longirostris,  305, 

bewickii,  551. 

Sparrow,  434. 
Warbler,  512. 

lucifer,  316. 

bairdi,  551. 

mango,  307. 

spilurus,  551. 

traillii,  Empidonax  pusillus,  343. 

maria,  317. 

brevicaudus,  551. 

Traill's  Flycatcher,  343. 

platycercus,  313. 

felix,  552, 

Tree-duck,  119, 

pucherani,  306. 

p.  lawrencii,  552. 

Black-bellied,  119. 

pulchra,  <'il6. 

lawrencii,  552. 

Brazilian,  ll'J, 

riccordi,  306. 

ludovicianus,  550. 

Colombian,  119. 

rufus,  314,  315. 

miamensis,  550. 

Fulvous,  119. 

serrirostris,  306. 

maculipectus,  552, 

Tree-sparrow,  417. 

superciliosus,  304. 

canobrunneus,  552. 

European,  402. 

viridipallens,  310, 

ambrinus,  552, 

Western,  418. 

yucatanensis,  317, 

polyglottus,  556. 

Tres  Morias  Parula,  492. 

Troglodytes,  540,  552,  553. 

ruiiilbus,  540. 

Robin,  578. 

aijdon,  553,  554, 

thyroides,  Sphyrapicus,  289. 

Solitaire,  573. 

parkmanii,  554,  556. 

Tiaris  pusilla,  451. 

Tanager,  457. 

alasccnsis,  655, 

tigrina,  Dendroica,  493. 

Wren,  5j2. 

albinucha,  550. 

Tinnunculus,  252. 

trichas,  Geothlypis,  522,  523. 

beani,  553. 

Tit,  AVren-,  566. 

occidentalis,  Geothlypis,  523. 

brunncicollis,  554, 

Titmouse,  Ashy,  561. 

triehopiis,  Megascops  asio,  261. 

hiemalis,  555. 

Black-crested,  561. 

tricolor,  Agelaius,  371. 

pacificus,  555, 

Bridled,  562, 

Phalaropus,  145. 

inciilaris,  553. 

Chestnut-fronted,  561. 

ruficollis,  Ardea,  131. 

intennedius,  554. 

Gray,  562. 

Tricolored  Blackbird,  371. 

leuc'igastra,  540. 

Plain,  .')61, 

tridactyla  poUicaris,  Hissa,  25. 

rufbciliatus,  554. 

Texan  Tufted,  661. 

Ri^sa,  24,  25. 

Troglodytidre,  322,  638,  639,  868. 

Tufted,  561. 

Tringa,  148,  152. 

Trogon,  275. 

Tityra,  323. 

acuminata,  155. 

ambiguus,  276. 

viridis,  325, 

alpina,  159. 

Black-headed,  277. 

togata,  Bonasa  umbellus,  198. 

pacifica,  160. 
bain  ii,  157. 

Citreoline,  277. 

torda,  A  lea,  18, 

citreolus,  277. 

torquata,  Alcedo,  279. 

canutus,  153. 

Coppery-tailed,  276. 

Ceiyle,  279, 

cooperi,  157. 

elogans,  276. 

torquatus,  Phasianus,  206, 

couesi,  154, 

Elegant,  276. 

Melanerpes,  291. 

crassirostris,  153. 

melanocephalus,  277. 

torqucola,  Spermophila,  450. 

damacensis,  158. 

Mexican,  276. 

Sporophila,  450. 

ferruginea,  160. 

mexicanus,  276. 

Tetanus,  149,  164. 

fucicollis,  157. 

neoxenus,  275. 

brevipes,  168. 

glareola,  166, 

puella,  276,  277. 
Xalapa,  277. 

damacensis,  158. 

hypoleucos,  170. 

flavipes,  106. 

maculata,  156,  160. 

Trogones,  271. 

glareola,  166. 

maritima,  153,  154. 

Trogonldae,  271,  275. 

melanoleucus,  165. 

minuta,  168, 

troile,  Uria,  18. 

nebularius,  165. 

minutilla,  158, 

californica,  Uria,  18. 

ochropus,  166. 

ochropus,  166, 

Tropic  Bird,  Red-billed,  74. 

Bolitarius,  166. 

ptiloonemis,  154, 

Red-tailed,  74. 

tovi,  Brotogeris,  268. 

rufleollis,  168, 

Yellow-billed,  74. 

Towhee,  436. 

temminckii,  158. 

tropica,  Cymodroma,  72. 

h; 


628 

tropica,  Thalassidroma,  73. 
Tropical  Petrel,  72. 
Troupial,  :173. 
trudeaui,  Sterna,  41. 
Trudeau's  Tern,  41. 
Trumpeter  Swan,  120. 
Tryngites,  148,  169. 

subruficullis,  169. 
t«chegrava,  Sterna,  39. 
Tubinares,  1,  50. 
Tufted  Puffin,  10. 

Titmouse,  501. 
Texan,  501. 
Tule  Wren,  556. 
Turdidae,  323,  571. 
Turdinse,  571. 
Tardus,  571,  573,  676. 

alioise,  574,  575. 
bicknelli,  575. 

oonalaschka:,  576. 
auduboni,  570. 
pallasii,  576. 

auduDoni,  576. 

aurantiirostris,  571. 

fuscescens,  574,  575. 
salicicolus,  574. 

iliacus,  570. 

mustelinus,  573,  574,  575. 

pinicola,  572. 

ustulatus,  574,  575. 
swainsonii,  575. 
Turkey,  Mexican,  2U7. 

Ocellated,  2U7. 

Wild,  2U7. 
Turkey-Vulture,  221.^ 

Amazonian,  221. 

Burroughs's,  221. 
Turner's  Ptarmigan,  201. 
Turnstone,  180. 

Black,  181. 
Turquoise-fronted  Bunting,  447. 
turtur.  Prion,  55. 
Tympanuchus,  185,  202. 

amerioanus,  203. 

cupido,  203. 

pallidicinctuB,  203. 
Tyrannid8B,  321,  326. 
Tyrannula  stolida  var.  luoaysiensis, 

334, 
Tyrannus,  326,  328. 

crassirostris,  329. 

dominicensis,  329. 

magnirostris,  328. 

melancholious  couchi,  329. 

tyrannus,  328,  330. 

verticalis,  330. 

vociferans,  330. 
tyrannus,  Milvulus,  327. 

Tyrannus,  328,  330. 
tytleri,  Cholidon,  461. 

Hirundo,  461. 


U. 

ultramarina,  Aphelocoma,  357. 
Ultramarine  Jay,  357. 
ultramarinus,  Corvus,  357. 
Ulula,  259. 
nlula  caparooh,  Samio,  265. 

Surnia,  265. 
umbelloides,  Bonasa  umbellus,  198. 


INDEX. 

umbellus,  Bonasa,  197. 

sabini,  Bonasa,  198. 

togata,  Bonasa,  198. 

umbelloides,  Bonasa,  198. 
Umber  Wren,  552. 
uinbrinus,  Thrvothorus  maoulipeo- 

tus,  552. 
unaloscbcensis,  Passerella,  434. 

Passerellu  iliaca,  434. 
unicinctus,  Falco,  229. 

harrisi,  Parabuteo,  229. 

Pnrftbuteo,  229. 
unicolor,  Aphelocoma,  358. 

Cyanocorax,  358. 

Myadestes,  573. 
Unicolored  Jay,  358. 
uralcnsis,  Strix,  259. 
Uranomitra,  3U6. 
Uria,  10, 17. 

brevirostris,  15. 

lorn  via,  18. 
arra,  18. 

ringvia,  17. 

troile,  18. 

californica,  18. 
Urile,  79. 

urile,  Phalacrocorax,  80. 
Urinator,  6,  7. 

adamsii,  7. 

arcticus,  7. 

imber,  7. 

lumrae,  8. 

pacificus,  8. 
Urinatoridse,  4,  6. 
urophasianus,  Centrocercus,  205. 
Uropsila,  540. 

uropygialis,  Melanerpes,  294. 
Urubitinga,  223,  238. 

anthracina,  239. 

Brazilian,  238. 

Mexican,  238. 

ridgwayi,  238. 

urubitinga,  238. 

zonura,  238. 
urubitingn,  Falco,  238. 

Urubitinga,  238, 
ustulatus,  Turdus,  574,  575.     <> 
Uxmal  Woodpecker,  293. 


V. 

Valley  Partridge,  192. 
vallisneria.  Anas,  102. 

Aythya,  102. 
Vanellus,  172. 

vanellus,  172. 
vanellui<,  Vanellus,  172. 
vnria,  Mniotilta,  484,  528. 
Varied  Bunting,  448. 

Thrush,  578. 
variegata,  Sula,  75. 
variegatus,  Dysporus,  75. 
variuii  nuchalis,  Sphyrapious,  288. 

Sphyrapicus,  288. 
vauxii,  Chastura,  303. 
Vaux'g  Swift,  303. 
velox,  Accipiter,  227. 
Velvet  Scoter,  112. 
Venezuelan  Cardinal,  443. 
venustus,  Qranatellus,  483. 
Vera  Paz  Vlreo,  472. 


Verdin,  665. 

Vermilion  Flycatcher,  345. 
vermivorus,  Helmithcrus,  485,  638. 
versicolor,  Curdellina,  531. 

Ergaticus,  531. 

Passerina,  448. 

Phasianus,  206. 
pulchra,  Paxserina,  448. 
verticalis,  Embernagra  rufivirgatk, 
435. 

Tyrannus,  330. 
Vesper  Sparrow,  406. 

Western,  407. 
vespertinus,  Coccotbrnustes,  387. 
vetula  ninccalli,  Ortalia,  209. 

Ortalis,  209. 

pallidiventris,  Ortalis,  209. 

Penelope,  209. 

plumbcicops,  Ortalis,  209. 
vicinior,  Vireo,  478. 
viduata.  Anas,  119. 

Dendrocygna,  119. 
vigorsii,  Dendroica,  498,  514. 
Vigors's  Red-wing,  371. 

Wren,  551. 
villosus  auduboni,  Dryobates,  282. 

Dryobates,  282,  286. 

harrisi,  Dryobates,  283. 

jardinii,  Dryobates,  283. 

Icucomelas,  Dryobates,  282. 

maynardi,  Dryobates,  282. 
violacea,  Ardea,  587. 
violaccus,  Nycticorax,  133. 
Violet-green  Cormorant,  80. 

Swallow,  462. 
violicauda,  Larapornis,  274. 
virens,  Contopus,  338. 

Dendroica,  510. 

Icteria,  627. 

longicauda,  Ictsria,  627. 
Vireo,  468,  469,  474,  590. 

altiloquus  barbatulus,  470. 

atricapillus,  474. 

bairdi,  477. 

Belize,  470. 

bcllii,  476. 

pusillus,  478. 

Bell's,  476. 

Black-capped,  474. 
-whiskered,  470. 

Blue-headcd,  473. 

Cassin's,  473, 

einereus,  470. 

Cozumel,  470. 

crassirostris,  476. 
tiavescens,  470. 

Cuban,  478. 

flavifrons,  472. 

flavoviridis,  470,  590. 

forreri,  590. 

gilvus,  471. 

swainsoni,  472. 

Gray,  478. 

gundlachi,  478. 

huttoni,  477. 

Stephens!,  477. 

Hutton's,  477. 

hypochryseus,  478. 

Key  West,  476. 

Large-billed,  476. 

Least,  478. 

magister,  470. 


^ 


INDEX. 


620 


Vireo,  Mountain,  Solitary,  473. 

noveboraoenais,  476. 
maynardi,  475. 

Ochroceous,  476. 

oohraoeua,  470. 

oHvaceus,  46U,  470. 

Pale,  478. 

pallens,  478. 

Philadelphia,  471. 

philadelphicus,  471. 

Pluinbeoui<,  474. 

propinquus,  472. 

pujillus,  478. 

Red-eyed,  470. 

aolitariua,  472,  473. 
alticola,  473. 
cassinii,  473. 
plumbeus,  474. 

Stephena's,  477. 

iwainsoni,  472. 

Vera  Paz,  472. 

vicinior,  478. 

Warbling,  471. 

White-eyed,  475. 

Yellow,  476,  478. 

Yellow-green,  470. 
-throated,  472. 
Vireolanius,  469. 

melitophrys,  469. 
VireonidsB,  323,  468. 
Vireosylva,  469. 
Y'reosylvia  cinerea,  470. 

magister,  470. 

propinqua,  472. 
virescena,  Ardea,  133. 
virgata,  Aphriza,  ISO. 
Virginia  Rail,  138. 
Tirginiee,  Helminthophila,  488, 490. 
virginianuB  aroticus,  Bubo,  263. 

Bubo,  263. 

Cardinalis,  442. 

Chordeiles,  300,  301. 

Colinus,  188. 

oubanensis,  Colinus,  188. 

floridanus,  Colinus,  188. 

henryi,  Chordeiles,  301. 

minor,  Chordeiles,  301. 

Rail  us,  138. 

saturatus.  Bubo,  263. 

subarcticus,  Bubo,  263. 

texanus,  Colinus,  188. 
Virginia's  Warbler,  490. 
viridipallens,  Coeligena,  310. 

Trochilus,  310. 
viridis,  Tityra,  325. 
vittata,  Procellaria,  55. 
v-nigra,  Somateria,  110. 
vocifera,  ^Egialitis,  174. 
vociferans,  Tyrannus,  330. 
vociferus,  Antrostomus,  299. 

arizonae,  Antrostomu^t,  299. 

Corvus,  361, 
vulgaris,  Stumua,  365. 
Vultur  gryphus,  218. 

papa,  219. 
Vulture,  Amaionian  Turkey-,  221. 

Black,  222. 

Burroughs's  Turkey-,  221. 

California,  320. 

King,  319. 

Turkey-,  221. 


W. 

wagleri.  Icterus,  374,  375. 

Ortalida,  308. 

Ortalis,  308. 
Waglcr's  Chachalaca,  "M. 

Oriole,  375, 
Wagtail,  Gray,  534. 

Kamtschatka,  634. 

Siberian  Yellow,  535. 

Swinhoe's,  533. 

White,  533. 

Yellow,  535. 
Wandering  Albatross,  51. 

Tatler,  168. 
Warbler,  Antillean  Yellow,  495. 

Audubon's,  497. 

Bach  man's,  487. 

Bay-breasted,  501. 

Bell's,  632. 

Black  and  White,  484. 

Black-poll,  603, 

Black-throated  Blue,  496. 
Gray,  607. 
Green,  510. 

Blackburnian,  505. 

Blue-winged,  486. 

Brasher's,  531. 

Brewster's,  486. 

Bryant's  Yellow,  495. 

Calaveras,  489. 

Canadian,  528. 

Cape  May,  493. 

Carbonated,  493. 

Cerulean,  499. 

Chebtnut-sided,  450. 

Cincinnati,  487. 

Connecticut,  521. 

Cuban  Pine,  615. 

Decorated,  606. 

Delattre's,  532. 

Duggs's  Yellow,  495. 

Golden-cheeked,  509,  590. 
-winged,  486. 

Grace's,  506. 

Hermit,  613. 

Hooded,  527. 

Kennicott's  Willow,  567. 

Kentucky,  520. 

Kirtland'a,  514. 

Lawrence'a,  486. 

Lucy's,  490. 

Lutescent,  489. 

Macgillivray'a,  533. 

Magnolia,  498. 

Mangrove,  495. 

Mourning,  631. 

Myrtle,  497. 

Nashville,  489. 

Olive,  494. 

Orange-crowned,  488. 

Palm,  517. 

Parula,  491. 

Piloolated,  538. 

Pine,  614. 

Pink-headed,  631. 

Prairie,  616. 

Prothonotary,  484. 

Red,  631. 

Red-faced,  631. 

Rufous-crowned,  533. 

Bennett's,  491. 


Warbler,  Small-headed,  527. 

Socorro,  492. 

Swainson's,  486. 

Sycamore,  604. 

Tennessee,  488. 

Townscnd's,  612. 

Virginia's,  490. 

Western  Yellow,  494. 

Wilson's,  62S. 

Worm-eating,  485, 

Yellow,  494. 
Palm,  517, 

Yellow-throated,  504. 
Warbling  Vireo,  471. 

Western,  472. 
wardi,  Ardea,  129,  683. 
Ward's  Heron,  129,  684. 
Water-Thrush,  619. 

Grinnell's,  519. 

Louisiana,  519. 
Waxwing,  Bohemian,  464. 

Cedar,  46j. 

Japanese,  465. 
Wedge-tailed  Shearwater,  62. 
welchi,  Lagopus,  201. 
Welch's  Ptarmigan,  201. 
Western  Bluebird,  581. 

Blue  Grosbeak,  446. 

Bobolink,  366. 

Chipping  Sparrow,  419. 

Field  Sparrow,  420. 

Flycatcher,  340. 

Golden -crowned  Kinglet,  568. 

Goshawk,  228. 

Grasshopper  Sparrow,  411, 

Grebe,  4, 

Gull,  28, 

Horned  Owl,  263, 

Lark  Sparrow,  414, 

Meodowlark,  .S72, 

Nighthawk,  301, 

Red-tail,  233, 

Robin,  577, 

Sandpiper,  162, 

Savanna  Sparrow,  409. 

Tree  Sparrow,  418. 

Vesper  Sparrow,  407. 

Warbling  Vireo,  472. 

Willet,  585. 

Winter  Wren,  555. 

Wood  Pcwee,  338. 

Yellow-throat,  523. 

Yellow  Warbler,  494. 
Wheatear,  580. 
Whimbrel,  171. 
Whippoorwill,  299. 

Cuban,  298. 

Mexican,  298. 

Stephens's,  299. 
Whiskered  Auklet,  13. 

Tern,  47. 
Whistling  Swan,  120. 
White  Gyrfalcon,  244. 

Heron,  Great,  138. 

Ibis,  123. 

Pelican,  American,  82. 

Wagtail,  533. 
White-bellied  Chachalaca,  208. 
Petrel,  72. 
Swallow,  461, 

-breasted  Nuthatch,  569. 

-browed  Onatoatoher,  670. 


630 


INDEX. 


White-checked  Ooose,  117. 
-crested  Cormorant,  78. 
-crowned  Noddy,  48. 
Pigeon,  212. 
Sparrow,  415. 
-eared  Hummingbird,  310. 
-eyed  Towhee,  430. 

Vireo,  476. 
-faced  Glossy  Ibis,  124. 

Petrel,  72. 
-footed  Oyster-catcher,  182. 
-fronted  Dove,  214, 
Uoose,  110. 

American,  HA. 
Parrot,  5^*8. 
-headed  Woodpecker,  286. 
-lored  Gnatcatcher,  509. 
-necked  Raven,  362. 
-runipcd  Shi  ike,  467. 

Swallow,  462. 
-tailed  Brown  Jay,  352. 
Hawk,  238. 
Kite,  225. 
I-tarmigan,  202. 
-throated  Falcon,  248. 
Flycatcher,  340. 
Sparrow,  417. 
Swift,  303. 
Wood  Pewee,  338. 
Wren,  549. 
-winged  Black  Tern,  47. 
Crossbill,  393. 
Dove,  214. 
Junco,  422. 
Petrel,  65. 
Scoter,  112. 
Tannger,  457. 
whitneyi,  Micrathene,  267. 
Whooping  Crane,  135. 

Swnn,  120, 
Widgeon,  96. 
Wild  Turkey,  207. 
Willet.  IS".  584. 

'tV'ostcrn,  585. 
Williamson's  Snpsucker,  289. 
Willow  Ptarmigan,  199. 
Thrush,  674. 

Warbler,  Kennicott's,  567. 
wilsonia,  Jl'Igialitis,  175. 

ruflnuc'iia,  /Egialitis,  175. 
wilsoniiinus,  Asio,  257. 
wilsonius  var.  ruflnuchus,  iEgiali- 

tis,  175. 
Wilson's  Petrel   71. 
Phalaropc,  145. 
Plover,  175. 
Snipe,  150. 
Thrush,  574. 
Warbler,  528. 
Winter  Wren,  555. 

Western,  555. 
wolfli,  Cynneculn,  579. 

Sylvia,  579. 
woilwcbcri,  Parus,  502. 
Wood  Duck,  09. 
Ibis,  125. 
Powce,  338. 

Bahamnn.  ?>?.'i. 
Cuban,  339. 
Sohott'H,  339. 
Western.  338, 
Whlte-throatod,  338. 


Wood  Sandpiper,  166. 

Thrush,  574. 
Woodcock,  American,  150. 

European,  149. 
woodhousei,  Aphclocoma,  355. 
Woodhousc's  Jay,  355. 
Woodpecker,   Alaskan   Three-toed, 
287. 

Alpine  Three-toed,  287. 

American  Three-toed,  287. 

Arctic  Three-toed,  237. 

Arizona,  286. 

Bahaman  Hairy,  282. 

Blake's,  292. 

Cabot's  Ladder-backed,  284. 

ralifornian,  291. 

Colima,  280. 

Cuban  Ivory-billed,  281. 

Deiattre's,  290. 

Downy,  2S3. 

Elegant,  292. 

Oairdner's,  283. 

Gila,  294. 

Golden-fronted,  294. 

Gray -breasted,  292. 

Grayson's,  285. 

Guatemalan  Ivory-billed,  281. 

Hairy,  282. 

Harris's,  283. 

Impeiial,  281. 

Ivory-billed,  231. 

Jardinc's,  283. 

Ladder-backed,  284. 

Lee's,  293. 

Lewis's,  291. 

Mazatlan,  285. 

Narrow-fronted,  291. 

Northern  Hairy,  282. 

Nuttall's,  285. 

Nye's,  292. 

Pileatcd,  289. 

Pucheran's,  291. 

Pygmy,  293. 

Red-bellied,  293. 
-oockaded,  283. 
-headed,  290. 

SantB  Cruz's,  294, 

Southern  Hairy,  282, 

St.  Lucas,  285. 

Strioklnnd's.  280. 

Striped-breasted,  291. 

Superciliary,  292. 

Swoinson's,  293. 

Texan,  285, 

llxmal,  293, 

White-headed,  286. 
Worm-eating  Warbler,  485. 
worthcni,  Spizella,  419, 
Worthen's  Sparrow,  419, 
Wren,  Alasknn,  555, 

Baird's,  551. 

Bewick's,  551. 

Cabot's,  550, 

Cactus,  547. 

Caflon,  549, 

Carolina,  550. 

Central  American  House,  654. 

Cozumel,  553, 

Florida,  550, 

Guadalupe,  551. 
hock,  548. 

Happy,  553. 


Wren,  House,  553. 

Long-billed  Marsh,  650. 

Parkman's,  554. 

Rock,  548. 

Rufouh  browed,  554. 

Short-billed  Marsh,  556. 

Socorro,  553. 

Southern  Marsh,  556. 

Spotted-breastCiJ,  552. 

St.  Lucas  Cactus,  547. 

Sumichrast's,  549. 

Tawny-throated,  554. 

Temax,  552. 

Tres  Marias,  552. 

Tule,  556. 

Umber,  552. 

Vigors's,  551. 

Western  Winter,  555. 

White-throated,  549. 

Winter,  555. 
Wren-Tit,  5tiB, 

Pa 'lid,  506. 
Wrights  Flycatcher,  344. 
wuerdemanni,  Ardoa,  128, 129,553. 
wuraizusume,      Synthliboramphus, 

14, 
WUrdemann's  Heron,  128,  583. 


X. 

Xalapa,  Trogon,  277. 

Yellow-throat,  524. 
Xanthocephalua,  365,  368. 

xanthocephalus,  368. 
xantholora,  Amazona,  588. 

Chrysotis,  588. 
Xanthornus  abeillei,  378. 

prosthemolas,  376. 
Xanthoura,  351,  358. 

luxuosa,  358. 

cyanocnpilla,  358. 
Xanthura  cyanocapilla,  358. 
xantusi,  Basilinna,  318. 
Xantus's  Becard,  325. 

Hummingbird,  318. 

Jay,  356, 

Murrelet,  15. 
Xema,  23,  37. 

furcata,  38. 

sabinii,  37,  38. 
Xonopicus,  280,  286. 

albolarvatus,  286. 


Y. 

Yellow  Palm  Warbler,  617. 
Rail,  140, 
Vireo,  476,  470. 
Wi"gtail,  5'<?. 

Siberian,  68a. 
AVarbler,  494. 

Antilloan,  405. 

Bn-ant's,  495. 

Du^68's,  495, 

Western,  494. 
Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher,  341. 

Green  Jny,  368. 

Sapsuckor,  288. 
•billed  Cuokoo,  273. 


>56. 


>56. 


?,  129,583. 
oramphus, 

i,  583. 


Tellow-billed  Loon,  7. 

Magpie,  352. 

Tropic  Bird,  74. 
-breasted  Chat,  527. 
-crowned  Night  Heron,  133. 
-faced  Grossquit,  451. 
-green  Vireo,  470. 
-headotl  Blackbird,  368. 
-legs,  166. 

Greater,  165. 
-lored  Parrot,  588. 
-nosed  Albatross,  52. 
-throated  Vireo,  472. 

Warbler,  50 1. 
Yellow-throat,  Abaco,  525. 
Belding's,  524. 
Cory's,  525, 
Qray-naped,  526. 
Maryland,  523. 
Mazatlan,  526. 
Mirador,  526. 
Nassau,  524. 
Orizaba,  525. 


INDEX. 

Tellow-throat,  Western,  523. 

Xalapa,  524. 
Yphantes,  376. 
Yucatan  Bob  White,  190. 

Cardinal,  443. 

Chaohalaca,  209. 

Crested  Flycatcher,  334. 

Dove,  213. 

Mockingbird,  542. 
yucatanonsis,  Ainazilia,  317. 

Myiarchus,  334. 

Trochilus,  317. 

Zenaidura,  213. 
yucatanious,  Cardinalis  oardinalis, 
443. 


Z. 

Zebrapious  pucborani,  291. 
Zenaida,  211'',  ?];i, 

amabi   !-.  21.';. 

castaneu,  213. 


631 


Zenaida  Dove,  213. 

martinicana,  213. 

zenaida,  213. 
zenaida,  Zenaida,  213. 
Zenaidino),  210. 
Zenuidurn,  210,  212. 

graysoni,  213.; 

macroura,  213. 

yucatancnsis,  213. 
Konaris,  Hirundo,  302. 
Zone-tailod  Hawk,  234. 
Zonotriehia,  385,  414. 

albicollis,  417. 

botterii,  428. 

coronata,  416. 

gambeli,  416. 

intermedia,  416,  417. 

leucophrys,  415,  416,  417. 

mystacalis,  426. 

querula,  414,  415. 

quinquostriata,  426. 

zonura,  (Jrubitinga,  238. 

conurus,  Falco,  238. 


'8. 
358. 


THE   END. 


17. 


If,  341. 


rm, 


i:i 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  I. 


//#■/ 


y 


—- v^' 


\A 


N-     J 


>  /  I 





3.  Colymbus  hollxKllii. 


4.  Colymbus  (Podiceps)  dominicus. 


/ 


/       / 


Plate  II. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


^r'-' 


^^*^-,- 


I.  Urinator  arcticus. 


y 


2.  Lomvia  troile. 


3.  CepphuB  columl>a. 


migmm 


1.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


r 


Plate  III. 


I.  Lunda  cirrhata. 


2.  PratercuU  arctica. 


Plate  IV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


i.r^ 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  V. 


(0 

s 

J3 
u 

B 


o 
U 


\ 


"^. 


t.  Plautus  impennis. 


15 


x: 

I. 
o 

E 


Plate  VI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I 


''-1 


»'  111 


2.  Brachyramphus  niarniorntus. 


I.  Synthliboramphus  nniiquus. 


3.  Ptychoramphus  alculicus. 


4    AUe  alle. 


5    Rynchops  nijjra. 


m.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  VII. 


=».-^ 


/I  \*//l../  ,\ 


Plate  VIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


\ 


\ 


\. 


./,  /\ 


i 


<'\  i 


\ 


\ 


(0 

9 

N 
"S 

u 

a 

>. 

S 


;1 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  IX. 


I.  Xema  sabinii. 


2.  Xema  (Creagrus)  furcata. 


3.  Larus  (Blasipus)  heermanni. 


4.  Gelochelidon  nilotica. 


r 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 
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WEBSTER, NY.  MS 80 

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^^  4 


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^ 


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6^ 


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f/j 


^ 

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F" 

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Plate  X. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


!i:i '::'. 


»,PSEI^ 


f!  iW 


111  :.:■!  '. 


^^    1 


^    \ 


I.  Sterna  (Thalasseus)  tschegrava. 


2.  Sterna  (Actochelidon)  maxima. 


3.  Sterna  (Stemula)  antillarum. 


fVm.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


\ 


\. 


\ 

X 


\ 


Plate  XI. 


I.  Sterna  hirundu. 


2.  Sterna  (Haliplana)  fuliginosa. 


Plate  XII, 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


^v. 


I.  Anous  stolidus. 


2.  Hydrochelidon  surinamensis. 


3.  Daption  capensis. 


4.  Halocyptena  niicrosotna. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XIII. 


I.  Diomedea  exulans. 


..'^' " 


a. 


2.  Diomedea  (Thalassarche)  melanophrys. 


Plate  XIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


^ 
>' 


m'l 


I.  Thalassogeton  culminatus. 


^^:/ 


2.  Phoebetria  fuliginosa. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XV. 


y^ 


I.  Ossifraga  giganlea. 


2.  Pelagodroma  marina. 


3.  Cymodrotna  grallaria. 


Plate  XVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


s 


CO 

3 

e 

U3 

O 


s 
s 

s 


fcfl 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XVII. 


u 
ID 


Plate  XVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


■■'A 


^ 

.-,:» 


^ 


il=k. 


1.  Phaethon  flavirostri 


ris. 


2.  Fregata  aquila. 


^m.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XIX. 


''•^.■: 


I.  Sula  (Dysporus)  bassana. 


2.  Sula  sula. 


3.  Anhinga  anhinga. 


Plate  XX. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


2.  Phalacrocorax  (Compsohalieus)  penicillatus. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXI. 


I.  Pelecanus  (Cyrtopelicanus)  erythiorhynchos. 


2.  Pelecanus  (Leptopelicanus)  fuscus. 


3.  Lophodytes  cucullatus. 


4.  Merganser  americanus. 


HI 


^ 


^  *d 


H« 


Plate  XXII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Phalacrocorax  (Urile)  pelagicus. 

\  /  V 


2.  Anas  (Chaulelasmus)  strepera. 


u 


ro 


">    / 


1 1  U  J  J  J'J't-1^, 


■ip-^;"^'^'^ 


4.  Anns  (Querquedula)  discors. 


5.  Anas  (Nettion'i  oarolinensis. 


•J! 

Ht 


Lm.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXIII. 


^/- 


'1; 


fj 


u 

V 
u 
(4 


e 


..'^. 


^-^ 


4.  Dafila  acuta. 


5.  Aix  sponsa. 


m 


Plate  XXIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


sj- 


«■?; 


-^ 


2.  Aythya  (Fuligula)  inaiila. 


3.  Aythya  (Aristonetta)  vallisneria. 


0) 


s 

§ 

U 

o 

4 


Mliiiiimil 


/ 


■■■'"■'- 1 . 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


1 . 

1 

rt 

0 

J 

^ 

/  , 

C3 

l« 

i'( 

c 

'.„,' 

0 

■n 

(4 

J3 

u 

'  "a    "^ 

'  •^/ 

iW  ' 

Plate  XXV. 


I.  Dendrocygna  fulva. 


2.  Camptolaimus  labradorius. 


3.  Histrionicus  histrionicus. 


4.  Clangula  hyemalis. 


5.  Eniconetta  stelleri. 


6.  Somateria  (Erionetta)  speaibilis. 


B^- J 


riir 


Plate  XXVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I'.'f.if 


I.  Arctonetta  fischeri. 


3.  Somateria  mollissima. 


2.  Nomonyx  dominiciis. 


4.  Erismatura  rubida. 


,/ 


y^mniiiii 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXVII. 


I.  Oidemia  (Pelionetta)  perspicillata. 


2.  Oidemia  americana. 


y 


o 


3.  Oidemia  (Melanitta)  deglandi. 


lii 


Plate  XXVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Vs'» 


I.  Chen  hyperborea. 


2,  Chen  ("  Exanthemops")  lossii. 


5    3ranta  minima. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXIX. 


i 


\ 


I.  Olor  columbianus. 


,»"" 


2.  Phoenicopterus  ruber. 


Plate  XXX. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


H^ 


1.  Plegadis  guarauna. 


"i^fr 


3.  Quara  riilira. 


m.  B. 


■'W^ 
^-j' 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXXI. 


I.  Ajaja  ajaja. 


2.  Tantalus  loculntor. 


Plate  XXXII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


(Sa>J| 


i:' 


H« 


•i'lii!!; 


iliiili 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXXIII. 


■^■<^A,>. 


-^.^ 


I.  Botaurus  lentiginosus. 


2.  Botaurus  (Ardetta)  exilis. 


Plate  XXXIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I! 


i 


s; 


I.  Ardea  herodias. 


\N,\ 


V.ri\\ 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXXV. 


I.  Ardea  (Garzetta)  candidissima. 


<■■  r 


.■^/' 


2.  Ardea  (Butorides)  virescens. 


Plate  XXXVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


?3 


■yf^ 


I.  Ardea  (Dichromanassa)  rufa. 


2.  Ardea  (Hydranassa)  ruficoUis. 


f  I'llVi'ii  (iiiiiiMliiilMflil 


^m.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXX  m. 


■^ 


>- 


// 


I.  Hycticorax  noevius. 


2.  Nycticorax  (Nyctherodius)  violaceus. 


Plate  XXXVIJI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


■I'l 


i'^f' 


^-^ 


ji,'- 


I.  Nyclicorax  (Nyctherodius)  violaceus. 


m 


^  o 


2.  Aramus  giganteus. 


tn.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XXXIX. 


^ 


^^ni^?^. 


-1 


\, 


I.  Grus  canadensis. 


2,  Orus  americana. 


Plate  XL. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Rallus  virginianus. 


2.  Fulica  americana. 


^i^Esa 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XLI. 


Plate  XLII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


?J 


•t> 


I.  lonornis  martinica. 


2.  Qallinula  galeata. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XLIII. 


I.  Phalaropus  (Steganopus)  tricolor. 


2.  Phalaropus  lobatus. 


3.  Crymophilus  fuUcarius. 


4.  Micropalama  himantopus. 


Plate  XLIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Recurvirostra  atnericana. 


2.  Himantopus  mexicanus. 


3.   Eurynorhynchus  pygmoeus. 


4.  Calidris  arenaria. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XLV. 


I.   Scolopax  nisticola 


X 


\ 


2.  Philohela  minor. 


3.  Heteractitis  incanus. 


era 


f..:'.« 


Plate  XLVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Gallinago  delicata. 


2.  Macrorhamphus  griseus. 


I 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XLVII. 


I.  Tringa  canutus. 


2.  Tringa  (Arquatella)  maritima. 


3.  Tringa  (Actodromas)  maculata. 


.    Plate  XLVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


i^ 


Hj» 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XLIX. 


(0 

w 
«> 
B 
9 
u 
ll 


I.  Limosa  fcdoa. 


2.  Numenius  borealis. 


3.  Pavoncella  pugnax. 


I 


Plate  L. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


"1 


I.  Totanus  (Helodromas)  soliiarius. 


2.  Totanus  nebularius. 


3.  Symphemia  semipalmata. 


^^an^iimm 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LI. 


I.  Bartramia  longicauda. 


2.  Hsematopus  paliu'- 


A 


Plate  LII. 


Man.  N.  Am,  j3. 


I.  Actitis  macularia. 


2.  Tryngites  subruficoUis. 


3.  /Bgialitis  hiaticula. 


4,  bgialitis  semipalmata. 


5.  bgialitis  mnngula. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LIII. 


I.  ^gialitis  (Oxyechus)  vocifera. 


c 
o 


M 

3 

B 

2 
•a 
o 

JS 

u 
O 


Plate  LIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Charaiirius  (Squatarola)  squatarola. 


2.  Charadrius  duminicus. 


im.  B. 


\ 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LV. 


2.  Aphriza  virgata. 


3.  Arenaria  inteipres. 


Plate  LVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


'.■5 


Si 


I.   Colinus  virijininiius. 


2.  Cyrtonyx  montcziiiua;. 


(),  Jacana  j^ymnostoma. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LVII. 


I.  Dendragapub    'Ijscurus. 


mmw 


2.  Dendragapus  (Canachi'.es)  canadensis. 


Plate  LVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


'''1     1 


1.  Bonasa  umbellus. 


2.  Lagopus  lagopus. 


Vm.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LIX. 


I.  Tympanuchus  americanus. 


2.  Pediocaetes  phasianellus. 


Plate  LX. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


"'% 


I.  Centrocercus  urophasianus. 


2.  Cathartes  aur.i.     (See  pi.  Ixiii.,  fig.  8.) 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXI. 


I.   Meleagris  gallopavo. 


-^x 


2.  Ortalis  maccalli. 


Plate  LXII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


s; 


I.  Columba  fasciala. 


2.  Columba  ("  Patagioenas")  leiicocephala. 


wggrrTvvL. 


3.  Engyptila  alhifrons. 


, 

A 

H 

o 

\ 

-'\ 

rt 

v 

1 

(1 

, 

■a 

\ 

0 

Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXIII. 


2.  Zenaidura  tnacroura. 


3.  Zenaida  amabilis. 


Plate  LXIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


.5 


3.  Melopelia  leucopte;.o. 


4.  Pseudogryphus  californianus. 


S.  Cathartes  aura.    (See  Plate  Ix.,  Fig.  a.) 


m.  B. 


~2^y\ 

7i  1& 

'  '1 

o 

/ 

lo 

.,| 

M 

^ 

/^:„-^ 

/ 

^^ 


^ 


ata. 


\ 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


^; 


^ 


Plate  LXV. 


\« 


r 


■ff^^..^'^ 


"^    r 


^%; 


'r  i 


<W^?^ 


V-  ^f 


w-^ 


"^ 


n 

s 

E 
n 

ai 
O 


.5 


u 

3 
V 

a 

0 

a 


Plate  £XVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


3.  Accipiter  (Astur)  ntricapillus. 


2.  Accipiter  cooperi,  9  • 


1% 


4.  Parabuteo  hnrriHJ. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXVIl. 


I.  Circus  hudsonius. 


2.  Polyborus  cheriwny. 


Plate  LXVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Kri 


I.  Asturina  plagiata. 


'.     *?^^ 


2.  Bateo  borealis. 


4.  Butuo  borealis. 


3.  Biiteo  (Buteola) 
fuliginosus. 


^mu 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXIX. 


I.  Archibuteo  sanctijohannis. 


2.  Aquila  clirysaetos. 


Plate  LXX. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Thrasaetus  harpyia. 


K,^ 


./yTr-^V^^ 


'I.  Pandion  cnrolinensis. 


\&: 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXI. 


1.  Haliaeetus  leucocephalus. 


2.  Thalassoaetus  pelagicus. 


Plate  LXXII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


r^, 


til 


H" 
^ 


I.  Falco  (Hierofalco)  gyrfalco. 


"^■s: 


:■*-" 


2.  Fulco  (Gennaia)  mexicanus. 


3.  Falco  ( Rhynchodon)     4.  Falco  (Neofalco) 
anatuin.  albigulari.s. 


-i^^' 


'/. 


^^ 


<S$. 


V 


6.  Archibuteo  ferrii-     7.  Archibuteo  sancti- 
gineus.  johannis. 


5.  Falco  (Neofalco)  deiioleucus. 


S.  Buteo  swainsoni 


MilliaMHI 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXIII. 


I.  Falco  (^salon)  richardsonii. 


(MS 


2.  Falco  (Rhynchofalco)  fiisco-cceiulescens 


4.  Surnia  caparoch. 


Plate  LXXIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


v,« 


3.  Asio  wilsonianus. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXV. 


u 

a 

« 

u 

ii 


Plate  LXXVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


*v-!K      1 


^<     ^' 


<^ 


I.  Bubo  virginianus. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXVII. 


I.  Speotyto  hypogDea. 


2.  Syrnium  nebulosum. 


3.  Scotiaptex  cinereum. 


Ilt^ 


^ 


Plate  LXXVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Conurus  carolinensis. 


2.  Rhynchopsitta  pachyrhyncha. 


ll_-3SSS, 


\.m.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXIX. 


N 


I.  Crotophaga  nni. 


7: 


2,  Qeococcyx  californianus. 


Plate  LXXX. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Coccyzus  amerieanus. 


c 

ci 
u 


4> 
U 

2 
o 

V 

U 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXXI. 


I.  Trogon  ainbiguub. 


c 
n 


V 

u 

s 

u 


u 


2.  Momotus  cxrulciceps. 


Plate  LXXXII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


ft 


I.  Campephilus  principalis. 


^^ 


2.  Picoides  arcticus. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXXIII. 


I.  Dryobates  villusus. 


2.  Dryobates  ("  Phrenopicus")  boiealis. 


,;.  Sphyropicus  varitis. 


Plate  LXXXIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Xenopicus  nibolarvatus. 


^ 

\ 


2.  Ceophloeus  ])ileatus. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXXV. 


I.  Melanerpes  erytlirocephalus. 


2.  Melanerpes  (Centurus)  carolinus. 


3.  Melanerpes  (Asyndestnus)  turquatus. 


Plate  LXXXVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


?3 


I.  Dryobates  ("  Dyctiopicus")  scalaris. 


s^ 


2.  Colaptes  auratus. 


m.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXXVII. 


!^^5uxa:Cj 


I.  Antrostomus  carolinensis. 


2.  Chordeiles  virginianus. 


Plate  LXXXVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


ia>' 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  LXXXIX. 


I.  Phalsenoptilus  nuttalli. 


2.  Cypseloides  niger. 


3.  Chsetura  pelagica. 


4.  Micropus  melanoleucus. 


Plate  XC. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Eugenes  ful^ens. 


2.  Amazilla  pristina,  ^. 


3.  Cceligena  clemenciae,  (^. 


8.  Trochilus  (Calothorax) 
lucifer,  f-^. 


10.  Trochilus  col  iibris,  9- 


9.  Trochilus  (Atthis)  heloisse. 


^ 

-      ^ 

- 

-:_ 

^. 

■  — — ' 

x 

1 

■r" 

^■>  ■^ 

Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XCI. 


2.  Trochilus  (Selaspho- 
rus)  nifus,  ^. 


I.  Trochilus  (Selasphorus)  alleni,  (^. 


mm 

3.  Trochilus  (Stellula)  caliiojn;,  (f . 


4.  Trochilus  (Selasphorus) 
platycercus,  J . 


I '/,.  'J  /iV  A 


5.  Trochilus  (Selasphorus) 
platycercus,  ^. 


6.  Trochilus  (Calypte)  costae. 


7.  Trochilus  (Calypte)  annoe. 


S.  Milvulus  forficatus. 


Plate  XCII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


s- 


3.  Pitangus  derbiauus. 


■■1 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XCIII. 


I.  Myiodynastes  lutt'iventris. 


2.  Myiarchus  crinilus. 


Plate  XCIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


-  1 


HI 


■mBmh 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XCV. 


Plate  XCVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


1 


I.  Alauda  nrvensis. 


2.  Otocoris  alpeslris. 


^   Perisoreus  citiiadensis. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XCVII. 


I.  Corvus  ("Corone")  ossifraj^us. 


2k  Psilorhinus  moi  w. 


r-  .^^ 


Plate  XCVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


tta 


^ 


*1 


I.  Corvus  siiiuntus. 


2.  Pica  hiulsonicn 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  XCIX. 


Picicorvus  tokimbianus. 


2.  Cyanocephalus  tyanocupliakis. 


3    Xanthoura  luxiiosa. 


Plate  C. 


Man.  N.  Am.  5. 


I.  Cyanocitta  cristnta. 


2.  Aphelocoma  cnlifurnicn. 


V-^^^W/i 


3.  Sturnus  vulgaris. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CI. 


Plate  CII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


'if 


'I! 


I.  Icterus  icleriH. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  cm. 


I.  Quiscalus  (luiscui:; 


2.  (Quiscalus  (Megaquiscalus)  major. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1^ 

i|50 

m 


m 

112 


I.I 


1.25 


IM 


M 

2.0 


U    1 1.6 


^ 


y] 


/ 


"<^i 


JJS 


f 


7 


y 


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Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  143(0 

(716)  872-4503 


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A 


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^  > 


'<"  WJ'.. 


<p 


A 


A 


Plate  CIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


0 


* 


!-_, 


I.  Sturnella  magna. 


2.  Scolecophagus  carolinus. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CV. 


ICTTO 


18597 

I.  Coccotliraustes  (Hesperiphona)  vespertinus  (No,  16770). 
(No.  18597  =:Coccothraustes  coccothraustes.) 


2.  Pinicola  canadensis. 


3.  Pyrrhula  cassini. 


4.  Carduelis  carduelis. 


Plate  CVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


3f 


■-', 


I 


U^4 


B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CVII. 


o 
u 

o 


ta 
O 
u 

9 

u 


I.  Acanthis  linaria. 


3.  Spinus  ("  Astragalinus")  tiistis. 


4.  Spinus  pinus. 


2.  Passer  domesticus. 


d 

o 

o 

u 
n 


O 


ts 

o 
u 

s 
u 


6.  Calcarius  lapponiciis. 


Plate  CVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


^ 


I.  Rhynchophanes  mccownii. 


2.  Poocaetes  gramineus. 


3.  Ammodramus  (Passerculus)  savanna. 


4.  Aminodramus  (Centronyx)  bairdii 


^,    ft 


5.  Ammodramus  (Goturniculus)  passerinus. 


:$> 


'^^. 


V 


^ 


6.  A.  (Goturniculus)  henslowi. 


7.  A.  (Goturniculus)  lecontei. 


B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CIX. 


7.  Amphispiza  belli. 


6.  Amphispiza  hilinenta. 


Plate  ex. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Peucsea  aestivalis. 


2.  Melospiza  fasciata. 


5.   Passerella  megarhyncha 


6.  Embernagra  riilivirgata. 


%. 


r^SJrJZ:x==.=.^/J)   0-^^^<:zC^' 


a' 


7.  Sporophila  moreleti. 


8.  Euetheia  hicolor. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CXI. 


"^C 


-4 


^1 


/' 


^ 


Plate  CXI  I. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


a 


I 


Am.  B. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


I.  Piranga  erythromelas 


2.  Phainopepla  nitens. 


3.  Lanius  excubitorides. 


Plate  CXIII. 


c 
rt 
tc 
u 

.2 

c 
o 

J3 

a 

9 


;•"  .:rfs 


Plate  CXIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


<■■■■> 


li 


3.  Petrochelidon  lunifrons. 


4.  Clivicola  ripnria. 


5.  Stelgidopteryx  serripennis. 


6.  Tachycineta  malassina. 


7.  Certhiola  flaveola. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CXV. 


3.  Vireo  (Lanivireo)  solitarius. 


4.  Hylophilus  decurtatus. 


7.  Mniotilta  varia, 


S.  Protonotaria  citrea. 


Plate  CXVI. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


W 


4.  Dendroica  (Peucedramus)  olivacea 


5.  Helminthophila  ruficapilla. 


6.  Dendroica  coronata. 


7.  Dendroica  (Perissoglossa)  tigrina. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CXVII. 


•f? 


I.  Dendroica  doininica. 


2.  Dendroica  palmarum. 


3.  Seiurus  aurocapillus. 


4.  Geothlypis  (Oporornis)  formosa. 


5.  Geothlypis  (Oporornis)  Philadelphia. 


6.  Geothlypis  (Oporornis)  agilis. 


^4=it^ 


7.  Oeothlsrpis  trichas. 


8.  Sylvania  mitrata. 


Plate  CXVIII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


i^ 


4 


I.  Setophaga  ruticilla. 


^iiii^^^^ 


3.  Cardellina  rubrifrons 


2.  Setophaga  (Myioborus)  miniata. 


4.  Ergaticus  ruber. 


5.  Basileuterus  culicivorus. 


6.  '^rsileuterus  (Idiotes)  belli. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CXIX. 


5^ 


^ 


<^l 


6.  Mimodes  graysoni. 


Plate  CXX. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


4>i 


I.  Oroscoptes  montanus. 


2.  Galeoscoptes  carolinensis. 


5.   Harporhynchus  redivivus. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CXXI. 


bo 

a. 


9 
B 


2.  Salpinctes  obsoletus. 


I.  Campylorhynchus  brunneicapillus. 


3.  Thryothorus  ludovicianus. 


4.  Catherpes  mexicanus. 


5.  Thryothorus  (Thryomanes)  bewickii. 


6.  Cistothorus  (Telmatodytes) 

palustris. 


7.  Troglodytes  aetton.         8.  Troglodytes  (Anorthura)  hiemalis.     9.  Cistothorus  stellaris 


Plate  CXXII. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


M 
Z 


m 


I.  Parus  (Lophophanes)  bicolor. 


2.  Auriparus  flaviceps. 


3.  Parus  atricapillus. 


4.  Chamsea  fasciata. 


5.  Psaltriparus  minimus. 


6.  Certhia  americana. 


7.  Sitta  carolinensis. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


Plate  CXXm. 


/ 


Plate  CXXIV. 


Man.  N.  Am.  B. 


W 


I.  Pbyllopseustes  borealis. 


2.  Polioptila  csei'ulea. 


¥, 


1 


3.  Regulus  (Cortbylio)  calendula. 


4.  Regulus  satrapa. 


5.  Saxicola  cenanthe. 


/ 


^ 


w 


p' 


'%' 


